3422:
2833:, between Berber activists and anti-Berber establishments, mainly those with an Arab-Islamic orientation. Berber activists overwhelmingly favor the use of the Latin alphabet in order to ensure a quick development and proliferation of the Berber language (Tamazight) in schools, in public institutions, and on the internet. A small number of them prefer the Neo-Tifinagh alphabet. The states of
23:
126:
Various writing standards were used since the 19th century, some are phonetically oriented, other phonologically oriented. While the Tuareg languages use a phonetically oriented transcription, the northern Berber languages use on the other hand a mixed transcription, the latter is recommended by the
2841:
usually distance themselves from Latin-based Berber writing, fearing that it would strengthen the position of Berber against Arabic and French, and thus leading to a stronger Berber political activism. The Arab-Islamic establishments and political parties often reject the Latin alphabet as a Berber
102:
The use of a Latin script for Berber has its roots in
European (French and Italian) colonial expeditions to North Africa. Dictionaries and glossaries written with Latin letters, ordered alphabetically and following European orthography (mainly French) began to appear in print in the 19th century,
4696:
2857:
as the sole official alphabet for the Berber language in
Morocco. The IRCAM's decision was met with much disapproval among independent Berber activists and they saw it as a way of neutralizing Berber and preventing it from quick flourishing and development.
531:
In
Northern-Berber texts, foreign words and names are written in their original form even if they contain the letters: O, P, V, or any other non-Berber letter (like Ñ). According to SIL, the letter
2540:
2121:
128:
2515:(mid-southern Morocco), Berber writers rarely use the neutral vowel "e", because the unphonemic schwa is rarer in Tachelhit due to a different stress system than its sister languages.
2094:
The letter "O" does occur often in Tuareg-Berber orthography and sometimes in
Northern Berber. In Northern-Berber orthography it usually corresponds to the letter "U".
3508:
2097:
In the interest of pan-dialectal legibility, the Berber Latin alphabet omits the partly phonemic contrasts found in some Berber language varieties (notably the
4114:
3917:
2885:), but is also used in some (but not all) Northern Berber languages. The vowel "O" in Tuareg words mostly corresponds to "U" in Northern Berber words.
3622:
4727:
3912:
3380:
The DNAFLA system is a somewhat morphophonemic orthography, not indicating initial vowel shortening, always writing the directional particle as
4691:
3818:
3690:
2850:
1402:
3737:
4681:
3683:
36:
4686:
3552:
1899:
132:
1396:
4775:
1854:
140:
4387:
750:
704:
2867:
2601:
2156:
978:
602:
568:
103:
they were intended to the colonial administration, traders and military officers. With the arrival of linguists specialized in
4107:
3771:
1213:
4701:
3722:
3604:
3761:
1307:
1064:
4288:
2631:
2546:
1682:
1606:
4255:
3512:
1258:
1168:
936:
120:
4340:
4320:
4469:
4464:
4603:
4046:
4036:
4031:
3991:
3949:
3929:
3811:
1985:
1941:
1769:
1763:
4273:
4770:
4499:
4447:
4238:
4100:
4026:
4021:
3964:
3934:
3856:
2825:
There has been a long and fierce debate on whether to use the Latin, Tifinagh, or Arabic alphabets for Berber in
2674:
2030:
1935:
657:
156:
4765:
4551:
4504:
4149:
4001:
3976:
3924:
3887:
1515:
40:
4610:
2366:). Depending on the author's whim, this might be represented in writing as "ll", "dj", a single "ǧ", or "ǧǧ".
2112:
of consonants is widespread in Berber varieties, but there are rarely minimal pairs and it is unstable (e.g.
4617:
4479:
4474:
4425:
4041:
3959:
3954:
3907:
3902:
3892:
1360:
1128:
800:
794:
651:
4221:
4216:
2842:
alphabet for the same reasons, and they usually brand it as a tool to westernize and
Christianize Berbers.
