842:
the
Ottoman Empire was the same as what happened to Jews in Nazi Germany and that is a downright falsehood. What happened to the Armenians was the result of a massive Armenian armed rebellion against the Turks, which began even before war broke out, and continued on a larger scale. Great numbers of Armenians, including members of the armed forces, deserted, crossed the frontier and joined the Russian forces invading Turkey. Armenian rebels actually seized the city of Van and held it for a while intending to hand it over to the invaders. There was guerilla warfare all over Anatolia. And it is what we nowadays call the National Movement of Armenians Against Turkey. The Turks certainly resorted to very ferocious methods in repelling it. There is clear evidence of a decision by the Turkish Government, to deport the Armenian population from the sensitive areas. Which meant naturally the whole of Anatolia. Not including the Arab provinces which were then still part of the Ottoman Empire. There is no evidence of a decision to massacre. On the contrary, there is considerable evidence of attempt to prevent it, which were not very successful. Yes there were tremendous massacres, the numbers are very uncertain but a million nay may well be likely. The massacres were carried out by irregulars, by local villagers responding to what had been done to them and in number of other ways. But to make this, a parallel with the holocaust in Germany, you would have to assume the Jews of Germany had been engaged in an armed rebellion against the German state, collaborating with the allies against Germany. That in the deportation order the cities of Hamburg and Berlin were exempted, persons in the employment of state were exempted, and the deportation only applied to the Jews of Germany proper, so that when they got to Poland they were welcomed and sheltered by the Polish Jews. This seems to me a rather absurd parallel.
4407:
534:
526:, New Jersey. The terms of his appointment were such that Lewis taught only one semester per year, and being free from administrative responsibilities, he could devote more time to research than previously. Consequently, Lewis's arrival at Princeton marked the beginning of the most prolific period in his research career during which he published numerous books and articles based on previously accumulated materials. After retiring from Princeton in 1986, Lewis served at
40:
670:
1158:, Said argued that "Lewis simply cannot deal with the diversity of Muslim, much less human life, because it is closed to him as something foreign, radically different, and other," and he criticised Lewis's "inability to grant that the Islamic peoples are entitled to their own cultural, political, and historical practices, free from Lewis's calculated attempt to show that because they are not Western... they can't be good."
799:. The court ruled that while Lewis has the right to his views, their expression harmed a third party and that "it is only by hiding elements which go against his thesis that the defendant was able to state there was no 'serious proof' of the Armenian Genocide". Three other court cases against Bernard Lewis failed in the Paris tribunal, including one filed by the Armenian National Committee of France and two filed by
1165:, independently of the past European imperial expansion. He noted the French and English pursued the study of Islam in the 16th and 17th centuries, yet not in an organized way, but long before they had any control or hope of control in the Middle East; and that much of Orientalist study did nothing to advance the cause of imperialism. In his 1993 book
617:, while continuing to research Arab history through the Ottoman archives which had only recently been opened to Western researchers. A series of articles that Lewis published over the next several years revolutionized the history of the Middle East by giving a broad picture of Islamic society, including its government, economy, and demographics.
1274:, writing on 28 May 2018, in an article subtitled "On Bernard Lewis and 'his extraordinary capacity for getting everything wrong'", asked: "Just imagine: What sort of a person would spend a lifetime studying people he loathes? It is quite a bizarre proposition. But there you have it: the late Bernard Lewis did precisely that." Similarly,
970:
1283:, "Lewis has poisoned the Middle East academic field more than any other Orientalist and his influence has been both academic and political. But there is a new generation of Middle East experts in the West who now see clearly the political agenda of Bernard Lewis. It was fully exposed in the Bush years."
1267:
more heartwarming to an old
Orientalist than to see the greatest Western democracy cure the benighted Muslim? It is either that or something less charitable: if a final showdown between the great religions is indeed the inevitable result of a millennial clash, then we had better make sure that we win.
980:
Lewis advocated closer
Western ties with Israel and Turkey, which he saw as especially important in light of the extension of the Soviet influence in the Middle East. Modern Turkey holds a special place in Lewis's view of the region due to the country's efforts to become a part of the West. He was an
841:
This is a question of definition and nowadays the word "genocide" is used very loosely even in cases where no bloodshed is involved at all and I can understand the annoyance of those who feel refused. But in this particular case, the point that was being made was that the massacre of the
Armenians in
1248:
Writing in 2008, Lewis did not advocate imposing freedom and democracy on
Islamic nations. "There are things you can't impose. Freedom, for example. Or democracy. Democracy is a very strong medicine which has to be administered to the patient in small, gradually increasing doses. Otherwise, you risk
1068:
Muslim fighters are commanded not to kill women, children, or the aged unless they attack first; not to torture or otherwise ill-treat prisoners; to give fair warnings of the opening of hostilities or their resumption after a truce; and to honor agreements. At no time did the classical jurists offer
1153:
weekly, Said suggested that Lewis's knowledge of the Middle East was so biased that it could not be taken seriously and claimed "Bernard Lewis hasn't set foot in the Middle East, in the Arab world, for at least 40 years. He knows something about Turkey, I'm told, but he knows nothing about the Arab
1064:
The fanatical warrior offering his victims the choice of the Koran or the sword is not only untrue, it is impossible. The alleged choice—conversion or death—is also, with rare and atypical exceptions, untrue. Muslim tolerance of unbelievers and misbelievers was far better than anything available in
370:
In 2007, Lewis was called "the West's leading interpreter of the Middle East". Others have said Lewis's approach is essentialist and generalizing to the Muslim world, as well as his tendency to restate hypotheses that were challenged by more recent research. On a political level, Lewis's detractors
1321:
to heaven and back. Lewis wrote that it would be "an appropriate date for the apocalyptic ending of Israel and, if necessary, of the world". According to Lewis, mutual assured destruction is not an effective deterrent in the case of Iran, because of what Lewis describes as the
Iranian leadership's
1216:
quoted Lewis as stating that he believed "that one of the things you've got to do to Arabs is hit them between the eyes with a big stick. They respect power". As'ad AbuKhalil has claimed that Lewis assured Cheney that
American troops would be welcomed by Iraqis and Arabs, relying on the opinion of
1266:
It is a common phenomenon among
Western students of the Orient to fall in love with a civilization. Such love often ends in bitter impatience when reality fails to conform to the ideal. The rage, in this instance, is that of the Western scholar. His beloved civilization is sick. And what would be
1203:
attributed to Lewis the view that regime change in Iraq would provide a jolt that would "modernize the Middle East" and suggested that Lewis's allegedly 'orientalist' theories about "what went wrong" in the Middle East, and other writings, formed the intellectual basis of the push towards war in
1261:
in an article subtitled "The two Minds of
Bernard Lewis", finds Lewis's stance on the war difficult to reconcile with Lewis's past statements cautioning democracy enforcement in the world at large. Buruma ultimately rejects suggestions by his peers that Lewis promotes war with Iraq to safeguard
870:
wrote that Lewis's "seemingly scholarly concern ... of
Armenians constituting a threat to the Turks as a rebellious force who together with the Russians threatened the Ottoman Empire, and the insistence that only a policy of deportations was executed, barely conceal the fact that the organized
625:
Lewis argues that Muslim societies could not keep pace with the West and that "Crusader successes were due in no small part to Muslim weakness." Further, he suggested that as early as the 11th century Islamic societies were decaying, primarily the byproduct of internal problems like "cultural
620:
Lewis argued that the Middle East is currently backward and its decline was a largely self-inflicted condition resulting from both culture and religion, as opposed to the post-colonialist view which posits the problems of the region as economic and political maldevelopment mainly due to the
1657:
1313:. The Iranian president had indicated he would respond by that date to U.S. demands regarding Iran's development of nuclear power. Lewis wrote that the date corresponded to the 27th day of the month of Rajab of the year 1427, the day Muslims commemorate the night flight of
3923:
What is the significance of Aug. 22? This year, Aug. 22 corresponds, in the Islamic calendar, to the 27th day of the month of Rajab of the year 1427. This, by tradition, is the night when many Muslims commemorate the night flight of Muhammad on the winged horse
763:
as "the terrible holocaust of 1915, when a million and a half Armenians perished". In later editions, this text is altered to "the terrible slaughter of 1915, when, according to estimates, more than a million Armenians perished, as well as an unknown number of
789:. The prosecution failed because the court determined that the law did not apply to events before World War II. In a 1995 civil proceeding brought by three Armenian genocide survivors, a French court censured Lewis' remarks under Article 1382 of the
771:
The change in Lewis's textual description of the Armenian genocide and his signing of the petition against the Congressional resolution was controversial among some Armenian historians as well as journalists, who suggested that Lewis was engaging in
1080:, has criticized this view and stated: "Methodologically, insists that terrorism by individual Muslims should be considered Islamic terrorism, while terrorism by individual Jews or Christians is never considered Jewish or Christian terrorism."
