4033:
2019:
the sea) are caught in mixed fisheries. In practice, this means that each time a vessel retrieves its fishing gear, its catch will consist of a mix of different species.” This has led to a situation whereby, even when the
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea recommends a Total Allowable Catch of zero for a given demersal species in order to allow replenishment of population, the European Council nonetheless sets the Total Allowable Catch far above zero so long as the catch is by-catch, in order not to prevent trawlers fishing for other species. This means that those threatened species do not get the chance to replenish even when not directly targeted by trawlers.
47:
1624:
4729:
1745:
365:
314:
6167:
383:
1668:
1199:, or as "large particles" such as dead fish and whales sinking to the bottom. A third way energy can arrive is through fish, such as vertically migrating mesopelagic fishes that can enter into the demersal zone as they ascend or descend. The demersal fish and invertebrates consume organic matter that does arrive, break it down and recycle it. A consequence of these energy delivery mechanisms is that the abundance of demersal fish and invertebrates gradually decrease as the distance from continental shorelines increases.
299:
536:
397:
1639:
467:
913:
955:
2136:
287:
503:
1230:
932:
624:
4890:
1729:
993:
1244:
585:
5882:
5864:
4755:
4743:
1341:
1713:
6421:
894:
1258:
144:
1477:
771:
1191:
organic matter. There are three main ways this happens. Firstly, organic matter can move into the zone from the continental landmass, for example, through currents that carry the matter down rivers, then plume along the continental shelf and finally spill down the continental slope. Other matter enters as particulate matter raining down from the overhead water column in the form of
2150:
2122:
1144:
1049:
5894:
4361:
435:
1802:
33:
265:. The flatfish then changes its habits, and camouflages itself by lying on the bottom of the ocean floor with both eyes facing upwards. The side to which one eye migrates depends on the species; with some species both eyes are ultimately on the left side, whereas with other species the eyes are on the right.
3682:
2018:
A major problem in conservation of demersal fish populations is that of by-catch, whereby fish are caught by accident when targeting other species. The
European Commission has written that “A key issue is that many of the most important demersal stocks (i.e. those that live on or near the bottom of
1697:
form a powerful sucking system that sucks their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouth to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills. Their gill muscles are so powerful that it is nearly impossible to pull them out of their cave if they feel
1202:
Although deep water demersal fish species are not generally picky about what they eat, there is still some degree of specialisation. For example, different fish have different mouth sizes, which determines the size of the prey they can handle. Some feed mostly on benthopelagic organisms. Others fed
1190:
The availability of plankton for food diminishes rapidly with depth. At 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), the biomass of plankton is typically about 1 per cent of that at the surface, and at 5,000 metres (16,000 ft) about 0.01 per cent. Given there is no sunlight, energy enters deep water zones as
1684:
are often found around reefs. They have stout bodies and large mouths. They are not built for long-distance or fast swimming. They can be quite large, and lengths over a meter and weights up to 100 kg are not uncommon. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off it. They do not have many
3371:
Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL establishing a multiannual plan for fish stocks in the
Western Waters and adjacent waters, and for fisheries exploiting those stocks, amending Regulation (EU) 2016/1139 establishing a multiannual plan for the Baltic Sea, and
1326:
in the
Pacific. The fish were 30 centimetres long (12 in), and were darting about, using vibration sensors on their nose to catch shrimps. The team also reported that the appearance of the fish, unlike that of most deep sea fish, was surprisingly "cute", and that they were surprised by how
480:
Bottom clingers "are mainly small fish with flattened heads, large pectoral fins, and structures (usually modified pelvic fins) that enable them to adhere to the bottom. Such structures are handy in swift streams, or intertidal areas with strong currents. The simplest arrangement is possessed by
2062:
World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish such as sole and flounder were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial levels, largely due to overfishing. Most overfishing is due to the extensive activities of the fishing industry. Current research indicate that the
2053:
as "outside safe biological limits." Moreover, they are growing less quickly now and are rarely older than six years, although they can reach forty. World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish such as sole and flounder were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial
350:
599:
and end in long pointed rat-like tails. These fish are almost all bottom-dwelling (benthic) inhabitants of the deep sea, but exactly why this peculiar morphology is so popular among them is poorly understood. The fish live by scavenging and preying on benthic invertebrates. Examples are the
199:, which are laterally depressed but lie on their sides. Also, many exhibit what is termed an "inferior" mouth, which means that the mouth is pointed downwards; this is beneficial as their food is often below them in the substrate. Those bottom feeders with upward-pointing mouths, such as
415:, common and widely distributed, feed on benthopelagic zooplankton. Yet they are strictly benthic fish, since they stay in contact with the bottom. Their fins have long rays they use to "stand" on the bottom while they face the current and grab zooplankton as it passes by.
2721:
Russell, D.J., et al., "Biology, Management and
Genetic Stock Structure of Mangrove Jack (Lutjanus argentimaculatus) in Australia," The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries and the Fisheries Research Development Corporation, FRDC Project Number 1999/122,
418:
The bodies of benthic fish are adapted for ongoing contact with the sea floor. Swimbladders are usually absent or reduced, and the bodies are usually flattened in one way or another. Following Moyle and Cech (2004) they can be divided into five overlapping body shapes:
517:
Bottom hiders "are similar in many ways to bottom clingers. but they lack the clinging devices and tend to have more elongate bodies and smaller heads. These forms usually live under rocks or in crevices or lie quietly on the bottom in still waters. The
786:
depths. This edge marks the boundary between coastal, relatively shallow, benthic habitats, and the deep benthic habitats. Coastal demersal fishes live on the bottom of inshore waters, such as bays and estuaries, and further out, on the floor of the
550:
are essentially deep-bodied fish which live with one side on the bottom. In these fish, the eye on the downward side migrates during development to the upward side, and the mouth often assumes a peculiar twist to enable bottom feeding. In contrast,
261:. The adult fish of many species have both eyes on one side of the head. When the fish hatches, one eye is located on each side of its head. But as the fish grows from the larval stage, one eye migrates to the other side of the body as a process of
1623:
1270:
Some feed on carrion. Cameras show that when a dead fish is placed on the bottom, vertebrate and invertebrate scavengers appear very quickly. If the fish is large, some scavengers burrow in and eat it from the inside out. Some fish, such as
349:
1605:. They are found in inshore waters (bays and sounds) and offshore in waters up to a depth of 130 m (425'). They spend most of their time close to the sea floor and are often congregated around bottom formations such as rocks,
1165:. Lateral lines detect low-frequency sounds, and some demersal fishes have muscles that drum such sounds to attract mates. Smell is also important, as indicated by the rapidity with which demersal fish find traps baited with
313:
1744:
364:
1638:
724:
Shallow water stingrays are benthic, and can lie on the bottom because of their negative buoyancy. Deep sea stingrays are benthopelagic, and like the squaloids have very large livers which give them neutral buoyancy.
2058:
in 2006, "of the nine sole stocks, seven are overfished with the status of the remaining two unknown." Data is insufficient to assess the remaining stocks; however, landings for all stocks are at or near historical
988:
roots, fallen trees, rock walls, and any other snag areas where smaller prey reside for protection. When they mature, they migrate into open waters, sometimes hundreds of kilometres from the coast to spawn.
272:
4192:
6757:
4684:
184:, so they can float at depth without much effort, while strictly benthic fish are denser, with negative buoyancy so they can lie on the bottom without any effort. Most demersal fish are benthopelagic.
1187:
Like coastal demersal fish, deep sea demersal fish can be divided into benthic fish and benthopelagic fish, where the benthic fish are negatively buoyant and benthopelagic fish are neutrally buoyant.
298:
1667:
6410:
1689:. They lie in wait, rather than chasing in open water. They are found in areas of hard or consolidated substrate, and use structural features such as ledges, rocks, and coral reefs (as well as
2833:
1009:
are found worldwide in shallow waters. They have eyes on top of their heads and a large upward-facing mouth. They bury themselves in sand, and leap upwards to ambush benthopelagic fish and
3520:
Hsieh, Chih-hao; Reiss, Christian S.; Hunter, John R.; Beddington, John R.; May, Robert M.; Sugihara, George (2006). "Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species".
717:. However, the energy demands of sharks are high, since they need to swim constantly and maintain a large amount of oil for buoyancy. These energy needs cannot be met in the extreme
6151:
4187:
1087:) can intercept deep sea currents, and cause productive upwellings which support benthic fish. Undersea mountain ranges can separate underwater regions into different ecosystems.
