367:
change their approach to the disease. Most of them resisted, however, and continued to perform radical mastectomies, and many accused Fisher and his supporters of placing women's lives at risk by not performing the radical surgery. Fisher later described the widespread resistance to his approach by the medical establishment as “extensive and often unpleasant". "For 50 years", he later recalled, “surgeons had been trained to do radical surgery. They felt that performing the lumpectomy was totally inappropriate". Hence, "my peers were my antagonists....It was difficult to get doctors to put doctors into the trials, and, as might have been anticipated, it was even more difficult to persuade women to be randomized to a study in which some of them would undergo mastectomy and others would have their breasts preserved".
283:"I wasn’t the least bit interested in breast cancer", Fisher later said. "But since Dr. Ravdin was an army general who had operated on President Eisenhower, when he commanded me to attend the meeting, I did so. At the time of that first meeting in 1956, the idea of using clinical trials to obtain information, and certainly the idea of giving therapy following surgery, were novel approaches to treatment". Fisher was initially reluctant to relinquish his research on liver regeneration and transplantation and to take up the study of breast cancer and other malignant diseases, but he became intrigued by the subject of tumor metastasis. Indeed, he "was captivated", he later said, both by "the mystery of metastasis" and by "the new concept of the clinical trial".
355:"that breast cancer was a systemic disease in that tumor cells were likely to have been disseminated throughout the body by the time of diagnosis and that more expensive locoregional therapy was unlikely to improve survival". In other words, they believed that cancer cells was spread through the blood and lymph systems and that it entered these systems at an earlier stage than had previously been thought. This meant that the best way to fight breast cancer was not to perform an extensive excision of local tissue. Instead, a lumpectomy, in which only the tumor itself and a small amount of surrounding tissue are excised, would likely be just as effective and would have the added advantage of not causing disfigurement.
443:
the women's health movement." According to the article, "his reputation was in ruins....It was hard to believe that this humbled man had been, for decades, the bold field marshal of hundreds of staunchly independent surgeons, thousands of dedicated patients, millions of research dollars....It was hard to believe that the vast clinical network he had built up and run from a crowded headquarters at the
University of Pittsburgh had slipped out of his control. That Bernard Fisher had been undone by another scientist's fraud and his own blindness or hubris".
578:
Fisher had "done more than any other single individual to advance the understanding of the clinical biology of breast cancer" and "conceptually reshaped and improved the treatment of breast cancer, extending and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease....From 1972 to 1981, the use of radical mastectomies has declined progressively from 46.8 percent to 4.5 percent. Each year from 55,000 to 60,000 women in the U.S. have breast cancer of 4 centimetres (1.6 in) or less and are eligible for this breast-preserving therapy".
33:
524:
As remarkable as Fisher's scientific contributions, one colleague has written, "is that some 60 years into his career as a surgeon scientist he remains actively involved not just with accepting awards (which alone would keep him busy) but with adding to his bibliography of over 600 papers and with continuing to analyze and review the broad implications of his studies in the treatment of human disease".
485:
expenses. After the settlement was announced, Fisher said that the lawsuit had not been about money, which, he indicated, “could hardly compensate for the 3½ years lost from his work,” but about “truth and justice.” He hoped that the settlement would “act as a deterrent to those who would disregard due process and the
840:"The incidence of lung carcinoma after surgery for breast carcinoma with and without postoperative radiotherapy: Results of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) clinical trials B04 and B06", by Melvin Deutsch, Stephanie R. Land, Mirsada Begovic, H. Samuel Wieand, Norman Wolmark, Bernard Fisher,
421:, "admitted that he had falsified data for years to get unqualified patients into trials." To ensure that Poisson's bad data had not "affected the outcome of the lumpectomy trial, Fisher reanalyzed the study" and found that the results were still valid. "He notified the federal officials at his granting agency, the
811:"Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer”, by Bernard Fisher, Stewart Anderson, John Bryant, Richard G. Margolese, Melvin Deutsch, Edwin R. Fisher, Jong-Hyeon Jeong and Norman Wolmark,
442:
article about Fisher's appearance before the subcommittee, Fisher, once a "magnetic, autocratic genius", was described as "tired, abstracted, ill-prepared", with "no trace left of the bravado with which he had led his landmark clinical trials, no trace of the fierce pragmatism that made him a hero of
323:
Fisher's impact on breast-cancer treatment was the subject of an August 2013 article in the
Atlantic Monthly that was occasioned by his 95th birthday. "Before 1971, if you had breast cancer, chances are you'd have to get your breast cut off", the article recalled. "Surgeons had been taught one thing:
275:
In the spring of 1957, having returned to the
University of Pittsburgh, Fisher received a request from I.S. Ravdin, M.D., who had been his mentor at the University of Pennsylvania, and who at the time was Chairman of the Clinical Studies Panel of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center at the
432:
The national media reported in 1994 that
Poisson had falsified data in 99 cases and that both Fisher and the NCI, under whose auspices the research was being done, had kept this information from the public. One journalist's interpretation of the episode was that "the same self-assured and pugnacious
395:
Fisher discovered "that breast cancer metastasis is not solely determined by anatomic considerations, but is also influenced by biologic activity of both the tumor and the host". Furthermore, a 20-year follow-up from one of his studies proved that "lumpectomy preserved the breast with no deleterious
383:
Fisher's work fundamentally changed the understanding of breast cancer and improved and extended the lives of thousands of women. To quote the citation of his Albert Lasker Award, Fisher "demonstrated that the regional lymph nodes were not a barrier to the dissemination of tumor cells, as postulated
354:
For over ten years, Fisher and his research team carried out "a multitude of investigations regarding the biology of tumor metastasis". Their findings caused them to question the very theories upon which
Halsted's approach had been based, and led them to formulate an alternative hypothesis. This was
523:
magazine observed, "Today, medicine relies almost exclusively on randomized controlled trials and their more sophisticated cousins, meta-analyses, to guide treatment decisions. Bernard Fisher's story reminds us of the consequences patients faced in a time before such trials were the gold standard".