3928:, first to "the farthest mosque," usually identified with Jerusalem, and then to heaven and back. This might well be deemed an appropriate date for the apocalyptic ending of Israel and if necessary of the world. It is far from certain that Mr.
511:. After the war, he returned to SOAS, where he would remain for the next 25 years. In 1949, at the age of 33, he was appointed to the new chair in Near and Middle Eastern History. In 1963, Lewis was granted fellowship of the British Academy.
1091:, rather than "the terrorist fanatic that he is". AbuKhalil has also criticized the place of Islam in Lewis's worldview more generally, arguing that the most prominent feature of his work was its "theologocentrism" (borrowing a term from
3166:
1278:
described Lewis as "...a person who does not like the people he is purporting to have expertise about...he doesn't respect them, he considers them to be good and worthy only to the degree they follow a Western path". According to
966:: he acted as a go-between between the Sadat administration and Israel in 1971 when he relayed a message to the Israeli government regarding the possibility of a peace agreement at the request of Sadat's spokesman Tahasin Bashir.
1172:
Furthermore, Lewis accused Said of politicizing the scientific study of the Middle East (and Arabic studies in particular); neglecting to critique the scholarly findings of the Orientalists; and giving "free rein" to his biases.
899:
has called him "perhaps the most articulate and learned Zionist advocate in the North American Middle East academic community". Lewis's policy advice had particular weight thanks to this scholarly authority. U.S. Vice President
1072:
The emergence of the by now widespread terrorism practice of suicide bombing is a development of the 20th century. It has no antecedents in Islamic history, and no justification in the terms of Islamic theology, law, or
4094:
996:(1990), he argued that the struggle between the West and Islam was gathering strength. According to one source, this essay (and Lewis's 1990 Jefferson Lecture on which the article was based) first introduced the term "
1154:
world." Said considered that Lewis treats Islam as a monolithic entity without the nuance of its plurality, internal dynamics, and historical complexities, and accused him of "demagogy and downright ignorance". In
612:
in 1948, scholars of Jewish origin found it more and more difficult to conduct archival and field research in Arab countries, where they were suspected of espionage. Therefore, Lewis switched to the study of the
5218:
4145:
1322:"apocalyptic worldview" and the "suicide or martyrdom complex that plagues parts of the Islamic world today". Lewis's article received significant press coverage. However, the day passed without any incident.
1169:, Lewis wrote "What imperial purpose was served by deciphering the ancient Egyptian language, for example, and then restoring to the Egyptians knowledge of and pride in their forgotten, ancient past?"
1208:
as "the opening salvo of the final battle" between Western and Islamic civilisations: Lewis believed that a forceful response was necessary. In the run up to the Iraq War, he met with Vice President
5198:
2321:
5118:
737:
Columbia University historian Richard Bulliet said that Bernard Lewis "looked down on modern Arabs." and suggested that he considers them "worthy only to a degree they follow a Western path."
879:. Lewis has also falsely implied that the Armenians had military and police forces at their disposal, whom they could have called upon, when, in reality, they had no such forces at all.
1191:
entitled "Time for Toppling", where he stated his opinion that "a regime change may well be dangerous, but sometimes the dangers of inaction are greater than those of action". In 2007,
5123:
550:
2631:
5213:
2798:
1670:
on grounds that he contributed extensively to history scholarship with his accurate analysis of Turkey's and in particular of AtatĂĽrk's positive impact on Middle Eastern history.
5143:
1060:
Lewis writes of jihad as a distinct religious obligation, but suggests that it is a pity that people engaging in terrorist activities are not more aware of their own religion:
5233:
5078:
4818:
1139:(1981). Said asserted that the field of Orientalism was political intellectualism bent on self-affirmation rather than objective study, a form of racism, and a tool of
3684:
1212:
several times: Hirsch quoted an unnamed official who was present at a number of these meetings, who summarised Lewis's view of Iraq as "Get on with it. Don't dither".
1099:, subsuming the study of Muslim peoples, their languages, the geographical areas where Muslims predominate, Islamic governments, the governments of Arab countries and
1008:. However, another source indicates that Lewis first used the phrase "clash of civilizations" at a 1957 meeting in Washington where it was recorded in the transcript.
546:
2653:
480:. Lewis also studied law, going part of the way toward becoming a solicitor, but returned to study Middle Eastern history. He undertook post-graduate studies at the
5093:
5088:
5058:
3514:
608:
of medieval Islam, had been widely regarded as the most authoritative work on the subject for about thirty years. However, after the establishment of the state of
3510:
1613:
5148:
1700:
871:
deportations constituted systematic mass murder". Charny compares the "logical structures" employed by Lewis in his denial of the genocide to those employed by
934:
assigned Lewis's articles as reading to her cabinet members, and during the presidency of George W. Bush, he advised administration members including Cheney,
5063:
2298:
5043:
5188:
5073:
5053:
5033:
2332:
985:, an honor which is given "on the basis of generally recognized scholarly distinction and ... long and devoted service to the field of Turkish Studies."
4273:
5083:
5038:
5023:
4472:
3066:
1048:
thesis, such as warning that Europe would turn Muslim by the end of the century, becoming "part of the Arab West, the Maghreb", and his 2007 pamphlet
1069:
any approval or legitimacy to what we nowadays call terrorism. Nor indeed is there any evidence of the use of terrorism as it is practiced nowadays.
5203:
5048:
5028:
4926:
718:(written before the attacks), which explored the reasons of the Muslim world's apprehension of (and sometimes outright hostility to) modernization;
449:
5208:
5158:
5098:
4053:
1161:
Rejecting the view that Western scholarship was biased against the Middle East, Lewis responded that Orientalism developed as a facet of European
866:
suggested that "Lewis' stature provided a lofty cover for the Turkish national agenda of obfuscating academic research on the Armenian Genocide".
641:(1986). In other works he argued Arab rage against Israel was disproportionate to other tragedies or injustices in the Muslim world, such as the
2089:
5193:
5168:
1357:
859:
461:
352:
768:". In this passage, Lewis argues that the deaths were the result of a struggle for the same land between two competing nationalist movements.
734:
described him as "certainly the most eminent and respected historian of the Arab world, of the Islamic world, of the Middle East and beyond".
5163:
5103:
4931:
4813:
3667:
3549:
3486:
3349:
3201:
3176:
2991:
2959:
2934:
2909:
2878:
2781:
2756:
2719:
2580:
2549:
2212:
2029:
1997:
1970:
1943:
1831:
1684:
1630:
1620:
1575:
1552:
1531:
1510:
1489:
1466:
1445:
1424:
1390:
563:
3772:
5153:
5128:
5113:
5108:
4803:
3481:. Churchill, Buntzie Ellis 1939– (Second printing, with corrections in October 2011 ed.). Upper Saddle River. pp. 146, 151, 153.
2623:
1087:, seeing Lewis's interpretation of bin Laden "as some kind of influential Muslim theologian" along the lines of classical theologians like
1667:
5183:
5178:
5133:
4946:
1717:
819:
504:
448:. In 1947 he married Ruth Hélène Oppenhejm, with whom he had a daughter and a son. Their marriage was dissolved in 1974. Lewis became a
340:
3101:"The Psychological Satisfaction of Denials of the Holocaust or Other Genocides by Non-Extremists or Bigots, and Even by Known Scholars"
5068:
1899:
1636:
1768:
5228:
5173:
5138:
3134:
1238:
4248:
888:
3566:
1987:
1960:
4808:
1916:
488:
and earned the "Diplôme des Études Sémitiques" in 1937. He returned to SOAS in 1938 as an assistant lecturer in Islamic History.
2141:
4540:
4321:
3129:
Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: The Holocaust and Historical Representation, By David B. MacDonald, Routledge, 2008,
3014:
1402:
800:
2828:"Les actions engagées par les parties civiles arméniennes contre "le Monde" déclarées irrecevables par le tribunal de Paris".
2667:
2258:
4828:
1661:
1603:
904:
remarked "in this new century, his wisdom is sought daily by policymakers, diplomats, fellow academics, and the news media".
642:
20:
4435:
4415:
1856:
992:
and Islam as civilizations that have been in perpetual collision since the advent of Islam in the 7th century. In his essay
3596:
3100:
4833:
4465:
3147:
1694:
1593:
1331:
1143:
domination. He further questioned the scientific neutrality of some leading Middle East scholars, including Lewis, on the
585:
296:
119:
79:
3310:
3253:"Remarks by Vice President Cheney at the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia Luncheon Honoring Professor Bernard Lewis"
1456:
5223:
2436:
1222:
982:
519:
380:
2492:
2382:
930:
During his career Lewis developed ties with governments around the world: during her time as Prime Minister of Israel,
425:
resulted from a mutual struggle between two nationalistic movements, a view that has been criticized as "ahistorical."
