113:
501:
40:
100:
470:(provincial government) for a loan. In 1773, the Society of Berbice had repaid Ć’134,815 of the Ć’786,354, and asked for a deferral of payment, which was granted. There are no records that the remaining amount or interest have ever been paid. In February 1765, Gedney Clarke's son send an invoice of Ć’41,060 for his assistance, which was never paid.
431:
on 15 April 1764. The Dutch executed many rebels for participating in the rebellion. The estimates vary from 75 to 128 (125 men and 3 women). leading to the colony’s recapture by the summer of 1764 and savage repercussions. Around 1,800 rebels died, with 24 burned alive
Captain Accara was pardoned, and later served as a
430:
On 1 January 1764, the six ships arrived, providing the starting signal for expeditions against the rebel slaves. The insurgents were being defeated. Captain Atta and Accara were captured, at which time Accara changed sides, and helped the Dutch to capture
Captain Accabre, the last of the insurgents,
448:
did complain about the number of executions after the uprising, however, they were worried about their reputation and the loss of valuable slaves. The Dutch newspapers devoted a lot of coverage to the uprising, they quickly lost interest after the revolt was put down. The last publication was on the
1158:
Coffy
Gouverneur van de Negers van de Berbice en Capitein Accara laat U Ed. Groet, laat U Ed. weet dat geen Oorlog zoek, maar als UEd. zoek Oorlog de Negers zyn ook klaar.(...) de Gouverneur sal U Ed. geefe de half Berbice en zy luye zal almaal na boven gaan, maar moet niet denke dat de Negers weer
426:
was assigned to devise a plan to reconquer the colony. On 19 October 1763, it was reported to the governor that
Captain Atta had revolted against Coffij, and that Coffij had committed suicide. This cancelled the peace negotiations; however, the colonists had already been strengthened by the arrival
369:
Coffij contacted van
Hoogenheim and said that he regretted the attack, and started peace negotiations suggesting to split Berbice into a European and an African part. The Governor replied that Amsterdam should make the decision, and that it could take three to four months. Two days after receiving
210:
or Kofi and his deputy Akra or Akara. The slave rebellion lasted from
February 1763 into 1764. Cuffy, like Tacky, was born in West Africa before being trafficked and enslaved. He led a revolt of more than 2,500 against the colony's regime. After acquiring firearms, the rebels attacked plantations.
1141:
Coffy, Governor of the
Negroes of Berbice, and Captain Akara send greetings and inform Your Excellency that they seek no war; but if Your Excellency wants war, the Negroes are likewise ready (...) The Governor will give Your Excellency one half of Berbice, and all the Negroes will go high up the
333:
There were supposed to be 60 soldiers in Fort Nassau; however, at the time of uprising, there were only 18 men including civilian militia in the fort. As plantation after plantation fell to the slaves, the Dutch settlers fled northward and the rebels began to take over control of the region. For
218:
saying that he did not want a war against the whites and proposed a partition of
Berbice with the whites occupying the coastal areas and the blacks the interior. Akara's faction won, and Cuffy killed himself. The anniversary of Cuffy's slave rebellion, 23 February, is Republic Day in Guyana, and
270:
caused a reduction in supplies to the colony, resulting in hunger among the slave population. In late 1762, a disease had broken out in the fort, and many soldiers had died or fallen ill. On 3 July 1762, Laurens
Kunckler, the owner of plantation Goed Fortuin, left for
211:
They gained an advantage after taking the house of
Peerboom. They told the whites inside that they could leave, but the rebels killed many as they did and took several prisoners, including the wife of a plantation owner, whom Cuffy kept as his wife.
408:. The Barbadian militiamen stayed and captured a rebel stronghold at the La Savonnette plantation. The appearance of Clarke's force at Demerara discouraged slaves from joining the rebellion and reassured local planters. In May,
435:
with the marines under his former adversary Fourgeoud. The population of the colony had decreased to 1,308 male slaves, 1,317 females, 745 children, and 115 whites in November 1764, which includes recently purchased slaves.
