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from the special scale-free nature of gravity in general relativity. Because the distance information is encoded in the phase evolution of the emitted waves and in their polarization, a network of at least three interferometric gravitational wave detectors is necessary in order to extract this information from the data. These systems were christened “standard sirens” by Daniel Holz and Scott Hughes. Knowing the distance to the source is important for extracting almost all the physical information that comes from gravitational wave observations of merging binary systems: the masses and spins of the component objects, statistical measures of the rate of such events per unit spatial volume, and estimates of how the formation rate of such systems has evolved over time since the Big Bang.
449:, the prototypes in Glasgow and in Garching, Germany. This data run and analysis had been requested by the funding providers of both the UK and Germany, as part of their evaluation of the joint UK-German proposal for a 3-km gravitational wave interferometer to be built in Germany. Although the proposal was not funded (in part because German reunification in 1990 forced a redirection of government funding away from pure science and into the rebuilding of the former East Germany), Schutz’s group did the data analysis and set upper limits on possible signals. The exercise allowed the group to create the first working versions of algorithms that still lie at the heart of the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA data analysis today.
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roots in software created at the AEI in this period. Schutz himself focussed more on preparing for gravitational wave data analysis. He helped develop the F-Statistic, which is the optimal frequentist statistical measure of the significance of a possible detection of a nearly periodic signal from a spinning neutron star. Working with M.-A. Papa and other collaborators, Schutz helped develop the Hough
Transform technique for efficient hierarchical searches for such signals in months-long stretches of data, a method that is still a key tool for LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA analysis.
409:(CFS) instability, gravitational wave emission taps into the rotational energy of the star in such a way that a small initial perturbation will grow exponentially fast unless it is sufficiently strongly damped by some other effect, like viscosity. It is a generic instability, potentially present in all rotating stars. A member of the CFS class is the r-mode instability discovered by Nils Andersson, which is thought to limit the rotation rate of neutron stars.
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279:. Schutz built up a large research group studying relativistic stars and dynamics. As an outgrowth of his teaching responsibilities, he wrote two well-received textbooks, Geometrical Methods of Mathematical Physics and A First Course in General Relativity (see Bibliography). Schutz became a full professor in 1986, around the time he began re-orienting his research toward
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original interviews and short videos of scientists working on black holes and gravitational waves. Again with help of Milde
Science Communications and also Exozet Potsdam, Schutz developed a multimedia popular lecture on gravitational waves called Music of the Spheres, which he presented in many locations around the world, leading up to the first detection in 2015.
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approaches to this problem, and it is based on initial data, so it is mathematically fully consistent and convergent. They then used it to prove rigorously that the standard “quadrupole formula” for the emission of gravitational waves applies even if the sources are orbiting black holes, which are of course not small corrections to
Newtonian objects.
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in the US to lead it. Supplied with leading-edge in-house computing systems, this group was for many years the largest in the world devoted to numerical relativity, and made fundamental contributions that underlie much of the current software in this field. In particular the open
Einstein Toolkit has
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This early work led, in collaboration with John
Friedman during the 1970s, to the elucidation of the unexpected gravitational-wave driven instability of rotating stars, first noticed by Chandrasekhar in the simple model of uniform-density stars. In what is now called the Chandrasekhar-Friedman-Schutz
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In 1986, now focussing more on gravitational wave detection, Schutz showed that the gravitational waves emitted by a binary system contain information from which it is possible to deduce the distance to the source, something that is normally very difficult to do in astronomy. This possibility arises
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In 2014 Schutz retired from the AEI and became an
Emeritus Director, and he returned to Cardiff University for a part-time professorship. His first activity there was to help set up and then to become the first director of the Data Innovation Research Institute, which assists research groups in the
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conference centre in mid-Wales.These meetings became a popular way for specialists in relativity in the UK and worldwide to have informal discussions focussed on key research problems. In 1986 and 1987, Schutz organised two international meetings in
Cardiff that were aimed at improving coordination
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In the 1990s, Kostas
Kokkotas and Schutz discovered a new family of neutron-star vibration modes that do not exist in Newtonian gravity, in which the relativistic gravitational field around the star is the principal dynamical element. Dubbed w-modes, these are stellar analogues of the quasi-normal
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Working with
Toshifume Futamase, Schutz developed a new way of approaching what is called the post-Newtonian limit of general relativity, in which general relativity makes small corrections to Newtonian gravity. The Futamase-Schutz method is free of the point-mass singularities used in most other
