258:
temporary inter-cellular connections. When close to the prey, the lips contract and the mouth is opened rapidly, sucking in the prey. This action is reversible and the lips can be resealed. An alternative method of feeding involves the lips spreading over the prey and the sword-shaped macrocilia lining the lips chopping off chunks. The lips are sealed by the presence of adhesive strips of epithelial cells along their opposite edges. Not all species seem to have these strips which seem specifically adapted to those with wide mouths whereas species with small oral openings are able to control the opening of the aperture by more conventional means.
317:, a balance organ that helps it to orient itself. Papillae surround the statocyst. Their function is unclear, but they are probably also used for sensory perception. The eight combs of cilia extend part way along the body in ribs. The combs are used in locomotion, with the cilia beating in synchronised waves to propel the animal. It usually moves with the mouth end in front, but the direction of movement can be reversed. When not actively moving, a vertical position is maintained, normally with the mouth upwards.
55:
42:
411:, which all have at least rudimentary tentacles. This division, after provisional results of morphological and molecular studies, however, probably does not reflect the actual relationships within the ctenophores. The monophyly of Nuda is widely accepted, due to the complete lack of tentacles, and the presence of macrocilia as a common secondary feature, or
162:
335:
693:
Gershwin, L., Zeidler, W. & Davie, P.J.F. 2010 12 30. Ctenophora of
Australia. In, Davie, P.J.F. & Phillips, J.A. (Eds), Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Marine Biological Workshop, the Marine Fauna and Flora of Moreton Bay, Queensland. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 54(3): 1–45.
285:
The macrocilia move in unison. They are angled towards the gullet and are stacked on top of each other like roof tiles. By this arrangement they effectively grip parts of the prey in synchronized waves like a conveyor belt, transporting it to the stomach, and the throat muscles promote this process.
218:
is among the largest species in the class, often exceeding 30 cm (12 in) in length. The body is melon or cone-shaped with a wide mouth and pharynx and a capacious gastrovascular cavity. Many meridional canals branch off this and form a network of diverticulae in the mesogloea. There are no
304:
As in other ctenophores, from the main stomach a network of channels branch through the mesogloea. Some of these have blind ends and others link up. They supply nutrients to the most active parts of the animal, the mouth, pharynx, combs of cilia and the sensory organs at the hind end of the body.
282:. The individual macrocilium is between 50 and 60 micrometres long and 6 to 10 micrometres thick, with the cilia bonded together in a hexagonal cross-sectional structure by permanent fibrils in three different planes. A system of tubules connects the basal bodies from which the macrocilia grow.
257:
Some nudans have a very large oral cavity, allowing them to swallow prey whole. While swimming, and particularly while pursuing prey, they close their mouths like a zipper so that they maintain a streamlined profile. The mouth is zipped closed from each end, and the edges seal shut by forming
325:
Nudans feed on free swimming animals with soft bodies, primarily on other ctenophores, many of them larger than they are themselves. They actively hunt for prey, which they usually devour whole. Some species use their macrocilia as teeth to remove smaller chunks from their prey.
394:. Although no detailed figures are available, it is assumed that self-fertilization is the exception among nudans. The fertilized eggs hatch into miniature versions of the adult animal, rather than distinct larval forms. They lack tentacles and are otherwise similar to the
196:. They are distinguished from other comb jellies by the complete absence of tentacles, in both juvenile and adult stages. Species of the family Beroidae are found in all the world's oceans and seas and are free-swimmers that form part of the
406:
There are no known fossil nudans, so the phylogenetic evolution of the group by comparison with other modern ctenophores is not possible. In the traditional system, the Nuda form a class distinct from the
448:
species, the body is usually maintained in a vertical position with the mouth end orientated upwards. The vascular system is separated longitudinally into two separate halves.
656:
507:
2000:
1778:
1556:
2039:
1817:
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includes nearly all the members of the class and is distributed worldwide. One of the best known species, which is widespread in the
Northern Hemisphere, is
274:
in 1965. He found they were complex structures composed of 2,000 to 3,000 filaments in a single, conical functional unit. Each macrocilium shows the typical
459:(Lesson 1824), and is found only in the waters around Australia. The aboral end is extended into two large lobes and the vascular system is undivided.
1974:
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The three-toothed tip of the macrocilia is stiff enough for it to rip the outer wall of larger prey such as other ctenophores; at the same time,
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may occasionally attain a length of up to 30 centimetres (12 in), though most species and individuals are less than about 10 cm;
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370:. The Beroe population underwent an initial explosion, until the numbers of both ctenophores stabilized. Nevertheless, both
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Each comb plate has its own meridional canal situated directly beneath it and a ring of channels surround the mouth.
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is somewhat flattened and characterized by a pair of trailing gelatinous "wings" that extend beyond the aboral tip.