400:
and "other personnel", consisted of 300 men in total. Clarke owned seven plantations in Dutch Guiana, and this force, acting without authorisation from the British Crown, was intended to protect those interests.
287:
similar to those in Suriname. The soldiers, despite aid by indigenous allies, were unable to recapture the island until the rebels were forced to leave on 8 or 9 August, likely due to lack of food.
334:
almost a year, the rebels held on to southern Berbice, while the whites were able to hold on to the north. Eventually only about half of the white population that had lived in the colony remained.
1516:
341:. Coffij was installed as the political leader, and Accara was the military leader. Coffij tried to keep the captured plantations operating to prevent starvation. Governor
673:
404:
The force soon arrived in Demerara. However, as Rodney was recalled to England not long after, he ordered the 100 marines and sailors in Clarke's force to come back to
1534:
462:
had been abandoned and set on fire to prevent it falling into enemy hands. In 1785, it was decided to move the government to Fort Sint Andries, which was renamed as
841:
1438:
1758:
520:
Coffij is commemorated on 23 February as the national hero of Guyana. In 1976, a bronze monument was erected in the Square of the Revolutions, in the capital
1661:
Williams, Brackette (1990), "Dutchman Ghosts and the History Mystery: Ritual, Colonizer, and Colonized Interpretations of the 1763 Berbice Slave Rebellion",
873:, an amount each plantation had to pay per person. New plantation were exempt for 10 years, therefore the real population figure was several hundred higher.
423:
155:
1753:
1738:
1651:
283:) were crucial to the Dutch effort to retake Berbice, as their scouting and harassing of rebel troops in the interior prevented the formation of
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591:
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pointed to the Berbice slave uprising. In the mid-1770s military officers who had handled the Berbice uprising were dispatched to Suriname.
467:
422:
reported the revolt of the slaves. The merchants demanded action, and six ships with a total of 600 men set sail to Berbice. Field Marshal
330:
working as a cooper. He is said to have organized them into a military unit. From then on, the revolt spread to neighbouring plantations.
195:, and when Guyana became a republic in 1970 the state declared 23 February as a day to commemorate the start of the Berbice slave revolt.
1728:
1223:
1698:
1693:
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715:
657:
346:
1723:
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845:
533:
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275:. The slaves used this opportunity to raid the plantation, and hide on an island high upriver. Indigenous soldiers (especially
1412:
1304:"Narrative of a five years' expedition against the revolted Negroes of Surinam, in Guiana, on the wild coast of South America"
1748:
1708:
1703:
1629:
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river, but don't think they will remain slaves. Those Negroes that Your Excellency has on the ships - they can remain slaves.
397:
393:
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631:
760:
342:
215:
140:
1608:
Geschiedenis van de koloniën Essequebo, Demerary en Berbice, van de vestiging der Nederlanders aldaar tot op onzen tijd
1029:
1743:
1718:
1713:
974:
Thompson, Alvin O., "The Berbice Revolt 1763–64", in Winston F. McGowan, James G. Rose and David A. Granger (eds),
538:
1224:"'Their power has been broken, the danger has passed.' Dutch newspaper coverage of the Berbice slave revolt, 1763"
299:
in Berbice rebelled, protesting harsh and inhumane treatment. They torched the plantation house, and made for the
991:
318:
of Suriname attacked, and killed them. On 27 February 1763, a revolt took place on plantation Hollandia on the
500:
214:
After several months, a dispute between Cuffy and Akra led to a war. On 2 April 1763, Cuffy wrote to Governor
948:
543:
478:
1528:
1057:
Kars, Marjoleine (2016). "Dodging Rebellion: Politics and Gender in the Berbice Slave Uprising of 1763".
1375:, p. 259: Gedney Clark had recently died, and his son arrived in Demerara to settle the inheritance
509:
463:
418:
1577:
1548:
308:
1299:
702:
Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The world of the Lascelles, 1648–1834
650:
Slavery, Family, and Gentry Capitalism in the British Atlantic: The World of the Lascelles, 1648–1834
459:
272:
262:
In 1762, the population of the Dutch colony of Berbice included 3,833 enslaved Blacks, 244 enslaved
490:
383:
267:
149:
466:
in 1791. The Society of Berbice was in serious financial problems after the revolt, and asked the
1249:
816:
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451:
445:
284:
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244:
220:
361:("The Daybreak"). On 2 April, 300 to 400 rebels attacked, led by Accara, which drove them back.
