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Berta Vogel
Scharrer was born December 8, 1906, in Munich, Germany, into a prosperous, well-educated family. Her father, Karl Phillip Vogel was a judge serving as vice president of the Federal Court of Bavaria. As a young student she became interested in biology, and knew she wanted to be a biologist
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in 1973 for his work with bees. After completing her education, Berta and her husband, Ernst
Scharrer embarked on a remarkable scientific career together. Their journey began at the Research Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, where Berta focused on the study of spirochaete infections in the brains of
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and later with cockroaches and related species for the remainder of her research career. The couple's academic journey took them to various institutions, with Ernst accepting academic appointments that determined their locations. Throughout their career, they conducted groundbreaking research on
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in New York. It was at this point that Berta received her first salaried academic appointment, and she played an integral role in the department, not only as a scientist but also as a dedicated teacher.
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1992 (D-Ala2) deltorphin I binding and pharmacological evidence for a special subtype of delta opioid receptor on human and invertebrate immune cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89:9316–9320.
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1944 Neurosecretion VI. A comparison between the intercerebralis-cardiacum-allatum system of the insects and the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system of the vertebrates. Biol. Bull., 87:242–251.
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Berta Vogel married Ernst
Scharrer in 1934. They met as graduate students working under von Frisch. The couple fled Germany in 1937 when Ernst accepted a Rockefeller Fellowship at the
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1990 Immunocytochemical localization and immunochemical characterization of an insulin-related peptide in the insect
Leucophaea maderae. Cell Tissue Res., 259:265–273.
196:, investigating the connection between the nervous and endocrine systems. Berta specialized in the study of invertebrates, while Ernst focused on vertebrates.
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in 1983. Her work left a lasting impact on the fields of neurobiology and endocrinology, and she remains a respected and influential figure among anatomists.
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1987 Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity in the corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex of the cockroach
Leucophaea maderae. Cell Tissue Res., 248:595–598.
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1970 Ultrastructural study of the sites of origin and release of a cellular product in the corpus allatum of insects. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 66:244–245.
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1938 The structure of the ring-gland (corpus allatum) in normal and lethal larvae of
Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 24:236–242.
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1939 The differentiation between neuroglia and connective tissue sheath in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana). J. Comp. Neurol., 70:77–88.
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Scharrer conducted research and taught at
Einstein College until her retirement in 1995, five months before her death at age 88.
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1967 Electron microscopic and biochemical characterization of collagen in blattarian insects. J. Cell Biol., 33:385–393.
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1941 Neurosecretion. II. Neurosecretory cells in the central nervous system of cockroaches. J. Comp. Neurol., 74:93–108.
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Scharrer's studies of invertebrates, particularly cockroaches, was so extensive that her name was given to a species of
147:(December 1, 1906 – July 23, 1995) was an American scientist who helped to found the scientific discipline now known as
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1946 The role of the corpora allata in the development of
Leucophaea maderae (Orthoptera). Endocrinology, 38:35–45.
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1966 Ultrastructural study of the regressing prothoracic glands of blattarian insects. Z. Zellforsch., 69:1–21.
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1982 Opioid binding sites in the midgut of the insect
Leucophaea maderae (Blattaria). Life Sci., 31:1397–1400.
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1963 The ultrastructure of the corpus cardiacum of the insect
Leucophaea maderae. Z. Zellforsch., 60:761–796.
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in 1937. She arrived with Ernst in the United States with a total of eight dollars. Ernst had secured a
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As her career progressed, Berta made significant contributions to the study of neuropeptides and
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273:"as well as a nomination for a Nobel Prize for her pioneering research in brain chemicals"
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574:"Scharrer, Berta Vogel (1906–1995), cell biologist and pioneering neuroendocrinologist"
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1994 Microglia in invertebrate ganglia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91:9180–9184.
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in 1967. She earned honorary degrees from various universities, including one from
217:. Her passion for research persisted until her passing in 1995 at the age of 88.
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Berta received numerous awards and honors throughout her career, including the
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The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science
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The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science
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Ernst died in 1965 in a swimming accident. The couple had no children.
