Benjamin Morrell - Knowledge (XXG)

684:, then a centre for the trade because of its geographical position in relation to the Americas, Europe and Africa. He found the slaves' conditions wretched, but was impressed by their passion for music which, he thought, "can alleviate even the pangs caused by the galling fetters of slavery". Later in the voyage he witnessed what he describes as "horrid barbarity", including the spectacle of two women slaves in their death agonies as a result of floggings. A lengthy soliloquy in his journal on the evils of slavery concludes: "he root, the source, the foundation of the evil is the ignorance and superstition of the poor negroes themselves". On June 8, 1829, Morrell wrote in his journal: "The voyage had been prosperous beyond our expectations, and any further stay on the African coast would have been a waste of time and money". He arrived in New York on July 14. 359:, in 1772, had been unable to find it and had assumed its nonexistence. It had not been seen again until 1808, when the British sealing captains James Lindsay and Thomas Hopper reached it and recorded its correct position, although they were unable to land. Morrell, by his own account, found the island without difficulty—with "improbable ease", in the words of historian William Mills— before landing and hunting seals there. In his subsequent lengthy description, Morrell does not mention the island's most obvious physical feature, its permanent ice cover. This has caused some commentators to doubt that he actually visited the island. 1073:, writing in 1905, considered that a man may be ignorant and boastful, yet still do solid work. Mill thought Morrell "intolerably vain, and as great a braggart as any hero of autobiographical romance", but still found the narrative itself "most entertaining". Rupert Gould, writing in 1928, thought that Morrell may have been boastful and self-aggrandizing, but that did not make him a deliberate liar. Gould points to the accurate information provided by Morrell on the discovery of the guano deposits on Ichaboe Island, which laid the foundations of a flourishing industry. 452:, in their respective ice-bound ships, had drifted close to the plotted positions of New South Greenland and reported no sign of it. It has been suggested that what Morrell saw was actually the eastern coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, some 400 nautical miles (460 mi; 740 km) further west from his sighting. This would require a navigational error of at least 10°, and a complete revision of Morrell's timeline after leaving the South Sandwich Islands. Assuming that Morrell did not invent the experience, a possible explanation is that he witnessed a 363: 217: 744: 387:

westward. Apart from one undated position at 69°11'S, 48°15'E, Morrell's journal is silent until February 23, when he records crossing the Greenwich (0°) meridian. Historians have doubted that such a long passage from 118°E, about 3,500 nautical miles (4,000 mi; 6,500 km), could have been made so quickly in ice-strewn waters and against the prevailing winds. Although some writers, including former Royal Navy navigator

419:'s voyage on a similar track, a month earlier, which reached 74°15'S before retreating. The words used by Weddell to express his belief that the South Pole lay in open water are replicated by Morrell, whose account was written nine years after the event. Thus it is suggested by geographer Paul Simpson-Housley that Morrell may have plagiarised Weddell's experiences, since Weddell's account had been published in 1827. 548: 834:... open a new avenue of trade more lucrative than any that our country has ever yet enjoyed, and further, it would be in my power, and mine alone, to secure the monopoly for any term I pleased." In the final paragraph of his account of the Morrell records that his wife's father, her aunt and her aunt's child had all died during his absence, as had one of Morrell's cousins and her husband. 395:. Gould, writing in 1928 before the continental boundaries of this sector of Antarctica were known, based his support for Morrell on the premise that Enderby Land was an island with a sea channel south of it. He added: "If at some future date Enderby Land is found to form part of the Antarctic continent, Morrell's most inveterate champions will, perforce, have to throw up the sponge." 329: 693: 1011:, and that he sailed in September 1838, probably planning a return to the Pacific. He got no further than Mozambique on the East African coast; his ship was wrecked, and Morrell was stranded ashore. He is reported to have died, either of fever or during an insurrection, in late 1838 or early 1839. This story is complicated by an alternative account indicating that 269:. Morrell, who had evidently heard stories of these islands, was keen to go there. On the ensuing voyage he was involved in a series of "remarkable adventures" which included a narrow escape from drowning, then being lost at sea in a small boat during a gale that swept him 50 nautical miles (58 mi; 93 km) from the ship, and leading efforts to extricate 905:, on the other hand, observed that the account contained more poetry than truth. Abby's book attracted less attention. It purported to be written to promote "the amelioration of the condition of the American seaman", a subject in which she had not otherwise evinced interest. Woodworth exploited the public's curiosity by preparing a stage play, 647: 248:, England, for two years. After his release Morrell continued his seafaring career, sailing before the mast as an ordinary seaman since his lack of education prevented him advancing to officer rank. A sympathetic captain, Josiah Macy, taught him what he needed to know to qualify as an officer, and in 1821 he was appointed chief mate on the 169:, which describes his sea-going life between 1823 and 1832, Morrell included numerous claims of discovery and achievement, many of which have been disputed by geographers and historians, and in some cases have been proven false. He ended his career as a fugitive, having wrecked his ship and misappropriated parts of the salvaged cargo. 40: 673:, and led several short excursions inland. He was impressed by the commercial potential of this coast, recording that "many kinds of skins may be procured about here, including those of the leopard, fox, bullock, together with ostrich feathers and valuable minerals". At Ichaboe Island he discovered huge deposits of 795:). A flotilla of native canoes approached the ship, full of apparently well-armed and aggressive islanders. After his experiences at Carteret Island, Morrell took no chances and ordered his crew to fire. The small craft were shattered; many died, while others manage to regain the shore. One man, who had clung to 783:

and fitted her with guns and cannons. The ship, with Abby now on board, returned to the Carteret Islands and attacked with gunfire. After a series of such assaults and heavy casualties, the population sued for peace. This enabled Morrell to occupy one of the islands in exchange for cutlery, trinkets,

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William Mills, a much more recent commentator, echoes the view that "something may be salvaged from Morrell's account, although much of it must be discarded". In regard to the Antarctic discoveries, which are Mills's particular concern, he points out that these are given no special emphasis. Morrell

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With the restoration of his fortunes and his new-found fame, Morrell began plans for a further Pacific voyage, intending to return Dako and Monday to their islands and exploit further trading opportunities. Having lobbied unsuccessfully for Congressional funding, Morrell eventually found backers who

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visited during February 1825. Fernandina, then known as Narborough Island, exploded on February 14. In Morrell's words "The heavens appeared to be one blaze of fire, intermingling with millions of falling stars and meteors; while the flames shot upward from the peak of Narborough to the height of at

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said that "he had heard so much of that he did not think fit to enter into any engagement with him." Thwarted in London, Morrell turned his attention to France. He had heard that d'Urville was organising an expedition to the Antarctic, and on June 20, 1837, wrote to the French Geographical Society

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in early February 1836, but then disappeared. She was given up for lost with all her crew before, months later, news arrived in Mauritius that she had been wrecked on the coast of Madagascar. The crew was rescued, although much of the ship's cargo was lost in the wreck, and more was used to pay off

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southwards and, the sea being remarkably clear of ice, reached a latitude of 70°14'S before turning north on March 14 as fuel for the ship's stoves was running out. This journey, if Morrell's account is true, made him the first American sea-captain to penetrate the Antarctic Circle. He believed, he

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book, Morrell admits that he incorporated the experiences of others into his account. Paul Simpson-Housley suggests that as well as adapting Weddell's narrative as his own experience, Morrell may have taken the details of his 1823 visit to Bouvet Island from the records of an 1825 visit by Captain

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and across the Indian Ocean, arriving in the vicinity of Dako's home islands in November 1834. Dako was received rapturously by his people, as one who had returned from the dead. Morrell remained in the area for several months, exploring and collecting artefacts, before departing in April 1835 for

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Despite his reputation among his contemporaries for untruth and fantasy, Morrell has been defended by some later commentators who, while questioning his general reliability, maintain that not all his life was fraud and exaggeration. They believe that aside from the bombast and boastful tone of the