391:
When Fisher began to perform research on breast cancer, "it was widely believed," he later wrote, “that patients with tumors in the inner quadrants of the breast had a poorer prognosis than those with lesions in the outer quadrants". Fisher's research led him to conclude, on the contrary, "that the
335:
made it possible for surgeons to perform more extensive operations". Such was the situation when Fisher began working on breast cancer. At that time, moreover, "researchers theorized that women died of breast cancer despite radical surgery because tumor cells were dislodged during the operation. It
712:
To honor Fisher's career, the
University of Pittsburgh created the Bernard Fisher Lecture in 2005. In January 2006, the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine named David L. Bartlett, M.D., professor of surgery and chief of the division of surgical oncology at the school, as its inaugural Dr.
577:
Fisher won the Albert Lasker
Clinical Medical Research Award for 1985, which was given in recognition of "his profound influence in shaping the character of modern breast cancer treatment, thus lengthening and enriching the lives of women suffering from this dread disease". The citation noted that
366:
By the late 1960s, Fisher's research had established that radical mastectomy was indeed "no more effective than total mastectomy", and that a total mastectomy, in turn, was “no more effective than lumpectomy in treating breast cancer.” Fisher consequently urged his fellow breast-cancer surgeons to
539:
since 1985. He served on a number of scientific advisory committees and was appointed by the White House to serve on the
National Cancer Advisory Board and the President's Cancer Panel. He was a member of many editorial boards and belonged to most of the important academic, medical, surgical, and
493:
The apology from the university included stating "sincere regret at any harm or public embarrassment that Dr. Fisher sustained which was in any manner related to the activities of the
University of Pittsburgh, and/or its employees," and "that at no time was Dr. Fisher found to have engaged in any
489:
right to freedom of speech.” Responding to the charge “that he had not properly audited the data submitted by other researchers, had published papers knowing that some data had been falsified, and had been slow to publish corrections,” Fisher pointed out “that it was NSABP investigators who first
461:
Over time, however, it emerged that Fisher and his colleagues had long since considered
Poisson's 99 cases from their data bank and examined the remaining data, and had discovered that Poisson's falsifications had not influenced the results of the study. Indeed, the results were nearly identical.
