771:
827:
779:
835:
787:
819:
843:
811:
803:
795:
203:
Austria-Hungary had not adequately included Great
Britain in the discussions of the crisis, and as such, prevented Britain and Germany from "exchanging opinions." Disraeli drew up his own memorandum because he felt that the three empires were conspiring to disband the Ottoman Empire. He even encouraged Turkey to reject the document and sent a fleet to
82:. One of the main points of contention between the Balkans and their Ottoman rulers was the religious difference, which led to a bolstering of religious and ethnic nationalism that contributed to the uprisings that took place during the period of the Balkan Crisis. The bloodiness and destruction of Christians led to an exodus of Christians into
111:
incorporating
Christian law into the Ottoman Empire's traditional Islamic law, reforms in the system of tax farming that would alleviate the tax burden on Bosnia and Herzegovina, and ensure that the Ottoman Empire make proper revenue in taxes, and laws that would address the agrarian conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
137:
In May 1876, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia met in Berlin to discuss the response and plan of action to take in regards to the state of affairs in the
Ottoman Empire and the Balkans. They drafted the Berlin Memorandum, which voiced the intent to protect the Christian populations of the Balkans.
219:
Although the Berlin
Memorandum made an effort to create a temporary armistice and correct the situation in the Balkans, tensions between the Ottoman Empire and the Christian Balkans continued. The violence continued to spread into Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro, and was met with a massacre of the
184:
The response of the three major western powers of Great
Britain, Italy, and France varied, though France and Italy's position was generally the same while Britain had rejected the Berlin Memorandum completely. While Italy did have a position on any decisions made by the central powers, it initially
197:
shocked and appalled French officials, and thus the memorandum earned support from France on the grounds that peace would be achieved in the
Balkans and that the demands of the Berlin Memorandum would include the input of the three outside western powers in order to bring about the desired change.
142:
rebels for two months in order to give enough time for reforms to be put in place in the
Balkans. The memorandum also requested that an international committee be formed and instituted in the Balkans in order to protect the Christians, and see that the changes proposed in the Andrássy Note of 1875
110:
of
Austria-Hungary began to feel the need for religious reform in the Balkans, and so on December 30, 1875, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany proposed the Andrássy Note. The note called for religious reforms that would allow the coexistence of Christians and Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina by
210:
He believed that all the provisions were erroneous, for example, he believed that the proposed relief, which the
Ottoman Empire was to administer was far beyond the means of the Sultan, and that concentrating troops in any situation would lead to chaos. The cabinet nonetheless approved Disraeli's
220:
Bulgarians by the
Ottomans. In June and July 1876, tensions between the Ottoman Empire and Serbia and Montenegro came to a head when Serbia and Montenegro declared war on the Ottoman Empire, culminating with the involvement of Russia in the war in 1877 in order to protect their Balkan allies.
163:
The end of the note was written by Prince Gorkachov of Russia and states that if the Ottoman Empire did not meet the demands of the Berlin Memorandum and failed to comply with the two-month armistice requested by the Berlin Memorandum, the three authoring imperial powers would take necessary
202:
rejected the document altogether on May 16, 1876. His reasons for rejecting the memorandum were cited by his idea that the three imperial powers were using the initiatives of the Berlin Memorandum to put an end to the Ottoman Empire. Disraeli felt that the meeting of Russia, Germany, and
73:
As the Ottoman Empire began to decline in the late 19th century, there were many nationalistic Christian uprisings in the Balkan States, whose populations wished to be free from the Islamic rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1875, there were a series of rebellions that broke out first in
189:
promised the German minister the service of his army in Bosnia if necessary. On May 14, the day after the Berlin Memorandum was circulated in the city of Berlin, Italy gave its full and abiding support to the provisions made by the Berlin Memorandum through telegraph.
211:
rejection of the Berlin Memorandum and arguably, the reason why this armistice was unsuccessful, was because it lacked the British approval, which would have given the Berlin Memorandum unanimous support from the western European powers.