735:
707:
144:
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711:
653:
548:
375:
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1672:
1239:
1231:
1125:
1066:
922:
806:
699:
300:
192:
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received in 1760 and 1762 respectively, but a war was declared instead. The reason why the
313:
239:
of the Van Peere family. After refusing to pay the ransom demanded by the French privateer
1257:
553:
240:
180:
255:. The colony was not very successful compared to other colonies, because it only paid 4%
191:. The first major slave revolt in South America, it is seen as a major event in Guyana's
1606:
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409:
248:
207:
105:
17:
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820:
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379:
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304:
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125:
39:
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Slaven wil zyn, maar de Neger die U Ed. heb op de Scheepe die kan zyn U Ed. Slaven.
1463:
842:"Inventaris van het archief van de Sociëteit van Berbice, (1681) 1720–1795 (1800)"
1635:
357:
with 100 soldiers. The former slaves were driven back, and a camp was set up at
338:
327:
296:
911:"Dodging Rebellion: Politics and Gender in the Berbice Slave Uprising of 1763"
811:
768:
187:
that began on 23 February 1763 and lasted to December, with leaders including
1078:
934:
794:
1653:
Storm van 's Gravesande: zijn werk en zijn leven uit zijne brieven opgebouwd
1303:
413:
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had put into commission. This force, supplemented by sailors from Britain's
1494:(Thesis) (in Dutch). Paramaribo: Radboud University Nijmegen. p. 167.
1070:
926:
481:
attacked plantations. Boni tried to get a peace treaty similar to what the
337:
The rebels came to number about 3,000 and threatened European control over
219:
Cuffy is a national hero commemorated in a large monument in the capital,
486:
474:
455:, which published a sensationalist eyewitness account of the executions.
432:
371:
354:
256:
117:
1517:"Rebellie der Zwarte Jagers. De nasleep van de Bonni-oorlogen 1788–1809"
1589:
Blood on the River: A Chronicle of Mutiny and Freedom on the Wild Coast
910:
243:, the colony changed hands to four Amsterdam merchants who founded the
232:
199:
67:
1244:
1235:
323:
280:
203:
188:
184:
161:
121:
71:
884:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1194:
1464:"The Saramaka Peace Treaty in Sranan: An edition of the 1762 text"
1413:"Boni (ca. 1730 – 1793), leider van de slavenrevoltes in Suriname"
499:
1280:"Dutch exhibition offers new insight into Berbice slave uprising"
412:
provided military assistance. In the meantime, word had reached
295:
On 23 February 1763, slaves on plantation Magdalenenberg on the
236:
1650:
Storm van 's Gravesande, Laurens; Villiers, J.A.J. de (1920).
1439:"The Ndyuka Treaty Of 1760: A Conversation with Granman Gazon"
1618:"History: Early Settlement And The Period of Dutch Control"
524:. The monument has been designated as a National Monument.
493:
changed their position is unknown; however, people such as
444:
Very little changed after the Berbice slave uprising. The
638:, Vol. 1, Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press, 2007, pp. 55–56.
1579:
Beschryving van Guiana, of de wilde kust in Zuid-America
1096:"History: The Berbice uprising, 1763 (Sixth Instalment)"
370:
news of the rebellion, Gedney Clarke Sr., a merchant in
737:
The Guyana Story: From Earliest Times to Independence
349:
for military assistance. On 28 March 1763, the ship
1407:
1405:
596:Slavenhandel MCC (Provincial Archives of Zeeland)
378:carrying 50 Barbadian militiamen along with 100
32:
1624:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
1337:"'From a Glorious past to a Promising Future'"
636:Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion
586:
584:
582:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
1217:
1215:
1120:
1118:
1116:
869:, p. 191:"Population figure is based on
788:
786:
504:1763 Monument on Square of the Revolution in
8:
1533:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1397:Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920
1385:Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920
1373:Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920
1195:Storm van 's Gravesande & Villiers 1920
986:
984:
652:. Cambridge University Press. p. 116.