387:
Fisher was "the first to show that less-invasive lumpectomy surgery treated breast cancer just as effectively as did disfiguring radical mastectomies." He also demonstrated that postoperative systemic chemotherapy and hormonal therapy could be efficacious elements of postoperative treatments, and
347:. This procedure involved the removal not only of the entire breast but also the underarm lymph nodes and chest wall muscles. Such operations left women with gaping holes in their chests. The argument for this approach was "that cancer cells, originating from the breast, always passed through the
484:
In autumn 1997, six weeks before his case was set to go to trial, Fisher accepted an apology from the university and a cash settlement from the defendants and agreed to withdraw his lawsuit. Fisher reportedly received $ 2.75 million in damages, plus $ 300,000 from the NCI to cover his legal
407:
Aside from utterly transforming the treatment of breast cancer, Fisher's pioneering of "the multicenter randomized clinical trial set a standard for the scientific evaluation of therapy for many other diseases". His early work on tumor metastasis, moreover, has been described as "pav the way for
374:
Ultimately, his recommendations for breast-cancer treatment won the approval of the medical establishment. "In 1985," reported the Atlantic, "the New England Journal of Medicine published two of Fisher's studies that definitively proved" his earlier findings. His recommended approach to treating
162:
described Fisher's research as "launching the breast cancer community into the modern era" and honored him with a Giants of Cancer Care award for his work that ultimately ended the standard practice of performing the Halsted radical mastectomy, a treatment that had been in place for more than 75
370:
Fisher's arguments received considerable positive attention in the 1970s, however, from many women's rights activists. According to women's health activist Cynthia Pearson, the “women's health movement began talking about mastectomy as one of the examples of sexism in medical care in the United
315:
In a March 20, 1967, letter, Dr. Rudolf J. Noer suggested that Fisher apply for the position of chairman of the NSABP. He was officially appointed to that post on May 9 of that year. During the succeeding decades he would lead clinical trials that would result in transformative changes in the
403:
In addition, Fisher carried out "the first women's health trial in the United States to evaluate the use of the preventative agent tamoxifen, which was ultimately shown to reduce by almost 50% the incidence of disease in at-risk women." The drug is now taken by millions of women who have had
287:
biostatistics to obtain credible information from those trials". Giving up the liver regeneration and transplantation research in which he had been engaged, he began, along with his brother Edwin, a member of the University of Pittsburgh's pathology department, to study the biology of tumor
327:"For more than the first half of the 20th century", Fisher later explained, "surgery was the only treatment for breast cancer. During that time, there was uniform agreement about breast cancer treatment. Disagreement related to whether or not surgery should be more radical. Improvements in
298:
examining the results of systemic therapy following radical mastectomy for breast cancer. This study of more than 800 women, which was the first project to emerge from the NIH meeting, concluded that while chemotherapy involving the drug thiotepa positively affected the survival rates of
286:
Fisher later said that after that NIH meeting, "I discovered how little information there was related to the biology of breast cancer and what a lack of interest there was in understanding the disease. At the meeting, I learned about the need for randomized clinical trials and the use of
392:
location of a tumor was unrelated to its prognosis" and "that there was no justification for selecting specific surgical or radiation approaches based upon tumor location". He would stay in that position until 1994, excepting an interlude during which he was removed from the position.
384:
earlier, but were routes traversed by tumor cells to gain access to the circulating bloodstream and lymphatic system. Out of this basic work on cancer metastasis came a new model for the management of breast cancer based on the premise that the disease is systemic from its inception."
721:
Fisher's "wife of 69 years, Shirley Kruman Fisher, died in 2016." She was a medical researcher who worked in bacteriology. Both she and Fisher's brother, the pathologist Edwin Fisher, worked with him in his early research and experiments. Bernard and Shirley had three children.
458:, of a "shocking breach of trust". Amid the charges of scientific malfeasance, the NCI and the University of Pittsburgh removed him as head of the NSABP. At the time of his removal, he was engaged in a clinical trial studying whether tamoxifen could prevent breast cancer.
453:
But the news about the falsified data blackened Fisher's image, at least for a time. Many breast-cancer sufferers who had followed Fisher's advice and opted for lumpectomies instead of radical mastectomies were especially outraged. Sharon Batt accused Fisher in her book,
879:"Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (NSABP) protocol B17: Five-year observations concerning lobular carcinoma in situ", by Edwin R. Fisher, Joseph Costantino, Bernard Fisher, Alka S. Palekar, S. M. Paik, C. M. Suarez, Norman Wolmark.
861:"Pathologic findings from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (NSABP) eight-year update of Protocol B17: Intraductal carcinoma", by Edwin R. Fisher, James Dignam, Elizabeth Tan-Chiu, Joseph Costantino, Bernard Fisher, Soonmyung Paik, Norman Wolmark.
399:
He was the first scientist to reject the idea that cancer was "autonomous of its host," and to argue that “solid tumors such as breast cancer are likely to be systemic at the time of diagnosis and represent potential metastases during the life of the host."
585:
for Lifetime Achievement in Cancer Research. "Dr. Fisher's important work not only helped those who fight the disease, but has also helped prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk", said Dr. Margaret Foti, chief executive officer of the AACR.
416:
In 1990, one of the statisticians on Fisher's research team "noticed a discrepancy on the chart of one breast cancer patient being treated by a researcher in a hospital in Montreal." Upon being questioned by Fisher, the researcher, Dr. Roger Poisson at
786:"Postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer: results of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) Clinical Trial", by Bernard Fisher, Nelson H. Slack, Patrick J. Cavanaugh, Bernard Gariner, Robert G. Ravdin,
280:(NIH). Ravdin asked Fisher to join 22 other surgeons in attending an NIH meeting to discuss the establishment of the Surgical Adjuvant Chemotherapy Breast Project, later known as the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP).
512:
After the Poisson scandal was put to rest and Fisher's reputation restored, Fisher again took up his position at the NSABP, where he resumed his efforts to establish the efficacy of tamoxifen in lowering breast cancer risk in high-risk women.
847:"Fifteen-year prognostic discriminants for invasive breast carcinoma: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocol06", by Edwin R. Fisher, Stewart Anderson, Elizabeth Tan-Chiu, Bernard Fisher, Lamar Eaton, Norman Wolmark.
