153:
38:
143:
is hierarchically organized, with more abstract and sophisticated control mechanisms subserved by the most anterior regions and more direct//concrete control of goal-directed action at posterior sites. This is further in agreement with the fact that posterior LPFC beta is slower in frequency, similar
131:
Investigations of reward feedback have revealed two distinct beta components; a high beta (low gamma) component, and low beta component. In association with unexpected gains, the high beta component is more profound when receiving an unexpected outcome, with a low probability. However the low beta
123:
movements and are suppressed prior to and during movement changes, with similar observations across fine and gross motor skills. Bursts of beta activity are associated with a strengthening of sensory feedback in static motor control and reduced when there is movement change. Beta activity is
75:
Beta waves can be split into three sections: Low Beta Waves (12.5–16 Hz, "Beta 1"); Beta Waves (16.5–20 Hz, "Beta 2"); and High Beta Waves (20.5–28 Hz, "Beta 3"). Beta states are the states associated with normal
714:
Yaple, Z., Martinez-Saito, M., Novikov, N., Altukhov, D., Shestakova, A., Klucharev, V. (2018). Power of feedback-induced beta oscillations reflect omission of rewards: Evidence from an EEG gambling study, Frontiers in
Neuroscience, 12, 776.
96:(EEG) in 1924, as a method of recording electrical brain activity from the human scalp. Berger termed the larger amplitude, slower frequency waves that appeared over the posterior scalp when the subject's eye were closed
694:
Marco-PallerĂ©s, J., Cucurell, D., Cunillera, T., GarcĂa, R., AndrĂ©s-Pueyo, A., MĂĽnte, T. F., et al. (2008).Human oscillatory activity associated to reward processing in a gambling task, Neuropsychologia, 46, 241-248.
214:
receptor subunit genes feature diminished beta amplitude. Thus, beta waves are likely biomarkers of GABAergic dysfunction, especially in neurodevelopmental disorders caused by 15q deletions/duplications.
180:, induce beta waves in EEG recordings from humans and rats. Spontaneous beta waves are also observed diffusely in scalp EEG recordings from children with duplication 15q11.2-q13.1 syndrome (
906:
Hipp, Joerg F.; Khwaja, Omar; Krishnan, Michelle; Jeste, Shafali S.; Rotenberg, Alexander; Hernandez, Maria-Clemencia; Tan, Wen-Hann; Sidorov, Michael S.; Philpot, Benjamin D. (2019-01-18).
546:
Lalo, E; Gilbertson, T; Doyle, L; Di
Lazzaro, V; Cioni, B; Brown, P (2007). "Phasic increases in cortical beta activity are associated with alterations in sensory processing in the human".
139:(LPFC) in humans, following a posteroanterior increase in frequency. This increase beta frequency at more anterior subregions corresponds to an anatomical model of LPFC function wherein
124:
increased when movement has to be resisted or voluntarily suppressed. The artificial induction of increased beta waves over the motor cortex by a form of electrical stimulation called
847:; Saravanapandian, Vidya; Golshani, Peyman; Reiter, Lawrence; Sankar, Raman; Thibert, Ronald; DiStefano, Charlotte; Huberty, Scott; Cook, Edwin; Jeste, Shafali (December 2016).
800:
Van Lier, Hester; Drinkenburg, Wilhelmus; Van Eeten, Yvonne; Coenen, Anton (2004). "Effects of diazepam and zolpidem on EEG beta frequencies are behavior-specific in rats".
731:
HajiHosseini, A., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., and Marco-Pallerés, J. (2012). The role of beta-gamma oscillations in unexpected rewards processing, Neuroimage, 60, 1678-1685.
327:
Rangaswamy M, Porjesz B, Chorlian DB, Wang K, Jones KA, Bauer LO, Rohrbaugh J, O'Connor SJ, Kuperman S, Reich T, Begleiter (2002). "Beta power in the EEG of alcoholics".
1684:
747:
Capilla, A., Arana, L., GarcĂa-HuĂ©scar, M., MelcĂłn, M., Gross, J., & Campo, P. (2022). The natural frequencies of the resting human brain: An MEG-based atlas.
765:
Feshchenko, V; Veselis, R; Reinsel, R (1997). "Comparison of the EEG effects of midazolam, thiopental, and propofol: the role of underlying oscillatory systems".