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
795:"De Nederlandsche Kolonie Berbice in 1771"
266:or indigenous people, and 346 whites. The
38:
29:
1323:
1243:
1206:
1182:
1170:
1153:
810:
1611:(in Dutch). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
1360:
1090:
1088:
1015:
866:
449:subject was on 19 September 1764 by the
156:Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
1052:
1050:
564:
44:The revolting plantations (highlighted)
1526:
1030:"Video: The beginning of the Uprising"
706:. Cambridge University Press. p.
678:People, History and Culture of Guyana
7:
1759:Military history of the Dutch Empire
206:, was led by a Coromantin man named
1521:Digital Library of Dutch Literature
1312:His name is spelt Okera in the book
1677:10.1111/j.1467-6443.1990.tb00094.x
1622:The Negro Family in British Guiana
1523:. De Gids (in Dutch). p. 293.
1278:Boffey, Daniel (22 January 2021).
1228:Early Modern Low Countries Journal
1156:, p. 404:Original in Dutch: "
976:Themes in African-Guyanese History
909:Kars, Marjoleine (February 2016).
885:"The causes of the 1763 rebellion"
674:"The 1763 Berbice Slave Rebellion"
25:
1754:Wars involving the Dutch Republic
1739:Slave rebellions in South America
1605:Netscher, Pieter Marinus (1888).
1491:Bosneger and overheid in Suriname
307:and troops commanded by Governor
198:In 1763, the slave rebellion in
111:
98:
56:23 February 1763 – 15 April 1764
1664:Journal of Historical Sociology
1656:(in Dutch). The Hague: Nijhoff.
1126:"The Collapse of the Rebellion"
534:Cheddi Jagan Bio Diversity Park
392:had lent to Clarke and Admiral
1582:, Amsterdam: Gerrit Tielenburg
1059:The American Historical Review
978:, London: Hansib, 2009. p. 80.
915:The American Historical Review
508:, designed by Guyanese artist
27:1763 slave rebellion in Guyana
1:
1549:"Guyana's National Monuments"
632:"Berbice Slave Revolt (1763)"
949:"The 1762 revolt in Berbice"
382:and sailors from the 60-gun
235:was originally a hereditary
1616:Smith, Raymond T. (2000) .
698:Smith, Simon David (2006).
648:Smith, Simon David (2006).
473:A couple of years later in
58:(1 year, 1 month)
1775:
1729:African diaspora in Guyana
1553:Guyana Times International
1515:Groot, Silvia, de (1970).
767:(2): 20–22. Archived from
634:, in Junius P. Rodriguez,
592:"Berbice Uprising in 1763"
539:Demerara rebellion of 1823
424:von Brunswick-WolfenbĂĽttel
322:next to Lilienburg, where
1587:Kars, Marjoleine (2020),
812:10.1163/22134360-90001004
799:Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
134:
90:
48:
37:
1699:1764 in the Dutch Empire
1694:1763 in the Dutch Empire
1576:Hartsinck, J.J. (1770),
793:Beyerman, J. J. (1934).
477:, escaped slaves led by
253:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
1724:18th-century rebellions
1488:Scholtens, Ben (1994).
193:anti-colonial struggles
759:David Granger (1992).
512:
416:. On 21 May 1763, the
135:Commanders and leaders
18:Berbice Slave Uprising
1749:Wars involving Guyana
1709:1764 in South America
1704:1763 in South America
1308:University of Florida
503:
458:During the fighting,
419:Amsterdamsche Courant
259:to the stockholders.
1443:culturalsurvival.org
1310:. pp. 122–123.