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remain today in the Black Sea. The same phenomenon is occurring at the beginning of the 21st century in the
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species may be cylindrical in cross section, or compressed to varying amounts according to species, while
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Directly inside the mouth opening, in the lining of the gullet, can be found characteristic finger-like
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known as "macrocilia". These were first described by J.G.F. Will in 1844 and further investigated by
219:
tentacles but there are a row of branched papillae, forming a figure of eight around the aboral tip.
982:
296:
Macrocilia also function as teeth, and can be used in the same way as the tentacles of
Tentaculata.
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Horridge, G.A. (18 May 1965). "Macrocilia with
Numerous Shafts from the Lips of the Ctenophore
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All species are hermaphrodites and reproduce sexually, having both female and male
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245:. The mesoglea has pigments that give many nudan species a slightly pink color;
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426:. The family and order were named in 1825 or 1829 by the German naturalist
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355:, probably through ballast water, which led to the collapse of the local
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penetrate into the resulting wounds, rapidly incapacitating the victim.
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At the aboral end of the animal (the opposite end from the mouth) is a
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Like other comb jellies, the body wall of nudans consists of an outer
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Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
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188:. It is the only known family within the monotypic order
359:
population. In 1997 another ctenophore species arrived—
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and an inner gastrodermis, separated by a jelly-like
537:"Reversible Epithelial Adhesion Closes the Mouth of
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535:Tamm, Sidney L.; Tamm, Signhild (December 1991).
278:construction of nine external and two internal
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455:is monotypical, containing only one species,
8:
655:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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422:in the family Beroidae, grouped into two
345:In the late 1980s the ctenophore species
27:Family of comb jellies without tentacles
512:Zooplankton of the South Atlantic Ocean
469:
249:may be yellowish or a deep orange-red.
648:
514:. Marine Species Identification Portal
7:
2055:15c94f18-80f2-49ba-a6ea-dda2adf9b707
1833:822b3b67-fd77-460e-ac7d-a6d6fd763c97
1598:18b74058-9c8a-4f48-b3f8-e6f35767e0a0
169:ctenophore with mouth gaping at left
595:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
208:Some members of the diverse genus
25:
635:. Cengage Learning. p. 194.
633:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
184:more commonly referred to as the
53:
1:
541:, a Carnivorous Marine Jelly"
428:Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz
418:There are approximately 25
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222:The sack-like body of the
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50:Scientific classification
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402:Taxonomy and systematics
351:was introduced into the
309:Sensory organs and combs
615:10.1098/rspb.1965.0043
342:
341:on the Black Sea coast
272:George Adrian Horridge
170:
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743:families and genera
607:1965RSPSB.162..351H
545:Biological Bulletin
330:As invasive species
1114:Benthic comb jelly
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2063:Open Tree of Life
1841:Open Tree of Life
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1406:Taxon identifiers
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673:. Cronodon Museum
642:978-81-315-0104-7
486:Phylum Ctenophora
372:Mnemiopsis leidyi
368:Mnemiopsis leidyi
348:Mnemiopsis leidyi
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601:(988): 351–364.
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557:10.2307/1542367
534:
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508:"Order Beroida"
506:Boltovskoy, D.
505:
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488:. jenniferkwong
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176:is a family of
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28:
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2109:Animal classes
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1410:
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1384:Thalassocalyce
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1274:
1266:
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1255:
1254:
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1232:
1230:
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1190:
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1098:Incertae sedis
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551:(3): 463–473.
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457:Neis cordigera
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300:Channel system
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247:Neis cordigera
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192:and the class
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1362:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1344:Coeloplanidae
1341:
1334:
1333:Platyctenidae
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1329:
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1072:Pleurobrachia
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1017:Charistephane
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671:"Ctenophores"
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253:Mouth opening
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19:
1870:
1635:
1413:
1382:
1358:
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1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1293:Platyctenida
1276:
1269:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:Bolinopsidae
1183:Lobatolampea
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1136:
1106:
1096:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1029:
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1001:Mertensiidae
988:
981:
974:
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933:
926:
919:
912:
905:
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876:Cryptolobata
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827:
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787:
675:. Retrieved
665:
632:
598:
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516:. Retrieved
511:
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490:. Retrieved
485:
479:
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456:
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417:
413:synapomorphy
405:
395:
389:
386:Reproduction
375:
371:
367:
360:
346:
344:
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324:
312:
303:
295:
284:
280:microtubules
265:
256:
246:
236:
229:
223:
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213:
209:
207:
193:
189:
185:
182:comb jellies
173:
172:
149:
142:
124:
110:
96:
29:
1988:iNaturalist
1895:Wikispecies
1766:iNaturalist
1660:Wikispecies
1544:iNaturalist
1438:Wikispecies
1262:Ocyropsidae
1244:Eurhamphaea
1108:Duobrachium
976:Gastropodes
907:Aulacoctena
811:Tentaculata
758:(unranked)
409:Tentaculata
380:Caspian Sea
376:Beroe ovata
339:Beroe ovata
288:proteolytic
178:ctenophores
2098:Categories
1353:Coeloplana
1327:Tjalfiella
1306:Ctenoplana
1217:Mnemiopsis
1203:Bolinopsis
1169:Lampocteis
1162:Bathocyroe
1051:Hormiphora
1010:Callianira
942:Euplokamis
921:Cryptocoda
914:Bathyctena
883:Lobocrypta
820:Cambojiida
741:ctenophore
694:Brisbane.
