44:
1094:
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68:
2249:
899:
2176:
864:
1390:
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2400:
919:
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2428:, which ultimately stimulated the rapid growth of a European sugar beet industry. By 1840 about 5% of the world's sugar was derived from sugar beets, and by 1880 this number had risen more than tenfold to over 50%. The sugar beet was introduced to North America after 1830 with the first commercial production starting in 1879 at a farm in
1342:
988:
Cultivated beets are grown worldwide in regions without severe frosts. They prefer relatively cool temperatures between 15 and 19 °C. Leaf beets can thrive in warmer temperatures than beetroot. As descendants of coastal plants, they tolerate salty soils and drought. They grow best on pH-neutral
733:
have a long petiole (which may be thickened and red, white, or yellow in some cultivars). The simple leaf blade is oblanceolate to heart-shaped, dark green to dark red, slightly fleshy, usually with a prominent midrib, with entire or undulate margin, 5–20 cm long on wild plants (often much
776:
In fruit, the glomerules of flowers form connate hard clusters. The fruit (utricle) is enclosed by the leathery and incurved perianth, and is immersed in the swollen, hardened perianth base. The horizontal seed is lenticular, 2–3 mm, with a red-brown, shiny seed coat. The seed contains an
2396:, Germany. Moritz Baron von Koppy and his son further selected from this race for white, conical tubers. The selection was named 'Weiße Schlesische Zuckerrübe', meaning white Silesian sugar beet, and boasted about a 6% sugar content. This selection is the progenitor of all modern sugar beets.
2347:
primarily by leafy forms like chard and spinach beet. Zohary and Hopf also argue that it is very probable that beetroot cultivars were also grown at the time, and some Roman recipes support this. Later
English and German sources show that beetroots were commonly cultivated in
2240:. Beetroot cells are quite unstable and will 'leak' when cut, heated, or when in contact with air or sunlight. This is why red beetroots leave a purple stain. Leaving the skin on when cooking, however, will maintain the integrity of the cells and therefore minimize leakage.
1203:) - The sugar beet is a major commercial crop due to its high concentrations of sucrose, which is extracted to produce table sugar. It was developed from garden beets in Germany in the late 18th century after the roots of beets were found to contain sugar in 1747.
1041:. Today sea beet and cultivated beets are considered as belonging to the same species, because they may hybridize and form fertile offspring. The taxonomy of the various cultivated races has a long and complicated history, they were treated at the rank of either
3007:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
729:); they are brown, fibrous, sometimes swollen, and woody in the wild subspecies. The stems grow erect or, in the wild forms, often procumbent; they are simple or branched in the upper part, and their surface is ribbed and striate. The basal
1033:. Linnaeus regarded sea beet, chard and red beet as varieties (at that time, sugar beet and mangelwurzel had not been selected yet). In the second edition of "Species Plantarum" (1762), Linnaeus separated the sea beet as its own species,
2423:
opened schools specifically for studying the plant. He also ordered that 28,000 hectares (69,000 acres) be devoted to growing the new sugar beet. This was in response to
British blockades of cane sugar during the
2195:
pigments. The composition of different betalain pigments can vary, resulting in strains of beetroot which are yellow or other colors in addition to the familiar deep red. Some of the betalains in beets are
725:
up to 120 cm (rarely 200 cm) height; cultivated forms are mostly biennial. The roots of cultivated forms are dark red, white, or yellow and moderately to strongly swollen and fleshy (subsp.
1230:) - The leaf beet group has a long history dating to the second millennium BC. The first cultivated forms were believed to have been domesticated in the Mediterranean, but were introduced to the
2129:" was once a common name for beet root cultivars for the garden. Examples include: Bastian's Blood Turnip, Dewing's Early Blood Turnip, Edmand Blood Turnip, and Will's Improved Blood Turnip.
1868:
1054:
2376:
isolated sugar from beetroots and found them at concentrations of 1.3-1.6%. He also demonstrated that sugar could be extracted from beets that was the same as that produced from
2986:
3437:
1304:) - This is the red root vegetable that is most typically associated with the word 'beet'. It is especially popular in Eastern Europe where it is the main ingredient of
3109:
Massey, L. K.; Roman-Smith, H; Sutton, R. A. (1993). "Effect of dietary oxalate and calcium on urinary oxalate and risk of formation of calcium oxalate kidney stones".
1902:
vegetable. They are also pickled. Raw beets are added to salads. A large proportion of the commercial production is processed into boiled and sterilised beets or into
3790:
1881:. Young leaves of the garden beet are sometimes used similarly. The midribs of Swiss chard are eaten boiled while the whole leaf blades are eaten as spinach beet.
1146:, the wild ancestor of all cultivated beets. Its distribution area reaches from the coasts of Western Europe and the Mediterranean Sea to the Near and Middle East.
2329:, suggests the leafy varieties of the beet were grown primarily for most of its history, though these lost much of their popularity following the introduction of
749:
or in the upper half of the inflorescence without bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are urn-shaped, green or tinged reddish, and consist of five basally connate
3865:
3060:
Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. (2004) Plant
Resources of Tropical Africa 2. Vegetables. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen; Backhuys, Leiden; CTA, Wageningen.
2299:. Zohary and Hopf note that beetroot is "linguistically well identified". They state the earliest written mention of the beet comes from 8th century BC
3238:
3738:
1254:. This variety is widely cultivated for its leaves, which are usually cooked like spinach. It can be found in many grocery stores around the world.
3803:
3751:
3976:
3901:
2439:
It remains a widely cultivated commercial crop for producing table sugar, in part due to subsidies scaled to keep it competitive with tropical
3927:
3420:
3369:
3019:
2958:
1277:) - Chard leaves have thick and fleshy midribs. Both the midribs and the leaf blades are used as vegetables, often in separate dishes. Some
4137:
1281:
are also grown ornamentally for their coloured midribs. The thickened midribs are thought to have arisen from the spinach beet by mutation.