543:
The following table shows the
Northern-Berber Latin alphabet with its Neo-Tifinagh and Arabic equivalents:
4722:
4653:
4638:
4596:
4325:
4261:
4211:
4061:
4011:
3986:
3944:
3882:
2866:
The
Southern-Berber (Tuareg) Latin alphabet is made of 36 letters. They are mostly Latin letters with one
2846:
2556:
2552:
2528:
2332:
2328:
2295:
2272:
2249:
2226:
2203:
2180:
1122:
4206:
3377:
a slightly different system was used. There is also some variation in
Tifinagh and in the Arabic script.
4780:
4658:
4442:
4352:
4138:
4076:
4006:
3981:
3846:
3804:
1564:
1527:
1479:
1443:
4266:
3714:
4392:
4190:
4541:
4536:
4397:
4184:
4066:
2700:(examples: kʷ, gʷ), or with the "degree sign": "ᵒ" (examples: kᵒ, gᵒ), or simply by using the letter
2544:
1014:
108:
4081:
4016:
3996:
3841:
616:
p". When there is an emphatic Berber consonant then the Berber "a" is pronounced like the
English
4630:
4559:
4335:
3694:
229:. However, these are usually not considered as independent letters of the Berber Latin alphabet.
179:. However, these three are also used by some in modern Berber texts in loanwords and borrowings.
3725:; synthèse des travaux par S. Chaker), Études et documents berbères, 14, 1997, p. 239–253.
4589:
4531:
4491:
4293:
4283:
3861:
3767:
3733:
2109:
2071:
1818:
1723:
1646:
1570:
895:
845:
104:
2335:
otherwise. Exceptional cases of other emphatics, e.g. "hound", are ignored (i.e. written as
4581:
4526:
4518:
4437:
4375:
4347:
4315:
4247:
4123:
3939:
3427:
2882:
2539:) and they are morphologically conditioned, so for the sake of pan-dialectal legibility the
2536:
2373:
2348:
668:
164:
69:
57:
4564:
4459:
4452:
4431:
4420:
4402:
4308:
4303:
4278:
4201:
4177:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4051:
2746:, since Greek upper case epsilon "Ε" is visually indistinguishable from Latin upper case E
2535:
for over thirty years. However these affricates are uncommon in other dialects (except in
2524:
2098:
92:
3877:
3744:
3605:"Professor Chaker Speaks Out on the Tifinagh Script Issue – TAMAZGHA le site berbériste"
4746:
4717:
4369:
4363:
4330:
4298:
4172:
4056:
3969:
3366:
2871:
2102:
65:
3745:"Élaboration d'un dictionnaire électronique de berbère avec annotations étymologiques"
4759:
4380:
4228:
3851:
3583:
3396:
1521:
190:
85:
3365:
has proposed a standard for the Latin alphabet, which is used with modifications in
4358:
4196:
3827:
3370:
116:
2727:
On the internet, it is common to replace the
Latinized Greek epsilon and gamma,
3777:
3421:
4071:
3715:
Tira n Tmaziɣt: Propositions pour la notation usuelle à base latine du berbère
3417:
3791:
112:
2762:
Among non-Kabyle Berber writers a number of alternative letters are used:
4643:
3435:
2854:
2595:
2327:"carpet" (pronounced taṛakna). This is because is often an allophone of
2150:
556:
96:
88:
44:
30:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
1409:
144:
136:
3718:
3395:
In Burkina Faso the emphatics are denoted by "hooked" letters, as in
3362:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2355:
is pronounced . "Ř" is pronounced as something between "L" and "R".
2331:
in the environment of other emphatics, and it rarely contrasts with
2053:
1800:
1705:
1628:
827:
410:
380:
370:
360:
270:
4092:
3369:'s Tuareg French Dictionary and the government literacy program in
3374:
3122:
3121:
37-Letter Latin alphabet for Tuareg-Berber (Tamahaq), official in
2743:
2512:
2128:
for labiovelarization only when needed to distinguish words, e.g.
761:
72:. It was adopted in the 19th century, using varieties of letters.