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(199709)249:1<1::AID-AR1>3.0.CO;2-U
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1999:
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Ultrastructural Studies on Invertebrate Neurosecretory Systems
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in 1983 and was a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
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by President Reagan, for "demonstrating the central role of
472:"Roach Queen Retires; Expert, 88, Says Goodbye to Subjects"
175:
Berta Scharrer was forced to emigrate at the onset of the
4539:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
622:"Berta Scharrer, 88, Research Scientist And Roach Expert"
320:
Establishment of the Basis of Invertebrate Neurosecretion
187:
and Berta continued her research, initially working with
287:
in the integration of animal function and development."
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In 1955, they founded the Department of Anatomy at the
163:
in 1930. She worked at the university with Professor
4534:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
731:
Tribute to Prof. Berta Scharrer on her 85th birthday
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4554:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
3077:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
4574:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
762:
410:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
8:
4584:Albert Einstein College of Medicine faculty
244:. They later became U.S. citizens in 1945.
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586:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1302668
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27:German-born American neuroendocrinologist
778:United States National Medal of Science
703:"Schleiden Medal 1983 – Berta Scharrer"
652:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
647:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S"
388:
554:
543:
394:
392:
265:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
263:Scharrer was elected a Fellow of the
169:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
109:Pioneering work in neuroendocrinology
7:
426:Wissig, Steven L. (September 1997).
421:
419:
417:
4544:National Medal of Science laureates
470:Douglas Martin (February 9, 1995).
201:Albert Einstein College of Medicine
25:
620:Saxon, Wolfgang (July 25, 1995).
361:Neuropeptides and Neuroimmunology
4589:20th-century American physicians
159:She received her Ph.D. from the
504:. Joseph Henry Press. pp.
275:. In 1983, she was awarded the
707:Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
677:. Joseph Henry Press. p.
401:"Berta V. Scharrer, 1906–1995"
1:
793:Behavioral and social science
428:"A tribute to Berta Scharrer"
399:Purpura, Dominick P. (1998).
733:(paid subscription required)
671:Wasserman, Elga R. (2000).
578:American National Biography
498:Wasserman, Elga R. (2000).
307:. Scharrer was awarded the
4610:
4579:Yeshiva University faculty
4549:Schleiden Medal recipients
3681:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
572:Sharrer, G. Terry (2005).
4564:Scientists from the Bronx
4524:American endocrinologists
3612:
3601:
3082:
3071:
2656:William Hayward Pickering
2492:
2481:
2006:
1995:
1062:
1051:
798:
787:
277:National Medal of Science
222:National Medal of Science
138:
121:
117:National Medal of Science
39:
4594:Academic journal editors
4105:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
3551:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
1182:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
3416:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1334:George Ledyard Stebbins
1255:James Augustine Shannon
741:German National Library
4569:Scientists from Munich
4529:Women endocrinologists
3873:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
3860:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
2816:Harry George Drickamer
2762:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
2436:M. Frederick Hawthorne
2310:John D. Baldeschwieler
1550:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
1232:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
553:Cite journal requires
530:"Biographical Memoirs"
214:Advances in Immunology
181:Rockefeller Fellowship
172:birds and amphibians.
91:Germany; United States
4464:Sylvester James Gates
3850:William Alfred Fowler
3832:Robert Rathbun Wilson
3645:Robert Burns Woodward
