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416:, the federal drinking water limit) while four drinks contained amounts above the standard. Two of these drinks contained amounts 15-18 times above the drinking water standard. Many of the products showed large variations in the amount of benzene they contained. The FDA stated that it is working with manufacturers to reformulate products that contain benzene above the federal drinking water standard.
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Air: A European study found that people breathe in 220 μg of benzene every day due to general atmospheric pollution. A motorist refilling a fuel tank for three minutes would inhale a further 32 μg. The estimated daily exposure from "automobile-related activities" is 49 μg and for driving for one hour
250:
Benzene in soft drinks has to be seen in the context of other environmental exposure. Taking the worst example found to date of a soft drink containing 87.9 ppb benzene, someone drinking a 350 ml (12 oz) can would ingest 31 μg (micrograms) of benzene, almost equivalent to the benzene inhaled by
254:
The UK Food
Standards Agency has stated that people would need to drink at least 20 litres (5.5 gal) per day of a drink containing benzene at 10 μg to equal the amount of benzene they would breathe from city air every day. Daily personal exposure to benzene is determined by adding exposure from all
449:
released its study results of benzene levels in beverages. Four products out of 118 had levels above the
Canadian guideline of five micrograms per liter for benzene in drinking water (average range 6.0 to 23.0 μg/L). The follow-up study the next year found only three samples with marginally
251:
a motorist refilling a fuel tank for three minutes. While there are alternatives to using sodium benzoate as a preservative, the casual consumption of such a drink is unlikely to pose a significant health hazard to a particular individual (see, for example, the EPA IRIS document on benzene).
1825:
1040:
405:. It said the detected amount of benzene – ranging from 5.7 to 87.8 ppb – was not harmful to humans but advised manufacturers of beverages containing more than 10 ppb of benzene to voluntarily recall their products.
57:, especially under heat and light. Hot peppers naturally contain vitamin C ("nearly as much as in one orange") so the observation about soft drinks applies to pepper sauces containing sodium benzoate, like
315:
In the summer of 1998, a number of well known soft drinks manufacturers had to withdraw large quantities of their products from sale after benzene contamination in some production plants was discovered.
461:. The two companies, Zone Brands Inc., maker of "BellyWashers" products, and TalkingRain Beverage Co., denied that their products were harmful, but agreed to change the ingredients in their drinks.
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These test results are both lower and more accurate than a previous long-term study by the FDA. In the Total Diet Study that FDA conducted from 1996 - 2001 to determine the amounts of
1037:
263:
Smoking: For smokers, cigarette smoking is the main source of exposure to benzene. Estimates are 7900 μg per day (smoking 20 cigarettes per day), 1820 μg/day, and 1800 μg/day.
986:
1953:
1020:
34:
concern and has caused significant outcry among environmental and health advocates. Benzene levels are regulated in drinking water nationally and internationally, and in
1983:
1439:
1943:
889:
810:
704:
676:
526:
Gardner, L.K.; Lawrence, G.D. (May 1993). "Benzene
Production from Decarboxylation of Benzoic Acid in the Presence of Ascorbic Acid and a Transition-Metal Catalyst".
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229:
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formation in soft drinks. Following testing, FDA asked manufacturers to voluntarily reformulate. By 1993, FDA determined that most drinks had little
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1810:
1079:
Monitoring the
Benzene Contents in Soft Drinks Using Headspace Gas Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry: A Survey of the Situation on the Belgian Market
1918:
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released results on March 31, 2006 for 150 beverages. Its results showed 43 beverages contained benzene, four of which contained levels above the
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Other factors that affect the formation of benzene are heat and light. Storing soft drinks in warm conditions speeds up the formation of benzene.
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is not thought to induce significant benzene production in combination with benzoic acid, but some evidence suggests that in the presence of
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released preliminary results in May 2006 for 100 beverages showing that many soft drinks contained low levels of benzene (less than 5
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2008:
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United States Food and Drug
Administration: Questions and Answers on the Occurrence of Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages
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to reveal exactly which amounts of benzene, if any, were present, with several other organizations awaiting their findings.
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received test results conducted by private citizens that benzene was forming at low levels in several types of beverages.
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The
International Council of Beverages Associations (ICBA) has produced advice to prevent or minimize benzene formation.
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Hildeman, Bette. "Dispute Over
Benzene In Drinks", Chemical and Engineering News, April 24, , Vol. 84, pg 10.
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Various authorities have set limits on benzene content in drinking water. The following limits are given in
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401:(KFDA) announced that it had detected benzene in 27 out of 30 (90%) vitamin-enriched drinks on sale in
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and pose no risk to consumers. Furthermore, there are no standards for beverages beyond drinking and
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Council
Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption
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Food and Drug
Administration, U.S. Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services
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HEXPOC Human
Exposure Characterization of chemical substances; quantification of exposure routes
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In 1993, research showed how benzene can form from benzoic acid in the presence of vitamin C.
