95:
79:
358:
495:
439:
102:
1147:, who was political prisoner and one of the leaders of the democratic opposition in the communist Poland. Ukrainian sources such as Kubijovych and Idzio representing the Ukrainian Nationalist camp of the interpretation of history also categorize Bereza Kartuska as a concentration camp. Polish-American historian
1151:
who also calls it a concentration camp, notes that the establishment of the facility was a norm of its times, similar to other facilities where political opponents were locked up, often in an extrajudicial manner. (Like the giant German or Soviet networks of concentration camps, degrees of brutality
502:
According to the surviving documentation of the camp, more than 3,000 people were overall detained in Bereza
Kartuska from July 1934 until August 29, 1939. However, the camp's authorities stopped formally registering detainees in September 1939, after mass arrests began. According to incomplete data
2485:
Such threats also concern researchers who use the term "concentration camp" in relation to crimes committed by Polish state officials, consisting in creating conditions resulting in death from illness, starvation and exhaustion of political prisoners. It applies to camps in: Bereza
Kartuska
939:
Conditions were exceptionally harsh, and only one inmate managed to escape. Only one suicide occurred; on 5 February 1939, inmate Dawid
Cymerman slit his throat in a toilet. The number of deaths in detention was kept artificially low by releasing prisoners who were in poor health. According to
1053:. In the prisoners' building, each cell initially held 15 inmates. There were no benches or tables. In 1938 the number of inmates per cell was increased to up to 70. The floors were of concrete and were constantly showered with water so that inmates could not sit.
958:, states that according to official statistics, 176 men – by unofficial Polish statistics, 324 Ukrainians – were murdered or tortured to death during questioning, or died from disease, while escaping, or disappeared without a trace. According to Idzio, most were
931:
From 1934 to 1937, the facility usually housed 100–500 inmates at a time. In April 1938 the number went up to 800. In early 1938, the Polish government suddenly increased the number of inmates by sending 4,500 Ukrainian nationalists, terrorists, and members of
474:
of 1939, Polish authorities started mass arrests of people suspected of such sympathies. Some members of the German minority in Poland were detained in whole families, including women (previously never detained in the camp).
577:, Hungarian authorities deported them to Poland, whey they were sent to Bereza Kartuska. Unlike other prisoners, they didn't have to perform any labours and had the right to freely talk to each other in low voice.
2408:(Ukrainian) Idzio, Viktor (2005). Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya – zhidno zi svidchennia nimetskykh ta radianskykh arkhiviv (The Ukrainian Insurgent Army, according to Testimony in German and Soviet Archives).
2029:
435:. Officially, Bereza Kartuska was not a part of Poland's penitentiary system, and the staff was composed of policemen, sent there as a punishment, rather than professional prison guards.
2374:, New York, Macmillan, 1969, p. 383: "Pilsudski soon revealed himself as a man of whims and resentments... He founded a concentration camp, where he sent several members of the Diet."
2197:
Magierowski, Mateusz (2016). "(A)symmetry of (Non-)memory: The Missed
Opportunity to Work Through the Traumatic Memory of the Polish–Ukrainian Ethnic Conflict in Pawłokoma".
2524:
Ukrainska
Povstanska Armiya - zhidno zi svidchennia nimetskykh ta radianskykh arkhiviv (The Ukrainian Insurgent Army, according to Testimony in German and Soviet Archives)
470:
were also detained starting from
October 1937. Citizens suspected of pro-German sympathies were first detained in Bereza in the middle 1938. In the first days of the
2693:
454:
served as its commander. The average prisoner would spend 8 months in the camp. In the first three years of its history, the camp incarcerated people perceived as
1066:
wrote that "the rigour detectable in Beraza
Kartuska camp can by no means be compared with the dreadful conditions of the Nazi or Soviet-organized labour camps".
2030:"Intervention of the Embassy of Poland in Paris against the term "Polish concentration camp" used on the memorial plaque for Aron Skrobek. December 2007, Paris"
2494:(1945-1949, from 1947 used for Ukrainians and Lemkos deported under the "Vistula" action), called "labour camps" ( Łuszczyna 2017).
2668:
1879:
Constitutional
Developments of the Habsburg Empire in the Last Decades before its Fall: The Materials of Polish-Hungarian Conference. Cracow, September 2007
393:(OUN). It was intended to accommodate persons "whose activities or conduct give reason to believe that they threaten the public security, peace or order."