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and found sea cucumbers in abundance. Morrell set up camp on one of the islands, where he faced a hostile reception from the population, who were nevertheless intrigued by their first sight of metal. There were thefts of tools; Morrell responded by holding several chiefs as hostages, at which the

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sub-group of the South Sandwich Islands. During his Pacific travels Morrell encountered groups of islands that were not on his charts, treated them as new discoveries and named them after various New York acquaintances – Westervelt, Bergh, Livingstone, Skiddy. One was named "Young

200:. His subsequent voyages mainly centered on the Pacific, where he attempted to develop trading relations with the indigenous populations. Although Morrell wrote of the enormous potential wealth to be obtained from the Pacific trade, his endeavours were, in the main, commercially unprofitable. 847:

When he returned to New York after his profitless fourth voyage, Morrell was heavily in debt and in urgent need of funds. Newspapers showed great interest in the story of the voyage, and Morrell was keen to cash in. Within a few days of his arrival he had organised a stage show, entitled "Two

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on December 31, 1822, where she remained for 11 days. The voyage then evidently continued to the south and east until February 1, 1823, when Morrell records his position as 65°52'S, 118°27'E. Here, Morrell says he took advantage of an eleven-knot breeze and turned the ship, to begin a passage

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explored more than 300 nautical miles (350 mi; 560 km) of coast. Morrell provided vivid descriptions of the land's features, with observations of its abundant wildlife. No such land exists; other appearances of land at or near this bearing, reported during the 1842 expedition of

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waters, is controversial. His claims of distances he travelled, latitudes he reached, and discoveries he made have been challenged as inaccurate or impossible, giving substance to his reputation among his contemporaries for untruth, and leading to much criticism by later writers.

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the rescuers and other of Morrell's debts. When representatives of the insurers arrived in Madagascar to assess the loss, they discovered that Morrell had departed, taking part of the remaining cargo with him. He found his way to South Africa, where he boarded a British ship,

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tools and other metal artefacts. The peace was temporary; Morrell's shore camp was continually harassed by the population. Finally, Morrell decided to abandon the enterprise, citing the "unappeasable vindictiveness and incessant hostilities" of the native population.

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s rudder, was hauled on board as a prisoner. The crew named him "Sunday"—his actual name was Dako. An account of this engagement was entered into the ship's log by John Keeler, the ship's young navigator. Just over a week later, on November 22, a skirmish in the

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On March 19, Morrell "bade farewell to the cheerless shores of New South Greenland", and sailed away from the Antarctic never to return. The remaining stages of the voyage are uncontroversial, involving a year-long cruise in the Pacific Ocean. This took

955:(Sydney Harbour) in Australia for repairs and repainting. By June, Morrell was back among the Pacific islands, where he took his final leave of Dako. After a fruitless interval prospecting for gold on the New Guinea mainland, Morrell took the ship to 487:

returned to New York in May 1824. There, he found that his wife whom he had married in 1819, not named in any accounts of Morrell's life or career, and his two small children, likewise unnamed, had all died. He quickly married his 15-year-old cousin,

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finally reached New York Harbor on May 8, 1826, with a main cargo of 6,000 fur seals. This haul did not please Morrell's employers, who had evidently expected rather more. "The reception I met from my owners was cold and repulsive", he wrote. "The

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in the Philippines, hoping to find a commercial cargo there, and arrived in March 1830. No such cargo was available, but Morrell was persuaded by the American consul, George Hubbell, that a potentially profitable enterprise would be to collect

236:, where his father, also named Benjamin, was employed as a shipbuilder. Morrell, after minimal schooling, ran away to sea at the age of 17 "without taking leave of any member of my family, or intimating my purpose to a single soul". During the 204:

account that carries his name, there is evidence that he carried out useful work, such as his discovery of large-scale guano deposits which led to the development of a full-scale industry. He is believed to have died in 1838 or 1839, in

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account, turned on the American and accused him of fabricating many of his supposed discoveries. However, Jeremiah Reynolds, who had expressed scepticism over the narrative, included Morrell's Pacific discoveries in his report to

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was known as a slave ship, which raises the possibility that in his final years Morrell was engaged with the slave trade. Fairhead suggests an alternative hypothesis: that Morrell staged his death in Mozambique, to evade

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does not seem to regard the Antarctic expedition as particularly remarkable, and the discovery of "New South Greenland" is not claimed by Morrell himself but is credited to Captain Johnson in 1821. In the preface to his

281:. The two ships were jointly commissioned to return to the South Seas for sealing, trading and exploration, and "to ascertain the practicality, under favourable circumstances, of penetrating to the South Pole." 996:

in Paris to offer his services: "I will engage to place the Proud Banner of France ten degrees nearer the Pole than any other Banner has ever been planted, providing I can obtain the command of a Small schooner

5706: 889:, to make sense of Morrell's notes and sea journals, although Woodworth's role as ghost writer was not made public. Abby Morrell's journals received similar treatment from another established author, 415:

says, that but for this deficiency he could have "made a glorious advance directly to the South Pole, or to 85° without the least doubt". Some credence to his claimed southern latitude is provided by

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In London early in 1837, Morrell attempted to convert some of the purloined cargo into cash, but word of his activities had spread, and the proceeds were immediately confiscated by agents acting for

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finally reached New York on August 27, 1831; despite his lack of commercial success, Morrell remained upbeat about future prospects in the Pacific. "I could, with only a modest share of patronage

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Cannibals of the Islands of the South Pacific". This spectacle, embellished with accounts of the massacre at Carteret Island and other dramatic inclusions, played to large crowds at New York's

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Morrell's account describes how on the day after turning north from his southernmost point, a large tract of land was sighted in the region of 67°52'S, 44°11'W. Morrell refers to this land as "

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Morrell writes: "The inhabitants are principally Mexicans and Spaniards who are very indolent and consequently very filthy." After revisiting the Galapagos Islands and gathering a harvest of

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There is little documented history for Abby Morrell after 1838: two records, respectively dated 1841 and 1850, place her in New York, but details of her life and eventual death are unknown.

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By now desperate for some profitable activity, Morrell made some money by displaying Dako and Monday to a fascinated public. The only maritime opportunity available was to take a cargo to

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began a slow journey home on October 13, 1825. As they left the Pacific Morrell claimed to have personally inspected and identified every danger existing along the American Pacific coast.

351:, which lies approximately midway between Southern Africa and the Antarctic continent and is known as the world's remotest island. It had been discovered in 1739 by the French navigator 755:

to sail with Abby on board; possibly he had designs on her. Morrell sailed from Manila without her, and initially had little luck in finding sea cucumbers in any quantity. Eventually

391:, have argued that Morrell's claims as to speed and distance are plausible, Morrell's undated interim latitude was later shown to be well inside the Antarctic mainland territory of 1003:

It is not known how Morrell supported himself during his months in London; it is possible that Abby sent him funds from America. Somehow, in the autumn of 1837, he made his way to

3044: 677:, 25 feet thick. In the face of such opportunity he records his belief that a $ 30,000 investment would produce in two years a profit "from ten to fifteen hundred per cent." 370:

voyage track, November 20, 1822, to February 28, 1823, based on Morrell's claimed positions. Much of the return journey (continuous line) is within the Antarctic coastline.

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voyage. Fairhead offers no explanation why Morrell, if alive, should break his silence other than: "Perhaps, like many criminals, he could not resist flaunting himself".