215:, at times covering themselves with sand or otherwise camouflaging themselves, or move actively over the bottom in search for food. Benthic fish which can bury themselves include
2050:
2007:
1083:). Deep sea benthic fishes are more likely to associate with canyons or rock outcroppings among the plains, where invertebrate communities are established. Undersea mountains (
343:
swings its head in broad angles over the sea floor to pick up the electrical signatures of stingrays buried in the sand. It then uses its "hammer" to pin down the stingray.
931:
328:
Flounder ambush their prey, feeding at soft muddy area of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks, artificial and coral reefs. Their diet consists mainly of fish spawn,
3384:
Judgment of the Court (Fifth
Chamber) of 11 January 2024. Friends of the Irish Environment CLG v Minister for Agriculture Food and the Marine and Others. Case C-330/22.
5932:
2329:
4032:
6767:
6393:
4217:
3442:
3285:
1654:
6440:
3571:
954:
867:, where the shelf drops into the deep ocean. Since the continental shelf is generally less than 200 metres deep, this means that coastal waters are generally
3709:
2063:
flounder population could be as low as 15 million due to heavy overfishing and industrial pollution along the Gulf of Mexico surrounding the coast of Texas.
6543:
6388:
5594:
4791:
4057:
271:
1767:
Deepwater benthopelagic fish are robust, muscular swimmers that actively cruise the bottom searching for prey. They often live around features, such as
750:
Deepwater benthopelagic fish are robust, muscular swimmers that actively cruise the bottom searching for prey. They often live around features, such as
5336:
825:
is also used to refer to organism that live on top of the ocean floor, as opposed to those that burrow into the seafloor substrate. However the terms
6515:
3649:
81:). They occupy the sea floors and lake beds, which usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters, they are found on or near the
6676:
4207:
1294:
At great depths, food scarcity and extreme pressure limits the ability of fish to survive. The deepest point of the ocean is about 11,000 metres.
1013:
that pass overhead. Some species have a worm-shaped lure growing out of the floor of the mouth, which they wiggle to attract prey. Stargazers are
912:
286:
396:
1215:(invertebrates that burrow into the seafloor substrate). Infauna feeders can have considerable sediment in their stomachs. Scavengers, such as
2279:
3641:
3626:
3610:
2513:
1973:
445:
Bottom rovers "have a rover-predator-like body, except that the head tends to be flattened, the back humped, and the pectoral fins enlarged.
3182:
3082:
713:. Sharks adapt well to fairly high pressures. They can often be found on slopes down to about 2000 metres, scavenging on food falls such as
466:
6398:
5925:
4222:
3017:
Nielsen JG (1977) "The deepest living fish
Abyssobrotula galatheae: a new genus and species of oviparous ophidioids (Pisces, Brotulidae)".
1071:, demersal fishes are common. They are more diverse than coastal demersal fish, since there is more habitat diversity. Further out are the
1728:
1371:
Most demersal fish of commercial or recreational interest are coastal, confined to the upper 200 metres. Commercially important demersal
6573:
6450:
5163:
4320:
4182:
3669:
3490:
3347:
3319:
3039:
1779:. Because these fish were once abundant, and because their robust bodies are good to eat, these fish have been commercially harvested.
2766:
2550:
2418:
1712:
3154:
2863:
2605:
6772:
6505:
6500:
5193:
4212:
3403:
3120:
2686:
2505:
502:
3616:
195:. Most demersal fish exhibit a flat ventral region so as to more easily rest their body on the substrate. The exception may be the
2629:
5981:
3847:
3702:
2918:
358:
resting on bottom. Hagfish coat themselves and any dead fish they find with noxious slime making them inedible to other species.
6702:
6558:
5918:
4847:
4784:
2946:
2732:
1279:. Other specialization is based on depth distribution. Some of the more abundant upper continental slope fish species, such as
5898:
2348:
6036:
4674:
382:
3210:
3600:
6671:
6661:
6568:
6066:
2049:
Sole, along with the other major bottom-feeding fish in the North Sea such as cod, monkfish, and plaice, is listed by the
2034:
in Europe has produced severely diminished populations, with declining catches in many regions. For example, the western
1647:
are usually found between 150 and 200 metres, they are omnivorous and feed on invertebrates and fish, including young cod.
457:, with fleshy protusible lips located well below the snout that are used to suck plant and animal matter off the bottom."
3293:
1632:
are usually found between 90 and 250 metres (but have been found at 3000 m). They feed on small fishes and invertebrates.
6742:
6651:
6146:
6101:
4932:
4694:
4679:
3802:
1315:
46:
3430:
Dalton, Rex. 2006. "Save the big fish: Targeting of larger fish makes populations prone to collapse." Published online
3136:
1698:
attacked and extend those muscles to lock themselves in. There is some research indicating that roving coral groupers (
1298:
are not normally found below 3,000 metres. It may be that extreme pressures interfere with essential enzyme functions.
535:
4832:
4689:
3695:
1140:
range from absent to well developed. They vary in size, and larger species, greater than one metre, are not uncommon.
485:, which use their small, closely spaced pelvic fins, as antiskid devices. However, other families of fishes, such as
893:
2895:"Feeding strategies of some demersal fishes of the continental slope and rise off the mid-Atlantic coast of the USA"
6697:
6586:
6166:
5584:
5311:
5281:
5168:
4777:
3997:
3575:
2208:
304:
188:
36:
6895:
6851:
6846:
6823:
6732:
6563:
6538:
5857:
5850:
5817:
5559:
5231:
4912:
4305:
4199:
1966:
1124:
The bodies of deep water demersal fishes are muscular with well developed organs. In this way they are closer to
6880:
6737:
6470:
6445:
6116:
6091:
5867:
5626:
4758:
4551:
4546:
3842:
2043:
4889:
3662:
3372:
repealing
Regulations (EC) No 811/2004, (EC) No 2166/2005, (EC) No 388/2006, (EC) 509/2007 and (EC) 1300/2008.
1229:
1653:
1243:
6885:
6828:
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6016:
6001:
5845:
5827:
5389:
5138:
4459:
4270:
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3892:
3882:
1322:, was filmed by a UK-Japan team using remote operated landers at depths of 7.7 km (4.8 mi) in the
1303:
519:
2397:
2372:
732:; they have a reduced body mass, and low metabolic rates, expending minimal energy as they lie and wait to
584:
6752:
6612:
6285:
5807:
5631:
5616:
5439:
5158:
5047:
4285:
4275:
3977:
3962:
3236:"Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea"
2702:
2294:
1307:, eel-like and blind, feeds on benthic invertebrates. A living example was trawled from the bottom of the
803:, constituting about 28% of the total oceanic area. Other deep sea demersal fish can also be found around
572:
372:
156:
3002:
2794:
728:
Benthopelagic fish can be divided into flabby or robust body types. Flabby benthopelagic fishes are like
6636:
6510:
6136:
6031:
5837:
5822:
5331:
5148:
4704:
4631:
4431:
4406:
4381:
4265:
4012:
3792:
3646:
3383:
3370:
2529:
2323:
1053:
472:
51:
2658:
1184:. Smell, touch and lateral line sensitivities seem to be the main sensory devices for locating these.
6890:
6495:
6475:
6435:
6405:
6352:
5832:
5128:
4439:
4401:
3732:
3529:
2606:"Energetic and life-history patterns of deep-sea benthic, benthopelagic and seamount-associated fish"
1959:
1776:
1719:
1438:
The following table shows the world capture production of some groups of demersal species in tonnes.
1249:
1075:. These flat, featureless regions occupy about 40 per cent of the ocean floor. They are covered with
759:
2299:
743:, a predator with a huge head and a body that is 90 per cent water. This fish has the largest ears (
6656:
6646:
6579:
6548:
6533:
6360:
6356:
6320:
6076:
6046:
5621:
5564:
5364:
5251:
5040:
4661:
4315:
4124:
4082:
3852:
3812:
2312:
2055:
1759:
506:
211:
Benthic fish are denser than water, so they can rest on the sea floor. They either lie-and-wait as
2681:
P. J. Cook, Chris
Carleton (2000) "Continental Shelf Limits: The Scientific and Legal Interface",
1257:
323:
detects the electrical signatures of stingrays buried in the sand and pins them with its "hammer".