94:
1181:
944:. In other sources, the total number of deaths, is variously given as between 17 and 20. This number is also repeated in recent sources; for example,
1244:
2703:
1128:
291:
to detain persons who were viewed by the Polish state as a "threat to security, peace, and social order" or alternately to isolate and demoralize
2260:
1271:
2673:
2541:
Lagzi, Gábor (2004). "The
Ukrainian Radical National Movement in Inter-War Poland - the Case of Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN)".
933:
512:
390:
2332:
2297:
2270:
2243:
2181:
2059:
1887:
1467:
1372:
1345:
1227:
1694:
Ladusev U.F. Communist party of
Western Belarus as organizer of workers struggle for democratic rights and freedoms. Minsk, 1976, Page 24.
2688:
2678:
2683:
1298:
32:
2592:
2561:
2531:
2437:
2413:
2137:
Copsey, Nathaniel (2008). "Remembrance of Things Past: the Lingering Impact of History on Contemporary Polish–Ukrainian Relations".
1860:
1746:
1711:
1534:
1524:
1423:
Copsey, Nathaniel (2008). "Remembrance of Things Past: the Lingering Impact of History on Contemporary Polish–Ukrainian Relations".
1308:
1281:
1254:
2635:
2357:
2287:
1915:
2425:
2375:
1148:
345:
Besides political prisoners, starting in October 1937 recidivists and financial criminals were also sent to the camp. During the
2233:
2543:
1830:
539:(the latter, paradoxically, a warm supporter of the prison's establishment). Also a number of Belarusians who had resisted
1013:
Prisoners were accommodated within the main compound, in a three-story brick building. A small white structure served for
396:
The Bereza Kartuska Prison was organized by the director of the Political Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs,
125:
2698:
988:, etc. By the time they were released from Bereza Kartuska, many Ukrainians had had their health destroyed or had died.
520:
118:
1557:
2491:
296:
208:
2430:
Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947
2320:
1818:Śleszyński gives the full names of the deceased inmates, as well as the dates of their deaths and their camp numbers.
2626:
1583:
524:
451:
417:
2387:
1056:
516:
483:
346:
300:
212:
2602:
2580:
2487:
999:
316:
546:
The first inmates - Polish ONR activists - arrived on July 17, 1934. A few days later, OUN activists arrived:
304:
216:
1061:
1082:
government's opponents openly criticized the legal basis for its establishment and operation, calling it a "
868:
536:
447:
432:
972:. There were frequent beatings (with boards being placed against inmates' backs and struck with hammers),
528:
312:
224:
174:
486:, the staff had abandoned it. According to two reports, the departing policemen murdered some prisoners.
1152:
and number of prisoners aside.) Describing Bereza Kartuska as a concentration camp may be against the
455:
308:
292:
220:
428:
386:
378:
2607:
405:
331:. Prisoners were detained for a period of three months, with the possibility of indefinite extension.
2367:
1153:
1140:
1097:
1014:
989:
981:
886:
860:
532:
397:
349:
in September 1939, the camp guards fled on news of the German advance, and the prisoners were freed.
1157:
1116:. Its objections were successful and the plaque instead described the facility as a seclusion camp.
78:
2514:
2353:
1132:
950:
898:
566:
413:
269:
164:
2214:
2154:
2119:
2011:
1440:
1405:
1083:
1018:
985:
574:
471:
450:, without right of appeal, for three months, although this term was often extended while Colonel
281:
70:
1864:
565:
organization were detained in the camp. They were ethnic Ukrainians, previously residing in the
370:
288:
2639:- Z Lucjanem Motyką, więźniem Berezy Kartuskiej, rozmawia Magdalena Kaszulanis, Trybuna.com.pl.
859:
Polish nationalists - Zygmunt Dziarmaga, Władysław Chackiewicz, Jan Jodzewicz, Edward Kemnitz,
2588:
2557:
2527:
2476:
2441:
2433:
2409:
2293:
2266:
2239:
2177:
2055:
1980:"After Bereza. Polish literature towards the Confinement Centre in Bereza Kartuska. 1939–2018"
1883:
1856:
1742:
1707:
1530:
1463:
1368:
1362:
1341:
1304:
1277:
1250:
1223:
1144:
1877:
573:, where they were attempting to create an independent Ukrainian state. After this region was
2605:(2003b). "Utworzenie i funkcjonowanie obozu odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej (1934–1939)".