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brought Morrell another captive, whom the crew named "Monday" (his true name was never discovered). With two native prisoners, but little else to show from this venture,

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debacle, his contemporaries did not uniformly denounce him. To some, he was "the biggest liar in the Pacific", and d'Urville, who had earlier warmly praised Morrell's

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Morrell retreated to Manila, planning retaliation. He hired a large number of Manilans to augment his crew, and with a help of a loan from the British consul, adapted

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left New York on June 25, 1828, bound for Western Africa. During the following months Morrell carried out an extensive survey of the African coast between the

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was delayed in Singapore by bad weather, where some of the cargo was sold to pay for repairs. The ship left Singapore on December 31, 1835, and was seen off

909:, which opened at the Bowery Theatre, New York, in March 1833 and had a lengthy and successful run. Morrell's ghosted account was one of the sources used by 4868: 3191: 897:

found it "a highly interesting and instructive work", with "stirring adventures and much geographical and nautical information". France's leading explorer

240:, which broke out while he was at sea, he was twice captured by the British; on his first voyage, his ship, carrying a cargo of flour, was intercepted off 3080: 1638: 715:

left New York, bound for the South Atlantic and Pacific in search of seals. At her own insistence, and against Morrell's and the owners' advice, his wife

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Morrell uses the word "terrapin", presumably referring to the Galapagos tortoise. The terms were used interchangeably in Morrell's day; for example see

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waters, and on his return made unsubstantiated claims to have travelled beyond 70°S and to have sighted new coastlines in the area now known as the

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s insurers. In this scenario, he may have escaped to South America and lived out his days there. A letter dated August 11, 1843, to the editor of

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William Group" after Morrell's infant son. None of these names appear in modern maps, although the "Livingstone Group" has been identified with

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Morrell had an eventful early career, running away to sea at the age of 17 and being twice captured and imprisoned by the British during the

4159: 208:; there is, however, evidence to suggest that this death might have been staged, and that he lived on in exile, possibly in South America. 5024: 6107: 5788: 5610: 5500: 5269: 3858: 3807: 975:, bound for London. Outside US jurisdiction, he was beyond the reach of the American authorities, who equated his actions with piracy. 6325: 5558: 5139: 5078: 915: 2584: 5581: 2835: 2753: 2680: 2545: 2523: 5659: 987:

s insurers. His reputation as a probable fraud prevented him from finding new employment; he sought work with the shipping firm of

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led to a skirmish with the locals which turned into a full-scale battle ending, he says, with seventeen natives dead and seven of

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in Cuba, after which his movements are unclear. It appears that he eventually obtained command of a vessel, possibly the

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was wrecked a year later, early in 1840, although whether Morrell was alive and in command by that date is unrecorded.

936:, whose journals and letters provided a record of the voyage. Monday was not with them; he had died a year previously. 315:

travelling east in search of sealing grounds. Morrell's account of the next few months of the voyage, in Antarctic and

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where, a century earlier, the Scottish seaman Alexander Selkirk had been marooned, providing the inspiration for the

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wrote that the existence of land in this area "should not be rejected until absolutely disproved." By this time both

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reached Cádiz five months later the port was under quarantine and closed. He was forced to discharge the cargo in

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when she became trapped in the ice. On the day following his return to New York, Morrell was appointed captain of

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and signed "Morrell" could have been written, Fairhead maintains, only by someone with intimate knowledge of the

898: 792: 474: 893:. His book was published in December 1832, hers early in 1833. Morrell's was very successful and sold well; the 410:, confirmed by the early 20th century expeditions. In the next phase of the voyage Morrell records that he took 6176: 5767: 5761: 5679: 5553: 5338: 5064: 4940: 4790: 4678: 4462: 3084: 1642: 3478: 988: 700:, with warriors. Morrell's party encountered similar armed vessels during its skirmishes in the Pacific isles. 571: 3100: 1564: 932:, in which he set sail from New York on March 9, 1834. Among the crew was Samuel Woodworth's 18-year-old son 901:

was complimentary, acknowledging Morrell as "courageous, skilled and dedicated"; the explorer and journalist

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s men wounded. Morrell claims that he was among the casualties, with an arrow in his thigh. Of a visit to

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did not return home laden with silver and gold, and therefore my toils and dangers counted for nothing".

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Introduction to Penguin Classics edition of The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket by E.A. Poe

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in China, where he found a valuable cargo for New York on which he anticipated a profit of $ 100,000.

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islanders mounted a full-scale attack on Morrell's shore base. Fourteen crew members were killed;

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In 1828, Morrell was engaged by Messrs. Christian Bergh & Co. to take command of the schooner

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s owners were unanimous that he should make another voyage with the ship, and in September 1829

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Later commentators and historians have tended to assess his career with a degree of sympathy.

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in the Galápagos, where Morrell witnessed a spectacular volcanic eruption on February 14, 1825

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returned to the American coast and tracked slowly southwards back to the Straits of Magellan.

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Morrell's second projected source of funds was his account of his voyages, which the firm of

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During the voyage, Morrell experienced several encounters with the slave trade, first at the

504:, which sailed from New York on July 19, 1824, for the Pacific Ocean. In the next two years, 6271: 6003: 5695: 5575: 5401: 5374: 5314: 5189: 5104: 4843: 4772: 4767: 4741: 4736: 4618: 4541: 4494: 4261: 4081: 4046: 3942: 3937: 3871: 3785: 3567: 3559: 3445: 3365: 3317: 3307: 3280: 2776: 2651: 1565:"Two extraordinary travellers: Alexander Selkirk – the real Robinson Crusoe?" 1446: 1066: 1062:. This, says Simpson-Housley, was surely a compliment to the otherwise disgraced navigator. 886: 853: 768: 760: 724: 525: 445: 308: 216: 6261: 6208: 6193: 6099: 6094: 6018: 5983: 5919: 5818: 5733: 5700: 5432: 5215: 5207: 5176: 5092: 5052: 4806: 4762: 4702: 4626: 4596: 4591: 4551: 4529: 4477: 4413: 4403: 4354: 4076: 4061: 3914: 3883: 3845: 3595: 3523: 3517: 3440: 3405: 3265: 2611: 1095: 992: 910: 875: 857: 479: 453: 177: 158: 4784: 532:

had met his death nearly 40 years earlier. He claims to have discovered two new islands,

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on February 28. His presence there is corroborated by his descriptions of the harbour on

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approached the river of lava flowing into the sea, the water temperature rose to 150

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Map of the South Shetland Islands, scene of Morrell's first Antarctic adventures

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Among the events witnessed and recorded in Morrell's journal were the siege of

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least two thousand feet." Morrell reports that the air temperature reached 123

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Novatti, Ricardo (1963). "Pelagic Distribution of Birds in the Weddell Sea".

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were willing to publish. They engaged an experienced writer and dramatist,

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sailed from New York on June 21, 1822, and remained together as far as the

5519: 3153: 3136:. Translated by Marte Lundberg. Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from 3028: 1515: 1280: 1230:. Translated by Marte Lundberg. Norwegian Polar Institute. Archived from 867: 823: 815: 670: 622: 618: 150: 2100:"Two Hundred Years Before the Mast – Personal Narratives" 852:

museum. In October 1831 Morrell took the show on a tour, which began in

6146: 5526: 4313: 3791: 3767: 3755: 1060:

A Report in relation to islands, reefs, and shoals in the Pacific Ocean

265:, which had been discovered three years earlier by the British Captain 1089:, at 59°27'S, 27°19'W, is an alternative name for Thule Island in the 776:

was forced to make a hasty withdrawal, leaving much equipment behind.