3885:
3858:
2146:
1882:
402:, to which Lewis responded by saying Orientalism was a facet of humanism and that Said was politicizing the subject.
3252:
4676:
4515:
3283:
2464:
2289:
1712:
1647:
1347:
1300:
1200:
364:
2843:
4838:
4510:
4077:
3832:
3398:
3040:
1680:
1030:
887:
In the mid-1960s, Lewis emerged as a commentator on the issues of the modern Middle East and his analysis of the
705:
192:
156:
135:
600:
Lewis's influence extends beyond academia to the general public. He began his research career with the study of
4520:
4458:
1921:
750:
406:
3932:
plans any such cataclysmic events precisely for 22 Aug.. But it would be wise to bear the possibility in mind.
1362:
1226:
969:
806:
Lewis's views on the Armenian genocide were criticized by a number of historians and sociologists, among them
2229:"Lewis, Bernard 1916– Dictionary definition of Lewis, Bernard 1916– Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary"
2228:
559:
noted as "dominated by academics who have been critical of Israel and of America's role in the Middle East".
4975:
4936:
4626:
4495:
3910:
3718:
1305:
1296:
1234:
1183:
943:
692:
In addition to his scholarly works, Lewis wrote several influential books accessible to the general public:
3074:
3008:"Statement of Professor Bernard Lewis, Princeton University, "Distinguishing Armenian Case from Holocaust""
1616:, for "his profound insight into the life and mores of the peoples of the Middle East through his writings"
1021:. In his essay "A License to Kill", Lewis indicated he considered bin Laden's language as the "ideology of
779:
Lewis called the label "genocide" the "Armenian version of this history" in a November 1993 interview with
633:
In the wake of Soviet and Arab attempts to delegitimize Israel as a racist country, Lewis wrote a study of
4965:
4941:
4909:
4313:
1674:
1026:
1001:
997:
924:
815:
773:
581:
220:
3340:
Haque, Amber (2004). "Islamophobia in North America: Confronting the Menace". In Driel, Barry van (ed.).
4860:
4823:
1196:
947:
919:, Lewis subsequently discarded Marxism. His later works are a reaction against the left-wing current of
523:
2682:
2045:
829:
Lewis did not deny that large numbers of murders took place, but he denied that they were a purposeful
2120:
533:
5018:
5013:
4987:
4888:
4787:
1690:
1205:
1005:
790:
576:
515:
496:
476:
and Middle East. He earned his PhD three years later, also from SOAS, specializing in the history of
469:
465:
434:
356:
336:
321:
196:
164:
160:
127:
3780:
3372:
1797:
1299:
for fifteen years. In August 2006, in an article about whether the world can rely on the concept of
645:
and control of Muslim-majority land in Central Asia, the bloody and destructive fighting during the
4961:
4874:
4867:
4586:
4274:"Thomas Jefferson Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences"
4120:
3929:
1335:
1124:
823:
720:
574:. His lecture, entitled "Western Civilization: A View from the East", was revised and reprinted in
481:
309:
169:
3975:
3434:
3416:
2748:
Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide
4736:
3504:
3288:
3234:
1773:
1129:
855:
807:
650:
646:
527:
248:
200:
4361:
3279:
1743:
1280:
1077:
654:
371:
say he revived the image of the cultural inferiority of Islam and of emphasizing the dangers of
4424:
3806:
714:
626:
arrogance," which was a barrier to creative borrowing, rather than external pressures like the
258:
4656:
4631:
4393:
4170:
4027:
3945:
3663:
3545:
3492:
3482:
3345:
3197:
3172:
3130:
2987:
2979:
2955:
2930:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2874:
2777:
2752:
2715:
2711:
2576:
2545:
2208:
2025:
1993:
1966:
1939:
1837:
1827:
1626:
1571:
1548:
1527:
1506:
1485:
1462:
1441:
1420:
1386:
939:
760:
567:
422:
238:
131:
2541:
2535:
2202:
1025:" and warned that bin Laden would be a danger to the West. The essay was published after the
4992:
4895:
4881:
4777:
4696:
4671:
4601:
3802:
3226:
2097:
1861:
1330:
Bernard Lewis died on 19 May 2018 at the age of 101, at an assisted-living care facility in
1310:
1096:
1013:
731:
492:
344:
325:
305:
301:
39:
4621:
4566:
4500:
4481:
4429:
4419:
4001:
3889:
3713:
3528:
2687:
2572:
2566:
2050:
1597:
1275:
1213:
1116:
1092:
1084:
1018:
935:
911:, Lewis continued the liberal tradition in Islamic historical studies. Although his early
542:
485:
441:
376:
313:
224:
3659:
3653:
3452:
1095:)—that Lewis interprets all aspects of behavior among Muslims solely through the lens of
2021:
Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World
1136:
Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World
793:
and fined him one franc, and ordering the publication of the judgment at Lewis' cost in
4721:
4716:
4711:
4666:
4651:
4636:
4596:
4576:
4571:
4406:
4081:
3376:
1564:
1413:
1257:
1242:
1192:
1135:
973:
920:
892:
830:
765:
614:
508:
418:
348:
275:
5007:
4981:
4782:
4751:
4741:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4661:
4611:
4606:
4581:
4535:
4525:
4505:
2927:
Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide: The Holocaust and Historical Representation
2704:
2410:
1478:
1271:
867:
851:
847:
634:
329:
4335:
3904:
3627:
2596:
2266:
1225:'s plans for post-invasion Iraq and Lewis's views, in particular his admiration for
673:
4956:
4951:
4902:
4746:
4561:
4556:
4530:
4402:
2984:
The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide
2799:"L'historien Bernard Lewis condamné pour avoir nié la réalité du génocide arménien"
1609:
1195:
described Lewis as "perhaps the most significant intellectual influence behind the
908:
555:
437:
123:
3318:
2897:
Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust
4412:
2746:
2019:
1542:
1521:
1500:
1435:
1380:
1204:
Iraq. Hirsch reported that Lewis had told him in an interview that he viewed the
4843:
4767:
4706:
4681:
4641:
4616:
4299:
4222:
3604:
3368:
3108:
1887:
1824:
Arabic-Islamic Views of the Latin West: Tracing the Emergence of Medieval Europe
1218:
1209:
1140:
1127:, characterized Lewis's work as a prime example of Orientalism in his 1978 book
1120:
1112:
1038:
989:
963:
959:
901:
896:
876:
872:
811:
786:
738:
601:
445:
444:, London. He became interested in languages and history while preparing for his
399:
395:
391:
279:
210:
604:
Arab, especially Syrian, history. His first article, dedicated to professional
4969:
4591:
4196:
2259:"Bernard Lewis Cleveland E. Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Emeritus"
1904:
1252:
1230:
1144:
1088:
931:
895:
brought him publicity and aroused significant controversy. American historian
863:
571:
151:
3496:
3148:"Genocide Denier Bernard Lewis Honored at White House Ceremony – Asbarez.com"
1841:
4726:
4398:
2204:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
1318:
473:
414:
360:
3882:
2952:
The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering
3007:
1000:" to North America. This essay has been credited with coining the phrase "
4731:
4646:
1314:
1249:
killing the patient. In the main, the Muslims have to do it themselves."
1188:
1162:
1149:
834:
795:
781:
627:
500:
410:
384:
317:
2624:"Bernard Lewis, eminent Middle East historian at Princeton, dies at 101"
2096:. Vol. 1. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 719–20. Archived from
1052:
said demographic changes could be realized "in the foreseeable future."
741:
called him a Zionist apologist and an orientalist who "demeaned" Arabs.
4441:
4389:
3238:
1900:
Bernard Lewis revises Bernard Lewis (says he opposed invasion of Iraq!)
1045:
912:
4223:"The National Book Critics Circle Award: 1996 Winners & Finalists"
3196:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International. p. 241.
2668:"Do not weep for Bernard Lewis, high priest of war in the Middle East"
2201:
Ronald Grigor Suny; Fatma Müge Göçek; Norman M. Naimark, eds. (2011).
4445:
2600:
1334:, New Jersey, twelve days before his 102nd birthday. He is buried in
1100:
684:
609:
570:, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the
3230:
785:, for which he faced a civil proceeding in a French court under the
4450:
4095:"Bernard Lewis, eminent historian of the Middle East, dies at 101"
4028:"Nuclear Apocalypse Milder Than Expected: Back to the Ouija Board"
3925:
3741:
1989:
When Empire Meets Nationalism: Power Politics in the US and Russia
1034:
1022:
968:
605:
532:
477:
460:
In 1936, Lewis graduated from the School of Oriental Studies (now
372:
708:, the interest in Lewis's work surged, especially his 1990 essay
3219:
Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice
1292:
955:
951:
4454:
1262:
Israel, but instead concludes "perhaps he loves it too much":
4314:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
1065:
Christendom until the rise of secularism in the 17th century.