1726:
868:"Prognosis among African-American women and white women with lymph node negative breast carcinoma: Findings from two randomized clinical trials of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)", by James J. Dignam,
1706:
319:
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Fisher studied cancer biology and performed randomized clinical studies comparing the relative effectiveness of lumpectomy, total mastectomy, and lumpectomy followed by chemotherapy or radiation.
358:
What Fisher introduced, in short, was an entirely new theory about the spread of breast cancer: while Halsted had posited that it spread by permeating surrounding tissues, Fisher argued that it was spread through the blood and
465:
Meanwhile, Fisher had taken legal action. After being removed from his position at the NSABP, and being publicly accused by the University of Pittsburgh and NCI of having knowingly published false data, Fisher filed a
793:"L-phenylalanine mustard (L-PAM) in the management of primary breast cancer: an update of earlier findings and a comparison with those utilizing L-PAM plus 5-fluorouracil (5FU)", by Bernard Fisher, Andrew Glass,
425:, of the problem with the errant researcher", and continued his work. But federal investigators stepped in, and eventually a congressional subcommittee called a hearing. "They found problems with Fisher's
231:
Fisher was named assistant professor at the University of Pittsburgh and established the laboratory of surgical research at that institution, of which he was director. Among his research interests were
1646:
470:
lawsuit. The defendants were the university; its law firm, Washington, DC-based Hogan & Hartson; the Department of Health and Human Services; the National Institutes of Health; NCI; and the
1282:
1741:
500:"There was never any falsified data published, and the ORI acknowledges that now in their report and also that my actions were entirely appropriate and proper," Fisher said. He told
446:
The article noted, to be sure, that some members of the scientific community "flatly refus to believe Bernard Fisher could commit bad science," quoting New York cancer researcher Dr.
829:"Pathologic findings from the national surgical adjuvant breast project (protocol 4): Discriminants for 15-year survival", by Edwin R. Fisher, Joseph Costantino, Bernard Fisher,
1756:
1711:
555:
1408:
519:
Fisher said that the greatest contribution of his career "was carrying out laboratory investigations...which have altered our understanding and treatment of breast cancer".
997:
1093:
181:
351:
prior to metastatic spread and, therefore, required radical surgery to remove the entire breast, underlying chest muscle, and axillary lymph nodes to halt metastasis".
1221:
728:
Dr. Gabriel Hortobagyi described Fisher as "a very, very complex man" who "could charm you off your feet in no time" but who also had "a reputation for arrogance".
396:
effect on either distant disease-free survival or overall survival". Additionally, his work "provid evidence that breast cancer can be both treated and prevented".
653:
1736:
504:
that he was “really very pleased and satisfied that the litigation is over and that I’m able to get back to doing my research under favorable circumstances.”
429:
system, potential problems with misconduct at another site, sloppy paperwork at a few more of the 500 centers that Fisher had been relying upon for data."
132:
854:"Fifteen-year prognostic discriminants for invasive breast carcinoma", by Edwin R. Fisher, Stewart Anderson, Bernard Fisher, Lamar Eaton, Norman Wolmark.
623:
1654:
1456:
471:
1746:
548:
497:
In addition to the university's apology, the NCI issued a statement calling Fisher a “force in the study of breast cancer for the last 40 years.”
184:
in 1985 "for his pioneering studies that have led to a dramatic improvement in survival and in the quality of life for women with breast cancer."
822:(NSABP) protocol B21, by Edwin R. Fisher, Joseph P. Costantino, Marino E. Leon, Hanna Bandos, Alka S. Palekar, Bernard Fisher, Norman Wolmark.
1721:
1701:
1696:
1147:
797:, Edwin R. Fisher, Bruce Barton, Emillie Such, Paul Carbone, Steven Economou, Roger Foster, Robert Frelick, Harvey Lerner and Martin Levitt.
663:
544:
804:"Laboratory and clinical research in breast cancer – a personal adventure: the David A. Karnofsky memorial lecture", by Bernard Fisher,
1751:
1731:
1716:
481:
In 1997, after a three-year investigation the Office of Research Integrity ruled that Fisher was innocent of any scientific misconduct.
527:
Into at least his nineties, Fisher was a Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh.
1691:
1416:
478:
and that the defendants violated Dr. Fisher’s right to free speech by interfering with his right to publish in medical journals.”
1049:
339:
Since the late 19th century, breast cancer had been treated with the Halsted radical mastectomy, named for its originator, Dr.
751:
699:
516:
In 1986, he was appointed Distinguished Service Professor of Surgery. In 1994 he left the position of chairman of the NSABP.
1558:
1318:
970:
1628:
1602:
608:
277:
208:
1125:
1761:
676:
639:
633:
559:
536:
260:
779:"Barrier function of lymph node to tumor cells and erythrocytes. I. Normal nodes", by Bernard Fisher, Edwin R. Fisher.