646: 4392: 3717: 1004: 728: 661:(named, he claims, in honour of his earlier Antarctic achievements). 559: 521: 517: 3169: 2765:"The Continuing Puzzle of Arthur Gordon Pym: Some Notes and Queries" 856:

on October 10. Among those who visited the show was the 12-year-old

942:

took the westerly route to the Pacific, across the Atlantic to the

39: 3778: 764: 742: 740:. These could then be taken to China where they were much prized. 691: 674: 645: 546: 361: 327: 215: 149:, explorer and trader who made a number of voyages, mainly to the 2985: 2492: 2383:"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (item number 261)" 1755: 440:, have likewise proved imaginary. In 1917, the British explorer 4969: 3211: 3173: 347:

on November 20, and then sailed eastwards towards the isolated

2495: ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 791:

anchored off the coast of the island of Uneapa (in today's

2514:. Vol. 15. Garraty, John A. (general ed.). New York: 500:

For his second voyage, Morrell took charge of a new ship,

3117:"Two Hundred Years Before the Mast – Personal Narratives" 2351:

House Document 105, 23rd Congress, Second Session 1835

566:'s liberators, and a spectacular volcanic eruption on 1085:

As a reminder of Morrell's brief Antarctic exploits,

1046:

Despite Morrell's exposure as a fraud following the

5947: 5678: 5265: 5005: 4378: 3909: 3754: 3252: 2913:. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco. Archived from 355:, but his plotting of its position was inaccurate; 125: 100: 90: 71: 49: 30: 2722:"Pelagic Distribution of Birds in the Weddell Sea" 2646:. Vol. VI. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1434: 602:Morrell also records how a hunting trip ashore in 3029:"Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouver de Lozier, 1704–86" 1281:"Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouver de Lozier, 1704–86" 787:On November 13, 1830, while returning to Manila, 2510:Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C., eds. (1999). 2848:Antarctica:Exploration, Perception and Metaphor 2731:(33). German Society of Polar Research: 207–213 2408:(33). German Society of Polar Research: 207–13. 508:first explored the American coastline from the 184:, and later as captain, of the New York sealer 3065:"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" 3185: 2934:"Exploration Through the Ages: James Weddell" 2775:(1). Washington State University Press: 5–6. 1175:American National Biography (Vol. 15), p. 879 870:on his memory of Dako. The tour proceeded to 599:°C). Some of the crew collapsed in the heat. 520:). He then sailed westward to the islands of 431:", and records that during the next few days 8: 1445:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 1275: 1273: 180:for several years before being appointed as 1391: 1389: 688:Fourth voyage: South Seas and Pacific Ocean 4979: 4966: 3221: 3208: 3192: 3178: 3170: 2879:. Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. 1662: 1660: 1428: 1426: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 290:First voyage: South Seas and Pacific Ocean 38: 27: 3134:"Weather, wind and activity on Bouvetøya" 3083:. University of Amsterdam. Archived from 2801:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2589:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2561:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1687:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1641:. University of Amsterdam. Archived from 1505:, June 1917, quoted in Gould, pp. 270–271 1228:"Weather, wind and activity on Bouvetøya" 6250:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 2329: 2327: 2317: 2315: 1741: 1739: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1130:Dictionary of American Biography, p. 195 5825:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 3132:Jenssen, Elin Vinje (January 3, 2008). 2076: 2074: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1442:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1226:Jenssen, Elin Vinje (January 3, 2008). 1110: 277:, while Johnson took over the schooner 2954:"Foreign Ships in Micronesia: Pohnpei" 2936:. The Mariners' Museum. Archived from 2369:Morrell, Preface ("advertisement") to 1983: 1981: 1955:"Foreign Ships in Micronesia: Pohnpei" 1309: 1307: 866:, who may have based the character of 496:Second voyage: North and South Pacific 353:Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier 2873:Stewart, Murray; et al. (2014). 1416: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1118: 1116: 1114: 962:After leaving Canton on November 14, 7: 2970:"Foreign Ships in Micronesia: Chuuk" 2438:"Foreign Ships in Micronesia: Chuuk" 811:returned to Manila in mid-December. 5611:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 3808:Norse colonization of North America 2798:The Independence of Spanish America 79: 1839 (aged 43–44) 5140:United States Exploring Expedition 3103:. British Broadcasting Corporation 2781:10.1111/j.1754-6095.1970.tb00131.x 2470:"Eight Years' Wandering in Ceylon" 1860:"Eight Years' Wandering in Ceylon" 1567:. British Broadcasting Corporation 1029:The New York Commercial Advertiser 916:The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym 719:accompanied him. By January 1830, 16:American explorer (1795 – c. 1839) 14: 6311:American explorers of the Pacific 6214:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 5582:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 2988:. Animal Demography Unit, Namibia 2540:. London: Philip Allan & Co. 1758:. Animal Demography Unit, Namibia 382:continued eastward, reaching the 339:Morrell's journal indicates that 232:, on July 5, 1795. He grew up in 6108:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 5501:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 2644:Dictionary of American Biography 1139:Morrell, Introduction, pp. ix–xi 928:secured a converted brigantine, 642:Third voyage: West African coast 255:, under Captain Robert Johnson. 2748:. New York: Twayne Publishers. 1098:, and "Bergh's Group" with the 115: 2845:Simpson-Housley, Paul (1992). 2830:. London: Century Publishing. 2488:The Captain and "the Cannibal" 1503:Scottish Geographical Magazine 1: 5487:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 5422:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 2669:Mills, William James (2003). 2418:Morrell, pp. 376, 381–82, 388 139: 75: 5844:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 5660:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 5466:French Antarctic Expeditions 5396:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 5282:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 3400:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 3154:"Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957" 2763:Ridgely, J. V. (June 1970). 2707:. New York: J & J Harper 2586:Galapagos: A Natural History 2468:Baker, Samuel White (2008). 1858:Baker, Samuel White (2008). 1516:"Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957" 1466:UK public library membership 1383:See Gould, pp. 257, 261–262. 650:A 19th-century depiction of 562:, the main port of Peru, by 524:, known at that time as the 230:Westchester County, New York 192:for an extended voyage into 4929:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 4608:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 3473:Andrée's balloon expedition 2908:figure from Nukuoro Island" 2795:Rodriguez, Jaime E (1998). 2700:A Narrative of Four Voyages 2675:. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara. 2657:The Siege of the South Pole 2642:Malone, Dumas, ed. (1934). 2620:. London: Frances Lincoln. 2555:Keynes, R. D., ed. (1979). 2512:American National Biography 2371:A Narrative of Four Voyages 1433:Baigent, Elizabeth (2004). 167:A Narrative of Four Voyages 6342: 4130:Franklin's lost expedition 3830:Christian IV's expeditions 2697:Morrell, Benjamin (1832). 2068:Fairhead, pp. 107–109, 359 1681:Keynes, R.D., ed. (1979). 