2774:
Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict
2119:
Edward W. Said; Oleg Grabar; Bernard Lewis (12 August 1982).
3373:"A Sage in Christendom: A Personal Tribute to Bernard Lewis"
3013:. Assembly of Turkish American Associations. 14 April 2002.
2873:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 235.
2776:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers. p. 131.
4336:"President Bush Awards the 2006 National Humanities Medals"
2654:"Bernard Lewis was an important, but flawed, academic mind"
1769:"Bernard Lewis, Scholar and Political Advisor, Dead At 101"
387:
and neoconservative ideals have since come under scrutiny.
5219:
Recipients of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Turkey
1798:"Will the West – and the United States – Go the Distance?"
1566:
Notes on a century: reflections of a Middle East historian
1415:
Race and slavery in the Middle East: an historical enquiry
409:. His argument that there was no evidence of a deliberate
2710:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p.
1303:
as a deterrent in its dealings with Iran, Lewis wrote in
833:
policy and therefore they should not be categorized as a
398:
who "demeaned" Arabs, misrepresented Islam, and promoted
19:
This article is about the historian. For other uses, see
3168:
The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide
2871:
The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide
2322:"Breaking the codes; Jewish personnel at Bletchley Park"
1695:
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research
1437:
The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years
3194:
Fighting Suicide Bombing: A Worldwide Campaign for Life
2181:
2179:
1883:
Neocons Gather To Fete Iraq War Godfather Bernard Lewis
551:
Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa
2166:
2164:
1004:", which received prominence in the eponymous book by
3859:"Lost in Translation: The Two Minds of Bernard Lewis"
1962:
The road to Iraq: the making of a neoconservative war
1523:
From Babel to Dragomans: Interpreting The Middle East
621:
19th-century European colonization. In his 1982 work
580:
under the title "The Roots of Muslim Rage." His 2007
514:
In 1974, aged 57, Lewis accepted a joint position at
335:
Lewis served as a soldier in the British Army in the
5199:
Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs
2571:. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. pp.
1938:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 241.
5119:
Honorary members of the Turkish Academy of Sciences
4919:
4852:
4796:
4760:
4549:
4488:
4054:"World Survives, But Solution on Iran is No Closer"
1936:
Shifting Sands the United States in the Middle East
776:to serve his own political and personal interests.
662:
271:
230:
216:
206:
188:
180:
175:
150:
145:
115:
107:
97:
87:
68:
49:
30:
3903:
3658:. New York City: Oxford University Press. p.
2703:
2465:"The 2007 Irving Kristol Lecture by Bernard Lewis"
2288:
1563:
1477:
1412:
440:parents, Harry Lewis and the former Jane Levy, in
421:is rejected by other historians. He said that the
2459:
2457:
2383:"Group formed to improve Middle East scholarship"
2094:Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
1562:Lewis, Bernard; Churchill, Buntzie Ellis (2012).
1541:Lewis, Bernard; Churchill, Buntzie Ellis (2008).
3342:Confronting Islamophobia in Educational Practice
2900:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p.
2540:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p.
1822:König, Daniel (2015). "Arabic-Islamic Records".
1309:about the significance of 22 August 2006 in the
1011:In 1998, Lewis read in a London-based newspaper
712:. Three of his books were published after 9/11:
547:Middle East Studies Association of North America
394:, who said Lewis was a Zionist apologist and an
4368:. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
2568:The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror
1826:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 21.
1264:
1062:
846:Lewis has been labelled a "genocide denier" by
839:
5124:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
4819:Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
2405:
2403:
1111:Lewis was known for his literary debates with
549:(MESA), but in 2007 he broke away and founded
390:Lewis was notable for his public debates with
5214:Members of the American Philosophical Society
4466:
3344:. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books. p. 6.
2024:. New York: Random House. pp. xxx–xxxi.
1701:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy
1017:a declaration of war on the United States by
8:
3603:. No. 631. 2 April 2003. Archived from
3477:Lewis, Bernard 1916–2018 (4 December 2015).
3274:
3272:
3270:
2486:
2484:
2482:
1083:He also criticised Lewis's understanding of
938:and Bush himself. He was also close to King
883:Views and influence on contemporary politics
541:In 1966, Lewis was a founding member of the
5144:Middle Eastern studies in the United States
4177:. Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
3284:"The Legacy and Fallacies of Bernard Lewis"
3094:
3092:
2207:. Oxford University Press. pp. 31–33.
1044:Some of his views have been likened to the
958:, the Turkish military dictatorship led by
837:. In 2002, he argued for his denial stance:
4473:
4459:
4451:
4405:
4078:One week...and still no nuclear apocalypse
3833:"One on One: When Defeat Means Liberation"
3513:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3509:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3399:"One on One: When Defeat Means Liberation"
1917:How neoconservatives led US to war in Iraq
1652:The Multiple Identities of the Middle East
1458:The Multiple Identities of the Middle East
1123:scholarship. Said, who was a professor at
923:which came to be a significant current in
495:, Lewis served in the British Army in the
328:and the interaction between Islam and the
38:
27:
5234:Naturalized citizens of the United States
5079:American people of English-Jewish descent
4436:The Legacy and Fallacies of Bernard Lewis
4203:. American Academy of Arts & Sciences
3766:
3764:
3762:
2415:The National Endowment for the Humanities
1965:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1614:Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
1385:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1221:. Hirsch also drew parallels between the
472:in history with special reference to the
433:Bernard Lewis was born on 31 May 1916 to
4927:Timeline of modern American conservatism
4000:Krieger, Hilary Leila (22 August 2006).
3363:
3361:
3311:"About the Institute of Turkish Studies"
2142:"Paris, France, Court of First Instance"
507:in 1940–41 before being seconded to the
484:, where he studied with the orientalist
450:naturalized citizen of the United States
4342:. National Endowment for the Humanities
3831:Leibowitz, Ruthie Blum (6 March 2008).
3567:"Edward Said's "Orientalism" Revisited"
3544:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 12.
3417:"Head count belies vision of 'Eurabia'"
3397:Liebowitz, Ruthie Blum (6 March 2008).
3041:"Documenting and Debating a 'Genocide'"
2491:Humphreys, R. Stephen (May–June 1990).
2196:
2194:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1728:
1699:2007: The Scholar-Statesman Award from
1484:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
1406:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1241:which emerged from the collapse of the
1119:whose aim was to analyze and criticize
5094:British emigrants to the United States
5089:British Army personnel of World War II
5059:Academics of SOAS University of London
4300:"Ataturk Peace Prize to Bernard Lewis"
4121:"Bernard Lewis rests among the greats"
3502:
2978:Pierpaoli, Paul G. Jr. (26 May 2015).
2083:
2081:
1358:The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam
915:views had a bearing on his first book
860:Armenian National Committee of America
659:
462:School of Oriental and African Studies
375:. His advice was frequently sought by
359:and was appointed to the new chair in
353:School of Oriental and African Studies
16:British-American historian (1916–2018)
4932:Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism
4814:Foundation for Defense of Democracies
3892:by As'ad AbuKhalil, 17 December 2012
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3217:Beinin, Joel (July 1987). "Review of
2973:
2971:
2815:
2634:from the original on 14 December 2019
2521:
2368:
2356:
2245:
2185:
2136:
2134:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
1685:National Endowment for the Humanities
1631:National Endowment for the Humanities
1621:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1526:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1505:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1419:. New York: Oxford University Press.
564:National Endowment for the Humanities
553:(ASMEA) to challenge MESA, which the
7:
5149:National Humanities Medal recipients
4804:Project for the New American Century
4413:Lewis's page at Princeton University
4026:Greene, Thomas C. (23 August 2006).
3944:Greene, Thomas C. (21 August 2006).
3712:Lewis, Bernard (27 September 2002).
3565:Windschuttle, Keith (January 1999).
3067:"US Denial of the Armenian Genocide"
2797:Nathaniel Herzberg (22 April 2005).
2301:from the original on 12 January 2022
2170:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1181:In 2002, Lewis wrote an article for
1033:had begun its hunt for bin Laden in
946:. He also had ties to the regime of
351:. After the war, he returned to the
5064:Alumni of SOAS University of London
4947:Idealism in international relations
4080:, Aditya Dasgupta, 30 August 2006,
4052:Gawenda, Michael (26 August 2006).
2435:Lewis, Bernard (1 September 1990).
2320:Sugarman, Martin (6 October 2008).
1796:Abrahmson, James L. (8 June 2007).
1718:List of Princeton University people
316:. Lewis was the Cleveland E. Dodge
5044:21st-century American male writers
3626:Said, Edward W. (4 October 2001).