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269:: Benzene intake from passive smoking is estimated at 63 μg/day (Canada) and 50 μg/day.
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root beer still contained benzoate (added as potassium salt and sodium salt respectively).
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announced that it would be phasing out sodium benzoate from many of its drinks, but not
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183:(WHO): 10 ppb (WHO notes that benzene should be avoided whenever technically feasible.)
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ICBA Guidance Document to Mitigate the Potential for Benzene Formation in Beverages
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in the United States, but only informally in soft drinks. The benzene forms from
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Coca-Cola to phase out use of controversial additive after DNA damage claim
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Indications of the possible formation of benzene from benzoic acid in foods
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procedure that caused more benzene to form in the drinks during the test.
339:) published a review of benzene's possible formation in foods and drinks.
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and sugars have been shown to inhibit benzene production in soft drinks.
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for sale in the United States, resulting in a voluntary product recall.
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and benzoic acid, citric acid may accelerate the production of benzene.
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may play an important role in the formation of benzene in soft drinks.
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Perrier Recalls Its Water in U.S. After Benzene Is Found in Bottles
453:
On 24 August 2006, two soft drink manufacturers agreed to settle a
355:
may be created as part of a chemical reaction during production of
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1227:
473:
672:
New Zealand Food Safety Authority / Te Pou Oranga kai O Aotearoa
297:
In the early 1990s, the soft drink industry initially approached
236:
have set public health goals for benzene of 0 ppb and 0.15 ppb.
154:
1102:
987:
A Follow-up survey of benzene in soft drinks and other products
450:
higher levels and concluded the average levels were quite low.
1472:
864:"FDA re-opens probe into benzene contamination of soft drinks"
363:
flavor. Full-scale investigations immediately started at the
808:
Coca-Cola agrees to take carcinogenic benzene out of soda
457:
lawsuit that had been filed by a group of parents in the
53:(vitamin C) and metal ions (iron and copper) that act as
594:"South Korea urges recall of benzene-containing drinks"
434:
emphasized that most beverages contain levels below 5
521:
519:
517:
830:"Data on Benzene in Soft Drinks and Other Beverages"
2137:
2075:
1999:
1954:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
1776:
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1574:
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1347:
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1203:
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999:Benzene in Soft Drinks and other Beverage Products
930:"Soft drinks pulled from shelves over cancer fear"
1081:J. Agric. Food Chem., 2008, 56 (12), pp 4504–4510
69:The major cause of benzene in soft drinks is the
567:International Council of Beverages Associations
30:nature of the molecule. This contamination is a
272:Diet and drinking water: 0.2 to 3.1 μg per day.
887:"UK, Germany checking soft drinks for benzene"
779:Letter Regarding Benzene Levels in Soft Drinks
1114:
8:
2129:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
1944:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
1843:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
692:
690:
688:
2067:United Kingdom food information regulations
721:European Commission Joint Research Centre,
645:Integrated Risk Information System: Benzene
1121:
1107:
1099:
824:
822:
459:Superior Court of the District of Columbia
335:'s Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (
1905:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
905:"Survey of benzene levels in soft drinks"
1949:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
1811:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
1018:Soft Drink Companies Settle Benzene Case
589:
587:
585:
552:
550:
480:. As of August 2012, Coca-Cola Zero and
394:). These four were withdrawn from sale.
202:: federal limit: 5 ppb; state limits in
1919:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
967:"FDA Statement: Benzene in Soft Drinks"
499:
286:In 1990, a study reported having found
1934:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
1511:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
16:Concern due to possible contamination
7:
2225:
2113:Institute for Food Safety and Health
1853:Australian meat substitution scandal
1821:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
1597:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
508:"Is hot sauce good for your health?"
399:Korea Food & Drug Administration
347:In February 2006, an unnamed former
2245:
2101:Food Information and Control Agency
124:The proposed mechanism begins with
26:is of potential concern due to the
351:at the FDA publicly revealed that
337:Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung
246:Benzene § Exposure to benzene
132:, which itself is produced by the
14:
2118:International Food Safety Network
2042:International Food Safety Network
1763:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1713:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
1440:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
1094:Soft Drinks and Benzene: A Primer
791:"Cancer chemical found in drinks"
702:"Survey of Benzene in Soft Drinks
643:Environmental Protection Agency.