1420:Simpson-Housley, pp. 57–59 1283:. SouthPole.com. 1996–2014 1071:Royal Geographical Society 473:and also to the island of 293: 18: 6326:People from Rye, New York 4982: 4978: 4965: 4484:Great Northern Expedition 4160:Rae–Richardson expedition 3360:British Arctic Expedition 3224: 3220: 3207: 2986:"Ichaboe Island, Namibia" 2746:Edgar Allan Poe Revisited 2720:Novatti, Ricardo (1963). 2672:Exploring Polar Frontiers 2583:Kricher, John C. (2006). 1756:"Ichaboe Island, Namibia" 793:West New Britain Province 751:Hubbell would not permit 176:. He subsequently sailed 44:1832 engraving of Morrell 37: 5768:British Antarctic Survey 5762:Captain Arturo Prat Base 5007:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 3119:. University of Delaware 2485:Fairhead, James (2015). 2102:. University of Delaware 874:, Baltimore and finally 767:which now forms part of 19:Not to be confused with 6306:Explorers of Antarctica 6244:Pole of inaccessibility 5907:Antarctic Treaty System 4248:2nd Grinnell expedition 3045:"Slavery in Cape Verde" 3006:. Penguin Books. 1999. 2851:. New York: Routledge. 2744:Peeples, Scott (1998). 2516:Oxford University Press 2291:H. R. Mill, pp. 110–111 1545:H. R. Mill, pp. 109–110 1365:H. R. Mill, pp. 107–108 1322:H. R. Mill, pp. 106–107 860:, the future author of 311:. They then separated, 242:St John's, Newfoundland 234:Stonington, Connecticut 3081:"Turtles of the World" 1639:"Turtles of the World" 1451:10.1093/ref:odnb/28950 1338:Simpson-Housley, p. 60 899:Jules Dumont d'Urville 748: 704:According to Morrell, 701: 654: 555: 404:South Sandwich Islands 398:According to Morrell, 371: 336: 263:South Shetland Islands 221: 5914:Transglobe Expedition 5813:Operation Deep Freeze 5222:Challenger expedition 4088:Coppermine expedition 3609:Drifting ice stations 2972:. Micronesian Seminar 2956:. Micronesian Seminar 2904:"A recently revealed 2440:. Micronesian Seminar 2333:Fairhead, pp. 316–319 2321:Fairhead, pp. 268–270 2309:Fairhead, pp. 272–273 2300:Fairhead, pp. 256–257 2282:Fairhead, pp. 253–254 2264:Fairhead, pp. 250–251 2255:Fairhead, pp. 247–249 2246:Fairhead, pp. 241–243 2219:Fairhead, pp. 235–236 2210:Fairhead, pp. 227–233 2201:Fairhead, pp. 225–226 2192:Fairhead, pp. 220–221 2183:Fairhead, pp. 173–174 2174:Fairhead, pp. 167–169 2156:Fairhead, pp. 164–165 2147:Fairhead, pp. 101–102 2129:Fairhead, pp. 144–146 2080:Fairhead, pp. 141–142 1957:. Micronesian Seminar 1776:Stewart et al., p. 15 1536:Shackleton. pp. 60–61 1184:H. R. Mill, pp. 94–95 979:Final years and death 923:Return to the Pacific 746: 695: 649: 572:Galápagos archipelago 550: 365: 331: 219: 212:Early life and career 84:Portuguese Mozambique 2920:on February 18, 2012 2342:Fairhead, pp. 286–88 1794:Morrell, pp. 328–330 1733:Morrell, pp. 253–254 1628:Morrell, pp. 177–178 1610:Morrell, pp. 246–248 1601:Morrell, pp. 218–219 1592:Morrell, pp. 203–215 1106:Notes and references 946:, then south to the 442:William Speirs Bruce 438:Sir James Clark Ross 224:Morrell was born at 6084:South magnetic pole 4750:Brusilov expedition 3859:Danish colonization 3297:North magnetic pole 3140:on January 19, 2015 2472:. Project Gutenberg 2050:Fairhead, pp. 92–93 2041:Fairhead, pp. 76–83 1996:Fairhead, pp. 69–70 1987:Fairhead, pp. 71–72 1975:Fairhead, pp. 57–58 1944:Fairhead, pp. 22–24 1908:Fairhead, pp. 55–56 1881:Fairhead, pp. 50–52 1872:Chapter 12, line 32 1862:. Project Gutenberg 1848:Fairhead, pp. 48–50 1830:Fairhead, pp. 46–47 1234:on January 19, 2015 1216:Gould, pp. 255, 258 510:Straits of Magellan 429:New South Greenland 423:New South Greenland 296:New South Greenland 188:. In 1823, he took 6301:American explorers 5775:Operation Windmill 5756:Operation Highjump 4731:Rusanov expedition 4636:A. E. Nordenskiöld 4380:North East Passage 4184:McClure expedition 2824:Shackleton, Ernest 2461:Books and journals 1839:W. J. Mills, p. 39 1554:Gould, pp. 276–282 1492:Gould, pp. 272–274 1483:Morrell, pp. 69–70 1374:Gould, pp. 260–262 1356:Morrell, pp. 65–68 1267:Mills, pp. 434–435 1198:H. R. Mill, p. 105 1157:H. R. Mill, p. 104 944:Cape Verde Islands 749: 702: 682:Cape Verde Islands 655: 556: 530:Captain James Cook 372: 357:Captain James Cook 337: 261:was bound for the 222: 145:) was an American 6288: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6280: 6279: 5742:Operation Tabarin 5604:Far Eastern Party 5450:Nimrod Expedition 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4520:M. Pronchishcheva 4442:Siberian Cossacks 3911:Northwest Passage 3244:Research stations 3201:Polar exploration 3087:on March 18, 2012 3051:on March 13, 2005 3013:978-0-14-043748-5 2886:978-1-84162-495-2 2858:978-0-415-08225-9 2808:978-0-521-62673-6 2652:Mill, Hugh Robert 2627:978-0-7112-2980-8 2596:978-0-691-12633-3 2568:978-0-521-21822-1 2558:The Beagle Record 2502:978-1-3-2287036-6 1694:978-0-521-21822-1 1684:The Beagle Record 1645:on March 18, 2012 1619:Rodriguez, p. 232 1464:(Subscription or 1313:McGonigal, p. 135 1301:H. R. Mill, p. 47 948:Cape of Good Hope 903:Jeremiah Reynolds 747:Abby Jane Morrell 717:Abby Jane Morrell 667:Cape of Good Hope 568:Fernandina Island 552:Fernandina Island 490:Abigail Jane Wood 471:Galápagos Islands 450:Ernest Shackleton 384:Kerguelen Islands 133: 132: 6333: 5789:Ronne Expedition 5274: 5268: 5132:Dumont d'Urville 4980: 4967: 4515:V. Pronchishchev 3222: 3209: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3156:. South-pole.com 3149: 3147: 3145: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3067:. Geonames. 2008 3060: 3058: 3056: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2940:on July 25, 2012 2929: 2927: 2925: 2919: 2912: 2890: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2841: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2759: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2726: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2665: 2647: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2612:McGonigal, David 2607: 2605: 2603: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2551: 2534:Gould, Rupert T. 2529: 2506: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2385:. 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South-pole.com 1512: 1506: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1481: 1470: 1469: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1438: 1430: 1421: 1418: 1405: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1354: 1339: 1336: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1302: 1299: 1293: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1277: 1268: 1265: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1185: 1182: 1176: 1173: 1158: 1155: 1140: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1067:Hugh Robert Mill 1026: 999: 989:Enderby Brothers 985:Margaret Oakley' 887:Samuel Woodworth 883:J. and J. Harper 833: 801: 769:Papua New Guinea 761:Carteret Islands 725:Auckland Islands 723:had reached the 710: 612: 598: 594: 586: 582: 538:Morrell's Island 526:Sandwich Islands 460:Pacific and home 446:Wilhelm Filchner 324:Antarctic waters 309:Falkland Islands 144: 141: 138:(July 5, 1795 – 136:Benjamin Morrell 119: 117: 80: 77: 59: 57: 42: 32:Benjamin Morrell 28: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6330: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6276: 5951: 5943: 5819:McMurdo Station 5688:Modern research 5686: 5674: 5409:O. Nordenskjöld 5272: 5266: 5261: 5177:Ross expedition 5001: 4974: 4953: 4382: 4374: 3915:Northern Canada 3913: 3905: 3758: 3750: 3256: 3248: 3216: 3203: 3198: 3168: 3159: 3157: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3090: 3088: 3079: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3031:. 