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but
Beecham also had wit, charm, political nous and money. In Germany, where Furtwängler had had to resign because of political interference, Beecham's prestige was respected and the Nazis had no power to direct him. Typically, after some ideas had been considered for the Coronation Season, he said, "You had better go to Paris at once. You will discuss in general with M. Rouché -and then you will proceed to Switzerland and meet Furtwängler. You will ask him to conduct the German season for me next year and I will give you a letter for him". By comparison with Berlin, this was "a pleasure cruise".
571:. Beecham excelled himself. Rose Pauly (as Elektra) declared that she had never sung the opera under such brilliant leadership. The first Czech crisis happened on May 21st. British opinion had changed and Hitler had to back down for the moment. Geissmar paid her last visit to Germany before the War. Her business transactions went well but there were many changes and compromises between art and Nazism and rumours of war. Geissmar had a visit from a pastor, a friend of
318:. Meanwhile, Furtwängler appointed an “Aryan” secretary, but she struggled to keep his affairs in order. Several times Furtwangler and Geissmar met secretly and he told her about these problems, which she was not permitted to fix. She found that, when they were apart, the Nazis fed him with lies about what she was doing, in order to increase the pressure on him. Eventually she was granted permission to sort out Furtwängler's affairs while Furtwängler was travelling.
586:. It was said at the time that he was obsessed with her relationship with Furtwängler and had told Hitler that they had had children. Later he had had to flee Germany and was now living in England. He shook hands with pretended warmth but she got very angry because he was a principal cause of her troubles. Their hostess had to put them together in another room.
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258:(BPO). To stabilise the orchestra's finances, Furtwängler began taking the BPO on foreign tours, bringing in revenue and putting the musicians on a full-time basis. Geissmar organised the first tour, and subsequently became the orchestra's official tour organiser. Geissmar also acted as Furtwängler's agent for his guest conducting engagements.
730:
extending his time in
Australia and she should stay in England. So she joined her mother in Hampstead. There were raids even there – her few remaining possessions got a soaking and another house in the road was destroyed. Beecham's two sons, Adrian and Thomas, invited her from time-to-time to one or other of their country homes for respite.
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The blitz came to an end. Concerts continued. Émigrés put on music from their own countries. In
October the LPO celebrated its tenth birthday, receiving congratulations from all over the world. Geissmar expresses her gratitude that she lives in a country “free in spirit”. She laments that Germany has
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Berta
Geissmar described Furtwängler as a, "genius compounded of intellectual directness and an almost excessive shyness: whose timidity made him efface himself in any gathering, but who had such a great attraction for women that, if they did not fall victim to his musical genius, were fascinated by
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Wilhelm Furtwängler was a family friend of the
Geissmars. When Furtwängler was 15, Geissmar's quartet played through one of Furtwängler's early quartets. Later, in 1915, Furtwängler was appointed principal conductor of the Opera and Music Academy in Mannheim, and his friendship with the Geissmars was
191:. Her heritage was Jewish. Her father and grandfather were both prominent Mannheim citizens and had a law firm. The family was very musical and Berta's father was one of the organisers and guarantors of a local society which presented concerts by leading soloists and chamber ensembles. He was a fine
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conducted his usual concerts. At 76 years he was still full vigour and charm and still got good work from the orchestra. Every day he took a walk when most people were still in bed. He had not been allowed to work in Nazi-Germany or
Austria under Nazi rule despite his "good" ancestry and no reason
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with war and everyone was very worried. As a "German" she worried that she would again be an outcast. Others worried about husbands and friends being called up. Kind friends at Covent Garden found reasons to visit and encourage her in her lonely office. The crisis approached – then on
September 30
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She realised that her new job was much easier than her old one. At the Berlin State Opera, decisions were endlessly debated by politicians, committees and artists before she could get on. At Covent Garden, Beecham was in charge. His artistic judgement was generally respected, as was Furtwängler's,
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he asked her to join him permanently. He immediately agreed the salary she requested but she soon learned that he had doubled the figure – an example of his generosity to a person with few other options. She was still supposed to be in the U.S.A "travelling on business" and intending to return to
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Geissmar's memoirs, written during the war, describe how Nazi ideology eroded the artistic ideals of German musicians. Without warning, in late March 1933 every newspaper carried on the front page a notice forbidding Jewish employees from working. As a Jew, Geissmar was directly affected. The Nazi
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At the Queen's Hall concert on
January 14, Beecham made an appeal for funds to keep the LPO going. The public responded handsomely and the publication of a bi-monthly bulletin, the London Philharmonic Post, began to keep supporters in touch. Beecham left for Australia in April, after a concert of
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assured
Beecham that she would be welcome and also that his appointees could organise everything in Germany. Although Geissmar was glad to receive Ribbentrop's assurances she was also angry that the Nazis had tormented her for a whole year but suddenly now that Beecham was her protector she was
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Beecham returned in
October and a short season of opera began, as though nothing had happened. Concerts and recitals began. Many people visited from Europe. Strengthened by their bloodless victory, the Nazis confiscated the passports of “non-Aryans”. Emigration passports would however be made
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while she herself spent the night in public shelters until the time came to meet Beecham in the US, which would be soon. On September 24 the top of her house was bombed out. Her friends at the LPO were very supportive and she felt bonded to them as never before. Beecham sent a cable – he was
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Like many, Geissmar was deeply worried about the future but in particular, with talk about internment of German residents, whether she would be rejected by the British, as she had been by the Nazis. However her friends at the LPO reassured her and in the event few German women were interned.