1928:(New Year). Its Aramaic name סלקא sounds like the word for "remove" or "depart"; it is eaten with a prayer "that our enemies be removed".
43:
3069:
Keritot 6a; Horiyot 12a; Rabbenu Nissim at the end of Rosh
Hashana, citing the custom of Rav Hai Gaon; Abudraham; Shulchan Aruch OC 583:1
4117:
2692:
Free, J. B.; Williams, Ingrid H.; Longden, P. C.; Johnson, M. G. (1975). "Insect pollination of sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris) seed crops".
1130:): occurring in disturbed habitats and steppes of Southeast Europe (Greece) and Western Asia (Cyprus, Israel, western Syria and Turkey).
3655:
3689:
3650:
3271:
3095:
3014:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
2140:
living in the plant. Breeding programs can produce cultivars with low geosmin levels yielding flavours more acceptable to consumers.
4132:
4112:
2911:
2626:
2592:
1898:
The usually deep-red roots of garden beet can be baked, boiled, or steamed, and often served hot as a cooked vegetable or cold as a
3883:
3144:
Lee, E. J.; An, D; Nguyen, C. T.; et al. (2014). "Betalain and betaine composition of greenhouse- or field-produced beetroot (
2978:
3445:
4074:
3202:
Lu, G.; Edwards, CG; Fellman, JK; et al. (February 2003). "Biosynthetic origin of geosmin in red beets (Beta vulgaris L.)".
3777:
3483:
2159:/acre) harvest requires 600 grams of elemental boron per hectare (8.6 ounces/acre) for growth. A lack of boron causes the
3354:
Domestication of plants in the old world: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley
4038:
3831:
2878:
2814:
3955:
3808:
3300:
3033:
3852:
1133:
2136:. Researchers have not yet answered whether beets produce geosmin themselves or whether it is produced by symbiotic soil
2974:
4002:
3578:
3475:
3185:
1111:
4043:
3989:
3870:
2408:
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1149:
4127:
3826:
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4122:
4107:
3906:
3400:
3994:
2460:
1887:
The leaves and stems of young plants are steamed briefly and eaten as a vegetable; older leaves and stems are
672:
are typically recognised. All cultivars, despite their quite different morphologies, fall into the subspecies
734:
larger in cultivated plants). The upper leaves are smaller, their blades are rhombic to narrowly lanceolate.
3715:
3357:
2763:
67:
3720:
3707:
3244:
2608:
2578:
3702:
3616:
3521:
2273:
1864:
4102:
3756:
3596:
2077:
1914:, is a popular dish. Yellow-coloured garden beets are grown on a very small scale for home consumption.
1726:
1093:
171:
1855:
1074:
4079:
3893:
3663:
3499:
2587:, Volume 4: "Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae", part 1., Oxford University Press, New York, p. 266-267,
2519:
2429:
1977:
1778:
1739:
745:. Very small flowers sit in one- to three- (rarely eight-) flowered glomerules in the axils of short
1331:) - This variety was developed in the 18th century from the garden beet for its tubers for use as a
2407:
A royal decree led to the first factory devoted to sugar extraction from beetroots being opened in
2344:
1010:
3844:
1884:
In some parts of Africa, the whole leaf blades are usually prepared with the midribs as one dish.
890:
855:
829:
803:
700:
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3091:
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2007:
1713:
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195:
62:
3642:
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3624:
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3412:
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3327:
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3165:
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3025:
3015:
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2709:
2674:
2622:
2588:
2547:
2381:
2269:
1791:
1604:
1023:
958:
2343:
literary sources suggest that in the 1st century BC the domestic beet was represented in the
4030:
3945:
3507:
3211:
3157:
3118:
2782:
2701:
2664:
2656:
2537:
2527:
2248:
2219:
2065:
1994:
1621:
1046:
950:
715:
3282:
2200:, isobetanin, probetanin, and neobetanin (the red to violet ones are known collectively as
2175:
4053:
3914:
3479:
3404:
3278:
3189:
2915:
2425:
2349:
1247:
762:
722:
638:
105:
2904:
2147:-intensive of modern crops, a dependency possibly introduced as an evolutionary response
1867:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
3968:
2523:
3963:
2705:
2669:
2640:
2542:
2503:
2115:
2107:
2053:
1907:
1878:
1243:
1050:
898:
863:
718:
641:
128:
92:
4096:
3122:
2885:
Euro+Med
Plantbase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
2393:
2280:
2207:
2137:
2045:
2026:
1953:
1941:
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1448:
1018:
742:
634:
187:
138:
2859:
2796:
1389:
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2727:
2385:
2336:
2333:. The ancient Romans considered beets an important health food and an aphrodisiac.
2326:
2310:
2295:
though it has not been determined whether these were domesticated or wild forms of
2099:
1985:
1981:
1925:
1424:
1312:
1207:
1180:.: all cultivated beets belong to this subspecies. There are five Cultivar groups:
1028:
970:
962:
661:
148:
3629:
3583:
2844:
2820:
4007:
3570:
2532:
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3304:
2389:
2300:
2292:
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2192:
2188:
2018:
1961:
1911:
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1231:
966:
781:
770:
649:
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1765:
1638:
1587:
1184:
1098:
1042:
990:
978:
766:
669:
645:
3694:
3544:
2764:"A synopsis of Chenopodiaceae subfam. Betoideae and notes on the taxonomy of
2713:
3676:
3192:, from Heirloom Seedsmen, a website of the Baker Creek Heirloom Seed Company
2377:
2322:
2318:
2288:
2284:
2268:, the ancestor of modern cultivated beets, prospered along the coast of the
2164:
2156:
2152:
1965:
1752:
1671:
1546:
1064:
630:
3472:
3223:
3182:
3169:
3029:
2678:
2551:
4020:
3331:
3130:
2082:
4015:
3919:
3878:
3606:
3538:
2736:
2660:
2420:
2265:
2230:
2214:). Indicaxanthin has been shown as a powerful protective antioxidant for
2184:
2160:
2148:
2132:
The "earthy" taste of some beetroot cultivars comes from the presence of
2119:
2041:
2003:
1937:
1918:
1903:
1570:
1380:
1285:
1278:
1143:
1078:
973:. Naturalized they occur in other continents. The plants grow at coastal
954:
750:
681:
653:
118:
17:
3730:
2787:
2399:
2372:
subsidised experiments aimed at processes for sugar extraction. In 1747
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911:
876:
841:
815:
3743:
3637:
2369:
2365:
2330:
2276:
2237:
2197:
2133:
2037:
2022:
1989:
1945:
1526:
1305:
1251:
982:
785:
3215:
3161:
2321:
also mentions the plant. Available evidence, such as that provided by
3769:
3591:
3444:. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from
3318:
M.A. Eastwood; H. Nyhlin (1995). "Beeturia and colonic oxalic acid".