2457:Geraldine L. Richmond
2205:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1488:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1417:Vernon B. Mountcastle
1273:Sterling B. Hendricks
1090:Marshall W. Nirenberg
1085:Theodosius Dobzhansky
933:William Julius Wilson
743:catalogue (in German)
432:The Anatomical Record
315:Selected Publications
242:University of Chicago
185:University of Chicago
4435:Warren M. Washington
4399:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
4308:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
4253:Martin Schwarzschild
4034:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
4026:J. Robert Schrieffer
3996:E. Margaret Burbidge
3840:Nicolaas Bloembergen
3817:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
3696:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3448:John Griggs Thompson
3371:Martin David Kruskal
3211:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
2684:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
2638:Ralph Brazelton Peck
2593:Jack St. Clair Kilby
2520:John Robinson Pierce
2487:Engineering sciences
2418:Jacqueline K. Barton
2273:George M. Whitesides
2192:Dudley R. Herschbach
2130:Richard B. Bernstein
2099:Walter H. Stockmayer
1647:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1578:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
1468:Stanley Norman Cohen
1455:Rita Levi-Montalcini
1291:Keith Roberts Porter
1154:Alfred H. Sturtevant
1149:Michael Heidelberger
1121:Fritz Albert Lipmann
408:Biographical Memoirs
161:University of Munich
145:Berta Vogel Scharrer
100:University of Munich
34:Berta Vogel Scharrer
18:Berta Vogel Scharrer
4485:Shirley Ann Jackson
4404:Charles P. Slichter
4248:Marshall Rosenbluth
4240:Wallace S. Broecker
4193:Eugene M. Shoemaker
3954:Victor F. Weisskopf
3901:Herbert S. Gutowsky
3883:Edgar Bright Wilson
3724:George Kistiakowsky
3342:Stephen Cole Kleene
2853:George H. Heilmeier
2840:Mildred Dresselhaus
2731:Edward H. Heinemann
2661:Frederick E. Terman
2625:Richard T. Whitcomb
2546:Clarence L. Johnson
2507:Theodore von Kármán
2394:Stephen J. Benkovic
2373:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2360:Marvin H. Caruthers
2315:Ralph F. Hirschmann
2255:Darleane C. Hoffman
2145:Harden M. McConnell
2086:Frank H. Westheimer
1898:Stanley B. Prusiner
1862:Robert J. Lefkowitz
1621:Howard Martin Temin
1478:Maurice R. Hilleman
1473:Joseph L. Goldstein
1412:Donald A. Henderson
1329:Earl Reece Stadtman
1314:Elizabeth C. Crosby
1278:Orville Alvin Vogel
1108:Donald D. Van Slyke
1057:Biological sciences
4559:Neuroendocrinology
4357:G. Brent Dalrymple
4175:Arthur L. Schawlow
4082:James A. Van Allen
3973:Philip W. Anderson
3929:Richard P. Feynman
3855:Linus Carl Pauling
3490:Dennis P. Sullivan
3047:John B. Goodenough
2980:Edwin N. Lightfoot
2948:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2929:Kenneth N. Stevens
2697:Raymond D. Mindlin
2620:Harold E. Edgerton
2465:A. Paul Alivisatos
2344:Stephen J. Lippard
2323:Ernest R. Davidson
2260:Harold S. Johnston
2094:William S. Johnson
2058:George C. Pimentel
1893:Susan L. Lindquist
1875:Francis S. Collins
1769:Victor A. McKusick
1744:Francisco J. Ayala
1726:Nancy C. Andreasen
1676:Robert A. Weinberg
1450:Har Gobind Khorana
1435:Michael E. DeBakey
1422:George Emil Palade
1394:Wendell L. Roelofs
1384:Howard L. Bachrach
1214:Barbara McClintock
1116:Edward F. Knipling
626:The New York Times
477:The New York Times
237:from a young age.
149:neuroendocrinology
133:Neuroendocrinology
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4430:Esther M. Conwell
4370:Robert N. Clayton
4362:Riccardo Giacconi
4326:Raymond Davis Jr.
4214:Albert Overhauser
4157:Edwin M. McMillan
4118:Arnold O. Beckman
4095:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
4072:Paul C. Lauterbur
4049:Robert Hofstadter
4001:Maurice Goldhaber
3988:Charles H. Townes
3939:Edward M. Purcell
3906:Frederick Rossini
3760:Wolfgang Panofsky
3691:John H. Van Vleck
3607:Physical sciences
3597:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3559:Solomon W. Golomb
3519:Andrew J. Viterbi
3514:Leonard Kleinrock
3461:Calyampudi R. Rao
3429:Ronald R. Coifman
3337:George F. Carrier
3318:Donald C. Spencer
3313:Saunders Mac Lane
3248:Marshall H. Stone
3198:Shiing-Shen Chern
3105:Solomon Lefschetz
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3004:David J. Wineland
2972:John M. Prausnitz
2913:C. Kumar N. Patel
2908:James L. Flanagan
2876:John Roy Whinnery
2863:H. Guyford Stever
2845:Nick Holonyak Jr.