757:
703:
148:
163:
years. Thanks to Fisher, notes another major oncology journal, breast-cancer survival rates have improved worldwide.
1157:
256:
200:, the son of Anna (Miller) and Reuben Fisher. His family was Jewish. His brother, Edwin, would eventually become a
1283:"Dr. Bernard Fisher's Breast Cancer Research Left a Lasting Legacy of Improved Therapeutic Efficacy and Survival"
898:
657:
422:
295:
672:
371:
States.” Fisher's ideas won the movement's support and became a political issue as well as a medical question.
215:
128:
85:
1464:
1580:
1226:
617:
340:
123:(August 23, 1918 – October 16, 2019) was an American surgeon and a pioneer in the biology and treatment of
344:
1193:
571:
438:
135:. His work established definitively that early-stage breast cancer could be more effectively treated by
1483:
1686:
1681:
595:
558:
in 1991, was named a fellow of American Association for Cancer Research in 2013, and was a fellow of
418:
264:
241:
174:
figure" who brought about "far reaching changes...in the understanding of cancer and its treatment".
1457:"First Bernard Fisher Professor Of Surgery Appointed At University Of Pittsburgh School Of Medicine"
1409:"Cancer Researcher No Longer The Hero Bernard Fisher Was Fired Amid Allegations Of Faulty Research"
32:
1050:"Dr. Bernard Fisher is Distinguished Service Professor of Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh"
1533:
1198:
336:
was believed that the dissemination of those cells resulted in metastasis and subsequent death".
233:
152:
490:
uncovered the data falsification and it was the NSABP that told authorities about the problem.”
433:
attitude that had helped him triumph over surgical conservatism” had “landed him in hot water".
1374:
923:
746:
694:
332:
249:
140:
388:
that it was possible to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk for the disease.
1525:
1364:
941:
869:
830:
794:
447:
304:
245:
1169:
688:
601:
486:
204:, and the brothers conducted cancer research together, particularly in their early years.
772:"Transmigration of lymph nodes by tumor cells", by Bernard Fisher and Edwin R. Fisher,
1529:
1675:
1057:
894:
738:
300:
166:
Fisher faced constant attacks from within medical ranks as he worked to disprove the
124:
1537:
818:"Pathobiology of small invasive breast cancers without metastases" (T1a/b, N0, M0):
562:, from which he also was awarded the prestigious Jacobson Innovation Award in 2009.
1098:
360:
197:
176:
144:
57:
1430:
1514:
McCarthy, Michael (March 15, 1997). "US investigators exonerate Bernard Fisher".
647:
582:
475:
237:
201:
1516:
467:
348:
328:
288:
193:
171:
136:
53:
1353:"Bernard Fisher Reflects on a Half-Century's Worth of Breast Cancer Research"
1194:"Dr. Bernard Fisher, Who Revolutionized Breast Cancer Treatment, Dies at 101"
1094:"How Clinical Trials Saved Women With Breast Cancer From Disfiguring Surgery"
927:
324:
radical surgery saves lives. It was Bernard Fisher who changed their minds".
1378:
614:
Bristol-Myers Squibb Award for Distinguished Achievement in Cancer Research
1369:
1352:
725:
Bernard Fisher died in Pittsburgh on October 16, 2019, at the age of 101.
450:
as asking. "Do you think...the Pope takes money out of a collection box?"
131:. He was Chairman of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project at the
426:
167:
255:
From 1950 through 1952, he was a fellow in experimental surgery at the
1629:"Bernard Fisher, M.D., Pioneer in Breast Cancer Research, Dies at 101"
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
998:"Fisher's Respect for Scientific Methods Propelled Landmark Advances"
1056:. University of Pennsylvania / Penn Surgery Society. Archived from
267:, where he sought to increase his knowledge about transplantation.
170:
of the old status quo treatment, eventually being described as "an
1707:
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
650:
Historical Milestones Excellence in Clinical Research Award (2003)
1152:. Standard Who's Who. 1980. p. 132 – via Google Books.
1727:
Recipients of the Lasker–DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award
291:. He would spend the next four decades studying breast cancer.
211:
in 1936 and was inducted in their alumni hall of fame in 2009.
662:
Distinguished Service Award for Scientific Achievement of the
474:(ORI). Fisher's suit “charged that the dismissal came without
535:
Fisher had been a member of the Institute of Medicine of the
494:
scientific or ethical misconduct concerning any of his work.
1222:"Comedian Marty Allen part of Allderdice's first hall class"
1559:"University of Pittsburgh Apologizes to Dr. Bernard Fisher"
872:, Bernard Fisher, Joseph P. Costantino, Brenda K. Edwards.