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2067: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032:Fairhead, p. 76 2031: 2027: 2023:Fairhead, p. 75 2022: 2018: 2014:Morrell, p. 492 2013: 2009: 2005:Morrell, p. 341 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935:Fairhead, p. 56 1934: 1930: 1926:Morrell, p. 452 1925: 1921: 1917:Morrell, p. 440 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1899:Fairhead, p. 54 1898: 1894: 1890:Fairhead, p. 53 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1865: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821:Morrell, p. 337 1820: 1816: 1812:Morrell, p. 333 1811: 1807: 1803:Morrell, p. 331 1802: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785:Morrell, p. 261 1784: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1761: 1759: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1745:Morrell, p. 294 1744: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724:Morrell, p. 251 1723: 1719: 1715:Morrell, p. 231 1714: 1710: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1680: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1658: 1648: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1580: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1473: 1463: 1455: 1453: 1436:"Weddell James" 1432: 1431: 1424: 1419: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1342: 1337: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1266: 1247: 1237: 1235: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1161: 1156: 1143: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1112: 1108: 1096:Namonuito Atoll 1082:George Norris, 1048:Margaret Oakley 1044: 1024: 1022:Margaret Oakley 997: 993:Charles Enderby 981: 964:Margaret Oakley 940:Margaret Oakley 934:Selim Woodworth 930:Margaret Oakley 925: 911:Edgar Allan Poe 895:New York Mirror 876:Washington D.C. 858:Herman Melville 845: 840: 831: 799: 708: 690: 644: 610: 596: 592: 584: 580: 498: 480:Robinson Crusoe 462: 454:superior mirage 425: 326: 298: 292: 287: 246:Dartmoor prison 214: 178:before the mast 159:Pacific Islands 142: 121: 118: 1824) 113: 109: 86: 81: 78: 67: 61: 55: 53: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6339: 6337: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6236:Vostok Station 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6187:Cherry-Garrard 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6080: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6027:Southern Cross 6023: 6022: 6021: 6008: 6007: 6006: 5993: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5973: 5972: 5971: 5957: 5955: 5949:Farthest South 5945: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5910: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5821: 5816: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5785: 5784: 5783: 5771: 5764: 5759: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5710: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5646:Ross Sea party 5642: 5633: 5632: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5483: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5446: 5439: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5343: 5340:Southern Cross 5333:Southern Cross 5329: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5277: 5275: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5218: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5198: 5192: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5151: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5079:Bellingshausen 5069: 5062: 5057: 5056: 5055: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4950: 4949: 4938: 4926: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4893: 4892: 4891: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4840: 4839: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4746: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4623: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4388: 4386: 4384:Russian Arctic 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4200: 4195: 4180: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4141: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4013: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3972: 3967: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3874: 3869: 3868: 3867: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3826: 3821: 3819:Snæbjörn galti 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3782: 3775: 3770: 3764: 3762: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3721: 3714: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3686: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3669: 3655: 3648: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3612: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3565: 3556: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3455: 3454: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3420: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3376: 3371: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3327: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3260: 3254:Farthest North 3250: 3249: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3167: 3166: 3150: 3129: 3113: 3097: 3077: 3061: 3041: 3025: 3012: 2998: 2982: 2966: 2950: 2930: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2870: 2857: 2842: 2836: 2820: 2807: 2792: 2769:Poe Newsletter 2760: 2754: 2741: 2717: 2694: 2681: 2666: 2648: 2639: 2626: 2608: 2595: 2580: 2567: 2552: 2546: 2530: 2524: 2507: 2501: 2482: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2396: 2374: 2362: 2353: 2344: 2335: 2323: 2311: 2302: 2293: 2284: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2212: 2203: 2194: 2185: 2176: 2167: 2158: 2149: 2140: 2138:Peeples, p. 56 2131: 2122: 2113: 2091: 2082: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1977: 1968: 1946: 1937: 1928: 1919: 1910: 1901: 1892: 1883: 1874: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1747: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1693: 1677:Charles Darwin 1668: 1666:Kricher, p. 57 1656: 1630: 1621: 1612: 1603: 1594: 1578: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1507: 1494: 1485: 1471: 1422: 1406: 1397: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1340: 1324: 1315: 1303: 1294: 1269: 1245: 1218: 1209: 1207:Morrell, p. 30 1200: 1186: 1177: 1159: 1141: 1132: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1091:Southern Thule 1087:Morrell Island 1043: 1040: 980: 977: 924: 921: 844: 841: 839: 836: 805:Ninigo Islands 689: 686: 652:African slaves 643: 640: 534:Byers's Island 497: 494: 461: 458: 424: 421: 374:After leaving 325: 322: 294:Main article: 291: 288: 286: 283: 213: 210: 155:Southern Ocean 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 111: 107:Abby Jane Wood 105: 104: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 82: 73: 69: 68: 62: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6338: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5367:Discovery Hut 5365: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5004: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4898: 4897:A. Sibiryakov 4894: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4869:Glavsevmorput 4866: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4732: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4656: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4172: 4171:J. Richardson 4169: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4008: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3933:M. Corte-Real 3931: 3929: 3928:G. Corte-Real 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3851:C. Richardson 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3662: 3661: 3660:Georgiy Sedov 3656: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3617: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3547:Riiser-Larsen 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3421: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3301: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3242: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3155: 3151: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3118: 3114: 3102: 3098: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3066: 3062: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3030: 3026: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2987: 