763:
752:
271:
297:
592:
603:
1229:
61:
1456:
503:
Bessarion's
Neoplatonism stayed with him his whole life, even as a cardinal. He was very familiar with Neoplatonist terminology and used it in his letter to Pletho's two sons, Demitrios and Andronikos, on the death of his still-beloved teacher in 1452. Perhaps the most remarkable thing about his life
569:
But if we had discerned error in the doctrine of the Latins or distortion in their faith, not even I would have counseled you to embrace union and agreement with them in that case, that for fear of bodily ills you should prefer the values of the present world to spiritual values, the freedom of the
433:
492:. Under Pletho, he "went through the liberal arts curriculum…, with a special emphasis on mathematics…including the study of astronomy and geography" that would have related "philosophy to physics…cosmology and astrology" and Pletho's "mathematics would include
560:
Some historians have impugned
Bessarion's sincerity in adhering to the union. However, Gill upholds Bessarion's sincerity in being convinced to the truth of the Roman position in the matters discussed at the Council quoting from Bessarion's own work
548:
as the most eminent representative of unionists, although he originally belonged to the party of anti-unionists. On 6 July 1439, he read the declaration of the Greek
Association of Churches in Florence cathedral, in the presence of
627:, a center for learned Greeks and Greek refugees, whom he supported by commissioning transcripts of Greek manuscripts and translations into Latin that made Greek scholarship available to Western Europeans. He supported
574:
Upon his return to the East, he found himself bitterly resented for his attachment to the minority party that saw no difficulty in a reconciliation of the two churches. Pope Eugene IV invested him with the rank of
504:
was that a
Neoplatonist could have played such a significant role in the Catholic Church for at least a brief time, though he was attacked for his views by more orthodox Catholic academics shortly after his death.
570:
body to the betterment of the soul, but I myself would have undergone all that is worst and I would have exposed you to it before I would have urged you to union with them and have recommended such action.
1623:
705:
in 1471. Other missions were to
Germany to encourage Western princes to help their fellow Christians in the East. For these efforts, his fellow humanist Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, then
615:
From that time, Bessarion resided permanently in Italy, doing much (by his patronage of learned men, by his collection of books and manuscripts, and by his own writings) to spread the
500:. Possibly it also included astrology…" Woodhouse also mentions that Bessarion "had a mystical streak… was proficient in Neoplatonic vocabulary…mathematics…and Platonic theology".
608:
The suburban residence of the bishops of
Tusculum along the Appian way in Rome, believed to have been built and utilized by Cardinal Bessarion during his episcopate (1449–1468).
762:
678:, Cardinal Bessarion was an early candidate, favored on account of his disinterestness in the struggle between candidates pushed forward by the Roman factions of the
1207:
1244:
1668:
1249:
1703:
1628:
1648:
869:
Liber
Defensionum contra Obiectiones in Platonem: Cardinal Bessarion's own Latin translation of his Greek defense of Plato against George of Trebizond
1508:
1698:
1708:
1683:
721:
421:
1688:
1693:
1613:
1403:
1368:
1337:
270:
1658:
386:
1618:
1024:
987:
1633:
1569:
892:
876:
710:
341:
88:
51:
751:
1527:
819:
1324:
Henderson, Duane. "Bessarion, Cardinalis
Nicenus. A cardinalitial vita between ideal conceptions and institutional structures,"
1474:
540:
churches. The emperor hoped to use the possibility of re-uniting the churches to obtain help from
Western Europe against the
1638:
1673:
1502:
230:
1460:
1643:
1515:
1608:
545:
1490:
1264:
Bardi, Alberto. "Islamic
Astronomy in Fifteenth-Century Christian Environments: Cardinal Bessarion and His Library",
810:
to the main questions of religion, contributed greatly to the extension of speculative thought in the department of
496:, Plato's cosmological geometry and the Neoplatonic arithmetic which connected the material world with the world of
1678:
1663:
1311:
830:
His library, which contained a very extensive collection of Greek manuscripts, was presented by him in 1468 to the
374:
and one of the famed Greek scholars who contributed to the so-called great revival of letters in the 15th century.