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The Living
Reviews concept was one of the inspirations for the 2003 Berlin Declaration on Open Access, and Schutz helped organize many of the continuing series of Berlin OA Conferences at venues around the world. He hosted the 4th at the AEI. For his contributions to expanding OA, he received the
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Schutz oriented most of the effort of his research group in Cardiff after 1986 to the development of methods of data analysis, not just to detect binary system mergers, but also to search for spinning neutron stars, for a random cosmological background of gravitational waves, and for unexpected
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H0, which represents the expansion rate of the Universe. He showed how this would be possible even if the emitting binary systems could not be individually identified though optical or other astronomical observations. Because of the importance of H0 and because of the difficulty of measuring it
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provides advanced high-school students and university students with an intuitive introduction to modern gravity using only algebra, thereby avoiding the daunting mathematics of general relativity. Together with Milde Science Communications, Schutz developed the Scienceface website, which offers
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In his PhD thesis in 1971, Schutz reformulated the relativistic equations of fluid dynamics in terms of scalar velocity potentials, an approach that has since had many applications in field theory and cosmology. He used this reformulation in his thesis to develop a framework for studying the
360:. It was unique in that its review articles were updated periodically by their authors. This feature proved attractive to readers, and (based on citation counts per article) the journal has for many years had the highest impact factor of any open-access journal worldwide. Its sister journal,
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accurately with other astronomical methods, this became a principal part of the scientific case for building LIGO and other detectors, which were being proposed in the late 1980s. The first gravitational-wave measurement of H0 was eventually performed in 2017 with the data from
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university who are dealing with issues of big data. After stepping down from this, Schutz returned to research and teaching in general relativity and gravitational waves at Cardiff. In 2015 he became an adjunct professor of physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
295:, and he edited its published proceedings, Gravitational Wave Data Analysis. Schutz served on a number of advisory committees to the UK research councils, and eventually became the first chair of the Astronomy Committee of the newly established
252:, finishing his PhD in 1971 on the theory of fluids in general relativity. A National Science Foundation Fellowship allowed him to spend the year 1971-72 in Cambridge, England, where he divided his time between the research group of
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to solve Einstein’s equations, with the aim of studying the mergers of binary black holes. His PhD student Gabrielle Allen and postdoc Miguel Alcubierre have gone on to establish themselves as leading experts in this field.
194:(Laser Interferometer Space Antenna), and he coordinated the European planning for its data analysis until the mission was adopted by ESA in 2016. Schutz conceived and in 1998 began publishing from the AEI the online
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314:(MPS) as part of its effort to expand scientific research into areas of former East Germany, following German reunification in 1990. Ehlers led work in mathematical general relativity and Schutz focussed on
318:, including numerical simulations of black holes and theoretical studies supporting gravitational wave detectors. With generous funding from MPS, the institute quickly expanded, adding a third Director (
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gravitational wave detector and quickly became a major centre for experimental gravitational wave physics, developing key technologies for both the ground-based detectors like GEO600 and
220:), shared the 2020 Richard A. Isaacson Award of the American Physical Society (APS), and was awarded an honorary DSc by the University of Glasgow in 2011. In 2011, he was also elected a
326:) in 1997. After Ehlers retired at the end of 1998, Schutz became Managing Director and supervised the establishment a second branch of the AEI in Hannover in 2002. This branch, led by
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Nicholson, D.; Dickson, C.A.; Watkins, W.J.; Schutz, B.F.; Shuttleworth, J.; Jones, G.S.; Robertson, D.I.; Mackenzie, N.L.; Strain, K.A.; Meers, B.J.; Newton, G.P. (August 5, 1996).
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Schutz is well-known for his advocacy of open-access scientific publishing. At the AEI, Schutz founded and in 1998 began publishing the open-access online-only review journal
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After 1995, Schutz served on several committees of the European Space Agency, including chairing its Fundamental Physics Advisory Group from 2004-2008. He served on the
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at Cardiff University in Wales (then called University College Cardiff), joining the newly established astronomy group in the Applied Mathematics department, chaired by
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372:, began publishing in 2015. All three journals are now published by Springer. Schutz was a member of the editorial board of the first OA journal published by the
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Besides showing how to measure distances, in his 1986 paper Schutz showed how a number of detections of such binaries could be used to measure the value of the
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Schutz, Bernard F.; Papa, M. Alessandra (May 6, 1999). "End-to-end algorithm for hierarchical area searches for long-duration GW sources for GEO 600".