6841:
6617:
6460:
5203:
4581:
4576:
4444:
4386:
4280:
4129:
4047:
3932:
3912:
3822:
3765:
3553:
2837:
2819:
2155:
2141:
2102:
1308:
800:
605:
588:
2280:"Factors affecting the post-release survival of cultured juvenile Pseudopleuronectes americanus"
191:
is often necessary. With demersal fish the sand is usually pumped out of the mouth through the
6722:
6707:
6190:
6156:
6111:
6041:
5986:
5971:
5955:
5549:
5454:
5359:
5271:
5266:
5213:
5020:
4827:
4817:
4591:
4566:
4469:
4416:
4335:
4002:
3967:
3907:
3867:
3837:
3807:
3718:
3637:
3622:
3606:
3545:
3399:
3267:
3116:
2682:
2509:
1295:
1129:
1076:
1068:
864:
792:
788:
779:
729:
411:
Some fishes do not fit into the above classification. For example, the family of nearly blind
86:
82:
3498:
3472:
Myers, Ransom A. and Worm, Boris. "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities."
3414:
Myers, Ransom A. and Worm, Boris. "Rapid worldwide depletion of predatory fish communities."
3106:
2030:
is sufficiently broadly distributed that it is not considered a threatened species; however,
6803:
6607:
6602:
6310:
6230:
6026:
6011:
6006:
5291:
5236:
5198:
5153:
5111:
5035:
4822:
4699:
4391:
4295:
4247:
4159:
4052:
3992:
3750:
3537:
3431:
3257:
3247:
2304:
2135:
1676:
are ambush predators with a powerful sucking system that sucks their prey in from a distance
1602:
1125:
1006:
997:
699:
636:
340:
320:
200:
181:
3107:"Chronicles of Marine Fishery Landings (1950-1994): Trend Analysis and Fisheries Potential"
1291:. But generally, the most abundant deep water demersal fish species feed on invertebrates.
434:
89:
or along the continental rise. They are not generally found in the deepest waters, such as
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2498:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the
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Rattail-shaped fish "have bodies that begin with large pointy-snouted heads and large
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Coastal demersal fish are found on or near the seabed of coastal waters between the
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migrate in schools onto shallow sands to feed on mollusks, shrimps, crabs and worms.
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90:
2864:"Deep-water fishes: evolution and adaptation in the earth's largest living spaces"
1613:. Black sea bass are sought after recreational and commercial fish, and have been
143:
3491:"Save the big fish: Targeting of larger fish makes populations prone to collapse"
3252:
6553:
6465:
6315:
6295:
6280:
6265:
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6210:
5991:
5762:
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4616:
4586:
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4022:
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3902:
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2031:
2025:
2003:
1854:
1614:
1531:
1476:
1416:
1384:
1192:
1137:
1037:
964:
960:
919:
770:
747:) and the smallest brain in relation to its body size of all known vertebrates.
675:
664:
446:
246:
782:
marks the boundary where the shelf gives way to, and then gradually drops into
6777:
6485:
6275:
6255:
5812:
5579:
5513:
5503:
5424:
5414:
5099:
5067:
5052:
4998:
4971:
4954:
4626:
4561:
4350:
4330:
4114:
4087:
3872:
3785:
2815:
2235:
2117:
1263:
1143:
1133:
1094:
977:
904:
868:
714:
412:
333:
329:
376:), a species of spiderfish, uses its fin extensions to "stand" on the bottom.
6747:
6712:
6325:
6305:
5569:
5554:
5539:
5369:
5030:
4976:
4961:
4939:
4922:
4869:
4651:
4556:
4340:
4104:
4097:
4072:
3982:
3234:
Bshary, Redouan; Hohner, Andrea; Ait-el-Djoudi, Karim; Fricke, Hans (2006).
2039:
1987:
1703:
1523:
1372:
1319:
1166:
981:
876:
872:
860:
854:
490:
216:
192:
135:(one to four per cent), whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30 per cent.
17:
4360:
3549:
3271:
1048:
3461:
The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat
3396:
The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat
2573:
Mauchline J and Gordon JDM (1986) "Foraging strategies of deep-sea fish"]
1801:
1150:, an elongate deep water demersal fish with large eyes and well-developed
6597:
6131:
6121:
6071:
5910:
5772:
5713:
5659:
5654:
5473:
5341:
5003:
4949:
4864:
4601:
4411:
3957:
3952:
3877:
3356:
3328:
3219:
3191:
3163:
3091:
3048:
2983:: a new genus and species of oviparous ophidioids (Pisces, Brotulidae)".
2955:
2927:
2799:
2775:
2707:
2638:
2559:
2427:
2357:
2187:
2082:
2074:
1999:
1926:
1916:
1883:
1873:
1830:
1820:
1768:
1432:
1428:
1380:
1376:
1284:
1276:
1204:
1118:
1110:
1084:
1033:
985:
804:
751:
737:
695:
683:
609:
556:
547:
454:
277:
242:
230:
224:
220:
196:
148:
132:
98:
40:
3541:
6793:
6762:
6692:
6592:
6126:
5941:
5745:
5740:
5718:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5226:
5178:
5072:
4842:
4837:
4611:
4571:
4541:
4519:
4139:
3927:
3827:
2894:
2442:
2169:
2106:
2090:
2086:
1947:
1921:
1878:
1868:
1863:
1686:
1681:
1673:
1594:
1527:
1495:
1412:
1408:
1396:
1272:
1220:
1212:
1196:
1181:
1177:
1106:
1102:
1090:
1080:
942:
923:
783:
744:
691:
679:
671:
660:
659:
Benthopelagic fish inhabit the water just above the bottom, feeding on
644:
601:
568:
482:
258:
818:
refers to demersal fish which live at depths greater than 200 metres.
5664:
4596:
3922:
3687:
1995:
1835:
1825:
1420:
1392:
1388:
1029:
523:
254:
250:
1275:, also appear and start feeding on the scavenging invertebrates and
32:
3659:
2042:
sole fisheries face potential collapse according to data in the UK
5767:
5696:
5106:
2178: – Aquatic animal that feeds on the bottom of a body of water
2098:
1888:
1840:
1590:
1424:
1142:
1047:
991:
880:
791:. Deep water demersal fish live beyond this edge, mostly down the
769:
622:
142:
106:
70:
56:
45:
31:
3572:"Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - All Seafood List"
2530:
Procellariidae and Pseudotriakidae: Finback & False Catsharks
1693:
like wrecks and sunken barges) as their habitat. Their mouth and
546:
Flatfish "have the most extreme morphologies of the bottom fish.
6240:
5669:
5611:
5256:
4809:
4800:
4092:
2501:
2166: – Ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water
1942:
1845:
1694:
1491:
1404:
486:
74:
6346:
5953:
5914:
4773:
4245:
3729:
3691:
1161:
or shaped like eels. This may be because long bodies have long
241:
benthic fishes which lie flat on the ocean floor. Examples are
5708:
5276:
4154:
4144:
3132:
3110:
2278:
Fairchild, E.A. and Howell, W.H, E. A.; Howell, W. H. (2004).
2238:
Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Updated 2 March 2009
1991:
1911:
1906:
1487:
1400:
1334:
1158:
1098:
1025:
884:
687:
152:
27:
Fish that live and feed on or near the bottom of seas or lakes
2663:, a Deep-Sea Teleost Fish with a Minute Brain and Large Ears"
2447:
with a revised classification of benthic myctophiform fishes"
1157:
Deep sea demersal fish are usually long and narrow. Many are
2172: – Community of organisms that live in the benthic zone
2073:-minded consumers should avoid the following demersal fish:
1800:
1207:(invertebrates on top of the seafloor surface, also called
686:, have considerable biomass. Other species include deep sea
583:
534:
501:
465:
433:
571:
on these fish, the main water intakes for respiration (the
522:
of North American streams are in the category, as are many
163:
Demersal fish can be divided into two main types: strictly
2822:
from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
1771:, which have strong currents. Commercial examples are the
1021:. They have been called "the meanest things in creation."
754:, which have strong currents. Commercial examples are the
563:, and mostly move about by flapping their extremely large
292:
Some flatfish can camouflage themselves on the ocean floor
2184: – Fishing method by towing a net along the seafloor
814:
is sometimes used instead of "deep water demersal fish".
631:, shown here at a depth of 1,200 meters, has an enormous
4769:
2198:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1758:), a deep water demersal fish, is subjected to a large
1311:
in 1970 from a depth of 8,370 metres (27,453 ft).
