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Tribes
Foundation (UIATF), they used tactics ranging from politicking to occupation of land to celebrity appearances. Some of the key politicking came at the federal level: UIATF, like the city, filed to directly acquire land that the federal government was releasing, and the federal government ultimately insisted that the two come up with a joint plan. Negotiations, confrontation and even a
305:" and developing an anger that he would soon put to constructive use. Through the early 1960s, Whitebear began searching for a way to change the dominant American culture's perception of Indians. He also wanted to support the recovery and retention of culture that was becoming lost as Indians adapted to a changing world and sometimes lost specific tribal knowledge and traditions.
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transformed "an effort to secure a land base for urban
Indians" into "a bizarre, ready-for-prime-time, movie scenario, complete with soldiers, modern-day Indians, and anti-war activists. Without really appreciating it at the time, the Indian movement had achieved, through Jane Fonda's presence, a long-sought credibility which would not have been possible otherwise."
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community in
Seattle," and said that his brother became executive director not because he knew anything in particular about healthcare but "because he was Indian and well spoken." Jill Marsden increasingly acted as the true administrator of the group. After about a year Whitebear resigned, in order to focus on acquiring a land base for Seattle's urban Indians.
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violence. Satiacum was prominent among those who continually upped the ante, deliberately netting fish in places where he knew it would provoke anger from sports fishermen. According to his brother and biographer Lawney Reyes, Whitebear, Satiacum, and a few other of their friends "spent a lot of time together partying and drinking" and styled themselves as a "
219:, where he graduated from high school in 1955. Being from a musically inclined family, Reyes took up the trumpet. He eventually advanced to lead trumpet of the Okanogan High School band. He was popular in his otherwise all-white high school, although some of his classmates' parents didn't approve of them socializing with (or, especially, dating) an Indian.
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tribe was his "constant companion" for more than a decade in the 1970s and '80s, and the two were at one point engaged. He acted like a parent to "every Indian kid in
Seattle", according to his brother. He gave away most money that came his way to those he considered needier, sometimes borrowing
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On March 8, 1970, Whitebear was among the leaders of about 100 "Native
Americans and sympathizers" who confronted military police in riot gear at the fort. The MPs ejected them from the fort, but they were able to establish an encampment outside the fort. Organizing as the United Indians of All
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along with the Balkan-style Koleda Dance
Ensemble. They later made a second trip, performing in France and Germany. According to his brother Reyes, Whitebear's experiences in Europe helped him "realize his calling in life", to "make Indians more visible to white people" and to help "the various
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Through the fishing rights struggle, Whitebear developed a deeper sense of historic conflicts between
Indians and the white population than he had attained growing up around Okanogan. During this period, the struggle over the rights to fish for salmon occasionally reached the level of physical
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and one that preferred to wait until the land was in city hands and then attempt negotiation. Prominent among those who preferred to wait was Pearl Warren, founder of the
American Indian Women's Service League, who was concerned that a militant attitude would undercut the existing city-funded
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Whitebear left Boeing to help operate the clinic. In 1969 it established itself as a separate non-profit, the
Seattle Indian Health Board (SIHB). In 1970, Whitebear became the group's first executive director. Lawney Reyes characterizes the SIHB as "the first major achievement for the Indian
703:; Reyes indicates that is where the family was living at the time, but Reyes 2006 p. 3–4 indicates the hospital birth. Also, McRoberts says he was "one of six children of an Indian mother and Filipino father"; presumably he is including the half-siblings his mother later had with Harry Wong.
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was in town when the invasion took place. According to
Whitebear, her presence "captured the imagination of the world press. American Indians were attacking active military forts along with one of the nation's leading opponents of United States involvement in the Vietnam War." Her presence
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every July. It supports a "social-service agency with more than 100 staffers, an annual budget of $ 4 million, and eight federally funded programs serving Indians - infants to elderly." In addition, UIATF has acquired other land in Seattle outside Daybreak Star, including a quarter-block
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During this same period, Whitebear became particularly interested in health issues among Seattle's Indians. At this time, Seattle's estimated 25,000 urban Indians had "no health services, no organization, no money and no meeting place except an old church on Boren Avenue".