2585:
Obóz odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej 1934–39 (The Bereza Kartuska Isolation Camp, 1934–39)
2573:
Obóz odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej 1934–39 (The Bereza Kartuska Isolation Camp, 1934–39)
2554:
Obóz odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej 1934–39 (The Bereza Kartuska Isolation Camp, 1934–39)
2466:
2206:
2146:
2111:
2084:
2001:
1991:
1598:
1432:
1397:
1333:
1325:
1215:
1207:
902:
547:
467:
425:
320:
940:Śleszyński, 13 inmates died during the facility's operation, most of them at a hospital in
2652:
1944:
1834:
1561:
1120:
1105:
1026:
915:
Belarusian nationalists - Viachaslau Bahdanovich, Uladzislau Pauliukouski, Juljan Sakovich
906:
555:
366:
277:
2647:
2172:
Misiuk, Andrzej (2007). "Police and Policing Under the Second Polish Republic, 1918–39".
1458:
Misiuk, Andrzej (2007). "Police and Policing Under the Second Polish Republic, 1918–39".
2454:
2312:
1919:
1741:(The Ukrainian Insurgent Army: Gleanings from German and Soviet Archives), Lviv, 2005,
1124:
894:
890:
875:
864:
570:
551:
276:). Because the inmates were detained without trial or conviction, it is considered an
17:
2662:
2471:
2218:
2158:
2123:
2015:
1848:
1739:
Ukrainska Povstanska Armiya: zhidno zi svidchennia nimetskykh ta radianskykh arkhiviv
1703:
1444:
1409:
1162:
1119:
Modern scholarship has characterized the facility as a concentration camp, including
945:
919:
482:
ceased to exist on the night of September 17–18, 1939 when, after learning about the
382:
1734:
1606:
1113:
1093:
973:
955:
879:
540:
335:
1100:, which cited the prison as evidence that Poland's prewar government had been a "
874:
Polish communists - Henryk Bromboszcz, Leib Dajez, Abram Germański (died there),
1827:
1136:
1078:" ("Place of Isolation at Bereza Kartuska"). From the facility's inception, the
1042:
357:
2455:"The Hypertrophy of Polish Remembrance Policy after 2015: Trends and Outcomes"
2317:
The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999.
2150:
1436:
1176:
1046:
1034:
977:
494:
463:
438:
421:
2480:
2210:
2115:
1996:
1401:
287:
Bereza Kartuska Prison was established on 17 June 1934 by order of President
140:
127:
47:
34:
2088:
1940:
1911:
1554:
1337:
1219:
1088:
1104:" regime. In 2007, the Polish Embassy objected to the use of the term in a
941:
2262:
Scattered: The Forced Relocation of Poland's Ukrainians After World War II
1273:
Scattered: The Forced Relocation of Poland's Ukrainians After World War II
365:
It was created on July 12, 1934, in former Russian barracks and prison at
1526:
Silentium: And Other Reflections On Memory, Sorrow, Place, and the Sacred
1050:
1007:
968:
members who were incarcerated at Bereza Kartuska testified to the use of
503:
from Soviet sources, at least 10,000 people had gone through the prison.
459:
261:
2102:
Marples, David R. (2010). "Anti-Soviet Partisans and Ukrainian Memory".
1388:
Marples, David R. (2010). "Anti-Soviet Partisans and Ukrainian Memory".
2006:
1101:
1079:
1038:
969:
409:
339:
273:
265:
160:
2052:
Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine
369:
on the authority of a June 17, 1934, order issued by Polish President
994:
328:
1979:
1364:
God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present
420:. In the view of some historians, Kostek-Biernacki did not serve as
260:, "Place of Isolation at Bereza Kartuska") was operated by Poland's
2075:
Keller, Lech (2002). "Non-Science Fiction Prose of Stanislaw Lem".
2575:(in Polish). Warszawa: Instytut Historyczny im. Romana Dmowskiego.
1828:
Zdzisław J. Winnicki, "Bereza Kartuska – jak było naprawdę?", 2008
1186:
1109:
558:. By August 1939, Ukrainians constituted 17 percent of prisoners.