185:
deferred the controversy surrounding the Eastern Question because Italy had a power struggle of its own within the Italian government at the time of both the Andrássy Note and the Berlin Memorandum. In April 1876, Italian Prime Minister
134:, as well as to forge an alliance with Austria and Germany. Andrássy complied, but only if he could arrive to Berlin early in order to have a preliminary meeting with Bismarck to discuss relations between Austria-Hungary and Germany.
164:
international measures to provide for the safety of the people in the Balkans "in order to arrest the prevailing evil and prevent its development." The day following the agreement of the three imperial powers,
143:
could be administered in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The new armistice, which the Berlin Memorandum was seeking, was incorporated into the following five points, which had originated in Andrássy's initial note:
106:. This meeting concluded with the policy of non-intervention in the East. However, as religious tensions between Christians and Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina began to come to a head, Count
750:
193:
France's response to the memorandum followed that of the Italians. While France's role in the outcome of the Eastern Question seemed inconsequential, the tragic murder of a French consul in
114:
However, by 1876, the note was considered a failure because the Ottomans, who had been pushed by Andrássy and never had intentions of reforming the Empire, had never acted to implement it.
1055:
945:
609:
1050:
65:, a document that preceded the Berlin Memorandum and had similar intentions in creating an armistice and plan of reforms for the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire.
644:
755:
665:
1040:
147:
Provision by the Turkish government of materials for rebuilding houses and churches and the furnishing of subsistence until the next harvest,
660:
639:
552:"Correspondence Respecting Affairs in Bosnia and Herzegovina." Parliamentary Papers, 1876, vol.84., retrieved from Mount Holyoke College,
122:
Because the Andrássy Note had been a failure, and the Balkan people were still revolting through the beginning of 1876, the Russian Prince
980:
1030:
990:
995:
602:
740:
556:
265:
925:
1060:
595:
960:
745:
99:
875:
701:
159:
Surveillance by foreign consuls or delegates of the application of reforms in general and repatriation in particular.
985:
204:
130:
in order to collaborate on a new armistice between the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire along with German Chancellor
484:
304:
935:
870:
717:
546:
930:
266:"Correspondence Respecting Affairs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Count Andrassy to Count Beust, 30 December 1875"
1065:
1045:
894:
696:
691:
75:
880:
722:
686:
186:
20:
150:
Distribution of this aid in collaboration with the mixed commission provided for in the Andrássy Note,
970:
865:
727:
618:
61:, with whom these imperial powers had international relationships and interests, and to correct the
910:
198:
While France and Italy quickly gave their support to the Berlin Memorandum, British Prime Minister
123:
1035:
890:
955:
885:
670:
567:
251:
237:
199:
131:
107:
62:
940:
920:
35:
31:
560:
43:
39:
176:
representatives were summoned to Berlin in order to discuss the new armistice agreement.
965:
950:
915:
54:
1024:
1008:
975:
553:
269:
173:
47:
138:
The Berlin Memorandum demanded that the Ottoman Empire end military response to the
1001:
98:
Initially, the three great powers, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia formed the
30:
was a document drawn up by the three imperial world powers in 1876 to address the
566:"The Eastern Crisis (1875-1878)." ICRC Resource Centre. ICRC, 4 June 1998. <
90:, and these countries had gained the diplomatic support of the Russian Empire.
547:
http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=CHP18760731.2.23
87:
103:
38:. The purpose of the Berlin Memorandum was for the three imperial powers of
194:
79:
587:
58:
575:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
472:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
459:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
433:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
394:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
381:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
368:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
355:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
342:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
329:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
292:
A Diplomatic History of the Balkan Crisis of 1875-1878: The First Year
545:"The Berlin Conference." Press 31 July 1876: p. 3. Papers Past.
165:
127:
83:
169:
139:
51:
591:
751:
Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878
568:
http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jnvn.htm
102:
in 1872 and met to discuss the state of relations in the
903:
851:
710:
679:
653:
632:
625:
554:https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/andrassy.htm
539:British Imperial and Foreign Policy, 1846-1890.
946:Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria
522:British Imperial and Foreign Policy, 1846-1890
509:British Imperial and Foreign Policy, 1846-1890
422:, (Heinemann Educational Publishers, 2004), 39
420:British Imperial and Foreign Policy, 1846-1890
50:to address the state of relations between the
603:
8:
629:
610:
596:
588:
153:Temporary concentration of Turkish troops,
931:First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)
180:Western response to the Eastern question
1056:Ottoman Empire–Russian Empire relations
580:Pearce, Malcolm, and Geoffrey Stewart.
541:Heinemann Educational Publishers, 2004.
294:(Stanford University Press, 1936), 288.
229:
252:"The Eastern crisis(1875-1878) - ICRC"
238:"The Eastern crisis(1875-1878) - ICRC"
57:and with the Christian peoples of the
756:Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878
405:Geoffrey Pearce and Malcolm Stewart,
156:Right of the Christians to bear arms,
7:
584:. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2010.
582:British Political History, 1867-2001
446:British Political History, 1867-2001
407:British Political History, 1867-2001
991:Convention of Constantinople (1881)
645:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
577:. Stanford University Press, 1936.
14:
126:invited Andrássy to a meeting in
1051:Germany–Ottoman Empire relations
841:
833:
825:
817:
809:
801:
793:
785:
777:
769:
666:Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
661:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
640:Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)
409:(New York: Routledge, 2010), 152
981:Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881
1041:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
1:
741:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
961:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
746:Romanian War of Independence
100:League of the Three Emperors
996:British Occupation of Egypt
876:Budapest Convention of 1877
1082:
1031:1876 in the Ottoman Empire
986:French conquest of Tunisia
18:
871:Constantinople Conference
766:
736:
718:1878 Macedonian rebellion
489:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
309:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
926:1876 Ottoman coup d'Ă©tat
895:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
16:1876 political document
702:Kresna–Razlog uprising
697:Razlovtsi insurrection
692:April Uprising of 1876
76:Bosnia and Herzegovina
881:Treaty of San Stefano
723:Epirus Revolt of 1878
687:Stara Zagora Uprising
118:The Berlin Memorandum
21:The Berlin Memorandum
1061:Great Eastern Crisis
971:Dual Alliance (1879)
866:Reichstadt Agreement
728:Cretan revolt (1878)
619:Great Eastern Crisis
911:Bulgarian Exarchate
444:Pearce and Stewart,
94:The "Andrássy Note"
36:Crisis of 1875-1878
19:For the novel, see
891:Congress of Berlin
626:Wars and conflicts
559:2021-07-26 at the
1018:
1017:
956:League of Prizren
886:Cyprus Convention
861:Berlin Memorandum
764:
763:
671:Kumanovo uprising
200:Benjamin Disraeli
28:Berlin Memorandum
1073:
941:Eastern Question
846:
845:
844:
838:
837:
836:
830:
829:
828:
822:
821:
820:
814:
813:
812:
806:
805:
804:
798:
797:
796:
790:
789:
788:
782:
781:
780:
774:
773:
772:
630:
612:
605:
598:
589:
525:
518:
512:
505:
499:
498:
496:
495:
481:
475:
468:
462:
455:
449:
442:
436:
429:
423:
416:
410:
403:
397:
390:
384:
377:
371:
364:
358:
351:
345:
338:
332:
325:
319:
318:
316:
315:
301:
295:
288:
282:
281:
279:
277:
268:. Archived from
262:
256:
255:
248:
242:
241:
234:
32:Eastern Question
1081:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1014:
899:
853:
847:
842:
840:
839:
834:
832:
831:
826:
824:
823:
818:
816:
815:
810:
808:
807:
802:
800:
799:
794:
792:
791:
786:
784:
783:
778:
776:
775:
770:
768:
760:
732:
706:
675:
649:
621:
616:
573:Harris, David.
561:Wayback Machine
534:
529:
528:
519:
515:
506:
502:
493:
491:
483:
482:
478:
469:
465:
456:
452:
443:
439:
430:
426:
417:
413:
404:
400:
391:
387:
378:
374:
365:
361:
352:
348:
339:
335:
326:
322:
313:
311:
303:
302:
298:
289:
285:
275:
273:
272:on 26 July 2021
264:
263:
259:
254:. 6 April 1998.