2416:
2412:
2314:
2304:
2126:
2095:
2011:
1999:
1957:
1654:
1332:
994:
974:
789:
765:. The perianths of neighbouring flowers are often fused. Flowers are
758:
738:
665:
3515:
2621:. Science Press/Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing/St. Louis,
1250:. Their popularity declined in Europe following the introduction of
2949:
Hanelt, Peter; Büttner, R.; Mansfeld, Rudolf; Kilian, Ruth (2001).
3782:
3681:
2433:
2398:
2247:
2226:
2174:
2144:
2111:
2081:
1899:
1438:
1388:
1384:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1239:
1235:
1211:
1092:
1073:
998:
754:
746:
699:
657:
79:
3932:
1892:
1804:
1350:
730:
3668:
3519:
2951:
Mansfeld's
Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops
2508:
Species (Amaranthaceae) from a Time-Scaled
Molecular Phylogeny"
2340:
1949:
1468:
2504:"Evolutionary and Biogeographic Insights on the Macaronesian
2064:
Cultivars with large, brightly coloured leaves are grown for
2470:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017
637:. Economically, it is the most important crop of the large
2979:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2502:
Romeiras M.M.; Vieira A.; Silva D.N.; et al. (2016).
2415:) in 1801. The Silesian sugar beet was soon introduced to
2229:
in people who are unable to break it down. This is called
2583:. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (eds.):
2858:
Linnaeus, C. (1762). "Species
Plantarum", (ed. 2): 322.
2843:
Linnaeus, C. (1753). "Species
Plantarum", Tomus I: 222.
2183:
The color of red/purple beetroot is due to a variety of
1055:
International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
777:
annular embryo and copious perisperm (feeding tissue).
3438:"Eat this! Fresh beets, nature's jewels for the table"
3411:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
2641:"'Floral and Inflorescence Morphology and Ontogeny in
2210:
and vulgaxanthins (yellow to orange pigments known as
741:
are produced in dense spike-like, basally interrupted
2613:
In: Zhengyi, W., Raven, P.H., & Hong, D. (eds.):
1362:
Beets are a food plant for the larvae of a number of
2155:; on commercial farms, a 60 tonne per hectare (26.8
3528:
1976:The roots and leaves of the beet have been used in
1840:
1828:
1803:
1790:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1738:
1725:
1712:
1691:
1670:
1653:
1637:
1620:
1603:
1586:
1569:
1545:
1524:
1489:
1465:
1447:
1437:
1421:
1407:
1402:
797:
680:. The wild ancestor of the cultivated beets is the
629:) is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily
3503:L. by KewScience, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, UK
3011:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
1242:by 850 AD. These were used as medicinal plants in
993:soils containing plant nutrients and additionally
3148:L.) and inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation".
2639:Flores Olvera H.; Smets E.; Vrijdaghs A. (2008).
2388:for sugar content and selected a local race from
2163:and the shoot to languish, eventually leading to
1703:
1536:
1121:(Pamukç. ex Aellen) Ford-Lloyd & J.T.Williams
2762:Kadereit G.; Hohmann S.; Kadereit J. W. (2006).
2607:Zhu, G.; Mosyakin, S.L.; Clemants, S.E. (2003).
2187:pigments, unlike most other red plants, such as
2283:, and four charred beetroots were found in the
2025:foods which are implicated in the formation of
2645:, with Special Emphasis on the Ovary Position"
2272:. Beetroot remains have been excavated in the
1403:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
949:are distributed in southwestern, northern and
2918:Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database.
2260:), the wild ancestor of the cultivated forms.
8:
3111:Journal of the American Dietetic Association
2944:
2808:
2806:
1984:used beetroot as a treatment for fevers and
1397:
656:or garden beet; the leaf vegetable known as
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3341:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2883:In: "Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore)." –
2313:later describes the beet as similar to the
2179:A selection of different colored beetroots.
2056:for their potential biological properties.
2014:to nullify the effects of 'garlic-breath'.
2006:, three of which feature the root of beet.
3516:
3204:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
3150:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2975:United States Food and Drug Administration
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
1506:
1396:
773:, the former method being more important.
384:(O.Bolòs & Vigo) Juan & M.B.Crespo
42:
31:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3320:QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
2786:
2668:
2541:
2531:
3266:
3264:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2432:. The sugar beet was also introduced to
2206:). Other pigments contained in beet are
1037:, and left only the cultivated beets in
2452:
208:
2585:Flora of North America North of Mexico
1936:In a 100 gram amount, beets supply 43
1027:, at the same time creating the genus
794:
644:. It has several cultivar groups: the
2603:
2601:
2225:Betacyanin in beetroot may cause red
1980:to treat a wide variety of ailments.
1107:is classified into three subspecies:
761:, and a semi-inferior ovary with 2-3
7:
4044:127ca4c0-4ada-4d7a-945b-ed19e8ef09f0
3894:769a29ce-c7b8-4e10-850f-d99c7f1fcd07
3352:Hopf, Maria; Zohary, Daniel (2000).