125:
1707:
403:
Baumeister J, Barthel T, Geiss KR, Weiss M (2008). "Influence of phosphatidylserine on cognitive performance and cortical activity after induced stress".
1295:
108:
Low-amplitude beta waves with multiple and varying frequencies are often associated with active, busy or anxious thinking and active concentration.
387:
1938:
1677:
1257:
100:. The smaller amplitude, faster frequency waves that replaced alpha waves when the subject opened their eyes were then termed beta waves.
1732:
1135:
1130:
1102:
1247:
1959:
1670:
1290:
1221:
980:
1758:
1727:
120:
1793:
1562:
1370:
1232:
1242:
1170:
1015:
1375:
907:
1237:
1185:
156:
Diffuse beta waves present alongside other frequencies in spontaneous EEG recorded from a 28-month-old child with
1453:
1262:
1210:
136:
1923:
1808:
1010:
1844:
1712:
1550:
1331:
1140:
165:
1753:
1722:
1693:
1646:
1195:
1030:
93:
1468:
1200:
1717:
1622:
860:
651:
1897:
1838:
1823:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1617:
1607:
1073:
973:
140:
72:). Several different rhythms coexist, with some being inhibitory and others excitory in function.
844:
1918:
1854:
1813:
1627:
1380:
1280:
1145:
825:
571:
428:
352:
116:
53:
497:"Cortical control of posture in fine motor skills: evidence from inter-utterance rest position"
1637:
945:
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677:
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563:
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477:
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69:
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555:
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467:
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412:
371:
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299:
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169:
700:
164:
Beta waves are often considered indicative of inhibitory cortical transmission mediated by
1503:
1430:
1408:
1355:
1115:
1020:
379:
864:
655:
591:"Response preparation and inhibition: the role of the cortical sensorimotor beta rhythm"
523:
496:
495:
Easthope, Eric; Shamei, Arian; Liu, Yadong; Gick, Bryan; Fels, Sidney (17 August 2023).
304:
271:
128:
consistent with its link to isotonic contraction produces a slowing of motor movements.
1577:
1448:
1390:
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993:
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883:
848:
672:
639:
615:
606:
590:
472:
447:
173:
340:
1953:
1892:
1555:
1403:
1360:
1310:
1305:
1078:
849:"A Quantitative Electrophysiological Biomarker of Duplication 15q11.2-q13.1 Syndrome"
813:
736:
829:
575:
548:
Experimental Brain
Research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation Cerebrale
432:
356:
152:
1882:
1523:
1300:
1285:
923:
132:
component is said to be related to the omission of gains, when gains are expected.
112:
873:
372:
1582:
1458:
1398:
1350:
1345:
1336:
1175:
1125:
1120:
1002:
287:
97:
89:
77:
57:
27:
Neural oscillation in the brain with a frequency range of between 12.5 and 30 Hz
1662:
908:"Electrophysiological Phenotype in Angelman Syndrome Differs Between Genotypes"
513:
463:
270:
Rassi, Elie; Lin, Wy Ming; Zhang, Yi; Emmerzaal, Jill; Haegens, Saskia (2023).
1877:
1872:
1862:
1641:
1587:
1567:
1365:
1341:
1272:
1190:
1083:
1053:
1048:
1038:
663:
640:"Boosting cortical activity at Beta-band frequencies slows movement in humans"
559:
250:
241:
235:
229:
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720:
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1887:
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61:
31:
949:
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481:
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348:
313:
17:
786:
1518:
1493:
1413:
1205:
1180:
448:"Oscillatory interactions between sensorimotor cortex and the periphery"
1902:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1513:
1418:
1252:
1152:
1110:
1063:
778:
172:
of the mammalian nervous system. Benzodiazepines, drugs that modulate
1933:
1612:
1498:
202:
196:
190:
181:
157:
37:
1508:
1326:
989:
151:
65:
36:
1818:
1783:
1773:
1763:
88:
Beta waves were discovered and named by the German psychiatrist
1666:
962:
1833:
1828:
1592:
1488:
135:
During rest, fast beta oscillations are prevalent over
638:
Pogosyan, A; Gaynor, LD; Eusebio, A; Brown, P (2009).