3405:
3402:
3358:
2780:
2713:
2613:
1588:
1195:
1099:
1041:
942:
918:
727:
355:
310:
300:
295:
280:
260:
4096:
3800:
3796:
197:" is added to some letters in some Berber dialects, producing:
80:
The Berber languages were originally written using the ancient
2758:
Greek capital and small letter gamma (Unicode U+0393, U+03B3)
119:. This system has since become the most common way of Berber
2120:
in At Yanni Kabyle-Berber, only a few kilometers away). The
2696:
Labiovelarization is indicated with the superscript letter
3730:
Grammaire moderne du kabyle, tajerrumt tatrart n teqbaylit
2012:
1967:
1917:
1881:
1836:
1745:
1664:
1546:
1497:
1461:
1425:
1378:
1342:
1289:
1240:
1150:
996:
960:
875:
776:
686:
633:
584:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
375:
365:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
305:
290:
285:
275:
265:
255:
250:
245:
3623:"DEBAT : De la graphie arabe pour tamazight ?"
2666:
2623:
2288:
2265:
2242:
2219:
2196:
2173:
2060:
2019:
1974:
1924:
1888:
1843:
1807:
1752:
1712:
1671:
1635:
1595:
1553:
1504:
1468:
1432:
1385:
1349:
1296:
1247:
1202:
1157:
1111:
1053:
1003:
967:
925:
882:
834:
783:
739:
693:
640:
591:
2116:"large", in the Ainsi dialect of Kabyle, is pronounced
539:
Berber Latin alphabet and the Tifinagh Berber alphabet
115:
were used, and dictionary entries were now ordered by
2351:
areas (northern Morocco), the letter "L" in the word
4710:
4674:
4667:
4629:
4573:
4550:
4517:
4490:
4413:
4246:
4237:
4148:
4130:
3870:
3834:
2358:Riffian Berbers pronounce the "LL" (in a word like
2881:is used in the Latin alphabet of Southern Berber (
1231:, similar to English onomatopoeia for being cold)
2853:(IRCAM) Berber Institute's decision of using Neo-
3553:"Stress Systems in Amazigh: A Comparative Study"
951:, similar to English onomatopoeia for retching)
2527:-Berber (northeastern Algeria), the affricates
1138:or between this sound and Spanish intervocalic
2559:. In the former case the INALCO standard uses
4108:
3812:
3475:Initiation à la langue amazighe", 2004, p.14.
3384:, and not indication all assimilations (e.g.
2752:, Greek small letter epsilon (Unicode U+03B5)
2543:standard omits them. In Kabyle the affricate
16:Latin-based alphabet for the Berber languages
8:
416:
237:
163:23 standard Latin letters, all found in the
3569:
3567:
3565:
3494:
3492:
3490:
4671:
4243:
4115:
4101:
4093:
3819:
3805:
3797:
99:alphabet/abjad is the modern development.
3531:
3529:
2307:is used for only when it contrasts with
239:The 34-Letter Alphabet of Northern-Berber
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3117:
2887:
2764:
2581:
2368:
2138:
545:
234:
123:in scientific documents and literature.
4728:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
3763:The Tamasheq of North-East Burkina Faso
3446:
2862:Southern-Berber Latin alphabet (Tuareg)
84:script and then centuries later by the
41:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
3667:
3655:
3643:
3464:
2851:Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture
1824:Thick English "t" in "toll". Emphatic
1416:ight" (as in French, Spanish, German)
182:11 additional modified Latin letters:
2466:
2428:
2390:
7:
3835:By publisher (for several languages)
2362:, "my daughter") like "dj" or "ǧǧ" (
2531:have traditionally been notated as
243:
2319:"I am moved"). In all other cases
14:
3684:"Initiation à la langue amazighe"
2673:
2630:
2383:The word in other Berber dialects
2070:
2029:
1984:
1940:
1934:
1898:
1853:
1817:
1768:
1762:
1722:
1681:
1645:
1605:
1569:
1563:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1478:
1442:
1401:
1395:
1359:
1306:
1257:
1212:
1167:
1127:
1121:
1063:
1013:
977:
935:
894:
844:
799:
793:
749:
703:
656:
650:
601:
575:Similar sound in other languages
3420:
2766:Unofficial / alternative usages
2105:) between stops and fricatives.
159:usually consists of 34 letters:
107:there emerged a system based on
21:
127:French institute of languages,
3625:. Le Matin DZ. August 21, 2010
3573:Tira n Tmaziɣt, 1996, pp. 7–8.