2122:", "table beet", or "garden beet").
648:, of greatest importance to produce
2236:The pigments are contained in cell
1877:Spinach beet leaves are eaten as a
784:found in 2 sets, which makes beets
660:or spinach beet or silverbeet; and
3096:De honesta voluptate et valetudine
2706:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1975.tb00529.x
652:; the root vegetable known as the
25:
2436:via German settlers around 1850.
2010:recommended taking beetroot with
1071:, including the Chenopodiaceae).
977:, on stony and sandy beaches, in
3995:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:164505-1
1917:The consumption of beets causes
917:
910:
897:
875:
862:
840:
814:
66:
3484:University of California, Davis
3036:from the original on 2024-05-09
2989:from the original on 2024-03-27
1924:Jews traditionally eat beet on
3436:Zeldes, Leah A. (2011-08-03).
2953:. Springer. pp. 235–241.
2364:date back to mid-18th century
2218:and prevents the breakdown of
1891:and have a flavour resembling
981:or coastal grasslands, and in
1:
1089:) at the shores of Heligoland
3123:10.1016/0002-8223(93)91530-4
2619:Ulmaceae through Basellaceae
2533:10.1371/journal.pone.0152456
2384:, evaluated 23 varieties of
2114:or "Bull's Blood"), or as a
1948:and have a minute amount of
1863:Percentages estimated using
1393:Packaged, precooked beetroot
907:
872:
837:
811:
4138:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3237:Stephen Nottingham (2004).
3188:September 30, 2008, at the
2813:Stephen Nottingham (2004).
2149:its pre-industrial ancestor
2033:Phytochemicals and research
2002:for soups to be given as a
1956:of significant content are
1856:Link to USDA Database entry
1053:are used, according to the
4154:
4118:Medicinal plants of Europe
2468:Plants of the World Online
2143:Beets are one of the most
2075:
1988:, amongst other ailments.
1413:180 kJ (43 kcal)
1378:
27:Species of flowering plant
3478:January 20, 2009, at the
2742:Missouri Botanical Garden
2694:Annals of Applied Biology
2094:Beets are cultivated for
2021:are both considered high
1940:, contain 88% water, 10%
1862:
1852:
1848:
1824:
1816:
1687:
1683:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1485:
1481:
1461:
1457:
1417:
1067:in family Amaranthaceae (
1063:belongs to the subfamily
931:
894:Cross-eye view
889:
854:
828:
802:
288:Krassochkin & Burenin
276:Krassochkin & Burenin
201:
194:
177:
170:
63:Scientific classification
61:
50:
41:
34:
4133:Plants described in 1753
4113:Medicinal plants of Asia
3301:"Beetroot Beta vulgaris"
2151:'s constant exposure to
941:Distribution and habitat
859:Parallel view
757:), 3-5 × 2–3 mm, 5
3358:Oxford University Press
3299:Hamilton, Dave (2005).
2411:, Silesia (now Konary,
2048:compounds prevalent in
1865:US recommendations
2404:
2261:
2180:
2171:Red or purple coloring
2091:
1869:the National Academies
1394:
1354:
1101:
1090:
833:Right frame
708:
608:Krassochkin ex Burenin
584:Krassochkin ex Burenin
2845:First description of
2577:Shultz, L.M. (2003).
2402:
2251:
2178:
2085:
2078:List of beet diseases
1511:Vitamins and minerals
1392:
1344:
1288:or garden beet (Syn.
1096:
1077:
1045:, or convarieties or
985:or disturbed places.
807:Left frame
703:
2430:Alvarado, California
1978:traditional medicine
1972:Traditional medicine
1349:(with purple-leaved
1017:was made in 1753 by
3409:Agricultural plants
2877:Uotila, P. (2011).
2788:10.3372/wi.36.36101
2524:2016PLoSO..1152456R
2345:Mediterranean basin
2090:, known as beetroot
1910:beet soup, such as
1622:Pantothenic acid (B
1399:
1011:species description
792:notation, 2n = 18.
229:Beta atriplicifolia
3279:Rio Tinto Minerals
2914:2013-05-04 at the
2661:10.1093/aob/mcn140
2405:
2368:where the king of
2262:
2181:
2102:), for sugar (the
2092:
1952:(table). The only
1830:Other constituents
1395:
1355:
1257:Flavescens Group,
1102:
1091:
945:The wild forms of
709:
512:O.Bolòs & Vigo
4090:
4089:
3941:Open Tree of Life
3522:Taxon identifiers
3422:978-0-521-40563-8
3371:978-0-19-850356-9
3272:"Can't beet this"
3216:10.1021/jf020905r
3162:10.1021/jf404648u
3021:978-0-309-48834-1
2960:978-3-540-41017-1
2506:Beta-Patellifolia
2382:Franz Karl Achard
2270:Mediterranean Sea
1875:
1874:
1820:
1819:
1284:Conditiva Group,
1183:Altissima Group,
1179:
1168:
1129:
1128:Pamukç. ex Aellen
1122:
1024:Species Plantarum
959:Mediterranean Sea
938:
937:
927:
926:
885:
884:
850:
849:
824:
823:
790:chromosome number
771:insect-pollinated
618:
617:
609:
597:
585:
573:
561:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
489:
477:
469:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
405:
397:
385:
373:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
289:
277:
265:
257:
249:
245:Beta brasiliensis
241:
233:
225:
217:
16:(Redirected from
4145:
4128:Palearctic flora
4083:
4082:
4070:
4069:
4057:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4034:
4033:
4024:
4023:
4011:
4010:
3998:
3997:
3985:
3984:
3972:
3971:
3959:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3936:
3935:
3923:
3922:
3910:
3909:
3897:
3896:
3887:
3886:
3874:
3873:
3861:
3860:
3858:NBNSYS0000003106
3848:
3847:
3835:
3834:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3811:
3799:
3798:
3786:
3785:
3773:
3772:
3760:
3759:
3747:
3746:
3734:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3711:
3710:
3698:
3697:
3685:
3684:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3658:
3646:
3645:
3633:
3632:
3620:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3517:
3487:
3470:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3405:Langer, R. H. M.