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In the summer of 1961, along with his various family members, Whitebear raised opposition to a federal government proposal to "terminate" the relationship of the federally recognized Colville Reservation. Under the termination program, the government proposed to pay
301:" called the "Skins", with three Tacoma taverns as their "lodges". "When the Skins gathered," Reyes wrote, "others gave them a wide berth." According to the older Lawney Reyes, through this period, Whitebear was "learning much about the problems of
509:. His brother Lawney Reyes, a sculptor and designer — joined with architects Arai Jackson to design the facility, which opened in 1977. Reyes later became a curator of art and author, writing a personal memoir and a biography of his brother (
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services. It was peaceably agreed that those who wished to take more extreme action would not use the name "Kinatechitapi", but the resulting tensions led to Warren losing the next election for the Service League presidency to Joyce Reyes.
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for "All Indians". Their first efforts to open discussions with the City of Seattle in advance of the turnover of the land failed. The City said it would not open discussions until it acquired the land, and referred them to the
1270:
Reyes 2006, p. 117. His brother Lawney Reyes recounts in his biography that Bernie was a soft touch for his nieces and nephews, often giving or lending them the very money he had borrowed from their parents.(Reyes 2006, p.
444:(BIA). As Whitebear later wrote, "This action displayed their ignorance of both the BIA's restricted service policy, which excluded urban Indians, and also the disregard and disfavor urban Indians held for the BIA."
1449:, Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, contains numerous oral histories, research reports, and other documents, many of which relate to Bernie Whitebear's life, including some of his own writings in
196:. His parents separated in 1939 and subsequently divorced; his mother would later marry Harry Wong, with whom she and Bernie's father had run a Chinese restaurant in 1935–1937, during the construction of the
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who was then a medical resident at the University of Washington, and his wife Donna Griffith, and later New Yorkers Peter and Hinda Schnurman, Jill Marsden from England, and pharmacist Eveline Takahashi.
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Whitebear 1994, p. 5. Typos in the original have been corrected; it said "modem day-Indians"; this has been corrected to "modern-day Indians"; also, Fonda's name was typoed in one place as "Fcinda".
344:, as well as more about specific tribes. Whitebear tracked down Indians knowledgeable in these various traditions, and he taught himself many of the traditional songs and dances of Native cultures.
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declared Whitebear to be the state's first "Citizen of the Decade." After Whitebear's death he said Whitebear should have been designated as citizen "of the Century". Activist and author
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Whitebear was soon elected CEO of the UIATF. At UIATF, he successfully oversaw fundraising (including a million dollar grant from the state) and construction for what would become the
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60,000 to each tribal member to relinquish their rights as American Indians. The reservation would be disbanded and the tribal members essentially assimilated to majority culture.
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408:. Over the next decade, she developed SIHB as a 200-employee institution recognized as a national model. She was later appointed as the deputy director of the federal
181:, a Sin Aikst leader in the early 20th century. Around 1970, as Reyes became an activist, he changed his name to honor his mother's father, Alex Christian, known as
455:
The more militant faction soon adopted the name "American Indian Fort Lawton Occupation Forces". Some of the Indians of All Tribes came in from Alcatraz, including
492:, with options for renewal without renegotiation. In addition, the City gave $ 600,000 to the American Indian Women's Service League for a social services center.
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neighborhood to the Sacred Circle Art Gallery at Daybreak Star. The center also operated a pre-school, family support programs, and sponsored a large annual
777:
Various mentions in Lawney Reyes's several memoirs, but see especially Reyes 2006, p. 94–102 about his father, sister, and brother performing in vaudeville.
285:. He soon changed his name to "Bernie Whitebear" and renewed his friendship with Satiacum and others who were fighting for native fishing rights on the
419:, as the government downsized this army post. The group was influenced by the Indians of All Tribes (IAT), a mostly student group of activists who had
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Shortly after this, Whitebear became deeply involved in a movement for Seattle Indians to acquire a share of the land to be declared surplus at
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Bernie Whitebear, "Self-Determination: Taking Back Fort Lawton. Meeting the Needs of Seattle's Native American Community Through Conversion",
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363:. He brought together some of the leading singers, dancers, and drummers of Plateau and Plains traditions, as well as of the regional
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at Seattle's Masonic Temple; in 1966 he moved to the city. Throughout this period, he retained his job at Boeing (and even played
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After returning home, Whitebear organized a series of pow wows larger than any that Seattle had ever seen, to take place at the
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The Bernie Whitebear Memorial Ethnobotanical Garden was established in his honor next to the Daybreak Star Cultural Center.