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California Institute for Technology, Yale University, Cardiff University, Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)
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signals. In 1990 his group began the analysis of data from the “100-Hour Run”, which was the first extended joint data-taking exercise between two
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technology demonstrator mission, the LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) gravitational wave detector mission, and the space-geodesy mission
204:, which for many years has been the highest-impact OA journal in the world, as measured by Clarivate. (The journal is now published by Springer.)
380:, from its inception in 2011 until 2018. He is currently a member of the editorial board of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
244:, NY (at that time named Clarkson College of Technology). He finished his degree in three years and went on to graduate study in physics at the
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in founding the Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics, commonly known as the Albert Einstein Institute (AEI). This was established in
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1237:"Prof. Bernard F. Schutz, Founding Director of the AEI, retires as director and dedicates his future work to research and big data"
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346:. Bruce Allen joined the Hannover branch in 2007 as the Director of the new division of Observational Relativity and Cosmology.
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accumulate more and more statistics, this method is expected in the long run to provide the most accurate way of measuring H0.
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During his time at Cardiff, Schutz organised an irregular series of meetings, the Gregynog Relativity Workshops, held at the
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1532:"Gravitational radiation and the validity of the far-zone quadrupole formula in the Newtonian limit of general relativity"
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Gravitational Wave Research, Theoretical and Computational General Relativity, Relativistic Astrophysics, Data Analysis
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Richard A. Isaacson Award in Gravitational-Wave Science, American Physical Society, jointly with Bruce Allen (2020)
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of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) and the 2006 Amaldi Gold Medal from the Italian Society for Gravitation (
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Also in the late 1980s, Schutz began working with Chris Clarke and John Stewart to develop methods to program
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Eddington Medal (RAS), Amaldi Gold Medal (SIGRAV), Isaacson Medal (APS), Honorary DSc University of Glasgow
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Scientific Collaboration (LSC). Schutz was also one of the initiators of the proposal for the space-borne
1739:"Results of the first coincident observations by two laser-interferometric gravitational wave detectors"
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1812:"Data analysis of gravitational-wave signals from spinning neutron stars: The signal and its detection"
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Gravitational Wave Data Analysis. In: NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 253.
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1973:"Prof. Bernard F. Schutz becomes a member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina"
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and data sharing among gravitational wave detector projects. The second one was sponsored by
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1212:"Gravitational Waves: Music of the Spheres / Veranstaltungen / Kepler Salon - Kepler Salon"
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2049:"Professor Bernard Schutz receives an honorary doctorate from the University of Glasgow"
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Schutz has long had a strong interest in scientific outreach and education. His book
368:, is also very highly cited, consistently in the top 100 worldwide. A third journal,
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Awards jointly with other members of the gravitational wave detector collaboration:
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Gravity from the Ground Up: An Introductory Guide to Gravity and General Relativity
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division from 1995 to 2014. Schutz was a founder and principal investigator of the
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1475:"Newtonian and post-Newtonian approximations are asymptotic to general relativity"
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268:, where he started a fruitful collaboration with fellow postdoc John Friedman.
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2024:"Leading astronomers and geophysicists honoured by Royal Astronomical Society"
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When he moved to the AEI in 1995, Schutz was able to build a bigger group in
2074:"Fellows of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation"
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Physics, Professor Bernard Schutz Gravity Exploration Institute School of.
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Physics, Professor Bernard Schutz Gravity Exploration Institute School of.
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Member, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden (elected 2005)
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Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)
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Jaranowski, Piotr; KrĂłlak, Andrzej; Schutz, Bernard F. (August 5, 1998).
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1688:"W-modes: a new family of normal modes of pulsating relativistic stars"
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1597:"Determining the Hubble constant from gravitational wave observations"
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Member, Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina (elected 2006)
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in Pasadena, CA. The following year he joined the research group of
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on Long Island, NY, from 1960-64, and went on to study physics at
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Princess of Asturias Prize for Technical and Scientific Research
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1418:"A New Class of Unstable Modes of Rotating Relativistic Stars"
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1187:"Series | Scienceface Video Clip Series about Science Today"
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International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation
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gravitational wave collaboration, which became part of the
1314:"Lagrangian perturbation theory of nonrelativistic fluids"
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Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
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Royal Astronomical Society Group Achievement Award (2017)
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Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (2019)
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Member, National Academy of Sciences, USA (elected 2019)
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pulsation and stability of stars in general relativity.