3498:Tira n Tmaziɣt, 1996, pp. 8–9.
2724:may represent spirantization.
151:Northern-Berber Latin alphabet
1:
3871:By language or writing system
3717:(Atelier du 24–25 juin 1996,
3551:Rdouan Faizi (January 2011).
2735:, with actual Greek letters:
155:The Berber Latin alphabet of
2563:, and in the second it uses
2124:standard uses the diacritic
147:(although in Neo-Tifinagh).
131:and has been adopted by the
61:
3792:Kabyle alphabet on Omniglot
3732:. Éditions KARTHALA, 2001.
3535:Tira n Tmaziɣt, 1996, p. 9.
3511:(in French). Archived from
3484:Tira n Tmaziɣt, 1996, p. 6.
2551:may derive from underlying
1537:, but deeper in the throat
4797:
4355:(transitional to Eastern)
3584:"L'alphabet berbère latin"
3361:national literacy program
3120:
2667:
2624:
2583:Unofficial usage (Kabyle)
2519:Kabyle-Berber local usages
2289:
2266:
2243:
2220:
2197:
2174:
2061:
2020:
1975:
1925:
1889:
1844:
1808:
1753:
1713:
1672:
1636:
1616:, but even softer, almost
1596:
1554:
1505:
1469:
1433:
1386:
1350:
1297:
1248:
1203:
1158:
1112:
1054:
1004:
968:
926:
883:
835:
784:
740:
694:
641:
592:
4776:Writing systems of Africa
4740:
2796:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2611:
2146:North-Berber Latin letter
574:
548:
4258:(transitional to Atlas)
3766:. Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
3386:⟨Tămašăɣt⟩
2507:Souss-Berber local usage
1783:ea", as well as English
1408:usually British English
608:By default like English
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
64:) is the version of the
2575:deriving from the verb
1733:as in "sold". Emphatic
1652:Thick emphatic Spanish
4723:World Amazigh Congress
4654:Berber Arabic alphabet
4639:Libyco-Berber alphabet
3760:Sudlow, David (2001).
3743:Kessai, Fodil (2018).
3693:. 2004. Archived from
2847:Mohammed VI of Morocco
2500:female donkey (jenny)
2451:(he) is / (he) exists
947:(voiced equivalent of
29:This article contains
4659:Judeo-Berber alphabet
4649:Berber Latin alphabet
4289:South Oran and Figuig
2874:letter incorporated.
2533:⟨ţ, z̧⟩
2315:"I am satisfied" vs.
1955:t", European Spanish
1612:Soft Italian/Spanish
1227:ammad (stronger than
1134:like French / German
184:Č Ḍ Ɛ Ǧ Ɣ Ḥ Ř Ṛ Ṣ Ṭ Ẓ
62:Agemmay Amaziɣ Alatin
54:Berber Latin alphabet
4604:Fezzan-Tripolitanian
4256:Eastern Middle Atlas
2756:⟨Γ, γ⟩
109:Semitic romanization
95:areas, of which the
3728:Kamal Nait-Zerrad.
3509:"L'alphabet Kabyle"
2767:
2742:, Greek upper case
2584:
2386:meaning in English
2141:
1576:Spanish or Italian
901:English unstressed
810:as well as English
535:is used in Kabyle.
