340:, is debated in the scientific community. Furthermore, ... it could go further and say that no confounding factors (like socio-economic, geography, ethnicity, medical care access, and beyond 500 explored in the analysis) can explain the results. However, my study was designed to test the assumption that the danger of radiation is simply proportional to the radiation dose, which is the only evidence that low-level radiation may be harmful. My conclusion was that that assumption is false." Other scientists disagree and more research has been called for.
128:
29:
70:
289:
plausibility of that explanation. To show that this procedure is not unreasonable, I offer to provide a not-implausible explanation for any finding of any other published ecological study. This alone demonstrates that our work is very different from any other ecological study, and therefore deserves separate consideration."
281:, with no experimental verification in the low dose region of the most important applications. These risk estimates are now leading to the expenditure of tens of billions of dollars to protect against dangers whose existence is highly questionable. It is therefore of utmost importance to test the validity of this theory."
382:) from 1958 as Professor of Physics, Adjunct Prof. of Chemistry, Adjunct Prof. of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Adjunct Prof. of Radiation Health at the Graduate School of Public Health; there also as Adjunct Prof. of Environmental and Occupational Health. He was awarded Professor-Emeritus standing in 1994.
335:
In March, 2011, Professor Cohen stated, reflecting on his study and its controversial results, that low levels of radiation can have beneficial health effects and reduce the risks of cancer, "There is evidence on both sides. Whether low-level radiation is protective against cancer, a theory called
288:
An easy answer to the credibility of this conclusion would be for someone to suggest a potential not implausible explanation based on some selected variables. I (or he) will then calculate what values of those variables are required to explain our discrepancy. We can then make a judgement on the
284:
A conclusion, with an update to the landmark study published 1995, continues: "Since no other plausible explanation has been found after years of effort by myself and others, I conclude that the most plausible explanation for our discrepancy is that the linear-no threshold theory fails, grossly
573:(ANS), for his "notable and sustained contribution to the nuclear power industry that has not been widely recognized." The ANS also granted Cohen its 1985 "Public Information Award", and its 1996 "Special Award", for his "meritorious contributions in research" on
400:(county averages) was due to some factor other than failure of the linear-no threshold theory. Puskin, Smith, Field and others have claimed that his findings are due in part to his inability to control for the inverse association between smoking and radon.
921:
William Field, R.; Krewski, Daniel; Lubin, Jay; Zielinski, Jan; Alavanja, Michael; Catalan, Vanessa; Klotz, Judith; Létourneau, Ernest; et al. (2006). "An
Overview of the North American Residential Radon and Lung Cancer Case-Control Studies".
1513:
791:
856:'Claim of radiation benefits barely passes X-ray test for truth', referring to comments made by commentator Ann Coulter; March 23, 2011; The Oregonian (daily)p.A2;Portland, Oregon; email reply by B.L. Cohen
972:
Ultra-Low-Level
Radiation Effects Summit." January 2006. ORION International Technologies, Inc. (ORION) and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy's Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) 03 Apr. 2008.
392:
A testimony to his conviction on the human safety of background low-level radiation was his offering rewards of up to $ 10,000 if people provided evidence that the inverse association he found between
1218:
1518:
1130:
February 2004, Cohen, BL. "The Puskin observation on smoking as a confounder in ecological correlations of cancer mortality rates with average county radon levels",
836:. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 78. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer. 2001.
313:
857:
329:
1015:
42:
1508:
265:(LNT) which postulates there exists no safe threshold for radiation exposure. His view which has support from a minority. He died in March 2012.
623:
Calabrese, E (2004). "Hormesis: from marginalization to mainstream: A case for hormesis as the default dose-response model in risk assessment".
709:
543:
758:
738:
285:
over-estimating the cancer risk in the low dose, low dose rate region. There are no other data capable of testing the theory in that region.
1503:
1523:
1488:
625:
510:. He has authored scientific studies and editorial contributions on a vast array of subjects in nuclear industry trade journals such as
810:
Allison, Wade (2009). Radiation and Reason: The Impact of
Science on a Culture of Fear. York, England: York Publishing Services. p. 2.
332:
discussed at length Cohen's results then concluded: "The weight of evidence is that the ecological analyses of Cohen can be rejected."
192:
1466:
841:
815:
351:- concluding: "There appear to be no nonspecific effects from low doses of radiation that result in a shortening of the life span."