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and elsewhere in Western Washington. They had these rights affirmed in the United States Supreme Court ruling known as the
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intervention combined in November 1971 to give them a 99-year lease on 20 acres (81,000 m) in what would become Seattle's
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Magnolia Great Bernice Stern and Daybreak Star Founder Bernie Whitebear honored at grand opening of new Chinook Building
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459:, leader of that action; other activists came from Canada. A plan was formed to invade the base. Another arrival was
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536:. He continued to build the UIATF as an institution, with programs ranging from the La-ba-te-yah youth home in the
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For the rest of his childhood and youth, Reyes lived with his father, variously on the Colville Reservation and in
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177:, the young Reyes was named "Bernard" after a great-uncle (brother of his maternal grandmother), Chief
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1160:, Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, University of Washington. Accessed 11 March 2007.
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Jamie Garner and Dorry Elias, "Bernie Whitebear: Elegy for a gone-but-never-forgotten activist",
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1329:, Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project, University of Washington. Accessed 2007-03-11.
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and the rivers that fed into it, they were repeatedly harassed by white sport fishermen and the
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in 1940–1942, Bernard was too young to do so. He lived with foster grandparents, the Halls.
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who largely assimilated to an Indian way of life. Born in the Colville Indian Hospital in
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336:) He also became involved with young Indians in learning the songs and dances of the
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Year-End Tribute to Hazel Wolf, Jacob Lawrence, Alan Hovhaness, and Bernie Whitebear
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Chinook Building, completed in 2008 at Fifth and Jefferson, was named in his honor.
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In the same era when Daybreak Star was being constructed, Whitebear served on the
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Lawney Reyes memorialized Whitebear and his sister Luana in the public sculpture
404:, Whitebear's sister, was hired as executive director after a business career in
293:(1974), which made the Washington's tribes co-managers of the state's fisheries.
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1317:, AfterWords, Edmonds Community College, October 11, 2005. Accessed 2007-03-12.
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Bob Lupson had helped to organize a free clinic for Indian People at Seattle's
1340:"Seattle Municipal Archives Feature: Bernie Whitebear, Native American Leader"
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Whitebear married Jessica King. He had six children. Marilyn Sieber of the
1239:, National Museum of the American Indian. Accessed online 25 October 2007.
153:, established on 20 acres of land acquired for urban Indians in the city.
1426:, HistoryLink.org Essay 5170, February 4, 2003. Accessed 12 March 2007.
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In 1968, Whitebear put together a Native American dance group to tour
1466:, KCTS/Seattle television, December 28, 2000, includes video footage.
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1228:"The National Museum of the American Indian in Washington, D.C." in
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provides several anecdotes about the fundraising for Daybreak Star.
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165:, now known as Lakes tribe, one of the Confederated Tribes of the
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A Brief History of the United Indians of All Tribes Foundation
1434:, Volume IV, Number 4 /Volume V, Number 1 Spring - Summer 1994
1372:, King County official site, 2008-01-25. Accessed 2009-06-03.
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The Kinatechitapi split between a faction that called for
388:); other key figures in the clinic were Lyle Griffith, an
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called him the most important Indian of the last century.
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at the corner of Yesler Way and 32nd Street in Seattle.
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for about a year. There he first met, and fished with,
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ran front-page stories on him for two successive days.
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Bernie Whitebear: An Urban Indian's Quest for Justice
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In 2000 Whitebear's death was front-page news in the
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Bernie Whitebear: An Urban Indian's Quest for Justice
431:. Initially, the Seattle movement called themselves
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After leaving the army in 1959 and returning to the
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125:(September 27, 1937 – July 16, 2000), birth name
1447:Urban Indians and Seattle's civil rights history
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556:. In 1995, he was appointed to the board of the
1308:Bernie Whitebear Ethnobotanical Memorial Garden
528:, Whitebear became one of Seattle's so-called "
277:area of Washington State, Reyes took a job at
1173:(Seattle's "homeless paper"), 15 August 2000.