493:
437:
356:
324:
1246:
Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist
2174:
Policing Interwar Europe: Continuity, Change and Crisis, 1918–40
1460:
Policing Interwar Europe: Continuity, Change and Crisis, 1918–40
431:(whose given name is sometimes stated as "Jan"), of Poznań, and
1326:"Police and Policing Under the Second Polish Republic, 1918–39"
1208:"Police and Policing Under the Second Polish Republic, 1918–39"
954:(1979) gives the number of deaths as 17. Ukrainian historian,
1758:
G. Motyka, Ukraińska partyzantka, 1942-1960, PAN, 2006, p. 65
2490:(in 1945, detaining mainly Germans and Silesians) and
1086:." This term was also used by Western media sources such as
2333:"Collections Search - Bereza Kartuska (Concentration camp)"
1578:
Jerzy Jan Lerski; Piotr Wróbel; Richard J. Kozicki (1996).
400:, and the head of that Department's Nationalities Section (
2388:"Prof. Modzelewski: Za rodaków wstydzi się tylko patriota"
1041:
area. The whole compound was encircled by an electrified
1984:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Polonica
984:
without provocation, punishment for inmates' use of the
2054:. Central European University Press. pp. 87, 133.
2032:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland
1033:"). South of the solitary-confinement structure was a
2292:. Monographs of the Hebrew Union College. p. 7.
1092:, both during the interbellum and immediately after
446:
Individuals were incarcerated at Bereza Kartuska by
1300:
Faithful Unto Death: The Story of Arthur Zygielbaum
442:
Former prison building in 2010, to be reconstructed
238:
230:
204:
196:
188:
180:
170:
156:
117:
64:
2486:(1934-1 939), officially a "place of detention",
2289:No Way Out: The Politics of Polish Jewry 1935-1939
2104:East European Politics and Societies and Cultures
1390:East European Politics and Societies and Cultures
1045:fence. Across a road from this compound were the
912:Ukrainian communists - Włodzimierz Sznarbachowski
1249:. Columbia University Press. pp. 167, 168.
936:to Bereza Kartuska without the right of appeal.
1766:
1764:
1681:
1679:
1642:
1640:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1479:
580:Reason for detention by percentage of inmates:
2627:Bereza Kartuzka - The Documentary Feature Film
1844:
1842:
1529:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 64, 65.
1074:The Polish government called the institution "
408:. The institution was later supervised by the
373:. The event that directly influenced Poland's
101:
2265:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. ix.
1968:, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1979, p. 302.
1276:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. ix.
8:
1010:as a result of his stay in Bereza Kartuska.
255:
2176:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 159–171.
1462:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 159–171.
922:, Jan Mozyrko (died there), Janka Shutovich
1796:
1794:
1182:List of concentration and internment camps
317:on the basis of an administrative decision
61:
2470:
2335:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
2005:
1995:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1580:Historical dictionary of Poland, 966-1945
1076:Miejsce Odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej
535:and, for some dozen days, the journalist
257:Miejsce Odosobnienia w Berezie Kartuskiej
109:Location of Bereza Kartuska within Poland
582:
1198:
1129:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
867:, Bolesław Świderski, Witold Borowski,
385:of Polish Minister of Internal Affairs
2694:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
2386:Kalina Błażejowska (7 November 2018).
1523:Braun, Connie T. (26 September 2017).
1243:Rossolinski, Grzegorz (October 2014).
934:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
513:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
458:and political opponents of the ruling
391:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
2544:Regio - Minorities, Politics, Society
2518:(Encyclopedia of Poland), p. 45.
1853:God's Playground: A History of Poland
1573:
1571:
1303:. Workmen's Circle. pp. 42, 43.
361:Former building of the prison in 2010
7:
2556:(in Polish). Toruń: Adam Marszałek.
2199:East European Politics and Societies
1978:Morawiec, Arkadiusz (January 2019).
1706:, "Belarus: At a Crossroads" (1993,
882:, Szymon Dobrzyński (aka "Eckstein")
2238:. Taylor & Francis. p. 7.
1855:, Columbia University Press, 2005,
424:; they identify its commandants as
334:Detainees were expected to perform
295:of the Sanation government such as
1361:Norman Davies (24 February 2005).
511:Prisoners included members of the
342:, and at least 13 prisoners died.
315:. Prisoners were sent to the camp
25:
2648:10 września 1930. Droga do Berezy
2077:The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review
1966:Poland and Its Fate, 1918 to 1939
1916:"Anti-Jewish Agitation in Poland"
901:, Hryhory Klymiv, Omelian Matla,
523:(ONR), as well as members of the
327:, and without the possibility of
2472:10.4467/2543408XZOP.18.003.10059
2372:The History of Polish Literature
2235:Belarus: A Denationalized Nation
871:, Adam Doboszyński, Leon Mirecki
264:government from 1934 to 1939 in
100:
93:
77:
2259:Reilly, Diana Howansky (2013).