187:
As with other bottom feeders, a mechanism to deal with
127:, which live and feed away from the bottom in the open
1443:
635:
which lets it hover off the continental slope at near-
2834:
Venom Runs Thick in Fish Families, Researchers Learn
1301:
The deepest-living fish known, the strictly benthic
1097:
are common, and other well-established families are
85:, and in deep waters, they are found on or near the
6786:
6685:
6629:
6526:
6428:
6371:
6174:
5970:
5800:
5733:
5640:
5602:
5593:
5532:
5463:
5350:
5302:
5212:
5137:
4897:
4807:
4660:
4532:
4468:
4430:
4368:
4258:
4175:
4040:
3743:
2733:"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species"
3656:Fishery Research Services. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
2236:Carl . "Coastal fish - Fish of the open sea floor"
2211: – Several species of demersal fish with fins
1052:Cross-section of an ocean basin. Note significant
795:and along the continental rises which drop to the
1445:Capture production by groups of species in tonnes
709:, achieve neutral buoyancy with the use of large
449:with large mouths at the end of the snout, small
2205: – Fish in the pelagic zone of ocean waters
1195:, or as sinking overhead plant material such as
6768:International Seafood Sustainability Foundation
6394:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2979:Nielsen, J.G. (1977). "The deepest living fish
1223:, also eat infauna as a secondary food source.
3138:Yearbooks of Fishery Statistics Summary Tables
774:Profile illustrating the shelf, slope and rise
5926:
4785:
3993:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
3703:
1967:
8:
2328:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1024:Other examples of coastal demersal fish are
6544:List of commercially important fish species
6389:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
4058:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
3003:"Deep-sea creatures: The bathypelagic zone"
2889:
2887:
2849:
2847:
1172:The main diet of deep sea demersal fish is
6368:
6343:
5967:
5950:
5933:
5919:
5911:
5599:
4792:
4778:
4770:
4374:
4255:
4242:
3740:
3726:
3710:
3696:
3688:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2069:have placed on their list of seafood that
1974:
1960:
1786:
1601:, and are most abundant off the waters of
1440:
169:fish which can rest on the sea floor, and
5337:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
3261:
3251:
2591:
2589:
2298:
1132:. In other ways, they are more variable.
736:prey. An example of a flabby fish is the
453:with small mouths beneath the snout, and
69:, live and feed on or near the bottom of
6516:Regional fishery management organisation
3006:Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
2445:Bathypterois (Pisces, Chlorophthalmidae)
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
1475:
705:Benthopelagic sharks, like the deep sea
667:. Most demersal fish are benthopelagic.
421:
280:have both eyes on one side of their head
3634:Fishes, An Introduction to Ichthyology.
3574:. Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from
2816:"Southern Stargazer in Utila, Honduras"
2653:
2651:
2649:
2220:
1934:
1896:
1853:
1810:
1794:
1708:
1619:
1225:
889:
721:conditions that occur at great depths.
575:) are located on the top of the head."
345:
267:
131:. Demersal fish fillets contain little
3443:"Sustainable seafood: Consumer guides"
2373:"Sandy Plains: Great Hammerhead Shark"
2321:
1986:Major demersal fishery species in the
1327:active the fish were at these depths.
2196: – Fauna found in deep-sea areas
2010:as "outside safe biological limits."
948:, blends into sandy or muddy bottoms.
7:
6399:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
3618:Deep-sea demersal fish and fisheries
2398:Sandy Plains: Great Hammerhead Shark
2081:, cod (Atlantic, imported Pacific),
1079:but largely devoid of benthic life (
1060:Deep water demersal fish occupy the
6574:Future of Marine Animal Populations
6451:Fishery Resources Monitoring System
6441:Monitoring control and surveillance
5893:
5164:Electroreception and electrogenesis
4321:Oceanic physical-biological process
4183:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
3670:Joint Nature Conservation Committee
2534:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
2402:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research
2334:July 17, 2004. Accessed 2009-06-08.
1790:This article is part of a series on
1738:is also a robust benthopelagic fish
567:. Not only is the mouth completely
3615:Merrett NR and Haedrich RL (1997)
3286:"New Zealand hoki - MSC Fisheries"
3105:Grainger RJK and Garcia SM (1996)
2666:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
2657:Fine ML, Horn MH and Cox B (1987)
25:
6773:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
6506:National Marine Fisheries Service
6501:European Fisheries Control Agency
3063:'Deepest ever' living fish filmed
2893:Sedberry GR and Musick JA (1978)
2536:. Retrieved on February 14, 2009.
2506:Food and Agriculture Organization
2190: – Lowest layer in the ocean
6419:
6165:
5982:Population dynamics of fisheries
5892:
5881:
5880:
5863:
5862:
4888:
4754:
4753:
4741:
4727:
4359:
4031:
3848:Colored dissolved organic matter
3113:: Fisheries technical paper 359.
2443:"The systematics and biology of
2309:10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00529.x
2148:
2134:
2120:
1743:
1727:
1711:
1666:
1652:
1637:
1622:
1339:
1256:
1242:
1228:
1064:beyond the continental margins.
953:
930:
911:
892:
395:
381:
363:
348:
312:
297:
285:
270:
6703:Aquaculture Stewardship Council
6559:Environmental impact of fishing
4848:Environmental impact of fishing
4193:Latin America and the Caribbean
2496:Compagno, Leonard J.V. (1984).
875:and demersal fish that inhabit
203:, tend to seize swimming prey.
97:, but they can be found around
6677:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
6037:Otolith microchemical analysis
4675:Ecological values of mangroves
4218:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
3632:Moyle, PB and Cech, JJ (2004)
1722:is a robust benthopelagic fish
1609:, wrecks, jetties, piers, and
963:use a jet of water to uncover
123:. They can be contrasted with
1:
6672:European Environmental Agency
6662:Grey nurse shark conservation
6569:Destructive fishing practices
6067:Pop-up satellite archival tag
3660:Deep water demersal fisheries
2089:(Atlantic), sole (Atlantic),
1136:are usually absent, eyes and
871:. The term includes demersal
6652:Marine conservation activism
6102:Climate change and fisheries
4933:intramembranous ossification
4695:Marine conservation activism
4680:Fisheries and climate change
3605:Taylor & Francis Group.
3253:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431
3185:Hippoglossoides platessoides
3085:Pseudoliparis amblystomopsis
3008:. Updated 21 September 2007.
2969:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 595
2881:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 594
2853:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 587
2268:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 588
1480:Demersal fish output in 2005
976:, a sought after eating and
922:species crush the shells of
493:have evolved suction cups."
173:fish which can float in the
4690:Human impact on marine life
4567:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
3803:Aquatic population dynamics
3636:5th Ed, Benjamin Cummings.
3599:Bone Q and Moore RH (2008)
3463:. Ebury Press, London. ISBN
2814:pixelkatt (25 March 2007).
2486:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 14
2468:Moyle and Cech, 2004, p. 13
1702:) sometimes cooperate with
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
639:. It feeds on cephalopods,
627:The sluggish bathydemersal
425:Body types of benthic fish
305:Bluespotted ribbontail rays
6912:
6698:Marine Stewardship Council
6491:EU Common Fisheries Policy
5312:Fin and flipper locomotion
5282:Sequential hermaphroditism
5169:Jamming avoidance response
4886:
2293:(Supplementary A): 69–87.
1318:, a species of deep water
848:
177:just above the sea floor.
37:Bluespotted ribbontail ray
6852:Glossary of fishery terms
6847:Index of fishing articles
6837:
6564:Fishing down the food web
6539:Maximum sustainable yield
6417:
6367:
6342:
6163:
6097:Match/mismatch hypothesis
5966:
5949:
5876:
4721:
4377:
4357:
4306:Marine primary production
4254:
4241:
4200:List of marine ecoregions
4029:
3739:
3725:
3672:. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
2803:. September 2009 version.
2779:. September 2009 version.
2711:. September 2009 version.
2404:. Retrieved: 6 June 2022.
2054:levels. According to the
1700:Plectropomus pessuliferus
1474:
1450:
1348:This section needs to be
424:
6738:Save Our Seas Foundation
6471:Individual fishing quota
6446:Vessel monitoring system
6092:Hydrographic containment
4552:Coastal biogeomorphology
4547:Marine coastal ecosystem
3479:, 280–283 (15 May 2003).
3421:, 280-283 (15 May 2003).
3374:(Explanatory Memorandum)
3350:Dissostichus eleginoides
3346:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3318:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3209:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3181:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3153:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3081:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
3038:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2945:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2917:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2793:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2765:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2701:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2628:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2549:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2417:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2347:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
2044:Biodiversity Action Plan
1762:industry in New Zealand.