1911:
1853:
1741:
1700:
1481:
1441:
1389:
1319:
1271:
1219:
1161:
1101:
1092:
1029:
1000:
1708:Amplitude integrated electroencephalography (aEEG)
589:Zhang, Y; Chen, Y; Bressler, SL; Ding, M (2008).
1678:
974:
378:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
8:
144:to that observed over resting motor cortex.
126:Transcranial alternating-current stimulation
1939:Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (NBT)
1685:
1671:
1663:
1296:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
1098:
981:
967:
959:
939:
882:
872:
671:
614:
522:
512:
471:
303:
272:"β Band Rhythms Influence Reaction Times"
262:
701:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.016
710:
708:
115:, beta waves are associated with the
7:
1794:Contingent negative variation (CNV)
1733:Brainstem auditory evoked potential
607:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.06.061
25:
168:(GABA), the principal inhibitory
1136:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1131:Central hypoventilation syndrome
814:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.03.017
737:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.125
1291:Periodic limb movement disorder
1258:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
501:Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
452:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
210:with deletions of the same GABA
184:) who have duplications of GABA
1728:Somatosensory evoked potential
924:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.01.008
1:
1924:Difference due to memory (Dm)
1563:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1371:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
1233:Advanced sleep phase disorder
341:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01362-8
247:Beta wave – (12 – 30 Hz)
64:range of between 12.5 and 30
1723:Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
1694:Electroencephalography (EEG)
1243:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1171:Excessive daytime sleepiness
874:10.1371/journal.pone.0167179
206:. Similarly, children with
1718:Electrocorticography (ECoG)
1376:Nocturnal penile tumescence
1248:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
288:10.1523/ENEURO.0473-22.2023
1976:
1238:Cyclic alternating pattern
514:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1139569
464:10.1016/j.conb.2008.01.007
29:
1454:Behavioral sleep medicine
1263:Shift work sleep disorder
1211:Sleep state misperception
664:10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.074
560:10.1007/s00221-006-0655-8
137:lateral prefrontal cortex
1011:Rapid eye movement (REM)
721:10.3389/fnins.2018.00776
417:10.1179/147683008X301478
405:Nutritional Neuroscience
370:Buzsáki, György (2006).
30:Not to be confused with
1845:Late positive component
1713:Event-related potential
1332:Exploding head syndrome
1141:Obstructive sleep apnea
188:receptor subunit genes
166:gamma aminobutyric acid
1960:Electroencephalography
1754:Bereitschaftspotential
1647:Sleeping while on duty
1196:Idiopathic hypersomnia
161:
148:Relationship with GABA
94:electroencephalography
42:
1469:Neuroscience of sleep
1201:Night eating syndrome
1186:Kleine–Levin syndrome
912:Biological Psychiatry
329:Biological Psychology
155:
40:
1623:Sleep and creativity
374:Rhythms of the Brain
253:– (30 – 100 Hz)
78:waking consciousness
56:(brainwaves) in the
1898:Sensorimotor rhythm
1855:Neural oscillations
1799:Mismatch negativity
1618:Sleep and breathing
1074:Sensorimotor rhythm
865:2016PLoSO..1167179F
656:2009CBio...19.1637P
232:– (0.1 – 3 Hz)
117:muscle contractions
54:neural oscillations
1628:Sleep and learning
1381:Nocturnal emission
1281:Nightmare disorder
1146:Periodic breathing
767:Neuropsychobiology
446:Baker, SN (2007).
244:– (7 – 12 Hz)
162:
43:
1947:
1946:
1841:(late positivity)
1743:Evoked potentials
1660:
1659:
1638:Sleep deprivation
1477:
1476:
802:Neuropharmacology
779:10.1159/000119347
389:978-0-19-530106-9
238:– (4 – 7 Hz)
208:Angelman syndrome
141:cognitive control
70:cycles per second
16:(Redirected from
1967:
1929:Oddball paradigm
1687:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1633:Sleep and memory
1573:Circadian rhythm
1320:Benign phenomena
1222:Circadian rhythm
1099:
983:
976:
969:
960:
954:
953:
943:
903:
897:
896:
886:
876:
859:(12): e0167179.