371:
329:
20:
802:("Against the Slanderer of Plato"). Bessarion, though a Platonist, was not so thoroughgoing in his admiration as
304:
1653:
655:
1204:
533:
576:
521:
382:
213:
45:
1468:
1284:
554:
525:
635:. He is known in history as the original patron of the Greek exiles (scholars and diplomats) including
296:
1603:
1598:
767:
740:
729:
725:
671:
624:
364:
806:, and he strove instead to reconcile the two philosophies. His work, by opening up the relations of
1301:
Greek Scholars in Venice: Studies in the Dissemination of Greek Learning from Byzantium to the West
840:
791:
687:
640:
432:
149:
954:
848:
835:
702:
513:
223:
408:). He took the name Bessarion upon entering the monastery. He has been mistakenly known also as
1531:
1399:
1364:
1356:
1333:
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897:
872:
853:
659:
644:
591:
1484:
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1327:
1278:
632:
580:
413:
361:
194:
77:
978:
602:
1555:
1546:
1211:
1015:
982:
831:
824:
803:
537:
497:
489:
378:
368:
190:
123:
98:
73:
1395:"Inter graecos latinissimus, inter latinos graecissimus": Bessarion zwischen den Kulturen
1361:
Cambridge Translations of Renaissance Philosophical Texts: Moral and Political Philosophy
1329:"Inter graecos latinissimus, inter latinos graecissimus": Bessarion zwischen den Kulturen
1101:
1293:
774:
Bessarion was one of the most learned scholars of his time. Besides his translations of
648:
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493:
477:
465:
353:
1592:
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457:
336:
319:
108:
1519:
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616:
309:
235:
170:
32:
1416:(Aalen : Scientia Verlag; Paderborn : F. Schöningh, 1923–42), 3 volumes.
917:
1467:
1347:
Keller, A. "A Byzantine admirer of 'western' progress: Cardinal Bessarion", in,
1019:
485:
247:
1003:
Subverting Aristotle: Religion, History, and Philosophy in Early Modern Science
1498:
1421:
Byzantine Scholars in Renaissance Italy: Cardinal Bessarion and other Émigrés
1128:
1535:
1253:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 821–822.
1161:
1145:
807:
775:
461:
449:
60:
701:, and he was engaged on embassies to many foreign princes, among others to
1455:
1277:
811:
783:
667:
453:
251:
1426:
Setton, K.M. "The Byzantine background to the Italian Renaissance", in,
1437:(Paris : Hachette, 1878), see also (Geneva : Slatkine, 1977).
736:
698:
683:
620:
481:
445:
166:
145:
389:. He eventually was named a cardinal and was twice considered for the
1269:
468:
periods. The year of his birth has been given as 1389, 1395 or 1403.
180:
1483:
1294:
Francis A. Burkle-Young, "The election of Pope Calixtus III (1455)"
1363:. Vol. 1. Cambridge UK/New York: Cambridge University Press.
1234:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
795:
529:
517:
431:
1442:
From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance
686:. He was opposed for his Greek background by the French Cardinal
838:, and forms the nucleus of the famous library of St Mark's, the
390:
1392:
Märtl, Claudia; Christian Kaiser; Thomas Ricklin, eds. (2013).
944:, by C. M. Woodhouse, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1986, pp. 32–33.
1326:
Claudia Märtl; Christian Kaiser; Thomas Ricklin, eds. (2013).
1388:(Paris : E. Leroux (E. Guilmoto), 1885–1906). volume 1.
794:, a vehement Aristotelian who had written a polemic against
544:. Bessarion participated in the Byzantine delegation to the
674:
which elected the Aragonese candidate, Alfons de Borja, as
1188:
1186:
724:
was not yet in use – Cardinal Bessarion presided over the
520:
of a monastery in Constantinople and in 1437, he was made
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
790:, his most important work is a treatise directed against
1414:
Kardinal Bessarion als Theologe, Humanist und Staatsmann
1115:
Joseph Gill, "The Sincerity of Bessarion the Unionist,"
1063:, Volume 1, Ed. di Storia e Letteratura, 2003, p. 207.
1381:(Rome : Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 1979).
623:
in Rome was a virtual academy for the studies of new
1624:
Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy
1296:
Bessarion an early candidate, opposed by the French.
1180:. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 1927 (repr. 1967).
844:. It comprised 482 Greek and 264 Latin manuscripts.