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but Furtwängler prevented this from happening; his high-profile made it difficult for the Nazis to enact their racial policy. However, they began to hold Geissmar to blame for bad publicity abroad because of her foreign contacts, and blamed their problems with Furtwängler on her "influence".
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came at the beginning of the year to conduct the LPO. Beecham always said, “Let us do...”. He didn't claim authority but they recognised his ability and enjoyed working under its direction. Mengelberg just gave orders and long lectures. They were working on the Vorspiel and Liebestod from
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and wished to expand it. He proposed that she visit libraries in the U.S.A. to arrange exchanges of material. In December 1935, thanks to a new application containing evidence of the Hoboken offer and an indirect contact with Goering she obtained her passport and left Germany immediately.
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in 1924. She also continued to plan several tours for the BPO., including Paris. In the winter of 1927 the BPO went to England for the first time, at Geissmar's suggestion. The orchestra subsequently visited every year, with increasing numbers of concerts until the events of the 1930s.
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at the Queen's Hall. Often an air raid started during the concert but people still stayed even though could mean staying all night until the All Clear. Food and drink were arranged and impromptu entertainment. The season was stopped prematurely on September 7 because of the raids.
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Geissmar's house was hit for the third time in the May 10 raid. This time her furniture, now in the basement, was destroyed. The same night, Boosey and Hawkes’ premises were damaged for the second time. Luckily Beecham's precious library survived and was retrieved from the ruins.
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to get recommendations for Beecham’s 1938 Wagner productions and used her tact to reconcile their opinions with those of Beecham. She visited Mannheim where most Jews of her generation had left. The old and sick remained, but they were to be killed or imprisoned in 1938.
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with a few things at her home. The LPO's calendar was mostly cancelled and its company suspended. To keep it going the musicians appointed a committee to run it as a cooperative. They gave concerts in the provinces and also in the Queen's Hall, conducted by Beecham.
348:. Geissmar had known him since 1927 through her work with the BPO - he had also conducted the BPO, and had personally guaranteed one of their English tours after their English agent had become insolvent. He readily invited her to work for him in London during the
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Geissmar's obituary in the Times is confusing at this point. The staff reporter says that she retired in 1944 but Thomas Russell, who was a member of the LPO committee says that she devoted the last ten years of her life to the orchestra until her final illness.
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Of Furtwängler's eventual compromise with the Nazis, Geissmar says that it “represented a complete surrender of Furtwängler in the eyes of independent observers”. According to her, he was criticised for this surrender and his reputation never entirely recovered.
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and Furtwängler, including planning and organising foreign tours for the orchestra. Because of her Jewish heritage, she was forced to leave the post and her native Germany in late 1935. Fleeing to London, she gained a similar position with Thomas Beecham and the
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At the outbreak of war in 1939, Covent Garden closed down. The LPO's financial arrangements collapsed. The musicians therefore reformed it as a co-operative, with a committee and with Geissmar still secretary. They kept going with Sunday concerts at the
440:‘welcome’. Her inquiries convinced her that Ribbentrop's men lacked the necessary experience so she placed the German work in the hands of the BPO who were delighted by the opportunity. Furtwängler too did everything he could to help.
582:. Early in the Nazi period Hanfstaengl had been Hitler’s Press chief and music advisor. One day, in the BPO office, she had taken a phoned order from him to cancel the pianist who had been engaged for a concert and replace him with
306:, all Jews, including Geissmar, were purged from the BPO. Geissmar retained her position as Furtwängler's assistant, but was subsequently forced to leave Berlin, her passport confiscated and forbidden from contacting Furtwängler.