3397:
3376:
3375:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3303:. Archived from
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3281:. Archived from
3276:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3243:. Archived from
3234:
3228:
3227:
3199:
3193:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3106:
3100:
3089:
3083:
3080:De Re Coquinaria
3076:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2946:
2919:
2902:
2887:
2875:
2869:
2856:
2850:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2819:. Archived from
2810:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2772:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2649:Annals of Botany
2636:
2630:
2605:
2596:
2575:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2499:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2457:
2374:Andreas Marggraf
2220:alpha-tocopherol
2191:, which contain
2017:Beet greens and
1995:De re coquinaria
1921:in some people.
1707:
1658:
1642:
1625:
1608:
1591:
1574:
1547:Vitamin A equiv.
1540:
1507:
1400:
1177:
1166:
1127:
1120:
951:Southeast Europe
921:
914:
903:
901:
891:
879:
868:
866:
856:
844:
830:
818:
804:
795:
607:
595:
583:
571:
559:
547:
535:
523:
511:
499:
487:
475:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
395:
383:
371:
359:
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
275:
263:
255:
247:
239:
237:Beta bengalensis
231:
223:
215:
183:
163:B. vulgaris
71:
70:
46:
32:
21:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4123:Root vegetables
4108:Leaf vegetables
4093:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4078:
4073:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4050:
4042:
4037:
4029:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4006:
4001:
3993:
3988:
3980:
3975:
3967:
3962:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3915:Observation.org
3913:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3890:
3882:
3877:
3869:
3864:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3817:
3816:MichiganFlora:
3815:
3807:
3802:
3794:
3789:
3781:
3776:
3768:
3763:
3755:
3750:
3742:
3737:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3714:
3706:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3662:
3654:
3649:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3603:
3595:
3590:
3582:
3577:
3569:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3524:
3496:
3491:
3490:
3480:Wayback Machine
3471:
3460:
3451:
3449:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3399:
3398:
3379:
3372:
3351:
3350:
3339:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3190:Wayback Machine
3183:Beets Varieties
3181:
3177:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3059:
3048:
3039:
3037:
3022:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2948:
2947:
2922:
2916:Wayback Machine
2903:
2890:
2876:
2872:
2860:description of
2857:
2853:
2842:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2770:
2761:
2760:
2749:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2606:
2599:
2576:
2559:
2518:(3): e0152456.
2501:
2500:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2426:Napoleonic Wars
2380:. His student,
2358:
2350:Medieval Europe
2246:
2173:
2080:
2074:
2062:
2035:
1974:
1934:
1858:
1853:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1720:
1708:
1678:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1623:
1615:
1606:
1598:
1589:
1581:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1541:
1512:
1501:
1496:
1477:
1472:
1433:
1428:
1387:
1379:Main articles:
1377:
1372:
1360:
1345:Yellow-stemmed
1248:Medieval Europe
1051:cultivar groups
1049:. Now rankless
1007:
957:coasts and the
943:
923:
922:
915:
895:
881:
880:
860:
846:
845:
820:
819:
767:wind-pollinated
723:perennial plant
698:
614:
409:Beta orientalis
404:Bunge ex Boiss.
207:
206:
190:
185:
179:
166:
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4151:
4149:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4071:
4067:wfo-0000564998
4058:
4048:
4035:
4025:
4012:
3999:
3986:
3973:
3960:
3950:
3937:
3924:
3911:
3898:
3888:
3875:
3862:
3849:
3836:
3823:
3813:
3800:
3787:
3774:
3761:
3748:
3735:
3725:
3712:
3699:
3686:
3673:
3660:
3647:
3634:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3588:
3575:
3565:
3550:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3495:
3494:External links
3492:
3489:
3488:
3458:
3442:Dining Chicago
3428:
3421:
3377:
3370:
3337:
3310:
3307:on 2005-05-25.
3291:
3288:on 2008-10-31.
3260:
3229:
3194:
3175:
3156:(6): 1324–31.
3136:
3101:
3084:
3071:
3062:
3046:
3020:
2999:
2966:
2959:
2920:
2888:
2870:
2851:
2836:
2802:
2747:
2719:
2700:(2): 127–134.
2684:
2655:(4): 643–651.
2631:
2615:Flora of China
2597:
2557:
2481:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2392:in modern-day
2357:
2356:The sugar beet
2354:
2245:
2242:
2172:
2169:
2116:root vegetable
2108:leaf vegetable
2073:
2070:
2061:
2058:
2054:basic research
2034:
2031:
1982:Ancient Romans
1973:
1970:
1954:micronutrients
1933:
1930:
1908:Eastern Europe
1873:
1872:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1661:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1359:
1356:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1311:Crassa Group,
1309:
1282:
1255:
1244:Ancient Greece
1238:, and finally
1204:
1147:
1131:
1125:Beta adanensis
1006:
1003:
942:
939:
936:
935:
929:
928:
925:
924:
916:
909:
908:
905:
904:
887:
886:
883:
882:
874:
873:
870:
869:
852:
851:
848:
847:
839:
838:
835:
834:
826:
825:
822:
821:
813:
812:
809:
808:
800:
799:
743:inflorescences
697:
694:
642:Caryophyllales
633:of the family
616:
615:
613:
612:
611:
610:
598:
586:
574:
562:
550:
538:
526:
514:
502:
490:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
422:
414:
406:
398:
396:(Roth) Burenin
386:
374:
372:(Rouy) Burenin
369:atriplicifolia
362:
354:
346:
338:
333:Beta incarnata
330:
322:
317:Beta hortensis
314:
309:Beta esculenta
306:
301:Beta decumbens
298:
290:
278:
266:
258:
253:Beta carnulosa
250:
242:
234:
226:
221:Beta altissima
218:
204:
203:
202:
199:
198:
192:
191:
186:
175:
174:
168:
167:
160:
158:
154:
153:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
129:Caryophyllales
126:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
59:
58:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4150:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3885:
3884:Beta~vulgaris
3880:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:Beta_vulgaris
3652:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3597:beta-vulgaris
3593:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3561:
3560:Beta vulgaris
3555:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3531:
3530:Beta vulgaris
3527:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3510:Beta vulgaris
3508:PROTAbase on
3506:
3504:
3502:
3501:Beta vulgaris
3498:
3497:
3493:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3448:on 2014-09-27
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3326:(10): 711–7.