244:. While engaged in research, he also performed general and
1319:"Bernard Fisher receives AACR Lifetime Achievement Award"
303:
women, physicians were hesitant to begin using systemic
644:
AACR-Joseph H. Burchenal Clinical Research Award (1998)
547:
from 1992 to 1993 and on the board of directors of the
375:
breast cancer thereafter gained universal acceptance.
1635:. University of Pittsburgh – via news.pitt.edu.
629:
James Ewing Award of the Society of Surgical Oncology
408:
later hypotheses about the spread" of breast cancer.
638:
Distinguished Service Award from the Friends of the
820:
National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project
556:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
106:
98:
81:
65:
39:
23:
1742:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine alumni
182:Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research
1126:"Albert Lasker: Clinical Medical Research Award"
180:called him "a medical hero". He was awarded the
227:Early surgery, research, and postgraduate study
654:Komen Brinker Award for Scientific Distinction
583:American Association for Cancer Research Award
456:Patient No More: The Politics of Breast Cancer
248:. He was one of the first surgeons to perform
218:in 1943, then completed a surgical residency.
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
815:, vol. 347, no. 16, pp. 1233–1241, 2002.
8:
858:, vol. 91, no. S8, pp. 1679–1687, 2001.
851:, vol. 91, no. S8, pp. 1679–1687, 2001.
837:, vol. 71, no. S6, pp. 2141–2150, 2006.
826:, vol. 110, no. 9, pp. 1929–1936, 2007.
783:, vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1907–1913, 1967.
607:Medallion for Scientific Achievement of the
600:General Motors Cancer Research Foundation's
214:He graduated from the medical school at the
1757:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
1712:Fellows of the American College of Surgeons
1565:. Oncology NEWS International Vol 6 No 10.
883:, vol. 78, no. 7, pp. 1403–1416, 1996.
844:, vol. 98, no. 7, pp. 1362–1368, 2003.
801:, vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 2883–2903, 1977.
259:. In 1955, he was a research fellow at the
133:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
110:University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
1583:. American Association for Cancer Research
1044:
1042:
790:, vol. 172, no. 4, pp. 711–730, 1970.
675:, the highest research award given by the
31:
20:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1368:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
865:, vol. 86, no. 3, pp. 429–438, 1999.
1509:
1507:
1505:
1484:"Bernard Fisher: Rethinking Cancer Care"
1357:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
632:Sheen Lifetime Achievement Award of the
549:American Association for Cancer Research
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
918:Schneiderman, H.; Carmin, I.J. (1972).
910:
876:, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 80–90, 1997.
294:In 1958, Fisher took part in the first
1603:"Jacobson Innovation Award Recipients"
1451:
1449:
1447:
1165:
1155:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1087:
965:
963:
961:
959:
624:Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
776:, vol. 152, pp. 1397–1398, 1966.
713:Bernard Fisher Professor of Surgery.
664:American Society of Clinical Oncology
545:American Society of Clinical Oncology
7:
1737:Taylor Allderdice High School alumni
1192:Gellene, Denise (October 19, 2019).
1092:Lerner, Barron H. (August 9, 2013).
996:Zigrand, Cheryl (January 10, 2014).
808:, vol. 40, pp. 3863–3874, 1980.
236:in rats, the physiologic effects of
1647:"Publications of Bernard J. Fisher"
942:"NCI Visuals Online: Image Details"
813:The New England Journal of Medicine
1463:. January 25, 2006. Archived from
1351:Travis, Kate (November 16, 2005).
669:Pittsburgh's Man of the Year Award
570:Early in his career, Fisher won a
543:Fisher served as president of the
261:London Postgraduate Medical School
14:
922:. Pitman Publishing Corporation.
343:(1852–1922), a famous surgeon at
158:The oncology journal and website
1747:University of Pittsburgh faculty
1220:Hecht, Steve (August 27, 2009).
581:In 2006, Fisher was awarded the
554:He was elected a Fellow of the
1609:. American College of Surgeons
752:History of cancer chemotherapy
700:Mount Sinai School of Medicine
76:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
1:
1633:University of Pittsburgh News
1530:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60215-2
609:American Surgical Association
590:Additional awards Fisher won:
278:National Institutes of Health
209:Taylor Allderdice High School
1722:Physicians from Pennsylvania
1702:Burials at Homewood Cemetery
1697:American medical researchers
677:American College of Surgeons
640:National Library of Medicine
634:American College of Surgeons
560:American College of Surgeons
537:National Academy of Sciences
472:Office of Research Integrity
316:treatment of breast cancer.
1407:Otto, Mary (July 7, 1994).
1281:Jo Cavallo (May 15, 2013).