467:
In 1937 she established herself on the top floor of 36 Red Lion Square, a lovely old house with room to hold her furniture and other things from Germany and to play chamber music. Sadly most of the square was destroyed in
284:
By 1932, following tours with the orchestra to the Netherlands, Belgium and England, the financial difficulties of the orchestra were almost overcome. The fiftieth anniversary of the orchestra was celebrated in this year.
261:
At this time, BPO concerts were organised by the agency Wolff and Sachs, who took 75% of the profits. Geissmar persuaded Louise Wolff to cede this monopoly, making a major contribution to the BPO's financial recovery.
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Furtwängler and the BPO came for what turned out to be the last time before the War. She was troubled by Furtwängler's apparent toleration of the Nazi Regime and later wrote him a letter expressing her concerns.
174:(1944) gives an account of the personalities of these two musicians, and provides a personal insight into the lives and persecution from 1933 of German people who, like her, were Jews or who opposed Nazi ideas.
364:(LPO), founded by Beecham in 1932. Great care was taken to keep her new job secret during this time, as she was still expected to return to Germany by Nazi authorities. Eventually her emigration was confirmed.
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in aid of Spanish child victims of the war there. Ironically it was on the very day that the Republic surrendered (March 28). The International Season took place, with some compromises owing to the situation.
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and the orchestra didn't like being treated like children. Geissmar had known him since 1924. She took him aside and mentioned that the LPO had played this music before - under Beecham, Furtwängler and
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Geissmar was isolated from her friends and work. In Berlin influential friends could not visit her without taking precautions not to be seen. After she left Berlin she spent most of her time in rural
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was seriously damaged. At Queen's Hall many instruments were lost as they had just given a concert and on Sunday there was to be another concert. They moved the concert to the Duke's Hall of the
575:, who had inspired her on 31 Dec 1934 when she was at a low ebb after leaving Furtwängler. He was in England briefly and could have stayed there with his family but was going back to his duty.
682:. Beecham asked her to return to London. She obtained Police permission, as a citizen of an enemy nation, to do so. Covent Garden ceased operations. She moved the office contents mostly to
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the previous November. Geissmar's mother, though over seventy, decided that she must leave Germany but the formalities took nine months and she had to leave almost all her property behind.
413:. Her new position was kept secret until all the German paperwork was in her hands as the Nazis might have enjoyed frustrating it. A fee of £5,000 had to be paid to the Nazi government!
745:, now a British citizen, offered the LPO a concert, for their benefit, with him conducting and singing. Despite initial concerns, it went well . Tauber took them on provincial tours.
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Geissmar played a key part in organising European contributions to Covent Garden's celebrations of the forthcoming Coronation, working with Beecham, who had artistic control there.
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suddenly arrived in London, having been given two hours notice to leave Germany, without any assets. Geissmar invited him to stay with her and Beecham engaged him for a concert.
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Germany. A German lawyer specialising in such problems navigated her status through the Nazi minefield and make her free to leave Germany for good. Beecham arranged her British
675:. Beecham was hoping to put it on in London in 1940. Of course that didn't happen. Beecham agreed a visit to Australia. A visit to the US and Canada by the LPO was planned.
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Beecham and the LPO performed in Paris to general acclaim. The Coronation produced many fine concerts, operas and parties. Furtwangler conducted two BPO concerts, one with
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Geissmar gives a detailed account of the actual tour: how her new position and domicile transformed her status, the formal Germanic ceremonies, the Nazi use of Beecham for
421:
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Festival. He was so focussed on this that his normal courtesy deserted him. Sibelius was not well enough to attend but his daughter attended all the performances.
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She used her European contacts to plan tours abroad for the LPO, including to Germany in 1936. In concern for her safety, Beecham obtained reassurances from
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The LPO reached a financial crisis but a few big donations, a national appeal and agreement by the musicians to switch to ad hoc pay got them started. Then
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246:. Berta Geissmar moved to Berlin to be his secretary and to work for the Artists’ League, which acted on an honorary basis for the protection of artists.
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broadcast an appeal for instruments and they were deluged with offers. An emergency staff of helpers was recruited to deal with letters and phone calls.
222:, the Dean of Philosophy, for being "too independent". He suggested that she revise it under his supervision, but she chose instead to re-present it at
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lost this freedom and now has only “an empty façade of dictatorial splendour”. She gives an example. She and her mother were sitting in the box of Sir
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Despite the looming clouds of war Beecham was determined to give his usual International Season. He had just arranged a visit of the German Opera from
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available. The programmes for the 1938–9 Queen's Hall season were chosen. Beecham and the LPO made records which were very good. Beecham prepared a
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In September the Russian Ballet came and the LPO played for them. Beecham was in the country, not needed. Many people were coming from Austria and
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had been given. Eventually he and his wife moved to Switzerland, where they were both citizens. They stayed in touch until his death in 1942.