240:Environmental exposure to benzene
164:Limit standards in drinking water
2244:
2234:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2193:
2123:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
1959:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
1890:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
1885:ICA meat repackaging controversy
143:
2062:Quality Assurance International
1969:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
1939:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
1833:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
1748:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
359:, particularly those having an
2091:European Food Safety Authority
1964:Food safety incidents in China
1801:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1768:Water fluoridation controversy
423:in various foods, FDA used an
93:is often added to drinks as a
1:
654:Accessed on November 27, 2006
626:Consumer Factsheet on Benzene
390:drinking water standards (10
2096:Food and Drug Administration
1778:Food contamination incidents
963:Food and Drug Administration
948:Food and Drug Administration
733:, pp36–59, 2005, EU 21501 EN
2150:Food and drink prohibitions
1924:Bihar school meal poisoning
1848:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
1806:1900 English beer poisoning
1160:Antibiotic use in livestock
1077:Christof van Poucke et al.
892:September 27, 2007, at the
869:September 27, 2007, at the
674:Benzene in flavoured drinks
650:September 14, 2015, at the
487:A Belgian study found that
2302:
2145:Curing (food preservation)
1218:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
965:(US FDA). April 13, 2006,
935:September 7, 2008, at the
421:volatile organic compounds
243:
2188:
2175:Genetically modified food
2027:Food labeling regulations
1895:2008 Chinese milk scandal
1023:January 14, 2009, at the
1004:December 2, 2016, at the
910:February 4, 2012, at the
388:World Health Organization
181:World Health Organization
97:in the form of its salts
89:of ascorbic acid, E315).
2037:Food safety in Australia
1233:High-fructose corn syrup
707:October 9, 2014, at the
136:-catalysed reduction of
65:Formation in soft drinks
2017:Acceptable daily intake
1929:2013 horse meat scandal
1370:Clostridium perfringens
1043:April 23, 2010, at the
749:April 18, 2008, at the
679:April 23, 2007, at the
631:April 13, 2006, at the
599:April 11, 2008, at the
576:April 17, 2016, at the
2085:Centre for Food Safety
1900:2008 Irish pork crisis
1602:Benzene in soft drinks
846:July 19, 2011, at the
813:July 23, 2008, at the
767:FDA Enforcement Report
324:In November 2005, the
2276:Medical controversies
2107:Food Standards Agency
2057:Organic certification
2052:Nutrition facts label
1796:Esing Bakery incident
1584:environment pollution
1065:May 19, 2016, at the
885:, February 20, 2006,
883:Food Production Daily
862:, February 15, 2006,
860:Food Production Daily
697:Food Standards Agency
384:Food Standards Agency
365:Food Standards Agency
81:(vitamin C, E300) or
1876:2006 North American
1534:Acesulfame potassium
1363:Campylobacter jejuni
1257:Intestinal parasites
1130:Consumer food safety
1060:Retrieved 2014-10-12
529:J. Agric. Food Chem.
301:with concerns about
126:hydrogen abstraction
2180:Conspiracy theories
1733:Heterocyclic amines
1637:Shellfish poisoning
828:FDA. May 19, 2006,
541:10.1021/jf00029a001
397:In April 2006, the
186:Republic of Korea (
77:in the presence of
49:in the presence of
1838:Toxic oil syndrome
1791:Swill milk scandal
1617:Diethylstilbestrol
1289:Diphyllobothriasis
952:"Total Diet Study"
922:Elliott, Valerie,
754:The New York Times
510:. 4 November 2016.
331:In December 2005,
140:by ascorbic acid:
103:potassium benzoate
2258:
2257:
2165:Food preservation
1974:Foodborne illness
1526:Sugar substitutes
1279:Cryptosporidiosis
1261:parasitic disease
1175:HGH controversies
1142:food contaminants
1027:, August 24, 2006
928:, April 1, 2006,
769:February 28, 1990
756:February 10, 1990
489:plastic packaging
170:parts per billion
153:Calcium disodium
2293:
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2227:
2218:
2217:
2210:Drink portal
2208:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2109:(United Kingdom)
1858:Jack in the Box
1829:
1816:Minamata disease
1728:Food irradiation
1708:4-Hydroxynonenal
1556:Sodium cyclamate
1399:Escherichia coli
1391:Escherichia coli
1123:
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445:On 9 June 2006,
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130:hydroxyl radical
107:calcium benzoate
2301:
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2200:Food portal
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2032:Food libel laws
1995:
1823:
1772:
1738:Modified starch
1700:Food processing
1694:
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1570:
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1516:Sodium benzoate
1492:
1454:
1449:Vibrio cholerae
1343:
1314:Gnathostomiasis
1299:Fasciolopsiasis
1251:
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1190:Mercury in fish
1132:
1127:
1090:
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1067:Wayback Machine
1058:
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1048:The Independent
1045:Wayback Machine
1036:Martin Hickman
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937:Wayback Machine
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912:Wayback Machine
903:
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894:Wayback Machine
881:Mercer, Chris.