3382:⟨dd⟩
2870:character and one
2774:INALCO equivalent
2765:
2733:⟨Ɣɣ⟩
2729:⟨Ɛɛ⟩
2582:
2565:⟨ss⟩
2561:⟨tt⟩
2139:
68:used to write the
4753:
4752:
4747:extinct languages
4736:
4735:
4513:
4512:
4090:
4089:
3738:978-2-84586-172-5
3355:
3354:
3116:
3115:
2818:
2817:
2750:⟨ε⟩
2740:⟨Σ⟩
2702:⟨w⟩
2698:⟨ʷ⟩
2694:
2693:
2591:INALCO equivalent
2504:
2503:
2343:Rif-Berber usages
2321:⟨r⟩
2309:⟨r⟩
2305:⟨ṛ⟩
2301:
2300:
2126:⟨ᵒ⟩
2110:labiovelarization
2092:
2091:
1325:ion", or English
527:
526:
105:Semitic languages
37:rendering support
4788:
4771:Berber languages
4672:
4500:Moroccan Amazigh
4448:Sanhaja de Srayr
4388:Western Algerian
4326:Eastern Moroccan
4274:Northern Saharan
4244:
4124:Berber languages
4117:
4110:
4103:
4094:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3781:
3776:. Archived from
3756:
3754:
3752:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3699:
3688:
3671:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3647:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3485:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3462:
3430:
3428:Languages portal
3425:
3424:
3409:
3387:
3383:
3118:
2888:
2768:
2757:
2751:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2703:
2699:
2677:
2670:
2669:
2634:
2627:
2626:
2585:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2534:
2530:
2369:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2310:
2306:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2142:
2127:
2085:orro". Emphatic
2074:
2064:
2063:
2033:
2023:
2022:
1988:
1978:
1977:
1944:
1938:
1928:
1927:
1902:
1892:
1891:
1857:
1847:
1846:
1821:
1811:
1810:
1772:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1685:
1675:
1674:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1609:
1599:
1598:
1573:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1508:
1507:
1482:
1472:
1471:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1405:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1363:
1353:
1352:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1261:
1251:
1250:
1216:
1206:
1205:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1131:
1125:
1115:
1114:
1078:oke" or English
1067:
1057:
1056:
1017:
1007:
1006:
981:
971:
970:
939:
929:
928:
898:
886:
885:
848:
838:
837:
803:
797:
787:
786:
753:
743:
742:
707:
697:
696:
660:
654:
644:
643:
605:
595:
594:
546:
235:
165:English alphabet
70:Berber languages
58:Berber languages
45:Tifinagh letters
43: instead of
25:
24:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4766:Latin alphabets
4756:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4732:
4706:
4692:IRCAM (Morocco)
4663:
4625:
4569:
4546:
4509:
4505:Algerian Berber
4486:
4470:Central-Western
4465:Central-Eastern
4421:Atlas languages
4409:
4353:Tunisian-Zuwara
4341:Western Riffian
4321:Central Riffian
4233:
4144:
4126:
4121:
4091:
4086:
3866:
3830:
3825:
3788:
3774:
3759:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3711:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3609:www.tamazgha.fr
3603:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3563:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3534:
3527:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3448:
3444:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3400:
3385:
3381:
2864:
2823:
2755:
2749:
2739:
2732:
2728:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2683:/ the English "
2564:
2560:
2532:
2521:
2509:
2469:
2431:
2393:
2345:
2320:
2308:
2304:
2125:
2099:Kabyle language
1947:German / Dutch
1321:ure" or "televi
1174:Strong English
863:oor". Emphatic
571:
564:
559:
555:
541:
157:Northern-Berber
153:
93:Tuareg language
89:Tifinagh script
78:
50:
49:
48:
35:Without proper
26:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4794:
4792:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4758:
4757:
4751:
4750:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4718:Berber Academy
4714:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4682:AAAL (Algeria)
4678:
4676:
4669:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4586:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4556:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4428:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4252:
4250:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4199:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3786:External links
3784:
3783:
3782:
3780:on 2010-06-07.
3772:
3757:
3740:
3726:
3709:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3614:
3596:
3575:
3561:
3543:
3537:
3525:
3500:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3415:
3412:
3367:Karl G. Prasse
3353:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2863:
2860:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2692:
2691:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2607:Pronunciation
2605:
2599:
2592:
2589:
2520:
2517:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:speech / talk
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2344:
2341:
2323:is used, e.g.