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Sibelius in aid of Finland. Later she was to meet him in the US. In 1943, as Geissmar finished her book, he had not yet returned to England.
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Berta Geissmar arrived in London in April 1936 and Beecham appointed her as his permanent secretary. That also made her the secretary of the
801:. In Nazi Germany this was inconceivable. The equivalent ladies would have been surrounded by flunkies and any other occupants chucked out.
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Geissmar spent Christmas in Paris. She met Janssen. He had prospered in London and Paris. In the summer he was to go to Covent Garden, then
32:
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559:. Covent Garden was deluged by letters from top Viennese musicians trying to get work and they did their best. There was a production of
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459:, the scenic journeys alone with Beecham travelling by car between concerts and Beecham’s detailed knowledge of the places on the way.
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435:. She was worried that the Nazis would make difficulties for her if she returned to Germany but Sir Thomas told her not to worry.
389:, where he had prior bookings. In 1941, the Queen's Hall, together with the LPO's instruments, was bombed out. They moved to the
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King George VI and Queen Elizabeth). She travelled extensively in Europe using the contacts she had gained for Furtwängler.
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447:, the genuinely friendly relations between British and German musicians at a party for both orchestras, the anger in
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In the U.S.A. she worked on the library project, but it was delayed while still in the planning stage. Following the
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were stripped of those whose life's work had been to uphold the excellence of these institutions, to be replaced by
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who claimed that she would be "welcome". The tour was a success under the supervision of her former BPO colleagues.
825:. His wife Elisabeth née Hirsch and his daughter Elsa were both murdered by the Nazi regime in 1944 in Auschwitz.
821:, who was gassed in Auschwitz in 1942. Both were physicians. Another uncle, judge Jakob Geissmar, died in 1943 in
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330:
765:. At the Queen's Hall site they set up a box office. They borrowed more instruments and went ahead regardless.
277:, in spite of significant pressure for him to do so. She also accompanied him as his secretary to the 1931
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817:. Among them her uncle Friedrich, who committed suicide shortly before deportation in 1940, and her aunt
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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In November the blitz died down. The LPO Sunday concerts were resumed. Concerts were organised in the
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She played a key part in organising European contributions to Covent Garden's celebrations of the
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Christmas 1942 concert. Sir Malcolm (who was conducting) had sent her the tickets. Suddenly Mrs
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Geissmar took a short break in Paris, which was anti-German. She saw an excellent production of
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When in 1934 Furtwängler resigned all his state positions in protest at a ban on the composer
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Geissmar resolved to get her passport back and find a job abroad. A friend introduced her to
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In January the customer visit by Furtwängler and the BPO was cancelled as a result of
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Other sources suggest that he left Germany in 1938 and went straight to Argentina].
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and her daughter came in. Obviously the Geissmars yielded their seats at the front
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planned for 12 May 1937. (In the event, Edward VIII abdicated and the same day was
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150:) was the secretary and business manager for two prominent orchestral conductors,
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and the Nazis took charge of Austria. Great Austrian institutions like the
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For 1937-8, Beecham decided to cancel all his engagements outside Britain.
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Geissmar moved her mother from Red Lion Square to safer accommodation in
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The concerts, including Proms, were moved to the Royal Albert Hall. The
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341:, the Nazis took control of the Vienna Library and it was cancelled.
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112:
1118:, pp. 190 & 223, and many other examples of his direction style.
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Russell, Thomas (7 November 1949). "Dr Berta Geissmar". Obituaries.
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Geissmar accompanied Furtwängler on his debut appearances with the
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167:. She continued in this position until shortly before her death.
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who had created a Photographic Archive of Musical Scores at the
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Geissmar continued in her post until shortly before her death.
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and many instruments were offered to replace the lost ones.
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On the night of Saturday May 10, there was a big raid. The
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when Hitler moved into there. The visit was cancelled. The
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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
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When she arrived in London she met Beecham straight away.
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Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United Kingdom
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She had an unexpected encounter at a dinner party with
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She organised the first tour of Germany by Beecham and
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Thomas Beecham arrived in New York City to conduct the
39:
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took them around Britain to give promenade concerts.
207:(1820–1881). Berta later inherited this instrument.