758:The Emperor of All Maladies
704:City University of New York
502:Oncology News International
1778:
1752:21st-century American Jews
1732:Scientists from Pittsburgh
1717:Jewish American scientists
1490:. University of Pittsburgh
944:. visualsonline.cancer.gov
257:University of Pennsylvania
1692:American men centenarians
899:National Cancer Institute
683:Honorary doctorates from:
673:Jacobson Innovation Award
658:Susan G. Komen Foundation
626:’s C. Chester Stock Award
423:National Cancer Institute
296:randomized clinical trial
114:
91:
30:
920:Who's who in World Jewry
708:University of Pittsburgh
216:University of Pittsburgh
188:Early life and education
86:University of Pittsburgh
1227:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
760:: A Biography of Cancer
618:American Cancer Society
508:Later career and legacy
404:breast-cancer surgery.
341:William Stewart Halsted
1569:(10). October 1, 1997.
1054:surgery.uphs.upenn.edu
971:"Bernard Fisher at 95"
540:scientific societies.
345:Johns Hopkins Hospital
139:, in combination with
767:Selected publications
620:Medal of Honor (1986)
439:Philadelphia Inquirer
127:. He was a native of
1581:"Bernard Fisher, MD"
1467:on November 5, 2013.
1419:on November 6, 2013.
596:Fulbright Fellowship
265:Hammersmith Hospital
242:transplant rejection
1762:Jewish centenarians
1431:"Breaking Barriers"
1370:10.1093/jnci/dji419
1128:. Lasker Foundation
551:from 1988 to 1991.
192:Fisher was born in
1657:on January 6, 2014
1199:The New York Times
893:This article uses
572:Markle Scholarship
333:blood transfusions
250:kidney transplants
234:liver regeneration
207:He graduated from
153:radical mastectomy
16:American biologist
1563:CancerNetwork.com
1363:(22): 1636–1637.
1158:cite encyclopedia
1060:on June 20, 2010.
1004:. December 2013.
975:Oncology Practice
788:Annals of Surgery
747:History of cancer
695:Carlow University
566:Honors and awards
311:Chairman of NSABP
141:radiation therapy
118:
117:
1769:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1653:. Archived from
1643:
1637:
1636:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1480:
1469:
1468:
1453:
1442:
1441:
1435:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1415:. Archived from
1404:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1325:. March 27, 2006
1315:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1278:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1189:
1174:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1089:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
977:. August 9, 2013
967:
954:
953:
951:
949:
938:
932:
931:
915:
870:Carol K. Redmond
656:(1988) from the
419:St. Luc Hospital
305:adjuvant therapy
246:vascular surgery
149:hormonal therapy
72:
69:October 16, 2019
49:
47:
35:
21:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1651:Academic Search
1645:
1644:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1472:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1406:
1405:
1386:
1350:
1349:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1279:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1177:
1164:
1154:
1149:Fisher, Bernard
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1114:
1104:
1102:
1091:
1090:
1065:
1048:
1047:
1020:
1010:
1008:
995:
994:
990:
980:
978:
969:
968:
957:
947:
945:
940:
939:
935:
917:
916:
912:
908:
903:
890:
806:Cancer Research
769:
764:
742:(2015 PBS film)
734:
719:
689:Yale University
602:Kettering Prize
568:
533:
510:
487:First Amendment
414:
381:
313:
273:
229:
224:
190:
77:
74:
73:(aged 101)
70:
61:
51:
50:August 23, 1918
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1638:
1620:
1594:
1572:
1543:
1501:
1470:
1443:
1438:nsabp.pitt.edu
1422:
1384:
1336:
1299:
1240:
1212:
1175:
1139:
1112:
1063:
1018:
988:
955:
933:
909:
907:
904:
897:text from the
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
877:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
827:
816:
809:
802:
791:
784:
777:
768:
765:
763:
762:
754:
749:
744:
735:
733:
730:
718:
715:
710:
709:
706:
697:
692:
680:
679:
670:
667:
660:
651:
645:
642:
636:
630:
627:
621:
615:
612:
605:
598:
567:
564:
532:
529:
509:
506:
413:
410:
380:
377:
312:
309:
272:
269:
228:
225:
223:
220:
189:
186:
121:Bernard Fisher
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
93:Medical career
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
75:
67:
63:
62:
52:
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:Bernard Fisher
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1774:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1613:September 21,
1608:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1587:September 21,
1582:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1524:(9054): 784.