678:. The dominant species,
180:Benthopelagic fish have
6384:Exclusive economic zone
6062:GIS and aquatic science
6017:Standard weight in fish
5828:Glossary of ichthyology
5390:Diel vertical migration
4460:Paradox of the plankton
4271:Diel vertical migration
4165:Freshwater swamp forest
3883:GIS and aquatic science
3731:General components and
3459:Clover, Charles. 2004.
3398:. Ebury Press, London.
3394:Clover, Charles. 2004.
3322:Hoplostethus atlanticus
3042:Abyssobrotula galatheae
2981:Abyssobrotula galatheae
2867:Journal of Fish Biology
2703:"Family Batrachoididae"
2609:Journal of Fish Biology
2450:Ichthyological Research
2377:www.elasmo-research.org
2287:Journal of Fish Biology
1589:inhabit US coasts from
1314:In 2008, a shoal of 17
1304:Abyssobrotula galatheae
1211:), or alternatively on
670:Deep sea benthopelagic
470:Two freshwater gobies,
6613:Turtle excluder device
6286:Shoaling and schooling
5194:Surface wave detection
5159:Hydrodynamic reception
4833:Diseases and parasites
4286:Large marine ecosystem
3978:Shoaling and schooling
3665:7 October 2009 at the
3360:. August 2009 version.
3332:. August 2009 version.
3223:. August 2009 version.
3195:. August 2009 version.
3167:. August 2009 version.
3052:. August 2009 version.
2959:. August 2009 version.
2931:. August 2009 version.
2795:"Family Uranoscopidae"
2769:Uranoscopus sulphureus
2642:. August 2009 version.
2563:. August 2009 version.
2553:Pseudotriakis microdon
2431:. August 2009 version.
2421:Bathypterois grallator
2361:. August 2009 version.
1805:
1559:Other demersal fishes
1481:
1154:
1057:
1003:
1001:Uranoscopus sulphureus
775:
656:
591:
542:
513:
476:
447:North American catfish
441:
404:fringe-lipped flathead
373:Bathypterois grallator
160:
101:and islands. The word
59:
43:
6637:Marine protected area
6511:Regional fishery body
6137:Census of Marine Life
6032:Catch per unit effort
5332:Undulatory locomotion
5149:Ampullae of Lorenzini
4705:Marine protected area
4632:Salt pannes and pools
4407:Marine larval ecology
4382:Census of Marine Life
4266:Deep scattering layer
4223:San Francisco Estuary
4188:Africa and Madagascar
4013:Underwater camouflage
3793:Aquatic biomonitoring
3733:freshwater ecosystems
3157:Centropristis striata
3095:. March 2009 version.
2575:Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
1804:
1479:
1399:. Also important are
1146:
1054:vertical exaggeration
1051:
995:
773:
626:
587:
538:
505:
473:Rhinogobius duospilus
469:
437:
406:is found in estuaries
146:
52:Rhinogobius flumineus
49:
35:
6476:Minimum landing size
6436:Fisheries management
6411:Magnuson–Stevens Act
6406:Fisheries Convention
6157:Fisheries scientists
5560:Genetically modified
4440:Marine bacteriophage
4402:Marine invertebrates
3683:Groundfish retention
3489:Dalton, Rex (2006).
2396:Hammerschlag, Rick.
2014:The by-catch problem
2006:, are listed by the
1777:Patagonian toothfish
1720:Patagonian toothfish
1250:Muddy arrowtooth eel
863:and the edge of the
760:Patagonian toothfish
580:Rattail-shaped fish
55:swim on the beds of
6753:Defying Ocean's End
6657:Salmon conservation
6647:Marine conservation
6587:The End of the Line
6580:The Sunken Billions
6549:Sustainable seafood
6534:Sustainable fishery
6147:Fisheries databases
6077:Age class structure
6047:Fisheries acoustics
5365:Aquatic respiration
5252:Life history theory
4316:Ocean fertilization
4125:Trophic state index
4083:Lake stratification
3813:Aquatic respiration
3652:7 July 2006 at the
3542:10.1038/nature05232
3534:2006Natur.443..859H
2862:Haedrich RL (1996)
2056:World Wildlife Fund
1783:Conservation status
1760:sustainable fishing
1296:Bathypelagic fishes
1130:bathypelagic fishes
730:bathypelagic fishes
606:viviparous brotulas
511:Ammocrypta bifascia
507:Florida sand darter
6842:Outline of fishing
6461:Fisheries observer
6112:Aquatic ecosystems
5204:Weberian apparatus
4582:Intertidal wetland
4577:Intertidal ecology
4445:Marine prokaryotes
4387:Deep-sea community
4281:Iron fertilization
4204:Specific examples
4130:Upland and lowland
4048:Freshwater biology
3913:Microbial food web
3823:Aquatic toxicology
3766:Aquatic adaptation
3719:Aquatic ecosystems
3647:Demersal fisheries
3621:Chapman and Hall.
2838:The New York Times
2661:Acanthonus armatus
2632:Acanthonus armatus
2318:on 18 August 2007.
2156:Marine Life portal
2142:Environment portal
1806:
1482:
1331:Demersal fisheries
1309:Puerto Rico Trench
1155:
1126:mesopelagic fishes
1058:
1004:
812:bathydemersal fish
801:continental margin
793:continental slopes
776:
741:Acanthonus armatus
694:), deep sea eels,
657:
619:Benthopelagic fish
592:
589:Viviparous brotula
543:
514:
477:
442:
161:
151:and benthopelagic
119:Demersal fish are
60:
44:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6863:
6860:
6859:
6824:Threatened sharks
6723:Ocean Conservancy
6708:Friend of the Sea
6338:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6246:Lobster fisheries
6191:Diversity of fish
5987:Shifting baseline
5956:Fisheries science
5908:
5907:
5818:Fish common names
5729:
5728:
5360:Aquatic predation
5184:Capacity for pain
4913:Age determination
4767:
4766:
4748:Oceans portal
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4592:Hydrothermal vent
4528:
4527:
4417:Seashore wildlife
4248:Marine ecosystems
4237:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4003:Thermal pollution
3968:Ramsar Convention
3908:Microbial ecology
3868:Fisheries science
3808:Aquatic predation
3642:978-0-13-100847-2
3627:978-0-412-39410-2
3611:978-0-415-37562-7
3602:Biology of Fishes
3068:, 7 October 2008.
2604:Koslow JA (1996)
2595:Bone 2008, p. 43.
2515:978-92-5-101384-7
2254:Bone 2008, p. 42.
2077:(imported wild),
2023:The Common Sole,
1984:
1983:
1584:
1583:
1369:
1368:
1287:, mainly feed on
1069:continental slope
865:continental shelf
789:continental shelf
780:continental shelf
711:oil-filled livers
616:
615:
336:and small fish.
159:senior, 1626–1679
93:depths or on the
87:continental slope
83:continental shelf
16:(Redirected from
6903:
6896:Fishing industry
6804:Marine pollution
6608:Cetacean bycatch
6603:Incidental catch
6423:
6369:
6344:
6311:Humboldt current
6169:
6087:Trophic cascades
6027:Data storage tag
6012:Fish measurement
6007:Stock assessment
5968:
5951:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5912:
5896:
5895:
5884:
5883:
5866:
5865:
5600:
4892:
4823:Ethnoichthyology
4794:
4787:
4780:
4771:
4757:
4756:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4736:
4734:Lakes portal
4732:
4731:
4730:
4700:Marine pollution
4392:Deep-water coral
4375:
4363:
4296:Marine chemistry
4256:
4243:
4160:Freshwater marsh
4053:Freshwater biome
4035:
3751:Acoustic ecology
3741:
3727:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3689:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3528:(7113): 859–62.