2299:
2298:
2293:
2286:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2103:Riffian Berber
2090:
2089:
2077:Thick English
2075:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1945:
1932:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1851:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1773:
1760:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1729:Thick English
1727:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1561:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1512:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1406:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1357:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1334:
1311:
1304:
1301:
1294:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1272:t" or English
1262:
1255:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1200:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1119:
1116:
1109:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
988:
982:
975:
972:
965:
957:
953:
952:
940:
933:
930:
923:
915:
911:
910:
899:
892:
887:
880:
872:
868:
867:
851:Thick English
849:
842:
839:
832:
824:
820:
819:
804:
791:
788:
781:
773:
769:
768:
754:
747:
744:
737:
724:
720:
719:
708:
701:
698:
691:
683:
679:
678:
661:
648:
645:
638:
630:
626:
625:
606:
599:
596:
589:
581:
577:
576:
573:
566:
561:
552:
540:
537:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
421:
420:
414:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
241:
231:
230:
187:
180:
152:
149:
77:
74:
66:Latin alphabet
39:, you may see
27:
20:
19:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4793:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4748:
4744:
4739:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:DNAFLA (Mali)
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4687:HCA (Algeria)
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4619:
4618:West Numidian
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4597:East Numidian
4594:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4426:Central Atlas
4424:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:Reconstructed
4129:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3758:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3700:on 2011-01-24
3696:
3692:
3689:(in French).
3685:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3515:on 2009-04-16
3514:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3465:Kessai (2018)
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3393:
3391:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:approved the
2848:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2548:
2542:
2538:
2526:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1477:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
990:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
966:
964:
962:
958:
955:
954:
950:
946:
945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
924:
922:
920:
916:
913:
912:
908:
904:
900:
897:
893:
891:
888:
881:
879:
877:
873:
870:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
840:
833:
831:
829:
825:
822:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
796:
792:
789:
782:
780:
778:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
759:
755:
752:
748:
745:
738:
735:
731:
729:
725:
722:
721:
717:
713:
709:
706:
702:
699:
692:
690:
688:
684:
681:
680:
677:
673:
670:
666:
662:
659:
653:
649:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
628:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
590:
588:
586:
582:
579:
578:
570:
567:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
544:
538:
536:
534:
422:
419:
415:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
240:
236:
233:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:labialization
188:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:
160:
158:
150:
148:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
124:
122:
121:transcription
118:
114:
111:conventions:
110:
106:
100:
98:
94:
90:
87:
83:
82:Libyco-Berber
75:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
46:
42:
38:
34:
32:
31:Tifinagh text
4781:Romanization
4742:
4702:CRB (France)
4675:Governmental
4668:Institutions
4648:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4588:
4580:
4492:Standardised
4443:Judeo-Berber
4430:
4368:
4189:
4139:Proto-Berber
4137:
3918:in Singapore
3897:
3828:Romanization
3778:the original
3762:
3749:. Retrieved
3729:
3702:. Retrieved
3695:the original
3677:Bibliography
3668:Sudlow (2001
3663:
3656:Sudlow (2001
3651:
3644:Sudlow (2001
3639:
3627:. Retrieved
3617:
3608:
3599:
3588:. Retrieved
3578:
3546:
3540:
3517:. Retrieved
3513:the original