880:
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871:Wayback Machine
858:Mercer, Chris.
857:
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848:Wayback Machine
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815:Wayback Machine
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797:. 1 March 2006.
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309:contamination.
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267:Passive smoking
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119:erythorbic acid
99:sodium benzoate
83:erythorbic acid
71:decarboxylation
67:
40:decarboxylation
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51:ascorbic acid
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41:
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36:bottled water
33:
32:public health
29:
25:
21:
2170:Food quality
2077:Institutions
1911:
1877:
1868:
1859:
1743:Nitrosamines
1601:
1506:Benzoic acid
1468:Chlorpyrifos
1447:
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1415:
1398:
1390:
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1375:
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1339:Trichuriasis
1324:Toxocariasis
1294:Enterobiasis
1170:Formaldehyde
1073:
1055:
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1016:LIBBY QUAID
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167:
159:
152:
149:
142:
123:
105:(E 212), or
95:preservative
91:Benzoic acid
87:diastereomer
75:benzoic acid
68:
47:benzoic acid
44:preservative
28:carcinogenic
18:
2281:Food safety
2271:Soft drinks
2250:WikiProject
2087:(Hong Kong)
1824: [
1786:Devon colic
1660:Breast milk
1632:Nonylphenol
1607:Bisphenol A
1544:controversy
1411:Hepatitis E
1406:Hepatitis A
1384:Enterovirus
1377:Cronobacter
1334:Trichinosis
1304:Fasciolosis
1274:Anisakiasis
1245:controversy
1138:Adulterants
1050:25 May 2008
403:South Korea
357:soft drinks
208:Connecticut
188:South Korea
111:Citric acid
24:soft drinks
2265:Categories
2001:Regulation
1984:death toll
1753:Shortening
1718:Acrylamide
1647:Food fraud
1627:Mycotoxins
1460:Pesticides
1434:Salmonella
1309:Giardiasis
1269:Amoebiasis
1213:Flavorings
495:References
425:analytical
244:See also:
234:California
212:New Jersey
204:California
59:Texas Pete
2047:ISO 22000
2009:watchdogs
2005:standards
1979:outbreaks
1880:outbreaks
1758:Trans fat
1670:Olive oil
1592:Aflatoxin
1566:Sucralose
1551:Saccharin
1539:Aspartame
1483:Malathion
1428:Rotavirus
1423:Norovirus
950:(US FDA)
925:The Times
470:Coca-Cola
371:) and in
260:is 40 μg.
255:sources.
190:): 10 ppb
109:(E 213).
55:catalysts
2240:Cookbook
2220:Category
2022:E number
1914:outbreak
1871:outbreak
1862:outbreak
1612:Dieldrin
1561:Sorbitol
1417:Listeria
1357:Botulism
1185:Melamine
1155:Aldicarb
1063:Archived
1041:Archived
1021:Archived
1002:Archived
933:Archived
908:Archived
890:Archived
867:Archived
844:Archived
811:Archived
795:BBC News
747:Archived
705:Archived
677:Archived
648:Archived
629:Archived
597:Archived
574:Archived
138:dioxygen
115:ascorbic
101:(E211),
2286:Benzene
2230:Commons
2103:(Spain)
1912:E. coli
1878:E. coli
1869:E. coli
1860:E. coli
1680:Seafood
1580:poisons
1478:Lindane
1442:E. coli
1401:O157:H7
1393:O104:H4
1195:Sudan I
1165:Cyanide
373:Germany
353:benzene
349:chemist
333:Germany
307:benzene
303:benzene
292:Perrier
288:benzene
277:History
224:: 1 ppb
218:: 1 ppb
216:Florida
196:: 5 ppb
128:by the
42:of the
20:Benzene
1685:Shrimp
1622:Dioxin
1576:Toxins
1150:3-MCPD
989:, 2007
482:Barq's
478:Sprite
361:orange
214:, and
194:Canada
176:/kg).
172:(ppb;
1828:]
1675:Prawn
1655:Bread
1228:Sugar
712:(PDF)
616:(PDF)
474:Fanta
282:1990s
1223:Salt
476:and
465:2008
430:The
408:The
378:The
343:2006
320:2005
232:and
228:The
155:EDTA
1690:Tea
1665:Egg
1473:DDT
537:doi
436:ppb
432:FDA
414:ppb
410:FDA
392:ppb
382:'s
326:FDA
299:FDA
230:EPA
117:or
85:(a
73:of
22:in
2267::
2007:,
2003:,
1826:ar
1582:,
1578:,
1259:,
1140:,
821:^
793:.
687:^
659:^
584:^
549:^
533:41
516:^
442:.
369:UK
210:,
206:,
174:μg
134:Cu
61:.
1122:e
1115:t
1108:v
543:.
539::
367:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