1270:Howansky Reilly, Diana (2013).
1112:for the Bereza Kartuska inmate
381:, to create the prison was the
2704:Political repression in Poland
2669:Western Belorussia (1918–1939)
2526:(in Ukrainian). Lviv: Spolom.
1882:. Wydawnictwo UJ. p. 12.
1096:. It was later popularized by
543:found themselves in the camp.
531:(PPS). The detainees included
1:
2674:1934 establishments in Poland
1565:, Gazeta Wyborcza, 12/07/1994
561:In April 1939, 38 members of
192:Political and criminal prison
2432:, McFarlandMcFarland, 1998,
2571:Siekanowicz, Piotr (1991).
1943:"M. Biernacki to be tried"
1367:. OUP Oxford. p. 302.
918:Others - Orest Kazanivsky,
2720:
2689:Internment camps in Poland
2679:Defunct prisons in Belarus
2232:Marples, David R. (1999).
2050:Marples, David R. (2007).
1833:February 26, 2010, at the
1597:Mikołaj Falkowski (2008).
1584:Greenwood Publishing Group
1037:, and south of that was a
689:Peasant parties' activists
637:Far-right parties' members
2684:Defunct prisons in Poland
2151:10.1080/09668130801999847
1902:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 151.
1625:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 100.
1599:"Wacław Kostek-Biernacki"
1560:January 15, 2008, at the
1437:10.1080/09668130801999847
1156:, according to historian
885:Ukrainian nationalists -
863:, Mieczysław Prószyński,
484:Soviet invasion of Poland
389:on June 15, 1934, by the
347:German invasion of Poland
88:
76:
69:
2587:(in Polish). BENKOWSKI.
2552:Polit, Ireneusz (2003).
2453:Stryjek, Tomasz (2018).
2286:Melzer, Emanuel (1997).
2211:10.1177/0888325416651328
2116:10.1177/0888325409354908
1997:10.18778/1505-9057.55.14
1876:Kazimierz Baran (2010).
1809:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 51.
1779:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 84.
1770:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 88.
1664:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 93.
1655:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 92.
1646:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 91.
1634:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 90.
1603:HISTORIA.polskieradio.pl
1513:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 85.
1499:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 53.
1487:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 16.
1402:10.1177/0888325409354908
1330:Policing Interwar Europe
1324:Misiuk, Andrzej (2007).
1212:Policing Interwar Europe
1206:Misiuk, Andrzej (2007).
1000:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
741:"Anti-state activists" (
323:, judicial sanction, or
2089:10.1163/187633202X00035
1685:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 84
1673:Śleszyński 2003a, p. 83
1338:10.1057/9780230599864_8
1220:10.1057/9780230599864_8
1049:'s house and officers'
498:Prison building in 2010
452:Wacław Kostek-Biernacki
448:administrative decision
418:Wacław Kostek-Biernacki
338:. Often prisoners were
313:Belarusian nationalists
225:Belarusian nationalists
2522:Idzio, Viktor (2005).
2390:. Magazyn Opinii Pismo
663:Ukrainian nationalists
529:Polish Socialist Party
517:Polish Communist Party
499:
443:
433:Józef Kamala-Kurhański
402:Wydział Narodowościowy
362:
256:
252:Bereza Kartuska Prison
175:Second Polish Republic
18:Bereza Kartuska prison
2645:Włodzimierz Kalicki,
2636:Byłem więźniem Berezy
1865:Google Print, p. 316.
1800:Śleszyński 2003b, 49.
1788:Śleszyński 2003b, 48.
1297:Ravel, Aviva (1980).
521:National Radical Camp
497:
441:
360:
305:Polish People's Party
217:Polish People's Party
2603:Śleszyński, Wojciech
2581:Śleszyński, Wojciech
2488:Świętochłowice-Zgoda
1154:Polish Holocaust law
1098:communist propaganda
1015:solitary confinement
990:Taras Bulba-Borovetz
982:solitary confinement
909:, Bohdan Pashkovskyi
887:Taras Bulba-Borovets
869:Stanisław Mackiewicz
537:Stanisław Mackiewicz
2699:Polesie Voivodeship
2515:Encyklopedia Polski
2512:"Bereza Kartuska,"
2354:Library of Congress
2139:Europe-Asia Studies
1425:Europe-Asia Studies
1133:Library of Congress
992:, who later became
899:Dmytro Klyachkivsky
826:Financial criminals
567:Carpathian Ruthenia
468:financial criminals
293:political opponents
270:Polesie Voivodeship
245:, 17 September 1939
184:Polish police force
165:Polesie Voivodeship
137: /
44: /
27:1930s Polish prison
2426:Tadeusz Piotrowski
1149:Tadeusz Piotrowski
1084:concentration camp
986:Ukrainian language
905:, Mykhailo Yaniv,
878:, Marek Rakowski,
575:annexed by Hungary
507:Reasons for arrest
500:
472:September Campaign
444:
387:Bronisław Pieracki
363:
297:National Democrats
282:concentration camp
209:National Democrats
71:Concentration camp
2356:Subject Headings.