229:
211:
164:
109:
56:
1144:
1031:
775:
558:
1429:
984:
578:
367:
171:
149:
142:
87:
48:
17:
858:
http://politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2011/mar/22/ann-coulter/ann-coulter-says-lexposure-low-levels-radiation-ar/
178:
1177:
524:
530:
160:
870:
Lubin, Jay H (2002). "The potential for bias in Cohen's ecological analysis of lung cancer and residential radon".
375:
91:
80:
512:
1244:
551:
547:
518:
325:
262:
274:
1404:
1375:
1346:
1317:
582:
570:
386:
371:
258:
1088:"Smoking as a Confounder in Ecologic Correlations of Cancer Mortality Rates with Average County Radon Levels"
138:
562:
1472:
662:"Letter to the Editor: Reply to Cohen's Response to EPA Position on Cancer Risk from Low Level Radiation"
581:
in 2003, "for fundamental contributions to our understanding of low-level radiation" and
Chairman of the
458:, (1990) in translation for Japanese and Spanish. He has written about 135 research papers on basic
1150:
324:
and others regarding his radon-related ecologic studies are well known. Among other expert panels, the
729:
Introduction, Standard
Handbook of Environmental Science, Health, and Technology, J.H. Lehr (Editor),
1498:
1493:
1046:
931:
879:
566:
185:
506:
476:
309:
955:
903:
424:
337:
305:
250:
1219:"Obituary: Bernard L. Cohen / Noted physicist and Pitt professor never wanted to stop learning"
1462:
1425:
1107:
1009:
947:
895:
837:
811:
754:
734:
691:
642:
471:
358:
is effectively inexhaustible, and could therefore be considered a renewable source of energy.
1189:
1166:
Karl Otto Ott and
Bernard I. Spinrad, eds. (New York: Plenum Press, 1985), pp. 355–365.
1099:
1054:
939:
887:
828:
681:
673:
634:
293:
1287:
273:
Cohen claimed: "All estimates of the cancer risk from low level radiation are based on the
779:
500:
482:
459:
423:, the stimulant found in coffee and other beverages, which in its pure form has an oral (
1050:
935:
883:
677:
1265:
1240:
1193:
1126:
1062:
770:
686:
661:
494:
488:
344:
297:
278:
753:
Conclusion, Standard
Handbook of Environmental Science, Health, and Technology, Lehr,
1482:
1103:
907:
891:
710:"BERNARD L. COHEN Obituary: View BERNARD COHEN's Obituary by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"
463:
301:
991:
959:
430:) of 192 milligrams per kilogram in rats. Nader did not accept the challenge.
321:
1396:
1456:
982:
RADIATION SAFETY REFERENCE MANUAL, BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION chapter, p.19
474:, risks in our society), and about 80 articles in popular magazines such as
730:
404:
397:
317:
127:
1338:
638:
610:
943:
379:
343:
Subsequent research would join a profound array of positions including a 1982
246:
1197:
467:
416:
412:
408:
1111:
951:
899:
695:
646:
292:
Cohen's debates in academic periodicals and published correspondence with
420:
415:", Cohen, then a tenured professor, offered to consume on camera as much
277:(LNT) which is based solely on largely discredited concepts of radiation
1367:
355:
348:
254:
1309:
1087:
1058:
1452:
830:
Ionizing
Radiation, Part 2: Some Internally Deposited Radionuclides
462:, about 300 scientific papers on energy and environment (e.g.
442:(1967) with translations in French, German, Italian, and Japanese,
393:
1182:
The
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and the Journal of New Drugs
1178:"Factors Affecting Caffeine Toxicity: A Review of the Literature"
1288:"List of Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award Recipients"
121:
63:
22:
1514:
Members of the United States
National Academy of Engineering
452:
Before It's Too Late: A Scientist's Case for Nuclear Power
261:. Professor Cohen was a staunch opponent of the so-called
575:
Linear Dose Model Other Models for Critical Dose Values
456:
The Nuclear Energy Option, Alternative for the Nineties
1475:
paper in which Cohen discusses his challenge to Nader.
366:
Professor Cohen earned his under-graduate degree from
924:
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A
90:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are
749:
747:
1149:Published email correspondence between Cohen and
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
438:Professor Cohen has written six books, including
1426:"NAE Members Directory - Dr. Bernard L. Cohen"
585:Division of Environmental Sciences (1980–81).