3325:
3321:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3250:on 2009-03-21
3246:
3242:
3241:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:(4): 1026–9.
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3146:Beta vulgaris
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3003:
3000:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2880:Beta vulgaris
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:Beta maritima
2863:
2862:Beta vulgaris
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:Beta vulgaris
2840:
2837:
2826:on 2012-02-09
2822:
2818:
2817:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2730:Beta vulgaris
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2643:Beta vulgaris
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:1-930723-27-X
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2610:Beta vulgaris
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:0-19-517389-9
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2580:Beta vulgaris
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Beta vulgaris
2456:
2453:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2395:
2394:Saxony-Anhalt
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:Thebes, Egypt
2278:
2275:
2274:Third dynasty
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2254:Beta vulgaris
2250:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2222:(Vitamin E).
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:indicaxanthin
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2088:Beta vulgaris
2084:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2050:Beta vulgaris
2047:
2046:phytochemical
2043:
2039:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2027:kidney stones
2024:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:carbohydrates
1939:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1588:Riboflavin (B
1585:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1555:
1552:
1551:beta-Carotene
1548:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:Dietary fiber
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:Carbohydrates
1420:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1206:Cicla Group,
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1171:Beta vulgaris
1165:
1161:
1160:Beta vulgaris
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:Beta vulgaris
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:Beta vulgaris
1132:
1126:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:Beta vulgaris
1110:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:Beta vulgaris
1100:
1095:
1088:
1084:
1083:Beta vulgaris
1080:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:Beta vulgaris
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Beta vulgaris
1036:
1035:Beta maritima
1032:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1019:Carl Linnaeus
1016:
1015:Beta vulgaris
1012:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
947:Beta vulgaris
940:
934:
930:
920:
913:
906:
900:
893:
892:
888:
878:
871:
865:
858:
857:
853:
843:
836:
832:
831:
827:
817:
810:
806:
805:
801:
796:
793:
791:
787:
783:
780:There are 18
778:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
712:Beta vulgaris
707:
706:Beta vulgaris
702:
695:
693:
691:
687:
686:Beta vulgaris
683:
679:
675:
674:Beta vulgaris
671:
667:
664:, which is a
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
640:
636:
635:Amaranthaceae
632:
628:
624:
623:
622:Beta vulgaris
606:
602:
601:Beta vulgaris
599:
594:
590:
589:Beta vulgaris
587:
582:
578:
577:Beta vulgaris
575:
570:
566:
565:Beta vulgaris
563:
558:
554:
553:Beta vulgaris
551:
546:
542:
541:Beta vulgaris
539:
534:
530:
529:Beta vulgaris
527:
522:
518:
517:Beta vulgaris
515:
510:
506:
505:Beta vulgaris
503:
498:
494:
493:Beta vulgaris
491:
486:
482:
481:Beta vulgaris
479:
474:
473:Beta triflora
471:
466:
463:
458:
455:
450:
447:
442:
439:
434:
431:
426:
423:
418:
417:Beta purpurea
415:
410:
407:
402:
399:
394:
390:
389:Beta maritima
387:
382:
378:
377:Beta maritima
375:
370:
366:
365:Beta maritima
363:
358:
357:Beta maritima
355:
350:
347:
342:
339:
334:
331:
326:
323:
318:
315:
310:
307:
302:
299:
294:
291:
286:
282:
279:
274:
270:
267:
262:
259:
254:
251:
246:
243:
238:
235:
230:
227:
222:
219:
214:
211:
210:
209:
200:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
181:Beta vulgaris
176:
173:
172:Binomial name
169:
165:
164:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:Amaranthaceae
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:Tracheophytes
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
64:
60:
57:
53:
52:Beta vulgaris
49:
45:
40:
37:
36:Beta vulgaris
33:
30:
19:
4103:Beta (plant)
3529:
3509:
3500:
3450:. Retrieved
3446:the original
3441:
3431:
3408:
3353:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3305:the original
3294:
3283:the original
3252:. Retrieved
3245:the original
3239:
3232:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3178:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3117:(8): 901–6.
3114:
3110:
3104:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3074:
3065:
3038:. Retrieved
3010:
3002:
2991:. Retrieved
2982:
2969:
2950:
2906:
2884:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2846:
2839:
2828:. Retrieved
2821:the original
2815:
2778:
2774:
2765:
2735:
2729:
2722:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2634:
2618:
2617:. Volume 5:
2614:
2609:
2584:
2579:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2472:. Retrieved
2467:
2462:
2455:
2438:
2406:
2386:mangelwurzel
2359:
2335:
2327:Theophrastus
2311:Theophrastus
2296:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2235:
2224:
2212:betaxanthins
2211:
2201:
2182:
2142:
2131:
2124:
2100:mangelwurzel
2093:
2087:
2086:A bundle of
2063:
2052:, are under
2049:
2036:
2016:
1993:
1986:constipation
1975:
1960:(27% of the
1935:
1926:Rosh Hashana
1923:
1916:
1897:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1834:
1829:
1704:
1699:
1692:
1537:
1532:
1525:
1491:
1467:
1423:
1363:
1361:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:mangelwurzel
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1208:spinach beet
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1178:(Koch) Döll)
1174:
1170:
1167:(L.) Arcang.