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3501:on 27 March 2017
3497:. Archived from
3486:
3480:
3470:
3464:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3412:
3406:
3392:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3296:on 6 August 2009
3292:. Archived from
3282:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3255:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3147:
3141:
3130:
3124:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3075:
3069:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3032:
3026:
3015:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2921:Urophycis tenuis
2911:
2905:
2891:
2882:
2879:
2873:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2842:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2739:. Archived from
2729:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2695:
2689:
2679:
2673:
2655:
2644:
2643:
2622:
2616:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2584:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2543:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2469:
2466:
2457:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2411:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2311:. Archived from
2302:
2284:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2255:
2252:
2239:
2232:
2199:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1787:
1747:
1731:
1715:
1691:artificial reefs
1670:
1656:
1641:
1626:
1597:and the eastern
1441:
1375:species include
1364:
1361:
1355:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1260:
1246:
1232:
1176:of the deep sea
1017:and can deliver
957:
934:
915:
896:
778:The edge of the
637:neutral buoyancy
633:oil-filled liver
608:(pictured), and
462:Bottom clingers
451:armoured catfish
422:
399:
385:
370:The tripodfish (
367:
352:
341:great hammerhead
321:great hammerhead
316:
301:
289:
274:
213:ambush predators
182:neutral buoyancy
65:, also known as
21:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6901:
6900:
6881:Aquatic ecology
6871:
6870:
6869:
6856:
6833:
6829:Threatened rays
6809:Mercury in fish
6782:
6681:
6667:Shark sanctuary
6625:
6522:
6456:Catch reporting
6424:
6415:
6363:
6330:
6236:Krill fisheries
6201:Coral reef fish
6186:Ocean fisheries
6177:
6170:
6161:
6002:Condition index
5973:
5962:
5945:
5939:
5909:
5904:
5872:
5796:
5725:
5636:
5589:
5528:
5459:
5352:
5346:
5298:
5242:Ichthyoplankton
5208:
5140:
5133:
5129:Digital Library
5124:Teleost leptins
5063:Shark cartilage
4987:pharyngeal slit
4982:pharyngeal arch
4918:Anguilliformity
4903:
4901:
4893:
4884:
4803:
4798:
4768:
4763:
4740:
4739:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4709:
4670:Coral bleaching
4656:
4637:Seagrass meadow
4534:Marine habitats
4524:
4498:Coral reef fish
4464:
4450:Marine protists
4426:
4364:
4355:
4326:Ocean turbidity
4301:Marine food web
4250:
4229:
4171:
4110:River ecosystem
4063:Freshwater fish
4036:
4027:
3833:Bioluminescence
3818:Aquatic science
3735:
3721:
3716:
3679:
3667:Wayback Machine
3654:Wayback Machine
3596:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3504:
3502:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3471:
3467:
3458:
3454:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3413:
3409:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3131:
3127:
3104:
3100:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3061:
3057:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:Galathea Report
3016:
3012:
3000:
2996:
2985:Galathea Report
2978:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2949:Phycis chesteri
2941:
2940:
2936:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2892:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2845:
2841:22 August 2006.
2831:
2827:
2813:
2812:
2808:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2680:
2676:
2656:
2647:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2572:
2568:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2440:
2436:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2320:
2315:
2300:10.1.1.532.3120
2282:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2258:
2253:
2242:
2233:
2222:
2218:
2197:
2182:Bottom trawling
2154:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2079:Chilean seabass
2036:English Channel
1980:
1812:Large predatory
1795:Commercial fish
1785:
1763:
1748:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1716:
1677:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1642:
1633:
1630:American plaice
1627:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1316:hadal snailfish
1289:epipelagic fish
1285:longfinned hake
1266:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1238:
1233:
1148:Giant grenadier
1062:benthic regions
1046:
1019:electric shocks
968:
958:
949:
946:ambush predator
935:
926:
916:
907:
897:
857:
847:
768:
707:squaloid sharks
621:
540:American plaice
407:
400:
391:
386:
377:
368:
359:
356:Pacific hagfish
353:
324:
317:
308:
302:
293:
290:
281:
275:
209:
141:
105:comes from the
39:resting on the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6909:
6907:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6886:Marine biology
6883:
6873:
6872:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6799:Fish slaughter
6796:
6790:
6788:
6787:Related issues
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6728:Ocean Outcomes
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6642:Marine reserve
6639:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6528:
6527:Sustainability
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6375:
6373:
6365:
6364:
6357:sustainability
6347:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6291:Marine habitat
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6251:Shrimp fishery
6248:
6243:
6241:Kelp fisheries
6238:
6233:
6228:
6226:Crab fisheries
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6172:
6171:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6107:Marine biology
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6057:Coded wire tag
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5997:Fish mortality
5994:
5989:
5984:
5978:
5976:
5964:
5963:
5960:wild fisheries
5954:
5947:
5946:
5944:science topics
5940:
5938:
5937:
5930:
5923:
5915:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5890:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5860:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5748:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5646:
5644:
5642:Wild fisheries
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5608:
5606:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5565:Hallucinogenic
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5468:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5440:Schooling fish
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5400:Filter feeders
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5375:Bottom feeders
5372:
5367:
5362:
5356:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5218:
5216:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5143:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5021:Leydig's organ
5018:
5017:
5016:
5014:pharyngeal jaw
5011:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4967:branchial arch
4959:
4958:
4957:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4907:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4774:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4751:
4737:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4488:Saltwater fish
4485:
4483:Marine reptile
4480:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4455:Marine viruses
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4432:Microorganisms
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4422:Wild fisheries
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4336:Thorson's rule
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4291:Marine biology
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4150:Brackish marsh
4147:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4078:Lake ecosystem
4075:
4070:
4068:Hyporheic zone
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3918:Microbial loop
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Eutrophication
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3843:Cascade effect
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3771:Aquatic animal
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3677:External links
3675:
3674:
3673:
3657:
3644:
3630:
3613:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3578:on 6 July 2010
3563:
3512:
3481:
3465:
3452:
3434:
3423:
3407:
3387:
3376:
3363:
3344:Froese, Rainer
3335:
3316:Froese, Rainer
3307:
3277:
3226:
3207:Froese, Rainer
3198:
3179:Froese, Rainer
3170:
3151:Froese, Rainer
3142:
3125:
3098:
3079:Froese, Rainer
3070:
3055:
3036:Froese, Rainer
3027:
3010:
2994:
2971:
2962:
2943:Froese, Rainer
2934:
2915:Froese, Rainer
2906:
2898:Marine Biology
2883:
2874:
2855:
2843:
2832:Grady, Denise
2825:
2806:
2791:Froese, Rainer
2782:
2763:Froese, Rainer
2754:
2724:
2714:
2699:Froese, Rainer
2690:
2674:
2672:(1259)257-265.
2645:
2626:Froese, Rainer
2617:
2597:
2585:
2566:
2547:Froese, Rainer
2538:
2521:
2514:
2488:
2470:
2458:
2434:
2415:Froese, Rainer
2406:
2389:
2364:
2351:Taeniura lymma
2345:Froese, Rainer
2336:
2270:
2256:
2240:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2160:
2159:
2145:
2131:
2128:Ecology portal
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2109:(Asia farmed).
2071:sustainability
2064:
2060:
2047:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1765:
1764:
1752:blue grenadier
1749:
1742:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1660:Black sea bass
1658:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1628:
1621:
1611:bridge pilings
1607:man-made reefs
1599:Gulf of Mexico
1587:Black sea bass
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1484:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1367:
1366:
1347:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1217:snubnosed eels
1073:abyssal plains
1045:
1042:
974:mangrove jacks
970:
969:
967:buried in sand
959:
952:
950:
936:
929:
927:
917:
910:
908:
898:
891:
846:
843:
841:are not used.
799:. This is the
797:abyssal plains
767:
764:
649:snake mackerel
641:cutthroat eels
629:false catshark
620:
617:
614:
613:
593:
581:
577:
576:
561:dorsoventrally
559:are flattened
544:
532:
528:
527:
515:
499:
498:Bottom hiders
495:
494:
478:
463:
459:
458:
443:
431:
430:Bottom rovers
427:
426:
409:
408:
401:
394:
392:
387:
380:
378:
369:
362:
360:
354:
347:
326:
325:
318:
311:
309:
303:
296:
294:
291:
284:
282:
276:
269:
208:
205:
157:Jan van Kessel
140:
137:
121:bottom feeders
112:, which means
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6908:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6819:Shark finning
6817:
6815:
6814:Shark culling
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6743:Sea Around Us
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6718:Seafood Watch
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6619:Shrimp-Turtle
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6584:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6525:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6481:Pulse fishing
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Fisheries law
6377:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6349:Fisheries law
6345:
6341:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Eel fisheries
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6221:Cod fisheries
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6206:Demersal fish
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6168:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6082:Trophic level
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5936:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5922:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5901:
5900:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5869:
5868:more lists...