1032:"Breeder reactors: A renewable energy source"
245:(June 14, 1924 – March 17, 2012) was born in
8:
782:University of Iowa published correspondence.
611:http://www.phyast.pitt.edu/~blc/Vita-Pub.htm
330:International Agency for Research on Cancer
269:No-threshold and plutonium toxicity debates
57:Learn how and when to remove these messages
559:Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award
685:
554:, Division of Nuclear Physics (1974–75).
413:the most toxic substance known to mankind
230:Learn how and when to remove this message
212:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
1519:Fellows of the American Physical Society
1241:"Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics"
1146:A respectable end to radon debate needed
86:Relevant discussion may be found on the
593:
385:From 1965-1978, he was Director of the
1014:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1007:
794:Response to Criticisms of Smith et al.
550:. He was also elected Chairman of the
544:Tom W. Bonner Prize in Nuclear Physics
148:Please improve this article by adding
7:
314:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
678:10.2203/dose-response.10-012.puskin
626:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
609:CV composed and posted currently,
446:(1970) with translation in Arabic,
1455:home page. Contains full text of
1194:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1967.tb00034.x
1030:Cohen, Bernard L. (January 1983).
872:Journal of Radiological Protection
577:. He was elected to member of the
14:
1339:"Walter H. Zinn Award recipients"
525:Nuclear Engineering International
38:This article has multiple issues.
1509:University of Pittsburgh faculty
1134:86:203–204; 2004 pp. 203–4.
1104:10.1097/00004032-200304000-00012
126:
68:
27:
1266:"Health Physics Society Awards"
733:(New York); 2000, Chapter 20.2
579:National Academy of Engineering
542:Dr. Cohen received in 1981 the
368:Case-Western Reserve University
46:or discuss these issues on the
1473:The Myth of Plutonium Toxicity
161:"Bernard Cohen" physicist
18:Bernard Cohen (disambiguation)
1:
1401:Honors and Awards, Recipients
1343:Honors and Awards, Recipients
354:In 1983, Cohen proposed that
150:secondary or tertiary sources
557:Dr. Cohen received the 1992
513:Public Utilities Fortnightly
1504:American nuclear physicists
1039:American Journal of Physics
778:September 27, 2007, at the
531:American Journal of Physics
448:Nuclear Science and Society
444:Concepts of Nuclear Physics
1540:
1524:21st-century American Jews
1489:Jewish American physicists
1397:"Special Award recipients"
892:10.1088/0952-4746/22/2/302
660:Puskin, Jerome S. (2010).
639:10.1016/j.taap.2004.02.007
419:as Nader could consume of
376:Carnegie-Mellon University
275:linear-no threshold theory
15:
1458:The Nuclear Energy Option
1245:American Physical Society
1221:. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1176:Peters, Josef M. (1967).
944:10.1080/15287390500260960
801:. 75(1):23–28, July 1998.
552:American Physical Society
548:American Physical Society
519:Reviews of Modern Physics
387:Scaife Nuclear Laboratory
326:World Health Organization
263:Linear no-threshold model
1405:American Nuclear Society
1376:American Nuclear Society
1347:American Nuclear Society
1318:American Nuclear Society
1290:. Health Physics Society
1268:. Health Physics Society
583:American Nuclear Society
571:American Nuclear Society
372:University of Pittsburgh
300:(assistant professor of
259:University of Pittsburgh
1020:Retrieved 26 March 2011
613:Retrieved 23 March 2011
1310:"Walter H. Zinn Award"
1086:Puskin, J. S. (2003).
860:. Retrieved 03-23-2011
563:Health Physics Society
396:(county averages) and
362:Scholarly achievements
137:relies excessively on
1151:Vanderbilt University
243:Bernard Leonard Cohen
1162:Bernard L. Cohen in
567:Walter H. Zinn Award
466:, health effects of
347:' work-group study -
79:factual accuracy is
16:For other uses, see
1051:1983AmJPh..51...75C
936:2006JTEHA..69..599W
884:2002JRP....22..141L
507:Scientific American
477:Physics and Society
378:. He taught at UP (
338:radiation hormesis
306:University of Iowa
251:Professor Emeritus
1372:Honors and Awards
1314:Honors and Awards
759:978-0-07-038309-8
739:978-0-07-038309-8
538:Awards and honors
472:radioactive waste
440:Heart of the Atom
240:
239:
232:
222:
221:
214:
196:
120:
119:
112:
61:
1531:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1196:. Archived from
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1141:
1135:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1061:. Archived from
1036:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1002:
996:
990:. Archived from
989:
980:
974:
970:
964:
963:
930:(7–8): 599–631.