3479:Islam: the religion and the people
2929:. London: Routledge. p. 241.
2745:Baer, Marc David (10 March 2020).
2290:"Profile: Professor Bernard Lewis"
1673:2004: Golden Plate Award from the
1637:National Book Critics Circle Award
1544:Islam: The Religion and the People
976:interviewing Bernard Lewis in 2011
755:The first two editions of Lewis's
726:Islam: The Religion and the People
300:(31 May 1916 – 19 May 2018) was a
14:
5189:Foreign Policy Research Institute
5074:American male non-fiction writers
5054:21st-century British male writers
5034:20th-century British male writers
3946:"Nuclear Holocaust Starts Today:
3740:Weisberg, Jacob (14 March 2007).
3020:from the original on 15 July 2006
1855:Weisberg, Jacob (14 March 2007).
1668:AtatĂĽrk International Peace Prize
962:, and the Egyptian government of
5084:Deniers of the Armenian genocide
5039:21st-century American historians
5024:20th-century American historians
4809:National Endowment for Democracy
4362:"Scholar-Statesman Award Dinner"
4280:. American Philosophical Society
3974:Eslocker, Asa (21 August 2006).
3902:Lewis, Bernard (8 August 2006).
3883:Bernard Lewis and His Reputation
3771:Hirsh, Michael (November 2004).
3039:Getler, Michae (21 April 2006).
2493:"Bernard Lewis: An Appreciation"
2381:Karni, Annie (8 November 2007).
1287:Alleged nuclear threat from Iran
668:
5204:Middle Eastern studies scholars
5049:21st-century British historians
5029:20th-century British historians
4322:American Academy of Achievement
4119:Kramer, Martin (26 July 2018).
3683:Lewis, Bernard (24 June 1982).
3099:Charny, Israel (17 July 2001).
2950:Finkelstein, Norman G. (2003).
2681:Joffe, Lawrence (6 June 2018).
1675:American Academy of Achievement
1547:. Indianapolis: Wharton Press.
1403:The Political Language of Islam
324:. Lewis's expertise was in the
5209:Burials at Trumpeldor Cemetery
5159:British political commentators
5099:Fellows of the British Academy
4829:Emergency Committee for Israel
4229:. National Book Critics Circle
2986:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 169–170.
2832:(in French). 27 November 1994.
2706:Islamic Imperialism: A History
2622:Aronson, Emily (22 May 2018).
2537:The Muslim Discovery of Europe
1662:American Philosophical Society
1604:American Philosophical Society
1480:The Muslim Discovery of Europe
757:The Emergence of Modern Turkey
643:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
21:Bernard Lewis (disambiguation)
1:
5194:Historians of the Middle East
5169:Royal Armoured Corps soldiers
4834:American Enterprise Institute
4093:Murphy, Brian (19 May 2018).
3685:"The Question of Orientalism"
3255:. The White House. 2 May 2006
2954:. London: Verso. p. 69.
1374:. New York: Harper & Row.
1187:regarding the buildup to the
759:(1961 and 1968) describe the
586:American Enterprise Institute
407:denying the Armenian Genocide
347:before being seconded to the
120:Fellow of the British Academy
80:Voorhees Township, New Jersey
5164:Princeton University faculty
5104:American historians of Islam
3857:Buruma, Ian (14 June 2004).
3315:Institute of Turkish Studies
2982:. In Whitehorn, Alan (ed.).
2925:MacDonald, David B. (2008).
2751:. Indiana University Press.
1570:. New York: Viking Penguin.
1103:under the label of "Islam".
983:Institute of Turkish Studies
889:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
801:Jacques Trémollet de Villers
698:The Middle East and the West
520:Institute for Advanced Study
383:. His active support of the
379:policymakers, including the
5154:People from Stoke Newington
5129:Intelligence Corps soldiers
5114:Scholars of Ottoman history
5109:British historians of Islam
4175:harveypz.net.technion.ac.il
2772:Dadrian, Vahakn N. (2007).
2147:Armenian National Institute
1650:in the Israel category for
1639:in General Nonfiction, for
1115:, the Palestinian American
704:(1995). In the wake of the
623:Muslim Discovery of Europe,
320:of Near Eastern Studies at
5250:
5184:Cornell University faculty
5179:University of Paris alumni
5134:Jewish American historians
3192:Charny, Israel W. (2006).
3171:. Routledge. p. 230.
2437:"The roots of Muslim rage"
2121:"Orientalism: An Exchange"
1713:Bernard Lewis bibliography
1648:National Jewish Book Award
1348:Bernard Lewis bibliography
1345:
1301:mutual assured destruction
1291:In 2006, Lewis wrote that
748:
18:
5069:American men centenarians
4839:Foreign Policy Initiative
4541:Constitutional Federalism
4511:Humanitarian intervention
3773:"Bernard Lewis Revisited"
3742:"AEI's Weird Celebration"
1857:"AEI's weird celebration"
1744:"Professor Bernard Lewis"
1681:National Humanities Medal
1363:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
1031:US intelligence community
706:11 September 2001 attacks
667:
405:Lewis was also known for
308:. He was also known as a
304:historian specialized in
285:
141:
136:National Humanities Medal
37:
5229:British men centenarians
5174:Scholars of antisemitism
5139:Jewish scholars of Islam
4521:Liberal internationalism
3692:New York Review of Books
3628:"The Clash of Ignorance"
3540:Said, Edward W. (1979).
3223:MERIP Middle East Report
2683:"Bernard Lewis obituary"
2125:New York Review of Books
2046:"Bernard Lewis obituary"
1986:Chaudet, Didier (2016).
1959:Ahmad, Muhammad (2014).
1922:The National (Abu Dhabi)
1777:. Jerusalem. 20 May 2018
1107:Debates with Edward Said
994:The Roots of Muslim Rage
917:The Origins of Ismailism
751:Armenian genocide denial
710:The Roots of Muslim Rage
677:interview with Lewis on
639:Semites and Anti-Semites
429:Family and personal life
413:carried out against the
4976:Republican in Name Only
4937:British neoconservatism
4496:American exceptionalism
4366:washingtoninstitute.org
3911:The Wall Street Journal
3719:The Wall Street Journal
3652:Lewis, Bernard (1993).
2894:Melson, Robert (1992).
2848:Princeton Alumni Weekly
2565:Lewis, Bernard (2004).
2534:Lewis, Bernard (2001).
2263:University of Princeton
2088:Kramer, Martin (1999).
1635:1996: Finalist for the
1625:1990: Selected for the
1520:Lewis, Bernard (2004).
1499:Lewis, Bernard (2002).
1476:Lewis, Bernard (2001).
1455:Lewis, Bernard (1999).
1434:Lewis, Bernard (1995).
1411:Lewis, Bernard (1992).
1400:Lewis, Bernard (1988).
1379:Lewis, Bernard (1984).
1372:Race and color in Islam
1370:Lewis, Bernard (1971).
1355:Lewis, Bernard (1967).
1306:The Wall Street Journal
1184:The Wall Street Journal
1147:. In an interview with
981:Honorary Fellow of the
944:Prince Hassan bin Talal
566:selected Lewis for the
4966:New York Intellectuals
4942:Clash of Civilizations
4399:Works by Bernard Lewis
3976:"August 22: Doomsday?"
2702:Karsh, Efraim (2007).
2018:Said, Edward (1997) .
1658:Thomas Jefferson Medal
1440:. New York: Scribner.
1295:had been working on a
1269:
1177:Stance on the Iraq War
1133:and in his later book
1075:
1027:Clinton administration
1002:clash of civilizations
998:Islamic fundamentalism
977:
925:Middle Eastern studies
907:A harsh critic of the
844:
816:Richard G. Hovannisian
774:historical negationism
647:Hama uprising in Syria
582:Irving Kristol Lecture
538:
365:Middle Eastern history
221:Middle Eastern studies
4824:Henry Jackson Society
4427:– Lewis's profile on
4058:Sydney Morning Herald
1934:Migdal, Joel (2014).
1619:1983: Elected to the
1602:1973: Elected to the
1227:Mustafa Kemal AtatĂĽrk
972:
948:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
831:Young Turk government
653:(1992–1998), and the
537:Bernard Lewis in 2007
536:
314:political commentator
101:Ruth Hélène Oppenhejm
4988:Never Trump movement
4788:John Courtney Murray
4418:5 March 2021 at the
4150:search.amphilsoc.org
4146:"APS Member History"
3888:12 June 2018 at the
3527:AbuKhalil, 2004, p.
3435:"Tales from Eurabia"
3165:Auron, Yair (2003).
2869:Auron, Yair (2005).
2628:Princeton University
2338:on 30 September 2013
2297:. 15 February 2004.