2983: 2971: 2967: 2955: 2951: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2916: 2909: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2877: 2871: 2860: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2843: 2839: 2837:0-7126-0111-2 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2810: 2804: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2755:0-8057-4572-6 2751: 2747: 2742: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2706: 2705: 2695: 2684: 2682:1-57607-422-6 2678: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2662:Alston Rivers 2659: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2629: 2623: 2619: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2598: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2581: 2570: 2564: 2560: 2559: 2553: 2549: 2547:0-517-31081-3 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2525:0-19-512794-3 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2471: 2466: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2400: 2397: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2360:Gould, p. 268 2357: 2354: 2348: 2345: 2339: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2273:Gould, p. 255 2270: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1969: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1884: 1878: 1875: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1770: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1696: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1644: 1640: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1566: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1517: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1404:Gould, p. 263 1401: 1398: 1395:Gould, p. 281 1392: 1390: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1359: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1298: 1295: 1282: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1233: 1229: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1136: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1100:Chuuk Islands 1097: 1092: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1023: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 994: 990: 986: 978: 976: 974: 969: 965: 960: 958: 954: 949: 945: 941: 937: 935: 931: 922: 920: 918: 917: 913:in his novel 912: 908: 907:The Cannibals 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864: 859: 855: 851: 842: 837: 835: 829: 825: 821: 817: 812: 810: 806: 798: 794: 790: 785: 782: 777: 775: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 745: 741: 739: 735: 734:sea cucumbers 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 707: 699: 694: 687: 685: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 653: 648: 641: 639: 637: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 615:San Francisco 609: 605: 600: 590: 577: 573: 569: 565: 564:Simón Bolívar 561: 553: 549: 545: 543: 540:. Thereafter 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 495: 493: 491: 486: 482: 481: 476: 472: 468: 459: 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 430: 422: 420: 418: 417:James Weddell 413: 409: 405: 401: 396: 394: 390: 385: 381: 377: 376:Bouvet Island 369: 364: 360: 358: 354: 350: 349:Bouvet Island 346: 345:South Georgia 342: 334: 333:Bouvet Island 330: 323: 321: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 289: 284: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 267:William Smith 264: 260: 256: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 218: 211: 209: 207: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 163:ghost-written 160: 156: 152: 148: 137: 128: 124: 108: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 85: 74: 70: 65: 64:Rye, New York 52: 48: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 6242: 6230:Pole of Cold 6228: 6154: 6145: 6113: 6106: 6082: 6053: 6039: 6033:Borchgrevink 6025: 6012: 5997: 5977: 5962: 5931: 5912: 5905: 5889: 5875: 5866: 5849: 5842: 5823: 5811: 5787: 5773: 5766: 5754: 5740: 5726: 5712: 5705: 5666: 5658: 5644: 5637: 5635: 5617: 5609: 5602: 5589: 5580: 5542: 5534: 5525: 5518: 5506: 5499: 5485: 5473:Pourquoi-Pas 5472: 5464: 5456: 5448: 5443:Orcadas Base 5441: 5433: 5420: 5414:C. A. Larsen 5402: 5394: 5380: 5373: 5360: 5352: 5346:Borchgrevink 5339: 5331: 5288: 5280: 5255:C. A. Larsen 5248: 5229: 5220: 5202: 5184: 5175: 5162: 5147: 5138: 5125: 5119: 5086: 5072: 5065: 5046: 5031: 4941: 4934: 4917: 4910: 4896: 4881: 4867: 4854: 4829: 4815: 4813: 4799: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4755: 4748: 4729: 4695: 4693: 4679: 4677: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4627: 4625: 4606: 4482: 4440: 4423: 4391: 4355: 4353: 4333: 4332: 4312: 4311: 4297: 4284: 4269: 4255: 4246: 4233: 4204: 4192:Investigator 4191: 4182: 4158: 4145: 4137: 4128: 4115: 4086: 4063: 4048: 4033: 4003: 3988: 3958: 3877: 3857: 3828: 3824:Erik the Red 3806: 3784: 3777: 3734:submersibles 3731: 3725:Arktika 2007 3723: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3690: 3681: 3678: 3659: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3614: 3607: 3583: 3569: 3568: 3560: 3558: 3524: 3522: 3493: 3490: 3479:S. A. Andrée 3471: 3458: 3433: 3425: 3422: 3398: 3380: 3367: 3358: 3340: 3331: 3329: 3295: 3160:December 18, 3158:. Retrieved 3142:. Retrieved 3138:the original 3123:February 12, 3121:. 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Retrieved 2377: 2370: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2338: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2170: 2161: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2116: 2106:February 12, 2104:. Retrieved 2094: 2085: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1971: 1961:February 20, 1959:. Retrieved 1949: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1866:February 26, 1864:. Retrieved 1853: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1817: 1808: 1799: 1790: 1781: 1772: 1762:February 22, 1760:. Retrieved 1750: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1698:. Retrieved 1683: 1671: 1649:February 13, 1647:. Retrieved 1643:the original 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1571:February 12, 1569:. Retrieved 1559: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1522:December 18, 1520:. Retrieved 1510: 1502: 1497: 1488: 1454:. Retrieved 1440: 1400: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1318: 1297: 1285:. Retrieved 1236:. Retrieved 1232:the original 1221: 1212: 1203: 1180: 1135: 1084: 1079:Four Voyages 1078: 1075: 1064: 1059: 1052:Four Voyages 1051: 1047: 1045: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1021: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1002: 984: 982: 972: 963: 961: 953:Port Jackson 939: 938: 929: 926: 914: 906: 894: 891:Samuel Knapp 880: 872:Philadelphia 861: 850:Rubens Peale 846: 843:Money-making 838:Later career 827: 819: 813: 808: 796: 788: 786: 780: 778: 773: 759:reached the 756: 752: 750: 720: 712: 705: 703: 679: 662: 658: 656: 635: 630: 626: 607: 601: 588: 587:°C), and as 575: 557: 541: 505: 501: 499: 484: 478: 475:Más a Tierra 466: 463: 432: 426: 411: 408:Thule Island 402:reached the 399: 397: 393:Enderby Land 389:Rupert Gould 379: 373: 367: 340: 338: 335:(1898 photo) 317:subantarctic 312: 304: 300: 299: 285:Four voyages 278: 274: 270: 258: 257: 252: 223: 202: 194:subantarctic 189: 185: 171: 166: 135: 134: 60:July 5, 1795 25: 6321:1839 deaths 6316:1795 births 5933:Lake Vostok 5883:Tryoshnikov 5805:Schlossbach 5696:Christensen 5638:James Caird 5559:E. R. Evans 5325:Dobrowolski 5295:de Gerlache 4997:Expeditions 4883:Aviaarktika 4837:Samoylovich 4708:Kolomeitsev 4602:Middendorff 4562:Gedenshtrom 3982:I. Fyodorov 3744:Chilingarov 3632:E. Fyodorov 3239:Expeditions 3035:February 9, 2729:Polarforsch 2406:Polarforsch 1287:February 9, 514:Cape Blanco 238:War of 1812 198:Weddell Sea 174:War of 1812 147:sea captain 143: 1839 95:Sea captain 21:Ben Moreell 6295:Categories 6156:Terra Nova 6061:Shackleton 6004:J. C. Ross 5963:Resolution 5953:South Pole 5728:New Swabia 5652:Mackintosh 5624:Shackleton 5543:Terra Nova 5536:Terra Nova 5270:Heroic Age 5230:Challenger 5190:J. C. Ross 5100:Bransfield 5032:Resolution 4947:icebreaker 4911:Chelyuskin 4652:expedition 4630:Expedition 4572:Matyushkin 4530:Kh. Laptev 4525:Chelyuskin 4419:Heemskerck 4409:Chancellor 4404:Willoughby 4399:Koch boats 4342:Stefansson 4276:McClintock 4240:Inglefield 4082:J. C. Ross 3989:Resolution 3841:Cunningham 3739:Sagalevich 3428:expedition 3387:Stephenson 3347:C. F. Hall 3334:expedition 3308:J. C. Ross 3271:Heemskerck 3258:North Pole 2876:Cape Verde 2660:. London: 2617:Antarctica 1501:Bruce, in 1468:required.) 