918:
912:
911:
867:
861:
854:
848:
847:
835:
825:
819:
808:
802:
797:Cohen, Bernard.
789:
783:
768:
762:
751:
742:
727:
721:
720:
718:
717:
706:
700:
699:
689:
657:
651:
650:
620:
614:
607:
294:R. William Field
235:
228:
217:
210:
206:
203:
197:
195:
154:
130:
122:
115:
108:
104:
101:
95:
92:reliably sourced
72:
71:
64:
53:
31:
30:
23:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1479:
1478:
1449:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1380:
1378:
1368:"Special Award"
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1164:Nuclear Energy;
1161:
1157:
1142:
1138:
1123:
1119:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1059:10.1119/1.13440
1034:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
987:
985:"Archived copy"
983:
981:
977:
971:
967:
920:
919:
915:
869:
868:
864:
855:
851:
844:
833:
827:
826:
822:
809:
805:
790:
786:
780:Wayback Machine
772:Cohen's fallacy
769:
765:
752:
745:
728:
724:
715:
713:
708:
707:
703:
659:
658:
654:
622:
621:
617:
608:
595:
591:
565:, and the 1996
540:
501:Catholic Digest
483:National Review
460:nuclear physics
436:
428:
417:plutonium oxide
370:, Masters from
364:
271:
236:
225:
224:
223:
218:
207:
201:
198:
155:
153:
147:
143:primary sources
131:
116:
105:
99:
96:
85:
77:This article's
73:
69:
32:
28:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1448:
1447:External links
1445:
1443:
1442:
1417:
1388:
1359:
1330:
1301:
1279:
1257:
1232:
1210:
1188:(3): 131–141.
1168:
1155:
1136:
1127:Health Physics
1117:
1092:Health Physics
1078:
1022:
975:
965:
913:
862:
849:
842:
820:
803:
799:Health Physics
792:Abstract from
784:
763:
743:
722:
701:
672:(3): 387–388.
652:
615:
592:
590:
587:
539:
536:
495:Science Digest
435:
432:
426:
374:and Ph.D from
363:
360:
345:United Nations
298:Brian J. Smith
279:carcinogenesis
270:
267:
238:
237:
220:
219:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
76:
74:
67:
62:
36:
35:
33:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1536:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:0-306-43567-5
1464:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1453:Bernard Cohen
1451:
1450:
1446:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1200:on 2008-06-10
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:(4): 526–32.
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1068:on 2007-09-26
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1017:
1011:
997:on 2010-12-14
993:
986:
979:
976:
969:
966:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
866:
863:
859:
853:
850:
845:
843:9789283212782
839:
832:
831:
824:
821:
817:
816:0-9562756-1-3
813:
807:
804:
800:
796:
795:
788:
785:
781:
777:
774:
773:
767:
764:
760:
756:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
726:
723:
711:
705:
702:
697:
693:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:Dose-Response
663:
656:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:(2): 125–36.
632:
628:
627:
619:
616:
612:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
594:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
537:
535:
533:
532:
527:
526:
521:
520:
515:
514:
509:
508:
503:
502:
497:
496:
491:
490:
485:
484:
479:
478:
473:
469:
465:
464:nuclear power
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
433:
431:
429:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
361:
359:
357:
352:
350:
346:
341:
339:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:biostatistics
299:
295:
290:
286:
282:
280:
276:
268:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
231:
216:
213:
205:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
177:
173:
170:
166:
163: –
162:
158:
157:Find sources:
151:
145:
144:
140:
135:This article
133:
129:
124:
123:
114:
111:
103:
93:
89:
83:
82:
75:
66:
65:
60:
58:
51:
50:
45:
44:
39:
34:
25:
24:
19:
1457:
1433:. Retrieved
1420:
1408:. Retrieved
1400:
1391:
1379:. Retrieved
1371:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1342:
1333:
1321:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1260:
1248:. Retrieved
1235:
1223:. Retrieved
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1185:
1181:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1145:
1139:
1131:
1125:
1124:Puskin, JL.