5861:
5859:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5823:Fish families
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Aquarium life
5806:
5805:
5803:
5799:
5791:
5790:fleshy-finned
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5758:Cartilaginous
5756:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5732:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5679:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5467:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5395:Electric fish
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5136:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:Mauthner cell
5024:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Chromatophore
4943:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4900:
4896:
4891:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4760:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4642:Sponge ground
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:Marine biomes
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:Demersal fish
4506:
4504:
4503:Deep-sea fish
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:Marine mammal
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Trophic level
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3973:Sediment trap
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3948:Phytoplankton
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3798:Aquatic plant
3796:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Anoxic waters
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3453:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:0-09-189780-7
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3121:92-5-103899-6
3118:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3056:
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3050:
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3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
2998:
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2986:
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2975:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2952:
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2944:
2938:
2935:
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2929:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2810:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2758:
2755:
2743:on 8 May 2005
2742:
2738:
2734:
2728:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:0-19-511782-4
2684:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2640:
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2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2528:Martin, R.A.
2525:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
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2438:
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2424:
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2416:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
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2378:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2194:Deep sea fish
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:Bottom feeder
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2095:orange roughy
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:Seafood Watch
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:orange roughy
1770:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1736:orange roughy
1730:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1558:
1557:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1360:November 2017
1351:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:cutthroat eel
1278:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1236:Snubnosed eel
1231:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:invertebrates
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:lateral lines
1160:
1153:
1152:lateral lines
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1011:invertebrates
1008:
1002:
999:
994:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
966:
962:
956:
951:
947:
944:
940:
937:The venomous
933:
928:
925:
921:
914:
909:
906:
902:
901:mangrove jack
895:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
816:Bathydemersal
813:
808:
807:and islands.
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
785:
781:
772:
765:
763:
761:
757:
756:orange roughy
753:
748:
746:
742:
739:
735:
731:
726:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
654:
653:lanternsharks
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
618:
611:
607:
603:
598:
597:pectoral fins
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:pectoral fins
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
530:
529:
525:
521:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
497:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
475:
474:
468:
464:
461:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
428:
423:
420:
416:
414:
405:
398:
393:
390:
389:Gargoyle fish
384:
379:
375:
374:
366:
361:
357:
351:
346:
344:
342:
337:
335:
331:
322:
315:
310:
306:
300:
295:
288:
283:
279:
273:
268:
266:
264:
263:metamorphosis
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
178:
176:
172:
171:benthopelagic
168:
167:
158:
155:on a shore –
154:
150:
145:
138:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
117:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:abyssal plain
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:demersal zone
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:Demersal fish
58:
54:
53:
48:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
6630:Conservation
6618:
6585:
6578:
6361:conservation
6316:Algal blooms
6301:Water column
6216:Pelagic fish
6205:
6196:Coastal fish
6142:OSTM/Jason-2
6117:Bioeconomics
6052:Acoustic tag
6022:Fish counter
5897:
5885:
5785:spiny-finned
5734:Major groups
5703:
5498:
5455:Intelligence
5435:Scale eaters
5380:Cleaner fish
5262:Mouthbrooder
5214:Reproduction
5189:Schreckstoff
5174:Lateral line
5090:Swim bladder
5080:Spiral valve
5009:hyomandibula
4992:pseudobranch
4875:Hypoxia in -
4662:Conservation
4513:Pelagic fish
4507:
4493:Coastal fish
4397:Marine fungi
4135:Water garden
4018:Water column
3963:Productivity
3938:Pelagic zone
3898:Macrobenthos
3888:Hydrobiology
3858:Ecohydrology
3633:
3617:
3601:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:the original
3566:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3499:the original
3495:BioEd Online
3494:
3484:
3476:
3473:
3468:
3460:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3426:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3395:
3390:
3379:
3366:
3355:
3349:
3338:
3327:
3321:
3310:
3298:. Retrieved
3294:the original
3289:
3280:
3246:(12): e431.
3243:
3240:PLOS Biology
3239:
3229:
3218:
3213:Gadus morhua
3212:
3201:
3190:
3184:
3173:
3162:
3156:
3145:
3137:
3128:
3109:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3073:
3065:
3058:
3047:
3041:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2965:
2954:
2948:
2937:
2926:
2920:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2877:
2869:
2866:
2858:
2836:
2828:
2809:
2798:
2785:
2774:
2768:
2757:
2745:. Retrieved
2741:the original
2736:
2727:
2717:
2706:
2693:
2677:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2637:
2631:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2558:
2552:
2541:
2533:
2524:
2497:
2491:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2441:Sulak KJ ()
2437:
2426:
2420:
2409:
2401:
2392:
2380:. Retrieved
2376:
2367:
2356:
2350:
2339:
2324:cite journal
2313:the original
2290:
2286:
2273:
2203:Pelagic fish
2164:Benthic zone
2093:, monkfish,
2085:(Atlantic),
2024:
2017:
2013:
2012:
1985:
1897:
1766:
1755:
1706:in hunting.
1704:giant morays
1699:
1680:
1645:Atlantic cod
1585:
1444:
1437:
1370:
1357:
1349:
1324:Japan Trench
1313:
1302:
1300:
1293:
1269:
1208:
1201:
1189:
1186:
1171:
1156:
1138:swimbladders
1123:
1089:
1066:
1059:
1023:
1005:
1000:
971:
965:sand dollars
858:
851:Coastal fish
839:bathybenthic
838:
834:
830:
827:mesodemersal
826:
822:
820:
815:
811:
809:
777:
749:
740:
727:
723:
719:oligotrophic
704:
676:swimbladders
669:
658:
510:
471:
439:Blue catfish
417:
413:spiderfishes
410:
371:
338:
327:
229:
210:
207:Benthic fish
186:
179:
175:water column
170:
164:
162:
129:water column
125:pelagic fish
118:
113:
109:
102:
66:
62:
61:
50:
29:
18:Benthic fish
6891:Ichthyology
6554:Overfishing
6466:Catch share
6296:Marine snow
6281:Sardine run
6266:Fish screen
6261:Fish ladder
6211:Forage fish
5899:WikiProject
5858:Prehistoric
5842:Threatened
5533:Other types
5430:Sardine run
5405:Forage fish
5385:Corallivory
5237:Development
5222:Bubble nest
5095:physoclisti
5085:Suckermouth
5058:Root effect
4880:Ichthyology
4647:Sponge reef
4622:Rocky shore
4617:Oyster reef
4587:Kelp forest
4470:Vertebrates
4370:Marine life
4346:Viral shunt
4311:Marine snow
4213:Maharashtra
4120:Stream pool
4023:Zooplankton
3943:Photic zone
3903:Meiobenthos
3756:Algal bloom
3290:www.msc.org
2872:(sA):40-53.
2747:1 September
2737:www.fao.org
2615:(sA) 54-74.
2580:: 227-238.
2456:(4)443-446.
2103:red snapper
2097:, demersal
2032:overfishing
2026:Solea solea
1193:marine snow
1134:Photophores
980:, dwell in
961:Triggerfish
920:puffer fish
905:crustaceans
835:mesobenthic
831:epidemersal
715:dead whales
665:zooplankton
491:clingfishes
334:polychaetes
330:crustaceans
6875:Categories
6778:Greenpeace
6486:Slot limit
6429:Management
6353:management
6321:Dead zones
6276:Salmon run
6256:Eel ladder
6152:Institutes
5992:Fish stock
5514:Groundfish
5509:Freshwater
5504:Euryhaline
5489:Coral reef
5425:Salmon run
5415:Paedophagy
5317:Amphibious
5304:Locomotion
5112:pharyngeal
5100:physostome
5053:Photophore
4999:Glossohyal
4972:gill raker
4955:dorsal fin
4905:physiology
4627:Salt marsh
4562:Coral reef
4351:Whale fall
4331:Photophore
4208:Everglades
4176:Ecoregions
4115:Stream bed
4088:Macrophyte
4041:Freshwater
3873:Food chain
3786:Water bird
3594:References
2382:19 January
2234:Walrond C
1615:overfished
1580:2,986,081
1577:3,163,050
1574:3,059,707
1571:3,062,222
1568:3,008,283
1565:3,033,384
1562:2,955,849
1539:1,009,253
1518:8,964,873
1515:9,398,780
1512:9,385,328
1509:8,474,044
1506:9,304,922
1503:8,695,910
1500:9,431,141
1379:, such as
1273:grenadiers
1264:White hake
1209:epibenthos
1203:mostly on
1119:lumpfishes
1044:Deep water
1007:Stargazers
978:sport fish
869:epipelagic
849:See also:
823:epibenthic
700:notacanths
645:grenadiers
602:grenadiers
239:ray-finned
201:stargazers
67:groundfish
6748:WorldFish
6713:SeaChoice
6326:Fish kill
6306:Upwelling
6271:Migration
6178:fisheries
5972:Fisheries
5763:chimaeras
5650:Predatory
5627:Salmonids
5585:Whitefish
5575:Poisonous
5550:Diversity
5484:Coldwater
5420:Predatory
5410:Migratory
5370:Bait ball
5353:behaviour
5272:Pregnancy
5267:Polyandry
5041:papillare
5036:Operculum
5031:Meristics
4977:gill slit
4940:Cleithrum
4870:Fish kill
4860:Fear of -
4853:- as food
4843:Fisheries
4828:Evolution
4818:Diversity
4652:Tide pool
4557:Cold seep
4341:Upwelling
4105:Rheotaxis
4098:Fish pond
4073:Limnology
3998:Substrate
3983:Siltation
3853:Dead zone
3447:panda.org
3300:31 August
2904::357-375.