250:
249:
245:
240:. 6 April 1998.
236:
235:
231:
226:
217:
182:
120:
96:
71:
63:"Andrássy Note"
44:Austria-Hungary
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1066:1876 documents
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1046:1876 in Europe
1043:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
966:Pact of Halepa
963:
958:
953:
951:British Cyprus
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
916:Deligrad Event
913:
907:
905:
901:
900:
898:
897:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
857:
855:
849:
848:
767:
765:
762:
761:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
737:
734:
733:
731:
730:
725:
720:
714:
712:
708:
707:
705:
704:
699:
694:
689:
683:
681:
677:
676:
674:
673:
668:
663:
657:
655:
651:
650:
648:
647:
642:
636:
634:
627:
623:
622:
617:
615:
614:
607:
600:
592:
586:
585:
578:
571:
564:
543:
542:
537:Aldred, John.
533:
530:
527:
526:
513:
500:
476:
463:
450:
437:
424:
411:
398:
385:
372:
359:
346:
333:
320:
296:
290:David Harris,
283:
257:
243:
228:
227:
225:
222:
216:
213:
181:
178:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
119:
116:
108:Gyula Andrássy
95:
92:
78:, and then in
70:
67:
55:Ottoman Empire
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1078:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1009:Anna Karenina
1006:
1004:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
976:Brsjak revolt
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
921:Niš Committee
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
906:
902:
896:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
856:
852:International
850:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
735:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
713:
709:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
682:
678:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
652:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
635:
631:
628:
624:
620:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
593:
590:
583:
579:
576:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
551:
550:
549:
548:
540:
536:
535:
531:
523:
517:
514:
510:
504:
501:
490:
486:
485:"papers past"
480:
477:
473:
467:
464:
460:
454:
451:
447:
441:
438:
434:
428:
425:
421:
418:John Aldred,
415:
412:
408:
402:
399:
395:
389:
386:
382:
376:
373:
369:
363:
360:
356:
350:
347:
343:
337:
334:
330:
324:
321:
310:
306:
305:"papers past"
300:
297:
293:
287:
284:
271:
267:
261:
258:
253:
247:
244:
239:
233:
230:
223:
221:
214:
212:
208:
206:
201:
196:
191:
188:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
145:
144:
141:
135:
133:
129:
125:
117:
115:
112:
109:
105:
101:
93:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
68:
66:
64:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
1007:
1002:Marche slave
1000:
860:
581:
574:
544:
538:
532:Bibliography
521:
516:
508:
503:
492:. Retrieved
488:
479:
471:
466:
458:
453:
445:
440:
432:
427:
419:
414:
406:
401:
393:
388:
380:
375:
367:
362:
354:
349:
341:
336:
328:
323:
312:. Retrieved
308:
299:
291:
286:
274:. Retrieved
270:the original
260:
246:
232:
218:
209:
192:
183:
162:
136:
121:
113:
97:
72:
27:
25:
936:Opalchentsi
633:Montenegrin
276:16 December
34:during the
1025:Categories
854:agreements
494:2024-04-05
314:2024-04-05
224:References
215:Conclusion
205:Besika Bay
88:Montenegro
69:Background
1036:Memoranda
680:Bulgarian
124:Gorchakov
104:Near East
904:See also
557:Archived
507:Aldred,
431:Harris,
392:Harris,
379:Harris,
366:Harris,
353:Harris,
340:Harris,
327:Harris,
195:Salonika
187:Melegari
132:Bismarck
80:Bulgaria
520:Aldred,
470:Harris,
457:Harris,
174:British
170:Italian
59:Balkans
52:Islamic
48:Germany
172:, and
166:French
140:Slavic
128:Berlin
84:Serbia
46:, and
40:Russia
711:Greek
570:>.
474:, 308
461:, 307
448:, 152
435:, 305
396:, 303
383:, 302
370:, 301
357:, 301
344:, 298
331:, 298
893:and
654:Serb
524:, 40
511:, 39
278:2013
86:and
26:The
1027::
487:.
307:.
207:.
168:,
42:,
611:e
604:t
597:v
563:.
497:.
317:.
280:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.