1300:John Gabriel Stedman
1071:10.1093/ahr/121.1.39
992:"2013 anniversaries"
927:10.1093/ahr/121.1.39
848:on 8 September 2012
491:Society of Suriname
630:Cleve McD. Scott,
513:
506:Georgetown, Guyana
452:Leeuwarder Courant
446:Society of Berbice
374:, dispatched five
285:Maroon communities
245:Society of Berbice
1744:Slavery in Guyana
1719:Conflicts in 1764
1714:Conflicts in 1763
1591:, The New Press,
549:History of Guyana
468:States of Holland
376:armed merchantmen
309:Wigbold Crommelin
202:, in present-day
177:Berbice Rebellion
173:
172:
86:
85:
33:Berbice Rebellion
16:(Redirected from
1766:
1679:
1657:
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1643:
1634:. Archived from
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1256:. Archived from
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1236:10.18352/emlc.61
1222:Esther Baakman.
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301:Courantyne River
268:Seven Years' War
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1570:Further reading
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1417:Is Geschiedenis
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1028:Ineke Velzing.
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771:on 26 June 2008
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554:Slave rebellion
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367:
311:
293:
241:Jacques Cassard
229:
181:slave rebellion
169:Captain Accabre
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1671:(2): 133–165,
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1500:
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1389:
1387:, p. 261.
1377:
1365:
1363:, p. 256.
1353:
1328:
1326:, p. 538.
1324:Hartsinck 1770
1316:
1291:
1270:
1211:
1209:, p. 410.
1207:Hartsinck 1770
1199:
1187:
1185:, p. 408.
1183:Hartsinck 1770
1175:
1173:, p. 405.
1171:Hartsinck 1770
1163:
1154:Hartsinck 1770
1146:
1112:
1084:
1046:
1020:
1018:, p. 174.
1008:
980:
967:
940:
901:
883:Husani Dixon.
875:
859:
833:
805:(1): 313–314.
782:
761:"Guyana coins"
751:
740:(1st ed.)
732:Ishmael, Odeen
723:
716:
690:
665:
658:
640:
608:
563:
561:
558:
557:
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427:of soldiers.
410:Sint Eustatius
366:
363:
347:States General
343:van Hoogenheim
292:
289:
251:listed on the
249:public company
231:The colony of
228:
225:
216:van Hoogenheim
171:
170:
167:Captain Accara
158:
141:van Hoogenheim
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1468:Creolica.net
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1344:. Retrieved
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1258:the original
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1129:
1103:. Retrieved
1099:
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769:the original
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328:enslaved man
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165:Captain Atta
91:Belligerents
683:23 February
460:Fort Nassau
365:Suppression
359:De Dageraad
339:the Guianas
312: [
297:Canje River
273:Fort Nassau
264:Amerindians
148: [
1688:Categories
1642:2014-05-05
1631:0415863295
1501:9991410155
1419:(in Dutch)
1264:2020-08-07
1245:1887/67718
1130:Guyane.org
1001:7 February
871:head money
560:References
522:Georgetown
345:asked the
291:Revolution
227:Background
221:Georgetown
1558:27 August
1254:166092522
1230:: 45–67.
1079:0002-8762
1039:10 August
935:0002-8762
821:161118749
765:El Dorado
544:Boni Wars
495:Lichtveld
440:Aftermath
414:Amsterdam
160:Governor
145:Fourgeoud
1473:7 August
1448:7 August
1346:8 August
1135:7 August
1105:7 August
960:7 August
894:8 August
852:8 August
826:8 August
734:(2005).
601:7 August
528:See also
487:Saramaka
475:Suriname
433:freedman
406:Pembroke
385:Pembroke
372:Barbados
355:Suriname
257:dividend
118:Barbados
63:Location
1734:Berbice
1423:21 July
380:marines
326:was an
277:"Carib"
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200:Berbice
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744:6 July
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516:Legacy
483:Ndyuka
324:Coffij
305:Caribs
303:where
281:Arawak
204:Guyana
189:Coffij
185:Guyana
179:was a
162:Coffij
130:Rebels
126:Kalina
122:Arawak
103:
79:Result
72:Guyana
1250:S2CID
817:S2CID
351:Betsy
316:]
247:as a
208:Cuffy
152:]
1626:ISBN
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1075:ISSN
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854:2020
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777:2008
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712:ISBN
685:2022
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485:and
479:Boni
279:and
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