2299:978-0-87820-141-9
2272:978-0-299-29343-7
2245:978-90-5702-343-9
2183:978-0-230-59986-4
2061:978-963-7326-98-1
1964:Richard M. Watt,
1946:November 23, 1946
1889:978-83-233-8026-9
1469:978-0-230-59986-4
1374:978-0-19-925340-1
1347:978-1-349-54365-6
1229:978-1-349-54365-6
1145:Karol Modzelewski
861:Bolesław Piasecki
851:
850:
715:Nazism supporters
533:Bolesław Piasecki
429:Bolesław Greffner
426:police inspectors
303:, members of the
272:(today, Biaroza,
249:
248:
231:Number of inmates
215:, members of the
141:52.550°N 24.967°E
48:52.550°N 24.967°E
16:(Redirected from
2711:
2644:
2633:
2616:
2608:Dzieje Najnowsze
2598:
2576:
2567:
2548:
2537:
2511:
2497:
2496:
2474:
2450:
2444:
2423:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2383:
2377:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1955:Lagzi 2004, 203.
1953:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1918:. Archived from
1909:
1903:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1873:
1867:
1846:
1837:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1732:
1715:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1575:
1566:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1500:
1497:
1488:
1485:
1474:
1473:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1203:
1166:
1143:, and historian
1139:-winning author
1065:
951:God's Playground
903:Roman Shukhevych
583:
548:Roman Shukhevych
414:Polesie Province
406:Leon Jarosławski
259:
152:
151:
149:
148:
147:
142:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
104:
103:
97:
81:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
21:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2659:
2658:
2653:Gazeta Wyborcza
2642:
2631:
2623:
2601:
2595:
2579:
2570:
2564:
2551:
2540:
2534:
2521:
2509:
2506:
2504:Further reading
2501:
2500:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2023:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1847:
1840:
1835:Wayback Machine
1826:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1733:
1718:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1577:
1576:
1569:
1562:Wayback Machine
1552:Andrzej Misiuk
1549:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1477:
1470:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1375:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1284:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1173:
1160:
1121:Yale University
1106:memorial plaque
1072:
1059:
1057:Kazimierz Baran
929:
907:Volodymyr Yaniv
856:
556:Volodymyr Yaniv
509:
492:
398:Wacław Żyborski
379:Józef Piłsudski
371:Ignacy Mościcki
367:Bereza Kartuska
355:
289:Ignacy Mościcki
278:internment camp
266:Bereza Kartuska
234:More than 3,000
161:Bereza Kartuska
145:
143:
139:
136:
131:
128:
126:
124:
123:
113:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
84:
65:Bereza Kartuska
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2717:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2640:
2629:
2622:
2621:External links
2619:
2618:
2617:
2599:
2593:
2577:
2568:
2562:
2549:
2538:
2532:
2519:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2459:Zoon Politikon
2445:
2418:
2401:
2378:
2368:Czesław Miłosz
2360:
2346:
2324:
2313:Timothy Snyder
2305:
2298:
2278:
2271:
2251:
2244:
2224:
2205:(4): 766–784.
2189:
2182:
2164:
2145:(4): 531–560.
2129:
2094:
2083:(3): 241–256.
2067:
2060:
2042:
2021:
1990:(4): 273–309.
1970:
1957:
1948:
1933:
1931:March 24, 1938
1904:
1895:
1888:
1868:
1838:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1760:
1751:
1716:
1696:
1687:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1589:
1567:
1555:BIAŁYM ŻELAZEM
1542:
1535:
1515:
1501:
1489:
1475:
1468:
1450:
1431:(4): 531–560.