1523:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1494:September 21,
1489:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1329:September 21,
1324:
1323:Psych Central
1320:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1292:September 21,
1288:
1287:The ASCO Post
1284:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1233:September 21,
1229:
1228:
1223:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1159:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1132:September 21,
1127:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1105:September 21,
1101:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1011:September 21,
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
981:September 21,
976:
972:
966:
964:
962:
960:
956:
943:
937:
934:
929:
925:
921:
914:
911:
905:
902:
900:
896:
895:public domain
887:
882:
878:
875:
871:
867:
864:
860:
857:
853:
850:
846:
843:
839:
836:
832:
831:Carol Redmond
828:
825:
821:
817:
814:
810:
807:
803:
800:
796:
795:Carol Redmond
792:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
771:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
741:
737:
736:
731:
729:
726:
723:
717:Personal life
716:
714:
707:
705:
701:
698:
696:
693:
690:
687:
686:
685:
684:
678:
674:
671:
668:
665:
661:
659:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
641:
637:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
606:
603:
599:
597:
594:
593:
592:
591:
587:
584:
579:
575:
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
541:
538:
530:
528:
525:
522:
517:
514:
507:
505:
503:
498:
495:
491:
488:
482:
479:
477:
473:
469:
463:
459:
457:
451:
449:
448:James Holland
444:
441:
440:
434:
430:
428:
424:
420:
411:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
362:
361:lymph systems
356:
352:
350:
346:
342:
337:
334:
330:
325:
321:
317:
310:
308:
306:
302:
301:premenopausal
297:
292:
290:
284:
281:
279:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
226:
221:
219:
217:
212:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
187:
185:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
164:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:breast cancer
122:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
84:
80:
68:
64:
59:
55:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:the original
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1606:
1597:
1585:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1562:
1521:
1515:
1492:. Retrieved
1487:
1465:the original
1460:
1437:
1425:
1417:the original
1412:
1360:
1356:
1327:. Retrieved
1322:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1231:. Retrieved
1225:
1215:
1203:. Retrieved
1197:
1148:
1142:
1130:. Retrieved
1103:. Retrieved
1099:The Atlantic
1097:
1058:the original
1053:
1009:. Retrieved
1005:
1002:OncologyLive
1001:
991:
979:. Retrieved
974:
946:. Retrieved
936:
919:
913:
892:
880:
873:
862:
855:
848:
841:
834:
823:
819:
812:
805:
798:
787:
780:
773:
756:
739:
727:
724:
720:
711:
682:
681:
589:
588:
580:
576:
569:
553:
542:
534:
526:
521:The Atlantic
520:
518:
515:
511:
501:
499:
496:
492:
483:
480:
464:
460:
455:
452:
445:
437:
435:
431:
415:
412:Poisson case
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:Achievements
373:
369:
365:
357:
353:
338:
326:
322:
318:
314:
293:
285:
282:
274:
254:
230:
213:
206:
198:Pennsylvania
191:
177:The Atlantic
175:
172:iconoclastic
165:
159:
157:
145:chemotherapy
120:
119:
107:Institutions
92:
71:(2019-10-16)
58:Pennsylvania
18:
1687:2019 deaths
1682:1918 births
1661:November 6,
1205:October 19,
1166:|work=
948:October 14,
648:AstraZeneca
531:Memberships
476:due process
349:lymph nodes
238:hypothermia
202:pathologist
1676:Categories
1517:The Lancet
1413:Philly.com
906:References
468:defamation
329:anesthesia
289:metastasis
194:Pittsburgh
151:, than by
137:lumpectomy
129:Pittsburgh
99:Profession
54:Pittsburgh
46:1918-08-23
1168:ignored (
928:0511-9138
147:, and/or
102:Physician
82:Education
1607:FACS.org
1538:54354388
1488:pitt.edu
1461:UPMC.com
1440:. NSABP.
1379:16288112
732:See also
427:auditing
168:efficacy
774:Science
702:of the
160:OncLive
1536:
1377:
926:
881:Cancer
874:Cancer
863:Cancer
856:Cancer
849:Cancer
842:Cancer
835:Cancer
824:Cancer
799:Cancer
781:Cancer
740:Cancer
691:(2004)
666:(1999)
611:(2003)
604:(1993)
240:, and
222:Career
60:, U.S.
1534:S2CID
1434:(PDF)
888:Notes
436:In a
271:NSABP
1663:2013
1615:2019
1589:2019
1496:2019
1375:PMID
1331:2019
1294:2019
1235:2019
1207:2019
1170:help
1134:2019
1107:2019
1013:2019
983:2019
950:2014
924:ISSN
331:and
66:Died
40:Born
1526:doi
1522:349
1365:doi
263:at
1678::
1649:.
1631:.
1605:.
1561:.
1546:^
1532:.
1520:.
1504:^
1486:.
1473:^
1459:.
1446:^
1436:.
1411:.
1387:^
1373:.
1361:97
1359:.
1355:.
1339:^
1321:.
1302:^
1285:.
1243:^
1224:.
1196:.
1178:^
1162::
1160:}}
1156:{{
1115:^
1096:.
1066:^
1052:.
1021:^
1006:14
1000:.
973:.
958:^
901:.
833:.
574:.
363:.
307:.
252:.
196:,
155:.
143:,
56:,
1665:.
1617:.
1591:.
1567:6
1540:.
1528::
1498:.
1381:.
1367::
1333:.
1296:.
1237:.
1209:.
1172:)
1136:.
1109:.
1015:.
985:.
952:.
930:.
48:)
44:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