475:. At the behest of the Fort Lewis coalition,
188:His early childhood was spent largely on the
161:He was born Bernard Reyes to Mary Christian (
8:
957:"Tireless advocate Bernie Whitebear mourned"
467:. Meanwhile, ongoing protests around nearby
340:(including the Colville), and those of the
222:After attending one year of classes at the
281:, the major employer, and remained in the
246:. In September 1957 Reyes enlisted in the
18:
532:" or "Four Amigos" who founded Seattle's
1388:, University of Washington Press, 2002.
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534:Minority Executive Directors's Coalition
321:As early as 1961, Whitebear organized a
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147:United Indians of All Tribes Foundation
558:National Museum of the American Indian
265:Forging a contemporary Indian identity
329:in a Boeing employees' production of
208:went away to attend boarding school,
7:
1515:American people of Filipino descent
1432:Race, Poverty & the Environment
699:McRoberts 2003 says he was born at
970:. Accessed online 12 March 2007. .
583:money from his siblings to do so.
412:(a political appointee position).
14:
226:, Reyes lived with his mother in
1495:People from Okanogan, Washington
734:Reyes 2002, pp. 74–75, 185, 194.
29:
1403:, University of Arizona, 2006.
352:tribes… forge a united front."
1:
1525:Deaths from colorectal cancer
1510:20th-century Native Americans
1424:Whitebear, Bernie (1937-2000)
808:; p. 71 for when he enlisted.
507:Daybreak Star Cultural Center
500:Daybreak Star Cultural Center
151:Daybreak Star Cultural Center
592:In 1997 Washington governor
1313:September 28, 2007, at the
234:, another Native American.
190:Colville Indian Reservation
143:Seattle Indian Health Board
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612:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
200:. While his older brother
1490:American health activists
1480:Native American activists
1368:October 12, 2008, at the
400:After a national search,
317:Pow wows and performances
250:, where he served in the
28:
1280:Reyes 2002, p. 191, 192.
442:Bureau of Indian Affairs
421:occupied Alcatraz Island
224:University of Washington
16:American Indian activist
1248:Reyes 2006, p. 117–118.
1182:Reyes 2002, p. 188–189.
1135:Reyes 2002, p. 187–188.
1044:Whitebear 1994, p. 4–5.
1009:Reyes 2002, p. 185–186.
962:April 30, 2007, at the
826:Reyes 2002, p. 186–187.
743:Reyes 2002, p. 93, 103.
652:Reyes 2002, p. 78, 191.
554:Seattle Arts Commission
365:Northwest Coast Indians
252:101st Airborne Division
238:for salmon in Tacoma's
1520:Activists from Seattle
1062:Reyes 2006 p. 103–104.
632:The eleventh floor of
549:at Second and Cherry.
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463:, daughter of athlete
386:Pacific Medical Center
299:fraternal organization
185:(White Grizzly Bear).
169:) and Julian Reyes, a
141:, a co-founder of the
1344:cityclerk.seattle.gov
1076:Whitebear 1994, p. 5.
1030:Whitebear 1994, p. 4.
997:Reyes 2006, p. 96–97.
988:Reyes 2006, p. 94–96.
979:Reyes 2006, p. 93–94.
925:Reyes 2006, p. 89–91.
916:Reyes 2006, p. 86–87.
889:Reyes 2006, p. 83–85.
817:Reyes 2006, p. 72–73.
795:Reyes 2006, p. 55–60.
701:Inchelium, Washington
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410:Indian Health Service
210:Chemawa Indian School
1123:, especially p. 181
968:Indian Country Today
674:, especially p. 186
384:Hospital (later the
217:Okanogan, Washington
175:Nespelem, Washington
167:Colville Reservation
59:Nespelem, Washington
1422:Patrick McRoberts,
1298:Reyes 2006, p. 147.
1289:Reyes 2006, p. 136.
1219:Reyes 2006, p. 113.
1210:Reyes 2002, p. 189.
1144:Reyes 2006, p. 108
880:Reyes 2002, p. 187.
768:Reyes 2002, p. 186.
371:Activist and leader
349:Southeastern Europe
1460:, written in 1994.
1456:Bernie Whitebear,
1451:Indian Center News
1235:2007-11-03 at the
1230:Internship Program
1106:Reyes 2006, p. 97
1053:Reyes 2006 p. 103.
1018:Reyes 2006, p. 97.
946:Reyes 2006, p. 93.