2295:CiteSeerX
2209:Whitefish
2040:Irish Sea
1988:North Sea
1769:seamounts
1524:Flounders
1433:chimaeras
1373:food fish
1320:snailfish
1277:amphipods
1167:bait fish
1115:batfishes
1111:greeneyes
1107:hagfishes
1085:seamounts
998:stargazer
982:estuaries
877:estuaries
873:reef fish
861:shoreline
855:Reef fish
821:The term
810:The term
805:seamounts
752:seamounts
696:halosaurs
684:cusk eels
674:all have
610:chimaeras
573:spiracles
548:Flounders
531:Flatfish
455:sturgeons
225:stingrays
217:dragonets
193:gill slit
189:substrate
110:demergere
99:seamounts
6758:HERMIONE
6686:Advocacy
6598:Discards
6132:FishBase
6122:EconMult
6072:EcoSCOPE
5887:Category
5838:Smallest
5751:lampreys
5714:flatfish
5704:Demersal
5660:mackerel
5655:billfish
5595:Commerce
5524:Tropical
5499:Demersal
5494:Deep-sea
5450:Venomous
5342:RoboTuna
5292:triggers
5287:Spawning
5247:Juvenile
5232:Egg case
4865:FishBase
4759:Category
4685:HERMIONE
4602:Mangrove
4412:Seagrass
3958:Pleuston
3953:Plankton
3933:Particle
3878:Food web
3663:Archived
3650:Archived
3582:17 April
3550:17051218
3505:26 March
3357:FishBase
3329:FishBase
3272:17147471
3220:FishBase
3192:FishBase
3164:FishBase
3092:FishBase
3066:BBC News
3049:FishBase
3025:: 41–48.
2991:: 41–48.
2956:FishBase
2928:FishBase
2820:Archived
2800:FishBase
2776:FishBase
2708:FishBase
2639:FishBase
2582:Download
2560:FishBase
2428:FishBase
2358:FishBase
2188:Deep sea
2114:See also
2083:flounder
2075:sturgeon
2000:monkfish
1990:such as
1917:flatfish
1898:Demersal
1874:menhaden
1831:mackerel
1821:billfish
1603:New York
1554:900,012
1551:862,162
1548:917,326
1545:915,177
1542:948,427
1536:956,926
1528:halibuts
1496:haddocks
1381:flounder
1377:flatfish
1205:epifauna
1197:eelgrass
1103:eelpouts
1095:brotulas
1091:Rattails
1077:sediment
1034:monkfish
1015:venomous
986:mangrove
939:toadfish
924:molluscs
766:Habitats
745:otoliths
738:cusk-eel
680:rattails
672:teleosts
524:blennies
483:sculpins
278:Flounder
243:flounder
231:Flatfish
221:flatfish
197:flatfish
149:flatfish
147:Benthic
133:fish oil
103:demersal
41:seafloor
6794:CalCOFI
6763:PROFISH
6693:FishAct
6593:Bycatch
6127:Ecopath
6042:Biomass
5974:science
5942:Fishery
5833:Largest
5746:hagfish
5741:Jawless
5719:pollock
5692:sardine
5687:herring
5682:anchovy
5632:Tilapia
5622:Octopus
5617:Catfish
5604:Farming
5519:Pelagic
5479:Coastal
5466:habitat
5322:Walking
5227:Clasper
5179:Otolith
5141:systems
5139:Sensory
5073:ganoine
5048:Papilla
4899:Anatomy
4838:Fishing
4612:Mudflat
4572:Estuary
4542:Bay mud
4520:Seabird
4276:f-ratio
4259:General
4140:Wetland
3928:Neuston
3893:Hypoxia
3838:Biomass
3828:Benthos
3744:General
3558:4398663
3530:Bibcode
3263:1750927
3135:(2006)
3001:Ryan P
2170:Benthos
2107:tilapia
2091:grouper
2087:halibut
1948:tilapia
1922:pollock
1879:sardine
1869:herring
1864:anchovy
1687:pharynx
1682:Grouper
1674:Grouper
1595:Florida
1421:congers
1413:haddock
1409:redfish
1397:halibut
1350:updated
1221:hagfish
1213:infauna
1182:carrion
1178:benthos
1081:benthos
1067:On the
984:around
943:benthic
845:Coastal
784:abyssal
661:benthos
569:ventral
520:darters
489:, and
259:halibut
233:are an
166:benthic
114:to sink
91:abyssal
6733:Oceana
6496:EU MLS
5851:sharks
5768:sharks
5697:sprats
5677:Forage
5665:salmon
5545:Coarse
5327:Flying
5199:Vision
5154:Barbel
5068:Scales
4928:dermal
4808:About
4597:Lagoon
3923:Nekton
3781:Mammal
3776:Insect
3640:
3625:
3609:
3556:
3548:
3522:Nature
3474:Nature
3416:Nature
3402:
3270:
3260:
3119:
3115:Rome.
2685:
2512:
2297:
2059:lows."
1996:plaice
1855:Forage
1836:salmon
1826:bonito
1593:to NE
1451:Group
1425:sharks
1395:, and
1393:plaice
1389:turbot
1030:plaice
972:Young
881:inlets
734:ambush
692:morids
651:, and
553:skates
487:gobies
257:, and
255:plaice
251:turbot
57:rivers
5813:Blind
5801:Lists
5580:Rough
5445:Sleep
5351:Other
5117:shark
5107:Teeth
3988:Spawn
3554:S2CID
2722:2003.
2316:(PDF)
2283:(PDF)
2216:Notes
2099:shark
1935:Mixed
1889:sprat
1841:shark
1695:gills
1591:Maine
1532:soles
1492:hakes
1472:2005
1469:2004
1466:2003
1463:2002
1460:2001
1457:2000
1454:1999
1128:than
918:Many
903:eats
235:order
139:Types
107:Latin
77:(the
75:lakes
6621:case
6359:and
6176:Wild
5958:and
5846:rays
5780:Bony
5773:rays
5670:tuna
5612:Carp
5570:Oily
5555:Game
5540:Bait
5474:Cave
5257:Milt
4962:Gill
4950:Fins
4923:Bone
4810:fish
4801:Fish
4093:Pond
3638:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3584:2008
3546:PMID
3507:2017
3400:ISBN
3302:2009
3268:PMID
3117:ISBN
2749:2009
2683:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2502:Rome
2384:2022
2330:link
2105:and
2051:ICES
2038:and
2008:ICES
2004:sole
2002:and
1943:carp
1884:shad
1846:tuna
1775:and
1756:hoki
1750:The
1734:The
1718:The
1488:Cods
1431:and
1429:rays
1417:bass
1405:hake
1385:sole
1283:and
1219:and
1180:and
1159:eels
1117:and
1099:eels
1093:and
1038:sole
1036:and
996:The
941:, a
899:The
885:bays
883:and
853:and
837:and
758:and
698:and
688:cods
682:and
663:and
557:rays
555:and
402:The
339:The
319:The
247:sole
223:and
71:seas
6372:Law
5709:cod
5464:By
5277:Roe
5004:Jaw
4902:and
4155:Fen
4145:Bog
3538:doi
3526:443
3477:423
3419:423
3258:PMC
3248:doi
3133:FAO
3111:FAO
2670:230
2305:doi
1992:cod
1927:ray
1912:eel
1907:cod
1401:cod
1026:cod
612:."
526:."
237:of
227:.
153:cod
73:or
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