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1086:
1082:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1008:
989:to slightly
987:
979:salt marshes
971:Western Asia
963:North Africa
946:
944:
932:
798:Stereo image
779:
775:
736:
726:
721:or, rarely,
711:
710:
705:
689:
685:
677:
673:
668:crop. Three
662:mangelwurzel
626:
621:
620:
619:
604:
600:
592:
588:
580:
576:
568:
564:
556:
552:
544:
540:
533:mediasiatica
532:
528:
520:
516:
508:
504:
497:coniciformis
496:
492:
484:
480:
472:
465:Beta sulcata
464:
457:Beta stricta
456:
448:
440:
433:Beta rapacea
432:
424:
416:
408:
400:
392:
388:
380:
376:
368:
364:
356:
348:
340:
332:
325:Beta hybrida
324:
316:
308:
300:
292:
284:
280:
272:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
228:
220:
212:
180:
178:
162:
161:
149:
112:
99:
86:
55:
51:
35:
29:
3969:kew-2675613
3840:NatureServe
3765:iNaturalist
3554:Wikispecies
3360:. pp.
3356:. Oxford :
3082:3.2.1, 3, 4
2775:Willdenowia
2403:Sugar beets
2390:Halberstadt
2362:sugar beets
2308:Peripatetic
2301:Mesopotamia
2297:B. vulgaris
2293:Netherlands
2279:pyramid at
2216:thalassemia
2193:anthocyanin
2189:red cabbage
2072:Cultivation
2019:Swiss chard
1998:gives five
1962:Daily Value
1944:, about 2%
1912:cold borsch
1571:Thiamine (B
1364:Lepidoptera
1259:swiss chard
1232:Middle East
967:Macaronesia
782:chromosomes
704:Flowers of
696:Description
650:table sugar
605:viridifolia
545:ovaliformis
449:Beta sativa
401:Beta noeana
349:Beta marina
293:Beta crispa
106:Angiosperms
4097:Categories
3964:Plant List
3614:Calflora:
3452:2012-08-03
3254:2006-08-27
3040:2024-06-21
2993:2024-03-28
2830:2010-08-15
2447:References
2441:sugar cane
2252:Sea beet (
2203:betacyanin
2104:sugar beet
2076:See also:
2068:purposes.
2066:decorative
2060:Other uses
1968:(16% DV).
1964:, DV) and
1919:pink urine
1889:stir-fried
1766:Phosphorus
1398:Beets, raw
1275:flavescens
1185:sugar beet
1099:sugar beet
1097:Flowering
1043:subspecies
953:along the
933:Beet seeds
753:segments (
716:herbaceous
670:subspecies
646:sugar beet
581:rubrifolia
560:W.D.J.Koch
441:Beta rosea
436:Hegetschw.
393:orientalis
341:Beta lutea
281:Beta cicla
269:Beta cicla
261:Beta cicla
3721:200006793
3708:200006793
3473:Sugarbeet
2714:1744-7348
2629:, p. 354.
2378:sugarcane
2323:Aristotle
2319:Aristotle
2289:Aartswoud
2285:Neolithic
2165:heart rot
2153:sea spray
1966:manganese
1932:Nutrition
1779:Potassium
1753:Manganese
1740:Magnesium
1672:Vitamin C
1655:Folate (B
1639:Vitamin B
1605:Niacin (B
1366:species.
1279:cultivars
1201:altissima
1117:adanensis
1065:Betoideae
1047:varieties
631:Betoideae
593:virescens
524:(L.) Moq.
425:Beta rapa
213:Beta alba
157:Species:
76:Kingdom:
18:Beta rapa
4039:VicFlora
4016:Tropicos
3879:NSWFlora
3845:2.149088
3796:10594705
3783:164505-1
3651:eFloraSA
3604:BioLib:
3539:Wikidata
3476:Archived
3407:(1991).
3401:Hill, G.
3248:(E-book)
3240:Beetroot
3224:12568567
3186:Archived
3170:24467616
3078:Apicius
3034:Archived
3030:30844154
2987:Archived
2977:(2024).
2912:Archived
2905:Sorting
2824:(e-book)
2816:Beetroot
2797:84677159
2781:: 9–19.
2737:Tropicos
2679:18694878
2552:27031338
2512:PLOS ONE
2421:Napoleon
2317:, while
2287:site of
2266:sea beet
2258:maritima
2238:vacuoles
2231:beeturia
2185:betalain
2161:meristem
2138:microbes
2120:beetroot
2106:), as a
2042:betalain
2004:laxative
1938:Calories
1895:leaves.
1879:pot herb
1835:Quantity
1760:0.329 mg
1700:Quantity
1694:Minerals
1649:0.067 mg
1633:0.155 mg
1616:0.334 mg
1582:0.031 mg
1533:Quantity
1527:Vitamins
1381:Beetroot
1325:vulgaris
1323:convar.
1302:vulgaris
1298:vulgaris
1296:convar.
1286:beetroot
1269:convar.
1222:convar.
1220:vulgaris
1197:vulgaris
1195:convar.
1155:vulgaris
1144:Sea beet
1139:maritima
1087:maritima
1079:Sea beet
1005:Taxonomy
991:alkaline
955:Atlantic
788:. Using
751:perianth
727:vulgaris
719:biennial
690:maritima
682:sea beet
678:vulgaris
654:beetroot
521:maritima
509:marcosii
485:aurantia
381:marcosii
273:argentea
248:Scheidw.
196:Synonyms
135:Family:
119:Eudicots
56:vulgaris
4021:7200163
3827:MoBotPF
3744:7068845
3638:Ecocrop
3545:Q165191
3486:website
3482:from a
3413:197–199
3332:7493168
3131:8335871
3092:Platina
2670:2701786
2543:4816301
2520:Bibcode
2474:12 July
2370:Prussia
2366:Silesia
2360:Modern
2331:spinach
2291:in the
2277:Saqqara
2256:subsp.