2233:www.encyclopedia.com
1691:Irving Kristol Award
1206:11 September attacks
862:. Israeli historian
694:The Arabs in History
577:The Atlantic Monthly
516:Princeton University
497:Royal Armoured Corps
466:University of London
357:University of London
337:Royal Armoured Corps
322:Princeton University
197:Princeton University
128:Irving Kristol Award
5224:Jewish centenarians
4962:Anti-Stalinist left
4875:The Public Interest
4868:The Weekly Standard
4587:Charles Krauthammer
4425:Revered and Reviled
4318:www.achievement.org
4253:Jewish Book Council
4099:The Washington Post
3805:(31 October 2005).
3714:"Time for Toppling"
3607:on 21 February 2015
3597:"Resources of Hope"
3221:by Bernard Lewis".
3154:. 28 November 2006.
3111:on 24 December 2007
3077:on 21 February 2015
2818:, pp. 228–229.
2411:"Jefferson Lecture"
2100:on 27 December 2010
1992:. City: Routledge.
1748:The British Academy
1592:1963: Elected as a
1336:Trumpeldor Cemetery
1223:Bush administration
1125:Columbia University
824:Pierre Vidal-Naquet
721:The Crisis of Islam
588:, was published as
482:University of Paris
400:Western imperialism
381:Bush administration
310:public intellectual
170:University of Paris
146:Academic background
103:(married 1947–1974)
4737:Reuel Marc Gerecht
4438:by As'ad AbuKhalil
3837:The Jerusalem Post
3777:Washington Monthly
3655:Islam and the West
3453:"Eurabian Follies"
3289:consortiumnews.com
2603:. 30 December 2001
2573:90–91, 108, 110–11
2524:, pp. 156–80.
1802:American Diplomacy
1774:The Jerusalem Post
1461:. Schocken Books.
1239:Republic of Turkey
1167:Islam and the West
978:
856:David B. MacDonald
808:Alain Finkielkraut
681:, 30 December 2001
651:Algerian Civil War
539:
528:Cornell University
522:, also located in
505:Intelligence Corps
341:Intelligence Corps
318:Professor Emeritus
249:Islam and the West
201:Cornell University
5001:
5000:
4657:Jeane Kirkpatrick
4632:David Aaronovitch
4002:"Apocalypse Now?"
3803:Goldberg, Jeffrey
3783:on 8 January 2014
3669:978-0-19-509061-1
3571:The New Criterion
3551:978-0-394-74067-6
3488:978-0-13-443119-2
3459:. 4 January 2010.
3423:. 19 August 2007.
3351:978-1-85856-340-4
3321:on 1 October 2018
3203:978-0-275-99336-8
3178:978-1-351-30542-6
2993:978-1-61069-688-3
2961:978-1-85984-488-5
2936:978-0-415-43061-6
2911:978-0-226-51990-6
2880:978-0-7658-0834-9
2783:978-0-7658-0559-1
2758:978-0-253-04543-0
2721:978-0-300-10603-9
2597:"What Went Wrong"
2582:978-0-8129-6785-2
2551:978-0-393-32165-4
2214:978-0-19-978104-1
2031:978-0-679-75890-7
1999:978-1-134-76253-8
1972:978-0-7486-9305-4
1945:978-0-231-53634-9
1833:978-0-19-873719-3
1660:, awarded by the
1627:Jefferson Lecture
1587:Awards and honors
1577:978-0-670-02353-0
1554:978-0-13-223085-8
1533:978-0-19-517336-9
1512:978-0-06-051605-5
1491:978-0-393-32165-4
1468:978-0-8052-4172-3
1447:978-0-684-80712-6
1426:978-0-19-505326-5
1392:978-0-691-16087-0
1382:The Jews of Islam
1332:Voorhees Township
1233:and Westernising
1117:literary theorist
1006:Samuel Huntington
942:and his brother,
940:Hussein of Jordan
875:in his Holocaust
761:Armenian genocide
745:Armenian genocide
690:
689:
568:Jefferson Lecture
289:
288:
239:The Jews of Islam
207:Doctoral students
132:Jefferson Lecture
5241:
4993:Euston Manifesto
4920:Related articles
4882:National Affairs
4778:Henry M. Jackson
4761:Major influences
4697:Zalmay Khalilzad
4672:Joshua Muravchik
4602:Norman Podhoretz
4475:
4468:
4461:
4452:
4409:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4105:
4090:
4084:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3920:
3918:
3907:
3899:
3893:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3828:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3807:"Breaking Ranks"
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3779:. Archived from
3768:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3689:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3500:
3474:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3365:
3356:
3355:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3317:. Archived from
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3282:(29 June 2018).
3280:AbuKhalil, As'ad
3276:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3144:
3138:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3107:. Archived from
3096:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3073:. Archived from
3065:Zunes, Stephen.
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3012:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2980:"Lewis, Bernard"
2975:
2966:
2965:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2709:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2488:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2387:The New York Sun
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2331:. Archived from
2326:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2292:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2265:. Archived from
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2085:
2056:
2055:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2015:
2004:
2003:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1931:
1925:
1914:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1740:
1581:
1569:
1558:
1537:
1516:
1502:What Went Wrong?
1495:
1483:
1472:
1451:
1430:
1418:
1407:
1396:
1375:
1366:
1311:Islamic calendar
1197:invasion of Iraq
1097:Islamic theology
1050:Europe and Islam
1014:Al-Quds Al-Arabi
891:and the rise of
732:Abraham Udovitch
715:What Went Wrong?
679:What Went Wrong?
672:
671:
660:
590:Europe and Islam
493:Second World War
345:Second World War
326:history of Islam
306:Oriental studies
302:British American
299:
264:
259:What Went Wrong?
254:
244:
75:
59:
57:
42:
28:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5004:
5003:
5002:
4997:
4915:
4848:
4792:
4756:
4622:Peter Berkowitz
4567:Frederick Kagan
4557:William Kristol
4545:
4516:Interventionism
4501:Democratization
4484:
4482:Neoconservatism
4479:
4430:Moment Magazine
4420:Wayback Machine
4386:
4381:
4371:
4369:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4283:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4227:bookcritics.org
4221:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4197:"Bernard Lewis"
4195:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4171:"Prize Winners"
4169:
4168:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4103:
4101:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4076:
4072:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4036:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4010:
4008:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3984:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3916:
3914:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3890:Wayback Machine
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3813:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3770:
3769:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3608:
3601:Al-Ahram Weekly
3595:
3594:
3590:
3580:
3578:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3501:
3489:
3476:
3475:
3464:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3441:. 22 June 2006.
3433:
3432:
3428:
3421:Financial Times
3415:
3414:
3410:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3278:
3277:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3231:10.2307/3011952
3216:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2962:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2844:"Lewis Replies"
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2688:TheGuardian.com
2680:
2679:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2371:, pp. 6–7.
2367:
2363:
2359:, pp. 3–4.
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2248:, pp. 1–2.
2244:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2090:"Bernard Lewis"
2087:
2086:
2059:
2051:TheGuardian.com
2044:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2017:
2016:
2007:
2000:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1834:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1741:
1730:
1726:
1709:
1641:The Middle East
1598:British Academy
1589:
1584:
1578:
1561:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1519:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1475:
1469:
1454:
1448:
1433:
1427:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1378:
1369:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1328:
1289:
1281:As'ad AbuKhalil
1276:Richard Bulliet
1214:Brent Scowcroft
1179:
1109:
1093:Maxime Rodinson
1085:Osama bin Laden
1078:As'ad AbuKhalil
1058:
1019:Osama bin Laden
936:Donald Rumsfeld
885:
753:
747:
702:The Middle East
669:
663:External videos
598:
584:, given to the
543:learned society
486:Louis Massignon
464:, SOAS) at the
458:
456:Academic career
442:Stoke Newington
431:
415:Armenian people
377:neoconservative
295:
267:
262:
252:
242:
225:Islamic studies
199:
195:
168:
134:
130:
126:
122:
102:
92:
83:
77:
76:(aged 101)
73:
64:
63:London, England
61:
55:
53:
45:
33:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5247:
5245:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5006:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4973:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4722:Michael Gerson
4719:
4717:James Kirchick
4714:
4712:Michael Ledeen
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4677:Jennifer Rubin
4674:
4669:
4667:Jonah Goldberg
4664:
4659:
4654:
4652:Eliot A. Cohen
4649:
4644:
4639:
4637:Anne Applebaum
4634:
4629:
4627:Douglas Murray
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4597:Elliott Abrams
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4577:Paul Wolfowitz
4574:
4572:Irving Kristol
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4439:
4433:
4422:
4410:
4396:
4385:
4384:External links
4382:
4380:
4379:
4353:
4327:
4305:
4291:
4265:
4249:"Past Winners"
4240:
4214:
4188:
4162:
4137:
4111:
4085:
4082:Foreign Policy
4070:
4044:
4018:
4006:Jerusalem Post
3992:
3966:
3936:
3894:
3875:
3863:The New Yorker
3849:
3823:
3794:
3758:
3746:Slate Magazine
3732:
3704:
3675:
3668:
3644:
3618:
3588:
3557:
3550:
3532:
3520:
3487:
3462:
3457:Foreign Policy
3444:
3426:
3408:
3403:Jerusalem Post
3389:
3377:OpinionJournal
3371:(2 May 2006).