2808:George W. Housner
2803:Willis M. Hawkins
2798:Daniel C. Drucker
2780:Robert Byron Bird
2772:Bernard M. Oliver
2679:Peter C. Goldmark
2666:Wernher von Braun
2612:George E. Mueller
2585:Nathan M. Newmark
2580:J. Presper Eckert
2559:Claude E. Shannon
2528:Charles S. Draper
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2444:Judith P. Klinman
2328:Gábor A. Somorjai
2239:Isabella L. Karle
2226:George S. Hammond
2187:Gertrude B. Elion
2140:Rudolph A. Marcus
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1917:Ralph L. Brinster
1836:Torsten N. Wiesel
1813:Norman E. Borlaug
1800:Solomon H. Snyder
1795:J. Michael Bishop
1754:Mario R. Capecchi
1634:Salome G. Waelsch
1565:E. Donnall Thomas
1440:Theodor O. Diener
1339:Paul Alfred Weiss
1167:Bernard B. Brodie
1103:George G. Simpson
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
992:Michael I. Posner
893:Eleanor J. Gibson
845:George J. Stigler
813:Neal Elgar Miller
595:978-0-19-860669-7
301:Escala scharrerae
167:, who shared the
142:
141:
123:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
4601:
4313:Gilbert F. White
4258:George Wetherill
4152:Allan M. Cormack
4110:Jack Steinberger
4090:D. Allan Bromley
4039:H. Richard Crane
4016:Frederick Reines
4006:Helmut Landsberg
3921:George Uhlenbeck
3822:Vladimir Haensel
3784:Allan R. Sandage
3755:Herbert C. Brown
3737:Herbert Friedman
3663:Leon M. Lederman
3635:Julian Schwinger
3614:
3603:
3572:Alexandre Chorin
3546:Richard A. Tapia
3527:David B. Mumford
3355:Alberto Calderón
3300:Joseph B. Keller
3287:Michael Freedman
3256:Herman Goldstine
3110:H. Marston Morse
3084:
3073:
3012:Rudolf E. Kálmán
2996:Robert S. Langer
2988:Jan D. Achenbach
2821:Herbert E. Grier
2572:Igor I. Sikorsky
2533:Othmar H. Ammann
2494:
2483:
2449:Jerrold Meinwald
2218:Norman Hackerman
2197:Glenn T. Seaborg
2112:William O. Baker
2040:F. Albert Cotton
2008:
1997:
1974:Mary-Claire King
1867:Bert W. O'Malley
1823:Thomas E. Starzl
1818:Phillip A. Sharp
1805:Charles Yanofsky
1787:Evelyn M. Witkin
1782:James E. Darnell
1608:Paul C. Zamecnik
1573:Mary Ellen Avery
1545:Herbert W. Boyer
1540:Baruj Benacerraf
1511:Joshua Lederberg
1501:Viktor Hamburger
1463:Michael S. Brown
1309:Robert H. Burris
1064:
1053:
1000:Mortimer Mishkin
925:William K. Estes
909:Roger N. Shepard
901:Robert K. Merton
885:George A. Miller
832:Herbert A. Simon
800:
789:
771:
764:
757:
748:
718:
717:
715:
713:
699:
693:
692:
668:
662:
661:
659:
657:
651:
643:
637:
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634:
632:
617:
606:
605:
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602:
569:
563:
562:
556:
551:
549:
541:
526:
520:
519:
495:
489:
488:
486:
484:
467:
458:
457:
447:
423:
412:
411:
405:
396:
74:
56:December 1, 1906
44:
30:
21:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4489:
4477:Sean C. Solomon
4439:
4391:Daniel Kleppner
4383:Lonnie Thompson
4378:Ralph A. Alpher
4344:W. Jason Morgan
4331:Charles Keeling
4321:Marvin L. Cohen
4288:
4271:John N. Bahcall
4266:Don L. Anderson
4232:Peter Goldreich
4185:Steven Weinberg
4137:
4067:Walter Elsasser
4044:Herman Feshbach
3958:
3896:Samuel Goudsmit
3888:Chien-Shiung Wu
3827:Frederick Seitz
3794:John A. Wheeler
3779:Robert H. Dicke
3764:
3627:Luis W. Alvarez
3608:
3589:
3577:David Blackwell
3531:
3482:Carl R. de Boor
3453:Karen Uhlenbeck
3433:
3387:Louis Nirenberg
3322:
3295:Ralph E. Gomory
3233:
3229:Donald E. Knuth
3216:Hassler Whitney
3154:
3078:
3059:
3024:
2956:Andreas Acrivos
2933:
2921:Eli Ruckenstein
2900:Hermann A. Haus
2871:Calvin F. Quate
2858:Luna B. Leopold
2825:
2716:
2702:Robert N. Noyce
2692:Emmett N. Leith
2651:Manson Benedict
2633:Rudolf Kompfner
2597:
2551:Warren K. Lewis
2488:
2469:
2403:
2365:Peter B. Dervan
2336:John I. Brauman
2295:
2247:Norman Davidson
2174:John D. Roberts
2149:
2117:Konrad E. Bloch
2063:Richard N. Zare
2025:
2002:
1983:
1940:Sallie Chisholm
1922:Rudolf Jaenisch
1902:
1885:J. Craig Venter
1844:Rita R. Colwell
1711:
1697:David Baltimore
1588:Robert W. Kates
1560:David G. Nathan
1555:Edward B. Lewis
1525:
1521:Harland G. Wood
1516:Roger W. Sperry
1371:Glenn W. Burton
1343:
1319:Arthur Kornberg
1286:Roger Guillemin
1263:Hallowell Davis
1227:Daniel I. Arnon
1219:Albert B. Sabin
1199:
1172:Detlev W. Bronk
1144:Harry F. Harlow
1139:Kenneth S. Cole
1126:William C. Rose
1098:Francis P. Rous
1058:
1039:
1004:
984:Gordon H. Bower
945:
941:Robert M. Solow
857:
853:Milton Friedman
817:
794:
783:
775:
727:
722:
721:
711:
709:
701:
700:
696:
689:
670:
669:
665:
655:
653:
649:
645:
644:
640:
630:
628:
619:
618:
609:
600:
598:
596:
571:
570:
566:
552:
542:
528:
527:
523:
516:
497:
496:
492:
482:
480:
469:
468:
461:
425:
424:
415:
403:
398:
397:
390:
385:
363:
344:
322:
317:
309:Schleiden Medal
299:, known as the
293:
261:
253:
234:
224:from President
209:neuroimmunology
165:Karl von Frisch
157:
96:Alma mater
72:
63:
57:
55:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4607:
4605:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4479:
4474:
4472:Burton Richter
4469:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4425:Yakir Aharonov
4422:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4339:Richard Garwin
4336:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4303:Willis E. Lamb
4300:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4255:
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4237:
4234:
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4224:
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4216:
4211:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4062:Philip Abelson
4059:
4056:
4054:Chen-Ning Yang
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4021:Bruno B. Rossi
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:Yoichiro Nambu