512:
On becoming a tonsured monk, he adopted the name of
1268:, Volume 30, Issue 3, September 2019, pp. 338–366 (
335:
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186:
176:
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134:
129:
119:
114:
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94:
84:
30:
1511:, Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor
1428:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1077:George Gemistos Plethon, the Last of the Hellenes
1061:Humanism and Platonism in the Italian Renaissance
942:George Gemistos Plethon, the Last of the Hellenes
1303:(Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard, 1962).
360:; 2 January 1403 – 18 November 1472) was a
1379:Bessarion's Library and the Biblioteca Marciana
567:
1178:Bessarionis in calumniatorem Platonis libri IV
1071:
1069:
1005:, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014, p. 41.
532:in order to bring about a reunion between the
516:, whose story he has related. In 1436 became
8:
1542:
709:, gave him the purely ceremonial title of
278:
269:
59:
27:
1321:(Camberley : Porphyrogenitus, 1995).
1103:Miscellanea marciana di studi bessarionei
1192:
1047:
761:
750:
420:) due to an erroneous interpretation of
16:Greek theologian and scholar (1403–1472)
909:
722:Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
1524:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
1423:(Aldershot, UK : Variorum, 1995).
1079:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 33
977:Ierodiakonou, Katerina; Bydén, Börje.
739:. He is buried in the basilica of the
967:to Bessarion," pp. 723–728, esp. 725.
7:
1288:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1020:"Basil [Cardinal] Bessarion"
460:culture and civilization during the
1355:Kraye, Jill, ed. (28 August 1997).
1025:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
988:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
693:For five years (1450–1455), he was
1669:Latin Patriarchs of Constantinople
918:"Bessarion | Byzantine theologian"
14:
1704:15th-century Greek mathematicians
1629:Deans of the College of Cardinals
1570:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
1276:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
893:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
847:Most of Bessarion's works are in
711:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
387:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
52:Latin Patriarch of Constantinople
1649:Former Greek Orthodox Christians
1528:Florida International University
1454:
1444:(London : Duckworth, 1992).
1227:
601:
590:
385:and later served as the titular
295:
1699:15th-century Greek philosophers
963:, Vol. 161, 1866, "Letter from
827:, has survived to the present.
735:He died on 18 November 1472 at
1709:15th-century Greek astronomers
1684:15th-century Byzantine writers
1475:New International Encyclopedia
1117:Journal of Theological Studies
871:. Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter.
817:It was thanks to him that the
720:(from April 1463) – the title
508:Role in the Council of Ferrara
1:
1689:15th-century Greek scientists
1503:Mathematics Genealogy Project
867:Monfasani, John, ed. (2023).
823:, an important compendium of
631:in this fashion and defended
66:
1694:15th-century Greek educators
1614:Cardinal-bishops of Frascati
1349:Cambridge Historical Journal
1205:Emblem of Cardinal Bessarion
494:Pythagorean number-mysticism
488:to study Neoplatonism under
471:
1659:Greek Renaissance humanists
1469:"Bessarion, Johannes"
546:Council of Ferrara-Florence
1725:
1619:Cardinal-bishops of Sabina
1319:Greek Emigres in the West
1312:Cambridge University Press
1279:"Johannes Bessarion"
1266:Journal of Islamic Studies
654:He held in succession the
476:Bessarion was educated in
438:Bibliotheca chalcographica
21:Bessarion (disambiguation)
18:
1634:Diplomats of the Holy See
1577:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1106:, Antenore, 1976, p. 121.
800:In Calumniatorem Platonis
766:Tomb of Bessarion in the
528:, whom he accompanied to
524:by the Byzantine Emperor
357:
294:
261:
257:
205:
58:
43:
1491:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
1386:Bibliographie Hellenique
1299:Geanakoplos, Deno John.
1167:Retrieved: 6 April 2016.
1151:Retrieved: 6 April 2016.
656:archbishopric of Siponto
472:Bessarion's Neoplatonism
1520:"BESSARION (1403–1472)"
1507:Makripoulias Christos,
1485:"Bessarion, John"
1308:The Council of Florence
1250:Encyclopædia Britannica
1119:n.s. 26 (1975), p. 387.
1090:George Gemistos Plethon
922:Encyclopedia Britannica
480:, then went in 1423 to
396:His baptismal name was
1547:Catholic Church titles
1398:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
1332:. Berlin: De Gruyter.