3503:
3480:
3471:
3394:
3389:
3379:
3356:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2844:
2824:
2809:
2802:
2792:
2779:
2761:
2726:
2695:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2658:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2612:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2522:
2510:
2380:Riffian word
2372:
2363:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2336:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2283:
2279:
2260:
2256:
2237:
2233:
2214:
2210:
2191:
2187:
2168:
2164:
2145:
2140:Labiovelars
2133:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2096:
2093:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2052:
2041:
2037:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1966:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1916:
1906:
1880:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1835:
1825:
1799:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1744:
1734:
1730:
1704:
1693:
1689:
1663:
1653:
1627:
1617:
1613:
1587:
1577:
1545:
1534:
1496:
1486:
1460:
1450:
1424:
1413:
1377:
1367:
1341:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1288:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1239:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1194:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1149:
1139:
1135:
1105:
1098:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1047:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1021:
995:
985:
959:
948:
943:
917:
906:
902:
889:
874:
864:
860:
856:
852:
826:
815:
811:
807:
775:
762:
757:
733:
726:
715:
711:
685:
675:
671:
664:
632:
621:
617:
613:
609:
583:
550:Berber-Latin
549:
542:
532:
530:
417:
238:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
183:
176:
172:
168:
154:
125:
101:
97:Neo-Tifinagh
81:
79:
53:
51:
28:
4631:Orthography
4611:Mauretanian
4537:Tawellemmet
4262:Seghrouchen
3747:. F. Kessai
3712:(in French)
3629:October 26,
3586:(in French)
3125:since 1999
2821:Controversy
2303:The letter
2159:equivalent
1268:like in "sh
167:except for
4760:Categories
4590:Old Libyan
4414:Non-Zenati
4082:Vietnamese
3950:Macedonian
3930:Belarusian
3773:3896453807
3704:2010-12-19
3590:2010-03-21
3519:2010-03-21
3442:References
2877:The vowel
2604:equivalent
2598:equivalent
2478:my sister
2153:equivalent
1182:ello" or "
667:or a soft
572:equivalent
565:equivalent
560:equivalent
418:Lower case
113:diacritics
4745:indicate
4560:Tetserret
4027:Maldivian
4022:Malayalam
3997:Inuktitut
3965:Ukrainian
3935:Bulgarian
3913:in Taiwan
3751:15 August
2845:In 2003,
2771:Character
2640:like in "
2588:Character
2529:/t͡s,d͡z/
2486:tacemlalt
2483:t̲acemřač
2114:ameqqʷran
2108:Phonemic
1028:ate" or "
859:ick" or "
598:أ / ا / َ
4644:Tifinagh
4532:Tamashek
4304:Wad Righ
4294:Tidikelt
4284:Mozabite
4239:Northern
4185:Ghadamès
4047:Sanskrit
4002:Japanese
3977:Georgian
3925:Cyrillic
3888:Armenian
3847:BGN/PCGN
3436:Tifinagh
3414:See also
3408:⟩
3401:⟨
2855:Tifinagh
2722:⟩
2706:⟨
2687:" in wor
2596:Tifinagh
2347:In most
2151:Tifinagh
2134:ireggᵒel
2118:ameqqran
2036:English
1999:es" or "
1991:English
1905:English
1868:t" or "r
1860:English
1775:English
1688:English
1485:English
1449:English
1366:English
1313:English
1264:English
1070:English
1020:English
984:English
909:ttack".
806:English
756:English
710:English
663:English
557:Tifinagh
4743:Italics
4582:Guanche
4552:Western
4527:Tamahaq
4480:Western
4475:Eastern
4438:Ghomara
4393:Gouraya
4376:Douiret
4364:Matmata
4348:Shawiya
4331:Iznasen
4316:Riffian
4191:Jaghbub
4150:Eastern
4057:Tibetan
4042:Persian
4032:Marathi
3960:Serbian
3955:Russian
3908:Chinese
3903:Burmese
3893:Bengali
3878:Amharic
3646::33–36)
3399:, e.g.
3390:tămašăq
3371:Burkina
2839:Algeria
2835:Morocco
2831:Morocco
2827:Algeria
2648:e fly"
2569:yettawi
2537:Riffian
2497:taɣyult
2494:t̲aɣyuč
2459:agellid
2437:azellif
2413:donkey
2374:Riffian
2349:Riffian
2325:tarakna
2130:ireggel
1791:ought"
1410:clear L
1333:à-vu".
1317:in "mea
1280:dden".
1219:Arabic
669:Spanish
554:IRCAM's
145:Morocco
137:Algeria
76:History
4574:Others
4565:Zenaga
4542:Tayart
4519:Tuareg
4460:Kabyle
4453:Shilha
4403:Shenwa
4398:Shelif
4381:Zuwara
4336:Snouss
4309:Wargla
4279:Gurara
4267:Warayn
4248:Zenati
4222:Yefren
4217:Wazzin
4202:Nafusi
4178:Tmessa
4168:Foqaha
4163:Fezzan
4158:Awjila
4077:Uyghur
4062:Telugu
4052:Syriac
4037:Nepali
4012:Korean
3987:Hebrew
3945:Kyrgyz
3940:Kazakh
3898:Berber
3883:Arabic
3842:ALA-LC
3770:
3736:
3719:INALCO
3363:DNAFLA
3359:Malian
2883:Tuareg
2653:Ss ss
2594:IRCAM
2573:ifessi
2567:(e.g.
2541:INALCO
2525:Kabyle
2489:white
2475:weltma
2456:ajeǧiđ
2434:azeǧif
2402:heart
2376:letter
2311:(e.g.