843:Frohlich, Joel;
840:
834:
833:
797:
791:
790:
762:
756:
745:
739:
729:
723:
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703:
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400:
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324:
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267:
170:neurotransmitter
21:
1975:
1974:
1970:
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1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1907:
1849:
1737:
1696:
1691:
1661:
1656:
1551:Procrastination
1504:Four-poster bed
1473:
1437:
1431:Polysomnography
1409:Sleep induction
1385:
1356:Sleep paralysis
1315:
1267:
1226:
1223:
1215:
1157:
1116:Mouth breathing
1094:Sleep disorders
1088:
1025:
1016:Quiescent sleep
996:
994:sleep disorders
987:
957:
905:
904:
900:
842:
841:
837:
799:
798:
794:
764:
763:
759:
746:
742:
730:
726:
713:
706:
693:
689:
650:(19): 1637–41.
644:Current Biology
637:
636:
632:
588:
587:
583:
545:
544:
540:
494:
493:
489:
445:
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321:
269:
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187:
177:
150:
119:that happen in
106:
92:, who invented
86:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1962:
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1630:
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1620:
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1600:
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1580:
1578:Comfort object
1575:
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1559:
1558:
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1528:
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1483:
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1478:
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1449:Sleep medicine
1445:
1443:
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1416:
1406:
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1387:
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1368:
1363:
1358:
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1156:
1155:
1150:
1149:
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1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
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1107:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
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1066:
1061:
1056:
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1035:
1033:
1027:
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1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
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1005:
998:
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988:
986:
985:
978:
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963:
956:
955:
918:(9): 752–759.
898:
845:Senturk, Damla
835:
808:(2): 163–174.
792:
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724:
704:
687:
630:
581:
538:
487:
438:
411:(3): 103–110.
395:
388:
362:
335:(8): 831–842.
319:
261:
259:
256:
255:
254:
248:
245:
239:
233:
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185:
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9:
6:
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1904:
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1893:Sleep spindle
1891:
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1705:
1703:
1701:Related tests
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1404:Sleep hygiene
1402:
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1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
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1362:
1361:Sleep inertia
1359:
1357:
1354:
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1349:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
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1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1311:Sleep-talking
1309:
1307:
1306:Sleep driving
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
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1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:Sleep spindle
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
984:
979:
977:
972:
970:
965:
964:
961:
951:
947:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
899:
894:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
839:
836:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
796:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:(4): 211–20.
772:
768:
761:
758:
754:
750:
744:
741:
738:
734:
728:
725:
722:
718:
711:
709:
705:
702:
698:
691:
688:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
631:
626:
622:
617:
612:
608:
604:
601:(1): 238–46.
600:
596:
592:
585:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:(1): 137–45.
553:
549:
542:
539:
534:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
488:
483:
479:
474:
469:
465:
461:
458:(6): 649–55.
457:
453:
449:
442:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
399:
396:
391:
385:
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366:
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323:
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306:
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297:
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257:
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209:
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183:
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167:
159:
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138:
133:
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118:
114:
109:
103:
101:
99:
95:
91:
83:
81:
79:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
1919:10-20 system
1883:Theta rhythm
1867:
1524:Sleeping bag
1301:Sleepwalking
1286:Night terror
1043:
1003:sleep cycles
915:
911:
901:
856:
852:
838:
805:
801:
795:
770:
766:
760:
752:
748:
743:
727:
690:
647:
643:
633:
598:
595:Neuroscience
594:
584:
551:
547:
541:
504:
500:
490:
455:
451:
441:
408:
404:
398:
373:
365:
332:
328:
322:
279:
275:
265:
201:
195:
189:
163:
134:
130:
113:motor cortex
110:
107:
87:
74:
68:(12.5 to 30
49:
45:
44:
1809:C1 & P1
1608:Second wind
1583:Dream diary
1459:Sleep study
1399:Sleep diary
1351:Hypnopompia
1346:Sleep onset
1337:Hypnic jerk
1176:Hypersomnia
1126:Catathrenia
1121:Sleep apnea
1031:Brain waves
1001:Stages of
507:: 1139569.