3357:
3350:
3332:
3302:
3266:
3244:
3225:(147): 42–45.
3209:
3202:
3184:
3177:
3157:
3139:
3122:
3088:
3057:
3031:
2999:
2992:
2967:
2960:
2942:
2935:
2917:
2910:
2886:
2879:
2861:
2835:
2820:
2808:
2789:
2782:
2764:
2757:
2737:
2720:
2694:
2673:
2659:
2645:
2614:
2588:
2581:
2557:
2550:
2526:
2514:
2478:
2453:
2427:
2399:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2329:Bletchley Park
2312:
2280:
2269:on 16 May 2006
2250:
2238:
2220:
2213:
2190:
2188:, p. 230.
2175:
2173:, p. 141.
2160:
2130:
2111:
2057:
2054:. 6 June 2018.
2037:
2030:
2005:
1998:
1978:
1971:
1951:
1944:
1926:
1909:
1892:
1875:
1847:
1832:
1814:
1788:
1760:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1606:
1600:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1576:
1559:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1496:
1490:
1473:
1467:
1452:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1408:
1397:
1391:
1376:
1367:
1351:
1346:Main article:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1324:
1297:nuclear weapon
1288:
1285:
1258:The New Yorker
1255:, writing for
1243:Ottoman Empire
1217:his colleague
1193:Jacob Weisberg
1178:
1175:
1156:Covering Islam
1108:
1105:
1057:
1054:
974:David Horovitz
921:Third-worldism
893:militant Islam
884:
881:
746:
743:
688:
687:
665:
664:
615:Ottoman Empire
597:
594:
509:Foreign Office
457:
454:
438:British Jewish
430:
427:
419:Ottoman Empire
349:Foreign Office
287:
286:
283:
282:
276:Heath W. Lowry
273:
269:
268:
266:
265:
255:
245:
234:
232:
228:
227:
218:
217:Main interests
214:
213:
208:
204:
203:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
154:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
138:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
70:
66:
65:
62:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5246:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4982:Cuckservative
4980:
4977:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4896:Harry's Place
4893:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:Organisations
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:James Burnham
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4773:Bernard Lewis
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4752:Linda McMahon
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:James Woolsey
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4702:Scooter Libby
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Bret Stephens
4690:
4688:
4687:Irwin Stelzer
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4662:Michael Novak
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Douglas Feith
4610:
4608:
4607:David Wurmser
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Richard Perle
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Pax Americana
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Bush Doctrine
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4506:Globalization
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4414:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4390:Bernard Lewis
4388:
4387:
4383:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4279:
4278:amphilsoc.org
4275:
4269:
4266:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4071:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4045:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4019:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3981:
3977:
3970:
3967:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3927:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3824:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3733:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3439:The Economist
3436:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3390:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3135:0-415-43061-5
3132:
3126:
3123:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3076:
3072:
3071:Common Dreams
3068:
3061:
3058:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3016:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2862:
2850:. 5 June 1996
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2515:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1761:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1497:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1341:
1339:
1338:in Tel Aviv.
1337:
1333:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1272:Hamid Dabashi
1268:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:Michael Hirsh
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
975:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
898:
894:
890:
882:
880:
878:
874:
869:
868:Israel Charny
865:
861:
857:
853:
852:Israel Charny
849:
848:Stephen Zunes
843:
838:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
820:Robert Melson
817:
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
784:
783:
777:
775:
769:
767:
762:
758:
752:
744:
742:
740:
735:
733:
729:
727:
723:
722:
717:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
686:
682:
680:
676:
666:
661:
658:
657:(1980–1988).
656:
655:Iran–Iraq War
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:anti-Semitism
631:
629:
624:
618:
616:
611:
607:
603:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
578:
573:
569:
565:
562:In 1990, the
560:
558:
557:
552:
548:
544:
535:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
428:
426:
424:
423:mass killings
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
293:
292:Bernard Lewis
284:
281:
277:
274:
270:
261:
260:
256:
251:
250:
246:
241:
240:
236:
235:
233:
231:Notable works
229:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
209:
205:
202:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:Academic work
174:
171:
166:
162:
158:
155:
153:
149:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
110:
106:
100:
96:
90:
86:
81:
71:
67:
52:
48:
44:Lewis in 2012
41:
36:
32:Bernard Lewis
29:
26:
22:
4984:(pejorative)
4978:(pejorative)
4957:Pro-war Left
4952:Liberal hawk
4908:
4903:First Things
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4853:Publications
4772:
4747:Clifford May
4562:Robert Kagan
4531:Axis of evil
4428:
4403:Open Library
4370:. Retrieved
4365:
4356:
4344:. Retrieved
4339:
4330:
4317:
4308:
4294:
4282:. Retrieved
4277:
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4252:
4243:
4231:. Retrieved
4226:
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4200:
4191:
4179:. Retrieved
4174:
4165:
4153:. Retrieved
4149:
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4124:
4114:
4102:. Retrieved
4098:
4088:
4073:
4061:. Retrieved
4057:
4047:
4035:. Retrieved
4032:The Register
4031:
4021:
4009:. Retrieved
4005:
3995:
3983:. Retrieved
3979:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3954:The Register
3953:
3947:
3939:
3922:
3915:. Retrieved
3909:
3897:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3862:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3836:
3826:
3814:. Retrieved
3810:
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3781:the original
3776:
3749:. Retrieved
3745:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3717:
3707:
3695:. Retrieved
3691:
3678:
3654:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:
3621:
3609:. Retrieved
3605:the original
3600:
3591:
3579:. Retrieved
3574:
3570:
3560:
3541:
3535:
3523:
3478:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3392:
3380:. Retrieved
3369:Ajami, Fouad
3341:
3335:
3323:. Retrieved
3319:the original
3314:
3305:
3293:. Retrieved
3287:
3257:. Retrieved
3247:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3193:
3187:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3109:the original
3104:
3079:. Retrieved
3075:the original
3070:
3060:
3048:. Retrieved
3044:
3034:
3022:. Retrieved
3002:
2983:
2951:
2945:
2926:
2920:
2896:
2889:
2870:
2864:
2852:. Retrieved
2847:
2838:
2829:
2823:
2811:
2802:
2792:
2773:
2767:
2747:
2740:
2732:
2725:. Retrieved
2705:
2697:
2686:
2676:
2662:
2648:
2636:. Retrieved
2627:
2617:
2605:. Retrieved
2591:
2567:
2560:
2536:
2529:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2500:
2496:
2469:. Retrieved
2444:. Retrieved
2441:The Atlantic
2440:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2414:
2390:. Retrieved
2386:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2333:the original
2328:
2315:
2303:. Retrieved
2294:
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2267:the original
2262:
2253:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2203:
2151:. Retrieved
2145:
2124:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2098:the original
2093:
2049:
2040:
2020:
1988:
1981:
1961:
1954:
1935:
1929:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1895:
1886:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1860:
1850:
1823:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1772:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:
1651:
1640:
1610:Harvey Prize
1565:
1543:
1522:
1501:
1479:
1457:
1436:
1414:
1401:
1381:
1371:
1356:
1342:Bibliography
1329:
1304:
1290:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1134:
1128:
1110:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1037:and then in
1012:
1010:
993:
988:Lewis views
987:
979:
929:
916:
909:Soviet Union
906:
886:
845:
840:
828:
805:
794:
780:
778:
770:
756:
754:
736:
730:
725:
719:
713:
709:
701:
700:(1964), and
697:
693:
691:
678:
674:
649:(1982), the
638:
632:
622:
619:
599:
589:
575:
561:
556:New York Sun
554:
540:
530:until 1990.