2122:INALCO
1951:in "Na
1329:in "dé
563:Arabic
225:, and
193:mark "
175:, and
129:INALCO
86:Tuareg
4432:Gharb
4370:Sened
4359:Jerba
4299:Tuwat
4212:Nalut
4197:Kufra
4173:Sokna
4007:Khmer
3992:Hindi
3982:Greek
3970:Uzbek
3698:(PDF)
3691:IRCAM
3687:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3375:Niger
3373:. In
3123:Niger
2872:Greek
2803:Gh gh
2744:sigma
2663:Zz zz
2659:Z̧ z̧
2620:Tt tt
2549:]
2545:[
2513:Souss
2472:wučma
2462:king
2448:yella
2440:head
2410:aɣyul
2407:aɣyuř
2364:yedji
2360:yelli
2353:alɣem
2337:uccay
2284:Xᵒ xᵒ
2280:Xʷ xʷ
2261:Qᵒ qᵒ
2257:Qʷ qʷ
2238:Kᵒ kᵒ
2234:Kʷ kʷ
2215:Ɣᵒ ɣᵒ
2211:Ɣʷ ɣʷ
2192:Gᵒ gᵒ
2188:Gʷ gʷ
2169:Bᵒ bᵒ
2165:Bʷ bʷ
2003:ard"
1864:in "p
1850:و / ُ
1759:ت / ث
1696:eed"
1533:like
1276:in "h
1254:ي / ِ
1223:in Mu
1186:old"
1032:old"
841:ض / ظ
790:د / ذ
620:in "c
612:in "m
141:IRCAM
4711:NGOs
4229:Siwa
4207:Jadu
4072:Urdu
4067:Thai
3862:Yale
3852:GOST
3768:ISBN
3753:2020
3734:ISBN
3670::33)
3658::34)
3631:2010
3397:Fula
3388:for
3357:The
2837:and
2829:and
2814:Ǧ ǧ
2797:Ɣ ɣ
2787:Ɛ ɛ
2731:and
2571:vs.
2557:/ss/
2553:/tt/
2445:yeǧa
2421:awal
2418:awař
2317:rwiɣ
2313:ṛwiɣ
2132:vs.
2101:and
2081:in "
2044:oo"
2040:in "
1995:in "
1872:le"
1787:in "
1779:in "
1692:in "
1412:in "
1178:in "
1082:in "
1074:in "
1024:in "
944:‘ayn
905:in "
890:none
855:in "
818:is"
814:in "
760:in "
718:ip"
714:in "
624:r".
189:The
139:and
117:root
52:The
4017:Lao
3857:ISO
3723:CRB
3172:J̌
2868:IPA
2793:Ġ ġ
2675:d͡z
2632:t͡s
2602:IPA
2579:).
2577:fsi
2555:or
2547:t͡s
2523:In
2511:In
2468:Č č
2430:Ǧ ǧ
2392:Ř ř
2339:).
2333:/r/
2329:/r/
2157:IPA
2067:(ژ)
1767:or
1525:or
1400:or
1356:(ک)
1303:(ج)
1090:e"
1086:eor
1065:d͡ʒ
1010:(گ)
798:or
765:ina
751:t͡ʃ
655:or
569:IPA
143:in
135:in
133:HCA
91:in
4762::
3607:.
3564:^
3528:^
3489:^
3449:^
3410:.
3392:.
3351:ẓ
3345:y
3330:t
3315:q
3300:m
3285:ǰ
3270:g
3255:c
3238:Ẓ
3232:Y
3217:T
3202:Q
3187:M
3157:G
3142:C
3112:ʕ
3106:ž
3091:u
3076:s
3061:n
3046:j
3031:g
3016:d
2999:Γ
2993:Ž
2978:U
2963:S
2948:N
2933:J
2918:G
2903:D
2810:Dj
2704:.
2689:ds
2685:ds
2681:dz
2668:ⴷⵣ
2646:ts
2642:Ts
2638:ts
2625:ⵜⵙ
2399:ul
2396:uř
2296:xʷ
2290:ⵅⵯ
2282:/
2273:qʷ
2267:ⵇⵯ
2259:/
2250:kʷ
2244:ⴽⵯ
2236:/
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