1415:
1380:
1373:
1353:
1346:
1316:
1309:
1289:
1282:
1262:
1255:
1235:
1228:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1158:Tomasz Stryjek
1141:Czesław Miłosz
1125:Timothy Snyder
1071:
1068:
928:
925:
924:
923:
916:
913:
910:
895:Dmytro Hrytsai
891:Dmytro Dontsov
883:
876:Leon Pasternak
872:
865:Henryk Rossman
855:
852:
849:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
804:
801:
797:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
738:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
712:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
660:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
608:
607:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
571:Czechoslovakia
552:Dmytro Hrytsai
525:People's Party
508:
505:
491:
488:
354:
351:
321:formal charges
247:
246:
240:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
190:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
158:
154:
153:
146:52.550; 24.967
121:
115:
114:
108:
99:
98:
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
83:Main building.
82:
74:
73:
67:
66:
53:52.550; 24.967
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2716:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2655:, 2006-09-11.
2654:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:(in Polish).
2610:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2594:83-918161-0-9
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2563:83-7322-469-6
2559:
2555:
2550:
2547:(1): 194–206.
2546:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2533:966-665-268-4
2529:
2525:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:0-7864-0371-3
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2414:966-665-268-4
2411:
2405:
2402:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1934:
1922:on 2011-07-22
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1861:0-231-12819-3
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:Norman Davies
1845:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:966-665-268-4
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:0-8133-1794-0
1709:
1705:
1704:Jan Zaprudnik
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1608:
1605:(in Polish).
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1586:. p. 33.
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1536:9781498243018
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1310:9780969043508
1306:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1283:9780299293437
1279:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1256:9783838266848
1252:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
991:
987:
983:
980:, the use of
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
946:Norman Davies
943:
937:
935:
926:
921:
920:Leonard Malik
917:
914:
911:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
854:Known inmates
853:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
824:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
772:Karpacka Sicz
770:
769:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
740:
739:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
661:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
609:
605:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
585:
584:
581:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:Karpacka Sicz
559:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
506:
504:
496:
489:
487:
485:
481:
476:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
440:
436:
434:
430:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
383:assassination
380:
376:
372:
368:
359:
352:
350:
348:
343:
341:
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
258:
253:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
150:
122:
120:
116:
96:
87:
80:
75:
72:
68:
63:
60:
57:
19:
2646:
2634:
2612:
2606:
2584:
2572:
2553:
2542:
2523:
2513:
2484:
2465:(9): 43–66.
2462:
2458:
2448:
2429:
2421:
2404:
2392:. Retrieved
2381:
2371:
2363:
2349:
2339:26 September
2337:. Retrieved
2327:
2316:
2308:
2288:
2281:
2261:
2254:
2234:
2227:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2173:
2167:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2110:(1): 26–43.
2107:
2103:
2097:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2051:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2024:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1965:
1960:
1951:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1920:the original
1907:
1898:
1878:
1871:
1852:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1784:
1775:
1754:
1738:
1735:Viktor Idzio
1699:
1690:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1630:
1621:
1610:. Retrieved
1607:Polish Radio
1602:
1592:
1579:
1553:
1545:
1525:
1518:
1459:
1453:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1396:(1): 26–43.
1393:
1389:
1383:
1363:
1356:
1329:
1319:
1299:
1292:
1272:
1265:
1245:
1238:
1211:
1201:
1118:
1114:Aron Skrobek
1094:World War II
1087:
1075:
1073:
1055:
1030:
1022:
1012:
1006:, developed
1003:
993:
974:forced labor
965:
964:
959:
956:Viktor Idzio
949:
938:
930:
880:Aron Skrobek
771:
742:
579:
562:
560:
545:
541:Polonization
510:
501:
479:
477:
445:
401:
395:
374:
364:
344:
336:penal labour
333:
286:
251:
250:
242:
239:Liberated by
189:Original use
29:
2643:(in Polish)
2632:(in Polish)
2615:(2): 35–53.
2510:(in Polish)
2394:15 December
2007:11089/35870
1550:(in Polish)
1332:: 159–171.
1214:: 159–171.
1161: [
1137:Nobel prize
1060: [
1043:barbed-wire
976:, constant
603:I-VIII 1939
464:Recidivists
456:subversives
404:), Colonel
197:Operational
181:Operated by
144: /
119:Coordinates
51: /
2663:Categories
2036:2009-12-28
1926:2009-12-02
1612:2010-01-13
1193:References
1177:Internment
1123:professor
1047:commandant
978:harassment
927:Conditions
611:Communists
569:region of
519:(KPP) and
422:commandant
416:, Colonel
377:dictator,
319:, without
301:communists
213:communists
2583:(2003a).