677:2015-03-14
518:2015-03-14
492:2015-03-15
464:References
451:The genus
434:The genus
262:Macrocilia
101:Chun, 1879
87:Ctenophora
1360:Vallicula
1313:Lyrocteis
1278:Ocyropsis
1251:Kiyohimea
1210:Lesueuria
1176:Leucothea
1129:Ganeshida
1058:Minictena
1031:Mertensia
1024:Gastrodes
967:Lampeidae
949:Haeckelia
894:Cydippida
829:Cambodgia
760:Eumetazoa
700:0079-8835
651:cite book
353:Black Sea
315:statocyst
276:eukaryote
268:processes
239:epidermis
73:Kingdom:
67:Eukaryota
35:Beroidae
1915:Beroidae
1901:Beroidae
1880:Wikidata
1871:Beroidae
1645:Wikidata
1423:Wikidata
1320:Savangia
1079:Sabaudia
990:Lampetia
935:Dryodora
928:Ctenella
754:Animalia
752:Kingdom
573:29304670
398:larvae.
396:Cydippea
243:mesoglea
198:plankton
174:Beroidae
125:Beroidae
121:Family:
83:Phylum:
77:Animalia
63:Domain:
1886:Q496366
1693:Beroida
1680:Beroida
1666:Beroida
1651:Q496637
1636:Beroida
1611:5653672
1588:1919246
1429:Q136620
1271:Alcinoe
1237:Deiopea
1138:Ganesha
1086:Tinerfe
1065:Moseria
856:Velamen
840:Cestida
780:Beroida
739:Extant
603:Bibcode
565:1542367
420:species
357:anchovy
291:enzymes
204:Anatomy
190:Beroida
186:beroids
135:Genera
111:Beroida
107:Order:
93:Class:
18:Beroida
2081:106317
2068:570649
2052:NZOR:
2006:100968
1967:1BEROF
1928:381309
1846:570650
1830:NZOR:
1745:1BEROO
1706:381308
1595:NZOR:
1523:1NUDAC
1484:381307
1149:Lobata
983:Lampea
849:Cestum
698:
639:
571:
563:
424:genera
392:gonads
167:beroid
2076:WoRMS
2045:37539
2019:53953
2001:IRMNG
1993:51511
1941:7NG4X
1854:WoRMS
1823:37538
1797:53952
1784:12317
1779:IRMNG
1771:51510
1719:7NF87
1619:WoRMS
1575:53951
1557:IRMNG
1549:51509
1497:7NF4R
956:Pukia
789:Beroe
591:Beroe
561:JSTOR
539:Beroë
446:Beroe
444:. In
436:Beroe
364:ovata
362:Beroe
225:Beroe
210:Beroe
144:Beroe
2104:Nuda
2040:NCBI
2014:ITIS
1980:9595
1975:GBIF
1962:EPPO
1923:BOLD
1859:1261
1818:NCBI
1792:ITIS
1753:GBIF
1740:EPPO
1701:BOLD
1624:1250
1583:NCBI
1570:ITIS
1562:1212
1531:GBIF
1518:EPPO
1479:BOLD
1471:Nuda
1458:Nuda
1444:Nuda
1414:Nuda
796:Neis
771:Nuda
696:ISSN
657:link
637:ISBN
569:PMID
453:Neis
374:and
321:Diet
231:Neis
194:Nuda
151:Neis
97:Nuda
2027:NBN
1949:EoL
1936:CoL
1910:AFD
1805:NBN
1758:824
1727:EoL
1714:CoL
1688:AFD
1675:ADW
1536:224
1505:EoL
1492:CoL
1466:AFD
1453:ADW
611:doi
599:162
593:".
553:doi
549:181
180:or
2100::
2078::
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2016::
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1954:83
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686:^
653:}}
649:{{
623:^
609:.
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382:.
200:.
165:A
1335:?
1116:?
762:?
732:e
725:t
718:v
702:.
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659:)
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613::
605::
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555::
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482:"
478:"
20:)
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