98:alpha waves
90:Hans Berger
50:beta rhythm
41:Beta waves
18:Beta rhythm
1878:Delta wave
1873:Gamma wave
1863:Alpha wave
1805:Positivity
1750:Negativity
1642:Sleep debt
1588:Microsleep
1568:Chronotype
1482:Daily life
1366:Somnolence
1342:Hypnagogia
1273:Parasomnia
1191:Narcolepsy
1103:Anatomical
1084:Theta wave
1054:Gamma wave
1049:Delta wave
1039:Alpha wave
749:NeuroImage
258:References
251:Gamma wave
242:Alpha wave
236:Theta wave
230:Delta wave
224:Brainwaves
46:Beta waves
1888:K-complex
1868:Beta wave
1769:Visual N1
1652:Sleepover
1603:Power nap
1598:Nightwear
1464:Melatonin
1426:Somnology
1391:Treatment
1224:disorders
1163:Dyssomnia
1069:PGO waves
1064:Mu rhythm
1059:K-complex
1044:Beta wave
1021:Slow-wave
932:0006-3223
755:, 119373.
296:2373-2822
178:receptors
160:syndrome.
111:Over the
62:frequency
32:beta rays
1954:Category
1519:Mattress
1494:Bunk bed
1414:Hypnosis
1206:Nocturia
1181:Insomnia
950:30826071
893:27977700
853:PLOS ONE
830:20725910
822:15223295
682:19800236
625:18674598
576:24685610
568:16972074
533:37662639
524:10469778
482:18339546
433:45936526
425:18616866
357:26052409
349:12372655
314:37364994
305:10312120
219:See also
121:isotonic
104:Function
60:with a
1903:Mu wave
1546:Bedtime
1541:Bedroom
1536:Bedding
1531:Bed bug
1514:Hammock
1419:Lullaby
1253:Jet lag
1153:Snoring
1111:Bruxism
941:6482952
884:5157977
861:Bibcode
787:9246224
673:2791174
652:Bibcode
616:2684699
473:2428102
84:History
1934:EEGLAB
1912:Topics
1613:Siesta
1499:Daybed
1327:Dreams
948:
938:
930:
891:
881:
828:
820:
785:
680:
670:
623:
613:
574:
566:
531:
521:
480:
470:
431:
423:
386:
355:
347:
312:
302:
294:
276:eNeuro
203:GABRG3
200:, and
197:GABRB3
191:GABRA5
182:Dup15q
158:Dup15q
52:, are
1556:Story
1509:Futon
1442:Other
990:Sleep
826:S2CID
572:S2CID
429:S2CID
353:S2CID
282:(6).
58:brain
48:, or
1839:P600
1824:P300
1819:P200
1789:N400
1784:N2pc
1779:N200
1774:N170
1764:N100
1759:ELAN
992:and
946:PMID
928:ISSN
889:PMID
818:PMID
783:PMID
678:PMID
621:PMID
564:PMID
529:PMID
478:PMID
421:PMID
384:ISBN
345:PMID
310:PMID
292:ISSN
174:GABA
1834:P3b
1829:P3a
1814:P50
1593:Nap
1489:Bed
936:PMC
920:doi
879:PMC
869:doi
810:doi
775:doi
753:258
733:doi
717:doi
697:doi
668:PMC
660:doi
611:PMC
603:doi
599:156
556:doi
552:177
519:PMC
509:doi
468:PMC
460:doi
413:doi
337:doi
300:PMC
284:doi
1956::
1640:/
1344:/
944:.
934:.
926:.
916:85
914:.
910:.
887:.
877:.
867:.
857:11
855:.
851:.
824:.
816:.
806:47
804:.
781:.
771:35
769:.
751:,
707:^
676:.
666:.
658:.
648:19
646:.
642:.
619:.
609:.
597:.
593:.
570:.
562:.
550:.
527:.
517:.
505:17
503:.
499:.
476:.
466:.
456:17
454:.
450:.
427:.
419:.
409:11
407:.
382:.
351:.
343:.
333:52
331:.
308:.
298:.
290:.
280:10
278:.
274:.
194:,
80:.
66:Hz
1686:e
1679:t
1672:v
982:e
975:t
968:v
952:.
922::
895:.
871::
863::
832:.
812::
789:.
777::
735::
719::
699::
684:.
662::
654::
627:.
605::
578:.
558::
535:.
511::
484:.
462::
435:.
415::
392:.
380:4
359:.
339::
316:.
286::
212:A
186:A
176:A
34:.
20:)
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