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925:"Laser Interferometry and Gravitational Wave Astronomy"
147:, especially for his contributions to the detection of
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Futamase, T.; Schutz, Bernard F. (November 15, 1985).
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Futamase, T.; Schutz, Bernard F. (November 15, 1983).
520:
Italian Society for General Relativity and Gravitation
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Communitas Award from the Max Planck Society in 2013.
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Astrophysics Group at the Albert Einstein Institute
151:, and for his textbooks. Schutz is a Fellow of the
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829:"Theoretical difficulties with the binary pulsar?"
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535:Honorary Fellow, Royal Astronomical Society (2009)
1692:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1361:"Secular instability of rotating Newtonian stars"
1686:Kokkotas, K. D.; Schutz, B. F. (March 1, 1992).
159:. He is a professor of physics and astronomy at
495:Fellow, Learned Society of Wales (elected 2011)
297:Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council
2255:This article about an American physicist is a
489:Fellow, Royal Society of London (elected 2021)
353:’s Executive Committee from 2003 until 2019.
260:. He then moved to a postdoctoral position at
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730:"Three Open Access journals move to Springer"
8:
370:Living Reviews in Computational Astrophysics
590:Geometrical methods of mathematical physics
525:Communitas Award, Max Planck Society (2013)
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675:(2 ed.), Cambridge University Press,
515:Honorary DSc, University of Glasgow (2011)
364:, which began publishing in 2004 from the
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2336:California Institute of Technology alumni
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1595:Schutz, Bernard F. (September 25, 1986).
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1157:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
696:Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability
547:Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics
271:In 1974, Schutz accepted a position as a
135:) is an American and naturalised British
1000:"SJR : Scientific Journal Rankings"
950:"Observational Relativity and Cosmology"
538:Fellow, American Physical Society (1998)
505:Medals and other awards from societies:
302:In 1995 Schutz moved to Germany to join
139:. He is well known for his research in
2356:Fellows of the Learned Society of Wales
1359:Friedman, J. L.; Schutz, B. F. (1978).
1312:Friedman, J. L.; Schutz, B. F. (1978).
1126:"Communitas-Preis fĂĽr Viola Priesemann"
707:
256:and the Institute of Astronomy, led by
2175:"Einstein Society | Einsteinhaus Bern"
222:Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales
827:MacCallum, Malcolm (August 9, 1979).
366:Max Plank Institute for Solar Physics
163:, and was a founding director of the
7:
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671:A first course in general relativity
610:A first course in general relativity
2214:Berlin Open Access Meetings website
667:Schutz, Bernard F. (May 31, 2009),
71:California Institute for Technology
1416:Andersson, Nils (August 1, 1998).
433:. As future observations by LIGO,
246:California Institute of Technology
25:
2147:(1): 1.8–1.10. February 1, 2017.
716:American Men and Women of Science
2316:21st-century American physicists
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2115:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2009.50134.x
1897:"Bernard Schutz | Royal Society"
1027:. April 22, 2017. Archived from
461:vibration modes of black holes.
63:American and naturalized British
1946:Wales, The Learned Society of.
1025:"Physical Review X - PRX Staff"
780:Wales, The Learned Society of.
362:Living Reviews in Solar Physics
228:Education and Career Activities
157:US National Academy of Sciences
2346:Max Planck Institute directors
2028:The Royal Astronomical Society
1781:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-10E0-1
1715:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-10CB-4
1630:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-73C1-2
1565:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-7427-3
1508:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-0EF0-3
1394:11858/00-001M-0000-0013-107B-9
975:"Living Reviews in Relativity"
653:, Cambridge University Press,
613:, Cambridge University Press,
593:, Cambridge University Press,
1:
2321:American relativity theorists
2109:(1): 1.34. February 1, 2009.
2259:. You can help Knowledge by
1952:The Learned Society of Wales
1773:10.1016/0375-9601(96)00438-0
1051:"PNAS Member Editor Details"
786:The Learned Society of Wales
358:Living Reviews in Relativity
281:gravitational wave detection
201:Living Reviews in Relativity
647:Schutz, Bernard F. (2003),
607:Schutz, Bernard F. (1985),
587:Schutz, Bernard F. (1980),
431:merger of two neutron stars
189:gravitational wave detector
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2331:Clarkson University alumni
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2141:Astronomy & Geophysics
2103:Astronomy & Geophysics
2022:Simion @Yonescat, Florin.