2244:History
2198:betanin
2134:geosmin
2125:"Blood
2038:Betaine
2023:oxalate
2008:Platina
2000:recipes
1990:Apicius
1946:protein
1904:pickles
1812:0.35 mg
1714:Calcium
1599:0.04 mg
1493:Protein
1358:Ecology
1319:subsp.
1306:borscht
1292:subsp.
1265:subsp.
1252:spinach
1218:subsp.
1191:subsp.
1175:rapacea
1173:subsp.
1162:subsp.
1158:(Syn.:
1153:subsp.
1137:subsp.
1123:(Syn.:
1115:subsp.
983:ruderal
786:diploid
763:stigmas
759:stamens
739:flowers
688:subsp.
676:subsp.
596:Burenin
572:Burenin
569:rubidus
557:rapacea
548:Burenin
536:Burenin
500:Burenin
488:Burenin
476:Salisb.
428:Dumort.
391:subsp.
379:subsp.
367:subsp.
312:Salisb.
285:viridis
264:(L.) L.
145:Genus:
125:Order:
80:Plantae
54:subsp.
4080:426023
4031:449480
4028:uBio:
3977:PLANTS
3946:273185
3933:426023
3891:NZOR:
3871:161934
3832:279155
3757:300073
3731:BETVUL
3728:FoIO:
3695:167819
3669:585884
3592:ARKive
3584:115158
3568:APDB:
3419:
3368:
3330:
3222:
3168:
3129:
3099:, 3.14
3028:
3018:
2957:
2909:names.
2795:
2712:
2677:
2667:
2625:
2591:
2550:
2540:
2419:where
2417:France
2413:Poland
2409:Kunern
2341:Jewish
2315:radish
2303:. The
2127:Turnip
2098:(e.g.
2096:fodder
2044:, two
2012:garlic
1958:folate
1844:87.58g
1792:Sodium
1786:325 mg
1734:0.8 mg
1679:4.9 mg
1666:109 μg
1500:1.61 g
1476:0.17 g
1443:6.76 g
1439:Sugars
1432:9.56 g
1409:Energy
1333:fodder
1329:crassa
1315:(Syn.
1271:cicla.
1261:(Syn.
1214:(Syn.
1187:(Syn.
1085:subsp
995:sodium
975:cliffs
755:tepals
747:bracts
731:leaves
666:fodder
460:K.Koch
452:Bernh.
444:Steud.
420:Steud.
352:Crantz
344:Steud.
336:Steud.
328:Andrz.
304:Moench
296:Tratt.
224:Steud.
4075:WoRMS
4051:WoI:
4008:98644
3982:BEVU2
3953:PFI:
3920:20540
3902:NZPCN
3809:20681
3791:IRMNG
3770:54498
3690:EUNIS
3682:BEAVX
3607:38650
3571:26735
3286:(PDF)
3275:(PDF)
2793:S2CID
2771:(PDF)
2434:Chile
2337:Roman
2305:Greek
2227:urine
2145:boron
2112:chard
1906:. In
1900:salad
1841:Water
1799:78 mg
1773:40 mg
1747:23 mg
1721:16 mg
1564:20 μg
1453:2.8 g
1385:Chard
1347:chard
1335:crop.
1327:var.
1317:B. v.
1300:var.
1290:B. v.
1273:var.
1263:B. v.
1240:China
1236:India
1228:cicla
1226:var.
1224:cicla
1216:B. v.
1212:chard
1199:var.
1189:B. v.
1164:cicla
999:boron
969:, to
961:, in
714:is a
658:chard
639:order
603:var.
591:var.
579:var.
567:var.
555:var.
543:var.
531:var.
519:var.
507:var.
495:var.
483:var.
468:Gasp.
320:Mill.
283:var.
271:var.
256:Gren.
240:Roxb.
113:Clade
100:Clade
87:Clade
4054:1677
3990:POWO
3928:OBIS
3907:3502
3866:NCBI
3804:ITIS
3778:IPNI
3752:GRIN
3739:GBIF
3677:EPPO
3630:LNNK
3617:1082
3579:APNI
3417:ISBN
3366:ISBN
3328:PMID
3220:PMID
3166:PMID
3127:PMID
3026:PMID
3016:ISBN
2955:ISBN
2907:Beta
2864:and
2766:Beta
2710:ISSN
2675:PMID
2623:ISBN
2589:ISBN
2548:PMID
2476:2020
2339:and
2325:and
2264:The
2040:and
1893:taro
1805:Zinc
1727:Iron
1559:2 μg
1383:and
1375:Food
1370:Uses
1351:kale
1246:and
1030:Beta
1009:The
997:and
737:The
627:beet
412:Roth
232:Rouy
205:List
150:Beta
4062:WFO
4003:RHS
3956:447
3853:NBN
3716:FoC
3703:FNA
3664:EoL
3643:514
3625:CoL
3362:200
3212:doi
3158:doi
3119:doi
2983:FDA
2783:doi
2702:doi
2665:PMC
2657:doi
2653:102
2538:PMC
2528:doi
2465:L."
2157:ton
1992:in
1950:fat
1784:11%
1758:14%
1705:%DV
1664:27%
1538:%DV
1469:Fat
1353:).
1210:or
1069:s.l
1021:in
1013:of
769:or
692:).
216:DC.
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2526:.
2516:11
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2510:.
2484:^
2443:.
2352:.
2233:.
2167:.
2118:("
2029:.
1810:3%
1797:3%
1771:3%
1745:5%
1732:4%
1719:1%
1677:5%
1647:4%
1631:3%
1614:2%
1597:3%
1580:3%
1562:0%
1557:0%
1321:v.
1294:v.
1267:v.
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1193:v.
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