1310:(Cambridge, UK :
979:"Byzantine Philosophy"
771:
759:
756:Epistolae et orationes
672:papal conclave of 1455
572:
522:metropolitan of Nicaea
456:that was the heart of
444:Bessarion was born in
441:
417:
383:Neoplatonic philosophy
214:Renaissance philosophy
1563:— TITULAR —
1435:Le Cardinal Bessarion
1290:(not fully exploited)
1285:Catholic Encyclopedia
1133:Catholic Encyclopedia
798:, which was entitled
765:
754:
583:of 18 December 1439.
555:John VIII Palaeologus
526:John VIII Palaeologus
452:port in northeastern
435:
1674:People from Trapezus
1509:"Bessarion Cardinal"
1463:at Wikimedia Commons
1351:, 11 (19535), 343–8.
1210:4 March 2016 at the
1147:Sede Vacante of 1464
1129:"Johannes Bessarion"
768:Santi Apostoli, Rome
741:Santi Apostoli, Rome
730:Papal conclave, 1471
726:Papal conclave, 1464
436:Wood engraving from
365:Renaissance humanist
150:Kingdom of Trebizond
19:For other uses, see
1644:Empire of Trebizond
1440:Wilson, Nigel Guy.
1430:, 100 (1956), 1–76.
1377:Labowsky, Carlota.
1245:Bessarion, Johannes
841:Biblioteca Marciana
792:George of Trebizond
641:George of Trebizond
625:humanistic learning
418:Giovanni Bessarione
400:(Greek: Βασίλειος,
377:He was educated by
1609:Byzantine Pontians
1461:Basilius Bessarion
1317:Harris, Jonathan.
955:Jacques Paul Migne
836:Republic of Venice
772:
760:
718:primus Cardinalium
703:Louis XI of France
660:suburbicarian sees
538:Western (Catholic)
534:Eastern (Orthodox)
514:Bessarion of Egypt
442:
422:Gregory III Mammas
410:Johannes Bessarion
224:Western philosophy
1679:Bishops of Nicaea
1664:Greek theologians
1587:
1586:
1578:Succeeded by
1565:
1516:Miranda, Salvador
1459:Media related to
1419:Monfasani, John.
1405:978-3-11-031621-6
1370:978-0-521-42604-6
1339:978-3-11-031621-6
1163:Sede Vacante 1471
965:George Amiroutzes
960:Patrologia Graeca
898:John Chortasmenos
854:Patrologia Graeca
645:John Argyropoulos
347:
346:
277:
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200:Philosophy career
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1639:East–West Schism
1561:
1553:Preceded by
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1384:Legrand, Émile.
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1016:Zalta, Edward N.
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553:and the Emperor
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130:Personal details
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266:Coat of arms
236:Neoplatonism
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187:Denomination
171:Papal States
162:(1472-11-18)
50:
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33:His Eminence
25:
1604:1472 deaths
1599:1403 births
1221:Attribution
1088:Woodhouse,
820:Bibliotheca
788:Memorabilia
780:Metaphysics
486:Peloponnese
248:Metaphysics
177:Nationality
95:Predecessor
70: 1476
1593:Categories
1575:1463–1472
904:References
581:consistory
193:(formerly
1499:Bessarion
1344:, 79-122.
808:Platonism
776:Aristotle
713:in 1463.
670:. At the
462:Byzantine
450:Black Sea
446:Trebizond
428:Biography
402:Basileios
358:Βησσαρίων
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288:Bessarion
283:Styles of
146:Trebizond
139:Basileios
105:Successor
65:Painting
38:Bessarion
1536:53276621
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1208:Archived
887:See also
861:Editions
812:theology
784:Xenophon
668:Frascati
658:and the
577:cardinal
454:Anatolia
406:Basilios
372:cardinal
369:Catholic
330:Cardinal
252:theology
191:Catholic
46:Cardinal
1501:at the
1494:. 1907.
1478:. 1905.
1259:Sources
1238::
1135:(1907).
1092:, p. 13
1018:(ed.).
985:(ed.).
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737:Ravenna
707:Pius II
699:Bologna
684:Colonna
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466:Ottoman
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115:Orders
981:. In
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796:Plato
747:Works
530:Italy
518:abbot
398:Basil
354:Greek
181:Greek
1532:OCLC
1400:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1334:ISBN
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