1846:10.1103/physrevd.58.063001
1263:"Professor Bernard Schutz"
756:"Professor Bernard Schutz"
650:Gravity from the ground up
389:Gravity from the Ground Up
131:(born August 11, 1946, in
2326:Max Planck Society people
1422:The Astrophysical Journal
1365:The Astrophysical Journal
1318:The Astrophysical Journal
807:"John Friedman | Physics"
518:Amaldi Gold Medal of the
212:Schutz received the 2019
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83:
2351:American physicist stubs
1556:10.1103/physrevd.32.2557
1499:10.1103/physrevd.28.2363
1163:10.1017/cbo9780511807800
1151:Schutz, Bernard (2003).
338:and for the space-based
316:astrophysical relativity
177:Astrophysical Relativity
2153:10.1093/astrogeo/atx017
1705:10.1093/mnras/255.1.119
553:Gruber Cosmology Prize
277:Chandra Wickramasinghe
2220:The Rumbling Universe
627:Schutz, B.F. (1989),
429:, the first detected
115:https://bfschutz.com/
2222:(personal Blogpages)
2179:www.einstein-bern.ch
1661:"The Standard Siren"
1101:"Berlin Conferences"
1076:"Berliner Erklärung"
719:, Thomson Gale, 2004
466:numerical relativity
234:Bethpage High School
198:(OA) review journal
155:and a Member of the
133:Paterson, New Jersey
1922:"Bernard F. Schutz"
1838:1998PhRvD..58f3001J
1765:1996PhLA..218..175N
1613:1986Natur.323..310S
1548:1985PhRvD..32.2557F
1491:1983PhRvD..28.2363F
1444:1998ApJ...502..708A
1377:1978ApJ...222..281F
1330:1978ApJ...221..937F
1216:www.kepler-salon.at
1191:www.scienceface.org
845:1979Natur.280..449M
238:Clarkson University
175:, where he led the
149:gravitational waves
1267:Cardiff University
760:Cardiff University
312:Max Planck Society
310:, Germany, by the
299:(PPARC), 1994-95.
264:, in the group of
161:Cardiff University
145:general relativity
27:American physicist
2268:
2267:
2137:"RAS Awards 2017"
2099:"RAS Awards 2009"
1998:"Prize Recipient"
1926:www.nasonline.org
1816:Physical Review D
1743:Physics Letters A
1607:(6086): 310–311.
1542:(10): 2557–2565.
1536:Physical Review D
1485:(10): 2363–2372.
1479:Physical Review D
1292:School of Physics
1288:"Adjunct Faculty"
1172:978-0-521-45506-0
1105:openaccess.mpg.de
1080:openaccess.mpg.de
1031:on April 22, 2017
1004:www.scimagojr.com
682:978-0-521-88705-2
559:Bruno Rossi Prize
378:Physical Review X
123:Bernard F. Schutz
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85:Scientific career
36:Bernard F. Schutz
16:(Redirected from
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2007:January 18,
2002:www.aps.org
1982:January 18,
1957:January 18,
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812:January 14,
485:Academies:
468:, bringing
258:Martin Rees
196:open access
60:Nationality
2300:Categories
1130:www.mpg.de
791:August 31,
734:www.mpg.de
702:References
633:, Kluwer,
250:Kip Thorne
143:theory of
141:Einstein's
2210:(YouTube)
2161:1366-8781
2123:1366-8781
1862:118955579
1854:0556-2821
1789:0375-9601
1724:0035-8711
1639:0028-0836
1574:0556-2821
1517:0556-2821
1460:0004-637X
1403:0004-637X
1346:0004-637X
900:"History"
861:1476-4687
470:Ed Seidel
137:physicist
1797:13353518
979:Springer
875:"AEI 25"
690:See also
528:Fellow,
427:GW170817
400:Research
288:Gregynog
273:Lecturer
49:Paterson
1834:Bibcode
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322:, for
218:SIGRAV
208:Honors
126:FInstP
91:Fields
76:Awards
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1858:S2CID
1824:arXiv
1793:S2CID
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1430:arXiv
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293:NATO
192:LISA
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129:FLSW
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