934:Reyes 2006, p. 91
907:Reyes 2006, p. 89.
898:Reyes 2006, p. 87.
865:Reyes 2006, p. 81
856:Reyes 2006, p. 79.
847:Reyes 2006, p. 78.
838:Reyes 2006, p. 77.
804:Reyes 2006, p. 61
786:Reyes 2006, p. 52.
725:Reyes 2002, p. 90.
712:Reyes 2002, p. 31
686:Reyes 2002, p. 38
661:Reyes 2002, p. 78.
566:Whitebear died of
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332:Annie Get Your Gun
248:United States Army
228:Tacoma, Washington
55:September 27, 1937
1417:978-0-8165-2521-8
1399:Lawney L. Reyes,
1384:Lawney L. Reyes,
966:, 2 August 2000,
598:Vine Deloria, Jr.
587:Legacy and honors
570:, July 16, 2000.
429:San Francisco Bay
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35:Whitebear in 1971
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94:Known for
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631:
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627:Dreamcatcher,
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606:Seattle Times
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526:Larry Gossett
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486:Congressional
481:
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470:
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458:
457:Richard Oakes
453:
450:
449:direct action
445:
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438:
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433:Kinatechitapi
430:
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411:
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406:San Francisco
403:
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382:Public Health
379:
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328:
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303:urban Indians
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236:Drift netting
233:
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179:James Bernard
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127:Bernard Reyes
124:
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69:July 16, 2000
68:
64:
60:
45:Bernard Reyes
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1450:
1431:
1400:
1385:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1327:Lawney Reyes
1322:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1266:
1258:
1257:Reyes 2006,
1253:
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1215:
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1178:
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1153:
1145:
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1120:
1119:Reyes 2002,
1115:
1107:
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993:
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813:
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782:
773:
753:
752:Reyes 2002,
748:
739:
730:
721:
713:
708:
695:
687:
682:
675:
671:
670:Reyes 2002,
666:
657:
648:
626:
616:
610:
604:
577:
568:colon cancer
565:
551:
530:Gang of Four
515:
510:
504:
482:
461:Grace Thorpe
454:
446:
432:
414:
399:
395:
390:Oglala Sioux
374:
357:Mercer Arena
354:
346:
330:
327:Sitting Bull
320:
307:
295:
283:Army Reserve
268:
232:Bob Satiacum
221:
214:
202:Lawney Reyes
187:
182:
160:
145:(SIHB), the
133:activist in
126:
122:
121:
108:Jessica King
71:(2000-07-16)
1505:2000 deaths
1500:1937 births
1171:Real Change
516:Along with
473:Vietnam War
417:Fort Lawton
402:Luana Reyes
259:paratrooper
256:Green Beret
244:Coast Guard
206:Luana Reyes
204:and sister
78:Nationality
1474:Categories
1379:References
1349:2018-03-04
594:Gary Locke
538:Crown Hill
518:Bob Santos
477:Jane Fonda
469:Fort Lewis
465:Jim Thorpe
423:, site of
194:Washington
149:, and the
139:Washington
129:, was an
86:Occupation
51:1937-09-27
513:, 2006).
437:Blackfoot
163:Sin Aikst
1366:Archived
1311:Archived
1233:Archived
1146:et. seq.
1125:et. seq.
1108:et. seq.
960:Archived
936:et. seq.
867:et. seq.
806:et. seq.
714:et. seq.
688:et. seq.
676:et. seq.
547:downtown
171:Filipino
113:Children
100:activism
89:Activist
1259:passim.
580:Nit Nat
542:pow-wow
323:pow-wow
271:Seattle
135:Seattle
1485:Sinixt
1415:
1407:
1392:
1121:passim
1110:, 113.
754:passim
716:, 187.
672:passim
615:. The
524:, and
342:Plains
279:Boeing
275:Tacoma
105:Spouse
690:, 78.
641:Notes
617:Times
427:, in
254:as a
157:Youth
1413:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1271:119)
609:and
311:US$
66:Died
41:Born
359:at
192:in
1476::
1411:.
1342:.
1203:^
1194:,
1187:^
1090:^
1067:^
1035:^
1023:^
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831:^
761:^
520:,
435:,
367:.
261:.
137:,
1453:.
1419:.
1396:.
1352:.
756:.
334:.
273:-
116:6
53:)
49:(
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