3975:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
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3842:
3837:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:John C. Slater
3786:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3749:
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3729:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3676:Jacob Bjerknes
3673:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3629:
3624:
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3516:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3474:James G. Glimm
3471:
3468:
3466:Elias M. Stein
3463:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3410:
3408:Shing-Tung Yau
3405:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3357:
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3328:
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3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3274:Antoni Zygmund
3271:
3266:
3263:
3261:Isadore Singer
3258:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3224:Joseph L. Doob
3221:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3205:
3203:George Dantzig
3200:
3195:
3193:John W. Backus
3190:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3169:Richard Brauer
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3150:William Feller
3147:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3099:
3097:Norbert Wiener
3094:
3090:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3055:Thomas Kailath
3052:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3014:
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3006:
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2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2785:H. Bolton Seed
2782:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2736:Donald L. Katz
2733:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2707:Earl R. Parker
2704:
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2590:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2541:Hugh L. Dryden
2538:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2423:Peter J. Stang
2420:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2399:Marye Anne Fox
2396:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2352:Tobin J. Marks
2349:
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2281:Stuart A. Rice
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2257:
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2231:
2228:
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2220:
2215:
2213:Donald J. Cram
2210:
2207:
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2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Ronald Breslow
2179:
2176:
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2157:
2155:
2151:
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2148:
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2142:
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2132:
2127:
2124:
2122:Elias J. Corey
2119:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2081:Carl S. Marvel
2078:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2053:Roald Hoffmann
2050:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2012:
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2003:
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1993:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Stanley Falkow
1966:
1963:
1961:Rakesh K. Jain
1958:
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1937:
1932:
1927:
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1766:
1764:Gene E. Likens
1761:
1756:
1751:
1749:George F. Bass
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1741:
1738:
1733:
1731:Peter H. Raven
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1655:Alexander Rich
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1631:
1629:Daniel Nathans
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1623:
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1613:
1610:
1605:
1603:Folke K. Skoog
1600:
1595:
1593:Salvador Luria
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1585:
1583:Elvin A. Kabat
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1496:Katherine Esau
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1483:Eric R. Kandel
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1427:Joan A. Steitz
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1399:Berta Scharrer
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1366:Seymour Benzer
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1358:Philip Handler
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1245:Erwin Chargaff
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1240:Britton Chance
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1190:Robert Huebner
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1077:C. B. van Niel
1074:
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1056:
1049:
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1045:
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1041:
1040:
1038:
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1035:Albert Bandura
1032:
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1027:Robert Axelrod
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968:R. Duncan Luce
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917:Paul Samuelson
914:
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898:
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882:
879:
877:Patrick Suppes
874:
872:Leonid Hurwicz
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737:Berta Scharrer
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725:External links
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532:. 1998-06-01.