1042:Assessment 973:Rio Packet 789:Antarctica 781:Antarctica 763:, a small 738:Micronesia 696:A Pacific 604:California 492:("Abby"). 366:Sketch of 206:Mozambique 182:chief mate 91:Occupation 56:1795-07-05 6255:Tolstikov 6041:Discovery 6011:HMS 5996:HMS 5978:Adventure 5976:HMS 5961:HMS 5897:Tolstikov 5618:Endurance 5403:Antarctic 5388:Drygalski 5361:Discovery 5354:Discovery 5315:Arctowski 5228:HMS 5201:HMS 5195:Abernethy 5183:HMS 5161:USS 5148:Vincennes 5146:USS 5126:Astrolabe 5066:San Telmo 5047:Adventure 5045:HMS 5030:HMS 5025:Kerguelen 4987:Continent 4972:Antarctic 4849:Urvantsev 4807:Vilkitsky 4660:Jeannette 4658:USS 4650:Jeannette 4614:Weyprecht 4592:Pakhtusov 4542:Chichagov 4535:D. Laptev 4478:Permyakov 4453:Stadukhin 4448:Perfilyev 4425:Mangazeya 4363:H. Larsen 4328:Rasmussen 4283:HMS 4254:USS 4203:HMS 4190:HMS 4154:Collinson 4144:HMS 4136:HMS 4114:HMS 4062:HMS 4047:HMS 4032:HMS 4017:Mackenzie 4004:Discovery 4002:HMS 3987:HMS 3959:Discovery 3938:Frobisher 3901:Rasmussen 3814:Gunnbjörn 3760:Greenland 3689:USS 3680:USS 3552:Ellsworth 3494:Roosevelt 3424:Nansen's 3381:Discovery 3379:HMS 3366:HMS 3313:Abernethy 3281:Marmaduke 3144:April 14, 2906:tino aitu 1456:April 13, 1238:April 14, 1017:Christine 1013:Christine 1009:Christine 968:Mauritius 863:Moby-Dick 828:Antarctic 820:Antarctic 809:Antarctic 797:Antarctic 774:Antarctic 757:Antarctic 753:Antarctic 721:Antarctic 713:Antarctic 706:Antarctic 698:war canoe 663:Antarctic 659:Antarctic 6267:A. Fuchs 6224:V. Fuchs 6204:McKinley 6167:E. Evans 6126:Bjaaland 6121:Amundsen 6071:Marshall 5984:Furneaux 5836:V. Fuchs 5800:E. Ronne 5795:F. Ronne 5734:Ritscher 5588:SY 5576:Filchner 5520:Framheim 5514:Amundsen 5320:Racoviță 5305:Amundsen 5300:Lecointe 5169:Ringgold 5163:Porpoise 5053:Furneaux 4889:Shevelev 4844:Begichev 4823:Amundsen 4785:Nagórski 4763:Brusilov 4757:Sv. Anna 4671:Melville 4641:Palander 4597:Tsivolko 4557:Sannikov 4552:Billings 4495:Chirikov 4414:Barentsz 4356:St. Roch 4347:Bartlett 4321:Amundsen 4305:Sverdrup 4205:Resolute 4094:Franklin 4022:Kotzebue 3889:Sverdrup 3872:Scoresby 3846:Lindenov 3697:Plaisted 3682:Nautilus 3627:Shirshov 3601:Belyakov 3596:Baydukov 3570:Nautilus 3532:Amundsen 3492:SS 3451:Sverdrup 3446:Johansen 3416:Brainard 3411:Lockwood 3266:Barentsz 2826:(1983). 2654:(1905). 2614:(2003). 2574:March 1, 2536:(1929). 1706:, p. 312 1700:March 1, 1057:Congress 868:Queequeg 824:Bordeaux 671:Benguela 623:terrapin 619:fur seal 574:, which 528:, where 516:(now in 343:reached 165:memoir, 157:and the 151:Atlantic 126:Children 6272:Messner 6219:Hillary 6199:Balchen 6147:Polheim 6141:Wisting 6019:Crozier 5991:Weddell 5969:J. Cook 5939:Kapitsa 5920:Fiennes 5862:Klenova 5831:Hillary 5781:Ketchum 5707:BANZARE 5682:· 5527:Polheim 5493:Shirase 5479:Charcot 5289:Belgica 5208:Crozier 5120:Morrell 5115:Weddell 5093:Lazarev 5038:J. Cook 4992:History 4942:Arktika 4918:Krassin 4903:Voronin 4875:Schmidt 4861:Ushakov 4800:Vaygach 4768:Albanov 4737:Rusanov 4718:Kolchak 4713:Matisen 4687:Makarov 4666:De Long 4567:Wrangel 4547:Lyakhov 4500:Malygin 4458:Dezhnev 4285:Pandora 4256:Advance 4223:Kennedy 4218:Belcher 4211:Kellett 4198:McClure 4122:Beechey 4116:Blossom 4109:Simpson 4077:Crozier 4070:Hoppner 4027:J. Ross 3995:J. Cook 3943:Gilbert 3836:J. Hall 3802:Ingólfr 3792:Naddodd 3786:Vikings 3773:Brendan 3768:Pytheas 3756:Iceland 3710:Arktika 3702:Herbert 3667:Badygin 3637:Krenkel 3622:Papanin 3591:Chkalov 3577:Wilkins 3542:Wisting 3486:F. Cook 3392:Markham 3352:Bessels 3341:Polaris 3332:Polaris 3303:J. Ross 3286:Carolus 3234:History 2704:... etc 2538:Enigmas 2456:Sources 1069:of the 570:in the 483:story. 469:to the 161:. In a 120: 112: 6182:Bowers 6177:Wilson 6136:Hassel 6131:Helmer 6100:Mackay 6090:Mawson 6055:Nimrod 6013:Terror 5998:Erebus 5925:Burton 5720:Rymill 5596:Mawson 5590:Aurora 5569:Lashly 5554:Wilson 5457:Nimrod 5434:Scotia 5241:Murray 5216:Cooper 5203:Terror 5185:Erebus 5154:Wilkes 5105:Palmer 5073:Vostok 5020:Bouvet 4944:-class 4924:Gakkel 4792:Taymyr 4773:Konrad 4742:Kuchin 4680:Yermak 4587:Lavrov 4505:Ovtsyn 4490:Bering 4468:Ivanov 4431:Hudson 4393:Pomors 4370:Cowper 4335:Karluk 4234:Isabel 4228:Bellot 4178:Austin 4146:Terror 4138:Erebus 4034:Griper 4010:Clerke 3970:Baffin 3953:Hudson 3884:Nansen 3797:Garðar 3718:Barneo 3585:ANT-25 3561:Italia 3537:Nobile 3506:Henson 3465:Amedeo 3441:Nansen 3406:Greely 3276:Hudson 3214:Arctic 3010: 2896:Online 2883: 2855: 2834: 2805: 2752: 2702: 2679: 2624: 2593: 2565: 2544: 2522: 2499: 1691: 1462: 1033:Oakley 1005:Havana 998: 991:, but 957:Canton 854:Albany 832: 729:Manila 636:Tartar 631:Tartar 627:Tartar 608:Tartar 597: 595:°F (66 593: 589:Tartar 585: 583:°F (51 581: 576:Tartar 560:Callao 542:Tartar 522:Hawaii 518:Oregon 506:Tartar 502:Tartar 368:Wasp's 250:sealer 153:, the 101:Spouse 66:, U.S. 6262:Crary 6209:Dufek 6172:Oates 6162:Scott 6095:David 6076:Adams 6047:Barne 5868:Mirny 5857:Somov 5667:Quest 5564:Crean 5549:Scott 5428:Bruce 5382:Gauss 5375:Gauss 5249:Jason 5236:Nares 5110:Davis 5087:Mirny 5060:Smith 5015:Roché 4935:Lenin 4855:Sadko 4780:Wiese 4725:Sedov 4696:Zarya 4619:Payer 4582:Litke 4577:Anjou 4510:Minin 4473:Vagin 4463:Popov 4436:Poole 4291:Young 4104:Dease 4049:Hecla 4040:Parry 3965:Bylot 3948:Davis 3923:Cabot 3896:Peary 3878:Jason 3865:Egede 3779:Papar 3691:Skate 3672:Wiese 3652:NP-37 3645:NP-36 3525:Norge 3513:Sedov 3501:Peary 3459:Jason 3374:Nares 3368:Alert 3323:Hayes 3291:Parry 3229:Ocean 2918:(PDF) 2911:(PDF) 2828:South 2725:(PDF) 1025:' 816:Cádiz 800:' 765:atoll 709:' 675:guano 611:' 305:Henry 279:Henry 228:, in 114:( 110: 6194:Byrd 6115:Fram 6066:Wild 5748:Marr 5714:BGLE 5701:Byrd 5629:Wild 5508:Fram 5310:Cook 4831:AARI 4816:Maud 4703:Toll 4628:Vega 4314:Gjøa 4299:Fram 4262:Kane 4099:Back 4064:Fury 4055:Lyon 3977:Munk 3616:NP-1 3518:Byrd 3435:Fram 3426:Fram 3318:Kane 3162:2008 3146:2015 3125:2009 3109:2009 3093:2009 3073:2008 3057:2009 3037:2009 3021:2009 3008:ISBN 2994:2009 2978:2009 2962:2009 2946:2009 2926:2009 2881:ISBN 2866:2008 2853:ISBN 2832:ISBN 2816:2009 2803:ISBN 2788:2009 2750:ISBN 2737:2009 2713:2009 2690:2008 2677:ISBN 2635:2009 2622:ISBN 2604:2009 2591:ISBN 2576:2009 2563:ISBN 2542:ISBN 2520:ISBN 2497:ISBN 2493:EPUB 2478:2009 2446:2009 2391:2008 2108:2009 1963:2009 1868:2009 1764:2009 1702:2009 1689:ISBN 1651:2009 1573:2009 1524:2008 1458:2015 1289:2009 1240:2015 669:and 621:and 536:and 485:Wasp 467:Wasp 448:and 433:Wasp 412:Wasp 400:Wasp 380:Wasp 341:Wasp 313:Wasp 303:and 301:Wasp 275:Wasp 271:Wasp 259:Wasp 253:Wasp 190:Wasp 186:Wasp 72:Died 50:Born 5891:3rd 5877:2nd 5851:1st 5684:IGY 5680:IPY 4270:Fox 4166:Rae 3732:Mir 3708:NS 2777:doi 2773:III 1679:in 1447:doi 512:to 226:Rye 6297:: 4796:/ 2771:. 2767:. 2727:. 2518:. 2326:^ 2314:^ 2073:^ 1980:^ 1738:^ 1659:^ 1581:^ 1474:^ 1439:. 1425:^ 1409:^ 1388:^ 1343:^ 1327:^ 1306:^ 1272:^ 1248:^ 1189:^ 1162:^ 1144:^ 1113:^ 1102:. 919:. 625:, 456:. 378:, 140:c. 116:m. 76:c. 5273:" 5267:" 5210:) 5206:( 5197:) 5188:( 3193:e 3186:t 3179:v 3164:. 3148:. 3127:. 3111:. 3095:. 3075:. 3059:. 3039:. 3023:. 2996:. 2980:. 2964:. 2948:. 2928:. 2889:. 2868:. 2840:. 2818:. 2790:. 2779:: 2758:. 2739:. 2715:. 2692:. 2664:. 2637:. 2606:. 2578:. 2550:. 2528:. 2505:. 2491:( 2480:. 2448:. 2393:. 2110:. 1965:. 1870:. 1766:. 1704:. 1653:. 1575:. 1526:. 1460:. 1449:: 1291:. 1242:. 129:1 58:) 54:( 23:.

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