1120:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1070:. Retrieved
1063:the original
1045:(1): 75–76.
1042:
1038:
1025:
999:. Retrieved
992:the original
978:
968:
927:
923:
916:
878:(2): 141–8.
875:
871:
865:
852:
829:
823:
806:
798:
793:
787:
771:
766:
725:
714:. Retrieved
712:. Legacy.com
704:
669:
665:
655:
630:
624:
618:
574:
556:
541:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
487:
481:
475:
455:
454:(1983), and
451:
447:
443:
439:
437:
434:Publications
402:
391:
384:
365:
353:
342:
334:
322:Richard Doll
310:Jerry Puskin
291:
287:
283:
272:
242:
241:
226:
208:
199:
189:
182:
175:
168:
156:
136:
106:
100:October 2020
97:
78:
54:
47:
41:
40:Please help
37:
1499:2012 deaths
1494:1924 births
1132:Health Phys
731:McGraw-Hill
405:Ralph Nader
398:lung cancer
318:Sarah Darby
1483:Categories
1225:August 22,
1204:2008-03-29
1072:2007-08-03
1001:2011-03-27
716:2012-03-20
589:References
407:described
320:, and Sir
312:(from the
249:, and was
247:Pittsburgh
172:newspapers
139:references
43:improve it
1410:March 27,
1381:March 28,
1352:March 28,
1323:March 28,
1294:April 11,
1272:April 11,
1250:April 11,
908:250890569
569:from the
561:from the
546:from the
468:radiation
409:plutonium
202:July 2011
88:talk page
49:talk page
1435:April 7,
1143:Radsafe
1112:12705451
1010:cite web
960:25665833
952:16608829
900:12148789
776:Archived
696:20877494
647:15163548
450:(1974),
421:caffeine
81:disputed
1047:Bibcode
932:Bibcode
880:Bibcode
687:2939694
356:uranium
349:UNSCEAR
257:at the
255:Physics
186:scholar
1465:
1110:
958:
950:
906:
898:
840:
814:
757:
737:
694:
684:
645:
528:, and
504:, and
188:
181:
174:
167:
159:
1066:(PDF)
1035:(PDF)
995:(PDF)
988:(PDF)
956:S2CID
904:S2CID
834:(PDF)
403:When
394:radon
193:JSTOR
179:books
1463:ISBN
1437:2011
1412:2011
1383:2011
1354:2011
1325:2011
1296:2011
1274:2011
1252:2011
1227:2015
1108:PMID
1016:link
948:PMID
896:PMID
838:ISBN
812:ISBN
755:ISBN
735:ISBN
692:PMID
643:PMID
411:as "
380:Pitt
165:news
1430:NAE
1190:doi
1100:doi
1055:doi
940:doi
888:doi
682:PMC
674:doi
635:doi
631:197
489:Oui
328:'s
316:),
308:),
253:of
141:to
1485::
1469:).
1428:.
1403:.
1399:.
1374:.
1370:.
1345:.
1341:.
1316:.
1312:.
1243:.
1184:.
1180:.
1106:.
1096:84
1094:.
1090:.
1053:.
1043:51
1041:.
1037:.
1012:}}
1008:{{
954:.
946:.
938:.
928:69
926:.
902:.
894:.
886:.
876:22
874:.
746:^
690:.
680:.
668:.
664:.
641:.
629:.
596:^
534:.
522:,
516:,
498:,
492:,
486:,
480:,
470:,
427:50
425:LD
389:.
304:,
296:,
152:.
52:.
1461:(
1439:.
1414:.
1385:.
1356:.
1327:.
1298:.
1276:.
1254:.
1229:.
1207:.
1192::
1186:7
1153:.
1114:.
1102::
1075:.
1057::
1049::
1018:)
1004:.
962:.
942::
934::
910:.
890::
882::
846:.
818:.
761:.
741:.
719:.
698:.
676::
670:8
649:.
637::
233:)
227:(
215:)
209:(
204:)
200:(
190:·
183:·
176:·
169:·
146:.
113:)
107:(
102:)
98:(
94:.
84:.
59:)
55:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