2481:2082-7806
2219:147713876
2159:144530368
2124:144394106
2016:242909153
1941:The Times
1912:The Times
1445:144530368
1410:144394106
1135:, Polish
1089:The Times
1019:Ukrainian
962:members.
800:Criminals
743:szkodnicy
527:(SL) and
478:The camp
309:Ukrainian
243:Abandoned
221:Ukrainian
200:1934—1939
2492:Jaworzno
1831:Archived
1714:), p. 85
1558:Archived
1171:See also
1080:Sanation
1051:barracks
1008:epilepsy
606:Summary
480:de facto
462:regime.
460:Sanation
410:Governor
375:de facto
340:tortured
262:Sanation
171:Built by
157:Location
2319:, 2004.
1749:, p. 6.
1102:fascist
1039:bathing
1023:kartser
998:of the
970:torture
774:members
515:(OUN),
490:Inmates
353:History
274:Belarus
205:Inmates
132:24°58′E
129:52°33′N
39:24°58′E
36:52°33′N
2591:
2560:
2530:
2479:
2436:
2412:
2296:
2269:
2242:
2217:
2180:
2157:
2122:
2058:
2014:
1886:
1859:
1745:
1710:
1533:
1466:
1443:
1408:
1371:
1344:
1307:
1280:
1253:
1226:
1131:, the
1127:, the
1070:Naming
1031:karcer
1027:Polish
1025:"; in
995:otaman
942:Kobryń
329:appeal
307:, and
2442:p.193
2215:S2CID
2155:S2CID
2120:S2CID
2012:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1406:S2CID
1187:Kresy
1165:]
1110:Paris
1064:]
325:trial
2589:ISBN
2558:ISBN
2528:ISBN
2477:ISSN
2434:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2396:2018
2341:2020
2294:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2240:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2056:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1857:ISBN
1743:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1369:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1035:well
1017:(in
1004:UPA)
821:35%
795:≈0%
766:≈0%
632:55%
620:100%
600:1938
597:1937
594:1936
591:1935
588:1934
554:and
466:and
311:and
223:and
2467:doi
2207:doi
2147:doi
2112:doi
2085:doi
2002:hdl
1992:doi
1433:doi
1398:doi
1334:doi
1216:doi
1108:in
1029:, "
1021:, "
966:OUN
960:OUN
948:in
847:2%
818:41%
815:55%
812:23%
736:1%
710:1%
684:4%
669:17%
666:30%
658:2%
643:17%
640:10%
629:50%
626:39%
623:73%
617:66%
614:70%
412:of
280:or
2665::
2651:,
2613:35
2483:.
2475:.
2461:.
2457:.
2440:,
2428:,
2416:.
2370:,
2315:,
2213:.
2203:30
2201:.
2153:.
2143:60
2141:.
2118:.
2108:24
2106:.
2081:29
2079:.
2010:.
2000:.
1988:55
1986:.
1982:.
1863:,
1851:,
1841:^
1793:^
1763:^
1737:,
1719:^
1678:^
1639:^
1601:.
1582:.
1570:^
1504:^
1492:^
1478:^
1439:.
1429:60
1427:.
1404:.
1394:24
1392:.
1340:.
1328:.
1222:.
1210:.
1167:.
1163:pl
1062:pl
897:,
893:,
889:,
844:6%
841:4%
838:4%
792:2%
763:1%
730:1%
704:1%
550:,
299:,
284:.
268:,
219:,
211:,
163:,
2597:.
2566:.
2536:.
2469::
2463:1
2398:.
2343:.
2322:,
2302:.
2275:.
2248:.
2221:.
2209::
2186:.
2161:.
2149::
2126:.
2114::
2091:.
2087::
2064:.
2039:.
2018:.
2004::
1994::
1929:.
1892:.
1615:.
1539:.
1472:.
1447:.
1435::
1412:.
1400::
1377:.
1350:.
1336::
1313:.
1286:.
1259:.
1232:.
1218::
1002:(
835:-
832:-
829:-
809:-
806:-
803:-
789:-
786:-
783:-
780:-
777:-
760:-
757:-
754:-
751:-
748:-
745:)
733:-
727:-
724:-
721:-
718:-
707:-
701:-
698:-
695:-
692:-
681:-
678:-
675:-
672:-
655:-
652:-
649:-
646:-
254:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