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106:Known for
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75:(aged 88)
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71:July 23, 1995
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19:
4459:Sandra Faber
4454:Sidney Drell
4284:Leo Kadanoff
4279:James Cronin
4227:Hans Dehmelt
4162:Robert Pound
4128:Robert Sharp
3944:John Sinfelt
3911:Verner Suomi
3878:Lewis Sarett
3742:Lars Onsager
3686:Henry Eyring
3653:John Bardeen
3395:Richard Karp
3363:Allen Newell
3142:Jerzy Neyman
2767:Tung-Yen Lin
2744:Bill Hewlett
2674:Morris Cohen
2268:John W. Cahn
2169:Karl Folkers
1930:Lucy Shapiro
1880:Elaine Fuchs
1759:Ann Graybiel
1689:Janet Rowley
1671:James Watson
1663:Ruth Patrick
1506:Philip Leder
1398:
1376:Mildred Cohn
1324:Severo Ochoa
1301:E. O. Wilson
710:. Retrieved
697:
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654:. Retrieved
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629:. Retrieved
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599:. Retrieved
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546:cite journal
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73:(1995-07-23)
4519:1995 deaths
4514:1906 births
4412:Berni Alder
4219:Frank Press
4100:Walter Kohn
4077:George Pake
4011:Walter Munk
3934:Herman Mark
3916:Henry Taube
3704:Jesse Beams
3658:Peter Debye
3640:Harold Urey
3564:Barry Mazur
3126:John Milnor
3020:Amnon Yariv
2964:Leo Beranek
2790:Ernst Weber
2643:Abel Wolman
2234:Thomas Cech
2164:Elkan Blout
2104:Max Tishler
2021:Roger Adams
1979:Simon Levin
1445:Harry Eagle
1268:Paul Gyorgy
960:Gary Becker
305:Australasia
303:, found in
88:Citizenship
80:Nationality
53:Berta Vogel
4508:Categories
4206:Vera Rubin
3845:Paul Flory
3506:Hyman Bass
3379:John Cocke
3282:Raoul Bott
3185:Kurt Gödel
3177:John Tukey
3134:Paul Cohen
2749:George Low
2712:Simon Ramo
1935:Leroy Hood
1736:Carl Woese
1684:Bruce Ames
1195:Ernst Mayr
631:17 January
601:2020-03-24
438:(1): 1–5.
383:References
189:Drosophila
4201:Val Fitch
3269:Peter Lax
3039:Shu Chien
2286:John Ross
2001:Chemistry
1389:Paul Berg
781:laureates
454:0003-276X
297:cockroach
271:in 1982,
177:Holocaust
62:, Germany
4180:Ed Stone
1177:Jay Lush
656:July 22,
739:in the
269:Harvard
183:at the
685:
592:
512:
483:10 May
452:
291:Legacy
259:Honors
155:Career
129:Fields
114:Awards
83:German
60:Munich
4444:2010s
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4142:1990s
3963:1980s
3769:1970s
3617:1960s
3536:2010s
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2011:1960s
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1348:1980s
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1067:1960s
1009:2010s
950:2000s
862:1990s
822:1980s
803:1960s
712:9 May
650:(PDF)
506:34–35
404:(PDF)
251:Death
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4468:2012
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3649:1965
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3623:1963
3581:2013
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3351:1991
3333:1990
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3114:1965
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3051:2012
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2849:1991
2836:1990
2812:1989
2794:1988
2776:1987
2758:1986
2740:1983
2727:1982
2688:1979
2670:1976
2647:1975
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2608:1970
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2555:1966
2537:1965
2524:1964
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2503:1962
2461:2014
2453:2013
2440:2012
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2160:1990
2126:1989
2108:1988
2090:1987
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2049:1983
2036:1982
2017:1964
1965:2014
1957:2013
1944:2012
1926:2011
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1031:2015
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809:1964
714:2015
683:ISBN
658:2014
633:2016
590:ISBN
559:help
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450:ISSN
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68:Died
49:Born
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