254:In 1922, Furtwängler was appointed director of the
242:In 1921, Furtwängler was appointed director of the
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799:but Mrs Churchill tried to stop them from doing so
813:Many of her family members became victims of the
158:. From 1922 until 1935, Geissmar worked for the
294:Party directly tried to purge the orchestra of
539:Ribbentrop was recalled to Germany to become
532:, no less. This may have prevented a crisis.
8:
187:Berta Geissmar was born and brought up in
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62:Learn how and when to remove this message
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655:and a gala was held in Covent Garden.
218:level, but her thesis was rejected by
210:Berta Geissmar studied Philosophy at
7:
1620:Goethe University Frankfurt alumni
487:conducted several concerts at the
451:at the overnight disappearance of
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1605:20th-century German musicologists
823:Theresienstadt concentration camp
741:. The LPO expanded its touring.
385:In April 1940, Beecham left for
199:. From 1900 he performed on the
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563:. The event of the season was
479:, and two performances of the
418:coronation of King Edward VIII
74:Secretary and business manager
1:
545:Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
433:London Philharmonic Orchestra
362:London Philharmonic Orchestra
256:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
165:London Philharmonic Orchestra
160:Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra
1630:Businesspeople from Mannheim
1625:Heidelberg University alumni
1610:20th-century women musicians
455:’s statue from outside the
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1635:German women musicologists
1557:The Baton and the Jackboot
477:Beethoven's Ninth Symphony
172:The Baton and the Jackboot
170:Geissmar's autobiography,
719:London Symphony Orchestra
331:Austrian National Library
226:, where it was accepted.
1454:, pp. 373–374, 384.
1214:, pp. 315, 317–318.
1190:, pp. 306–308, 313.
1058:, pp. 162, 166–169.
713:continued as usual with
1575:Works by Berta Geissmar
763:Royal Academy of Music
659:gave a concert in the
382:and provincial tours.
142:(14 September 1892 in
42:by rewriting it in an
267:New York Philharmonic
212:Heidelberg University
203:previously played by
146:– 3 November 1949 in
1538:, pp. 365, 381.
869:. London. p. 7.
791:Royal Choral Society
593:. Hitler threatened
244:Staatskapelle Berlin
224:Frankfurt University
1526:, pp. 392–395.
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1502:, pp. 388–390.
1490:, pp. 384–386.
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1094:, pp. 186–194.
1082:, pp. 175–178.
1070:, pp. 178–180.
1046:, pp. 141–173.
684:Boosey & Hawkes
649:President of France
499:. Geissmar visited
497:Vienna Philharmonic
327:Anthony van Hoboken
250:Berlin Philharmonic
230:Wilhelm Furtwängler
152:Wilhelm Furtwängler
1029:, pp. 65–169.
626:Metropolitan Opera
549:Vienna State Opera
525:Tristan and Isolde
356:Beecham and London
310:Escaping the Nazis
239:his personality."
44:encyclopedic style
31:is written like a
1017:, pp. 52–53.
993:, pp. 48–49.
981:, pp. 36–40.
969:, pp. 31–32.
957:, pp. 35–36.
933:, pp. 20–21.
921:, pp. 15–16.
759:Westminster Abbey
661:Royal Albert Hall
637:Felix Weingartner
580:Ernst Hanfstaengl
520:Willem Mengelberg
391:Royal Albert Hall
279:Bayreuth Festival
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1600:1949 deaths
1595:1892 births
789:before the
705:Jack Hylton
673:Les Troyens
653:State visit
624:, then the
553:Musikverein
453:Mendelssohn
411:Work Permit
121:Occupations
1589:Categories
1579:Faded Page
849:References
457:Gewandhaus
437:Ribbentrop
372:Ribbentrop
205:Vieuxtemps
183:Early life
52:April 2014
867:The Times
795:Churchill
739:Myra Hess
727:Hampstead
711:The Proms
485:Toscanini
470:The Blitz
387:Australia
339:Anschluss
304:Hindemith
235:renewed.
193:violinist
127:Secretary
115:, England
100:, Germany
1581:(Canada)
1555:(1944).
608:Sibelius
557:placemen
551:and the
501:Bayreuth
189:Mannheim
154:and Sir
144:Mannheim
94:Mannheim
669:Berlioz
651:made a
569:Elektra
449:Leipzig
316:Bavaria
220:Rickert
197:violist
38:Please
809:Family
680:Dorset
645:Prague
547:, the
214:up to
148:London
113:London
829:Notes
815:Shoah
595:Beneš
216:Ph.D.
749:1941
691:1940
632:1939
598:the
567:’s
515:1938
481:Ring
463:1937
400:1936
296:Jews
195:and
106:Died
87:Born
1577:at
770:BBC
737:by
406:Now
1591::
1034:^
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59:(
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