513:
490:
459:
435:middle-class
432:
404:
389:
369:
334:
291:
290:
257:
247:
237:
189:Institutions
124:Harvey Prize
74:(2018-05-19)
25:
5019:2018 deaths
5014:1916 births
4844:NGO Monitor
4768:Leo Strauss
4707:Yuval Levin
4682:Ben Shapiro
4642:Oliver Kamm
4617:Paul Bremer
4442:Appearances
4372:8 September
4346:7 September
4284:7 September
4233:8 September
4207:7 September
4181:7 September
4063:26 February
4037:26 February
4011:26 February
3985:26 February
3959:26 February
3930:Ahmadinejad
3917:26 February
3905:"August 22"
3868:24 February
3842:24 February
3787:24 February
3751:24 February
3725:24 February
3697:17 December
3637:27 February
3611:27 February
3581:27 February
3542:Orientalism
3325:22 February
3259:22 February
3152:asbarez.com
3115:21 February
3081:21 February
3050:21 February
3024:21 February
2854:21 February
2727:21 February
2638:14 December
2507:20 February
2446:19 February
2420:19 February
2392:19 February
2342:19 February
2153:25 February
1888:The Forward
1868:16 February
1807:16 February
1753:14 December
1693:, from the
1683:, from the
1612:, from the
1237:in the new
1219:Fouad Ajami
1210:Dick Cheney
1141:imperialist
1130:Orientalism
1121:Orientalist
1113:Edward Said
1039:Afghanistan
990:Christendom
964:Anwar Sadat
960:Kenan Evren
950:, the last
902:Dick Cheney
897:Joel Beinin
877:negationism
873:Ernst Nolte
812:Yves Ternon
787:Gayssot Law
739:Edward Said
491:During the
446:bar mitzvah
396:Orientalist
392:Edward Said
343:during the
280:Fouad Ajami
211:Feroz Ahmad
88:Nationality
72:19 May 2018
60:31 May 1916
5008:Categories
4970:Trotskyism
4861:Commentary
4592:David Frum
4258:22 January
4201:amacad.org
3811:New Yorker
3632:The Nation
2816:Auron 2003
2522:Lewis 2004
2503:(3): 17–20
2497:Humanities
2369:Lewis 2004
2357:Lewis 2004
2246:Lewis 2004
2186:Auron 2003
1905:Mondoweiss
1724:References
1656:2002: The
1643:(Scribner)
1608:1978: The
1361:. London:
1253:Ian Buruma
1231:secularist
1145:Arab World
1089:Al-Ghazali
1073:tradition.
932:Golda Meir
864:Yair Auron
791:Civil Code
749:See also:
572:humanities
272:Influenced
181:Discipline
152:Alma mater
56:1916-05-31
4889:Encounter
4727:Dan Senor
4155:15 August
3505:cite book
3497:940955691
2295:Telegraph
2171:Baer 2020
1842:913853067
1319:Jerusalem
675:Booknotes
524:Princeton
499:and as a
452:in 1982.
184:Historian
98:Spouse(s)
4732:Eli Lake
4647:Max Boot
4416:Archived
3980:ABC News
3886:Archived
3137:, p. 121
3015:Archived
2830:Le Monde
2803:Le Monde
2632:Archived
2607:25 March
2299:Archived
1707:See also
1315:Muhammad
1189:Iraq War
1163:humanism
1150:Al-Ahram
1029:and the
858:and the
835:genocide
796:Le Monde
782:Le Monde
696:(1950),
628:Crusades
602:medieval
596:Research
518:and the
501:corporal
411:genocide
385:Iraq War
108:Children
93:American
4550:Figures
4489:General
4340:neh.gov
4130:26 July
3816:30 June
3295:30 June
3239:3011952
1629:by the
1596:of the
1235:reforms
1046:Eurabia
913:Marxist
503:in the
468:with a
417:by the
355:at the
91:British
4910:Crisis
4446:C-SPAN
4104:19 May
3666:
3548:
3495:
3485:
3382:23 May
3348:
3237:
3200:
3175:
3133:
2990:
2958:
2933:
2908:
2877:
2780:
2755:
2733:lewis.
2718:
2601:C-SPAN
2579:
2548:
2471:20 May
2305:20 May
2273:26 May
2211:
2104:23 May
2028:
1996:
1969:
1942:
1840:
1830:
1781:20 May
1689:2007:
1679:2006:
1666:2002:
1646:1999:
1594:Fellow
1574:
1551:
1530:
1509:
1488:
1465:
1444:
1423:
1389:
1101:Sharia
822:, and
724:; and
685:C-SPAN
610:Israel
606:guilds
263:(2002)
253:(1993)
243:(1984)
116:Awards
82:, U.S.
3926:Buraq
3688:(PDF)
3235:JSTOR
3018:(PDF)
3011:(PDF)
2467:. AEI
2336:(PDF)
2325:(PDF)
1862:Slate
1326:Death
1317:from
1056:Jihad
1035:Sudan
1023:jihad
766:Turks
478:Islam
373:jihad
4968:and
4394:IMDb
4374:2020
4348:2020
4286:2020
4260:2020
4235:2020
4209:2020
4183:2020
4157:2022
4132:2019
4106:2018
4065:2015
4039:2015
4013:2015
3987:2015
3961:2015
3919:2015
3870:2015
3844:2015
3818:2018
3789:2015
3753:2015
3727:2015
3699:2017
3664:ISBN
3639:2015
3613:2015
3583:2015
3577:: 30
3546:ISBN
3515:link
3511:link
3493:OCLC
3483:ISBN
3384:2006
3346:ISBN
3327:2015
3297:2018
3261:2015
3198:ISBN
3173:ISBN
3131:ISBN
3117:2015
3105:IDEA
3083:2015
3052:2015
3026:2015
2988:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2906:ISBN
2875:ISBN
2856:2015
2778:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2729:2015
2716:ISBN
2640:2019
2609:2017
2577:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2509:2015
2473:2018
2448:2015
2422:2015
2394:2015
2344:2015
2307:2018
2275:2006
2209:ISBN
2155:2021
2106:2006
2026:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1967:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1870:2015
1838:OCLC
1828:ISBN
1809:2015
1783:2018
1755:2019
1572:ISBN
1549:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1463:ISBN
1442:ISBN
1421:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1293:Iran
956:Iran
952:Shah
474:Near
363:and
361:Near
339:and
330:West
312:and
193:SOAS
157:SOAS
69:Died
50:Born
4444:on
4401:at
4392:at
4125:JNS
3948:WSJ
3660:126
3529:134
3227:doi
3045:PBS
2902:289
2712:242
1229:'s
1199:".
954:of
297:FBA
165:PhD
5010::
4364:.
4338:.
4320:.
4316:.
4276:.
4251:.
4225:.
4199:.
4173:.
4148:.
4123:.
4097:.
4056:.
4030:.
4004:.
3978:.
3952:.
3921:.
3908:.
3861:.
3835:.
3809:.
3775:.
3761:^
3744:.
3716:.
3690:.
3662:.
3630:.
3599:.
3575:17
3573:.
3569:.
3507:}}
3503:{{
3491:.
3465:^
3455:.
3437:.
3419:.
3401:.
3375:.
3360:^
3313:.
3286:.
3269:^
3233:.
3150:.
3103:.
3091:^
3069:.
3043:.
2970:^
2904:.
2846:.
2801:.
2731:.
2714:.
2685:.
2630:.
2626:.
2599:.
2575:.
2544:.
2542:22
2501:11
2499:.
2495:.
2481:^
2456:^
2439:.
2413:.
2402:^
2385:.
2327:.
2293:.
2261:.
2231:.
2193:^
2178:^
2163:^
2144:.
2133:^
2123:.
2092:.
2060:^
2048:.
2008:^
1919:,
1902:,
1885:,
1859:.
1836:.
1800:.
1771:.
1746:.
1731:^
1245:.
1041:.
927:.
854:,
850:,
826:.
818:,
814:,
810:,
803:.
728:.
683:,
637:,
630:.
592:.
545:,
470:BA
367:.
332:.
294:,
278:,
223:,
163:,
161:BA
4972:)
4964:(
4474:e
4467:t
4460:v
4376:.
4350:.
4324:.
4302:.
4288:.
4262:.
4237:.
4211:.
4185:.
4159:.
4134:.
4108:.
4067:.
4041:.
4015:.
3989:.
3963:.
3950:"
3872:.
3846:.
3820:.
3791:.
3755:.
3729:.
3701:.
3672:.
3641:.
3615:.
3585:.
3554:.
3517:)
3499:.
3405:.
3386:.
3354:.
3329:.
3299:.
3263:.
3241:.
3229::
3206:.
3181:.
3119:.
3085:.
3054:.
3028:.
2996:.
2964:.
2939:.
2914:.
2883:.
2858:.
2805:.
2786:.
2761:.
2691:.
2670:.
2656:.
2642:.
2611:.
2585:.
2554:.
2511:.
2475:.
2450:.
2424:.
2396:.
2346:.
2309:.
2277:.
2235:.
2217:.
2157:.
2127:.
2108:.
2034:.
2002:.
1975:.
1948:.
1872:.
1844:.
1811:.
1785:.
1757:.
1580:.
1557:.
1536:.
1515:.
1494:.
1471:.
1450:.
1429:.
1395:.
1365:.
167:)
159:(
111:2
58:)
54:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
