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193: – visited Betsy and discussed the need for a new U.S. flag. Betsy accepted the job to manufacture the flag, altering the committee's design by replacing the six-pointed stars with five-pointed stars. Canby dates the historic episode based on Washington's journey to Philadelphia, in late spring 1776, a year before Congress passed the Flag Act. Ross biographer Marla Miller notes that even if one accepts Canby's presentation, Betsy Ross was merely one of several flag makers in Philadelphia, and her only contribution to the committee's design was the change in star shape from six-pointed to five-pointed.
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during the time of
General Lafayette's visit to Philadelphia. In this version, Dr. Benjamin Franklin replaces George Washington. Together with George Ross and Robert Morris, they request that Mrs. Ross design the first flag. The Canby version and the subsequent 1909 book with the Ross family affidavits never specify the arrangement of stars. Reigart, however, describes Mrs. Ross's flag with an eagle in the canton with 13 stars surrounding its head. The cover of Reigart's book shows the 13 stars in a 3-2-3-2-3 lined pattern in the canton.
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while the thirteen stripes are of red, white, and blue. How accurately the artist depicted the star design that he saw is not known. At times, he may have offered a poetic version of the flag he was interpreting which was later copied by the flag maker. The flag sheets and the artists do not agree.{...} Star arrangement Number of star points Colors of stripe
Earliest usage {...} (13 stars in a circle) not visible red, white 1792
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488:. While this theory adds to Washington's legendary involvement in the development of the first flag, no evidence exists to show a connection between his coat of arms and the flag, other than that his coat of arms has stars and stripes in it. Washington frequently used his family coat of arms with three five-pointed red stars and three red-and-white stripes, on which is based the
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237:, though Ross may have actually lived in the demolished house next door. Weisgerber promoted the story of Betsy Ross by sending prints of the painting to foundation donors. It was reported in 1928 that he received donations from 4 million children and adults. In 1897, the New York City School Board approved the order of framed prints for all schools in their system.
393:, and William Alliborne was one of the first to manufacture United States ensigns. Any flag maker in Philadelphia could have sewn the first American flag. Even according to Canby, there were other variations of the flag being made at the same time Ross was sewing the design that would carry her name. If true, there may not be one "first" flag, but many.
572:, also known as a "wreath" or "medallion" arrangement, was a favorite for painters and coin designers, as well as some flag makers. The circle generally represented unity between the states, with no state more dominant than any other. Circular arrangements similar to the "Betsy Ross" design were seen as early as 1777 at the surrender of General
628:, wrote "The colours of the pales are those used in the flag of the United States of America. White signifies purity and innocence. Red hardiness and valour and Blue the colour of the Chief signifies vigilance perseverance and justice." The use of red and blue in flags at this time in history may derive from the relative fastness of the
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The stars were disposed in a circle, symbolizing the perpetuity of the Union; the ring, like the circling serpent of the
Egyptians, signifying eternity. The thirteen stripes showed with the stars the number of the United Colonies, and denoted the subordination of the States to the Union, as well as
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argues that there was no "first flag" worth arguing over. Ross biographer Marla Miller asserts that the question of Betsy Ross's involvement in the flag should not be one of design, but of production and entrepreneurship. Researchers accept that the United States flag evolved, and did not have one
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In 1878, Col. J. Franklin
Reigart published a somewhat different story in his book, "The history of the first United States flag, and the patriotism of Betsy Ross, the immortal heroine that originated the first flag of the Union." Reigart remembers visiting his great aunt, Mrs. Betsy Ross, in 1824
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writes "In 1792, Trumbull painted thirteen stars in a circle in his
General George Washington at Trenton in the Yale University Art Gallery. In his unfinished rendition of the Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, date not established, the circle of stars is suggested and one star shows six points
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is often given credit for a number of 13-star arrangements, including the Betsy Ross design. In a 1780 letter to the
Continental Board of Admiralty dealing with the Admiralty seal, Hopkinson mentioned patriotic designs he created in the past few years, including "the Flag of the United States of
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to make a new U.S. flag. According to the legend, she deviated from the six-pointed stars in the design and produced a flag with five-pointed stars, instead. The claim by her descendants that Betsy Ross contributed to the flag's design is not generally accepted by modern
American scholars and
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cast doubt on Canby's report in his 1872 "Our Flag: Origin and
Progress of the Flag of the United States of America. Canby's 1870 account remains popular American folklore, but has been the source of some debate. Although the account has supporters, there is a lack of historical evidence and
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During the
Revolutionary War era and into the 19th century, the "Rebellious Stripes" were considered as the most important element of United States flags, and were almost always mentioned before the stars. The usage of stripes in the flag may be linked to two pre-existing flags. A 1765
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America." He asked for compensation for his designs, but his claim for full compensation was rejected. Hopkinson was not the only person consulted on designing the Great Seal of the United States. Furthermore, he was a public servant and thus was already on the government's payroll.
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in
Chicago and depicts Betsy Ross with the flag on her lap. In developing his work, Weisgerber was in touch with the descendants of Betsy Ross. He would have needed a design for the flag in his painting. The most likely source of his design is the 1882 edition of
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uses a large Betsy Ross flag and the modern US flag to represent the history of the nation. Since the 1980s, this display also includes a US flag design symbolizing the year the president's home state was admitted to the union. During the inaugurations of
537:, but stars of this type were not an important icon in Freemasonry. Although early American flags featured stars with various numbers of points, the five-pointed star is a defining feature of the Betsy Ross legend. The five-pointed star became the norm on
679:. William J. Canby's recounting of the event appealed to Americans eager for stories about the revolution and its heroines. Betsy Ross was promoted as a patriotic role model for young girls and a symbol of women's contributions to American history.
214:, a flag scholar in the late 1800s. Preble himself did not discuss the arrangement of the stars on the 1777 design. The book's illustrators, however, did provide a flag design for the 1777 flag. The illustrators may have used the flag design from
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597:. Barton described the circle as a "symbol of eternity." Ironically, although the circle of stars is a feature of the "Betsy Ross" design, none of Betsy Ross's family documents mention this arrangement. Circumstantial evidence from the
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George Washington was in Philadelphia in May and June 1776 for fifteen days. Subsequent to his meeting with Congress during this time, a committee was formed to confer with Washington on military options. The membership included
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The earliest connection between Betsy Ross and this flag design with 13 stars in a circle was Charles Weisgerber's 1893 painting "Birth of Our Nation's Flag." The 9 x 12-foot painting was first displayed at the 1893
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Because the flag evolved during the American Revolutionary War, the meaning of the design is uncertain. Historians and experts discredit the common theory that the stripes and five-pointed stars derived from the
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This same Abraham Markoe, in 1775, organized the Light Horse Troop of Philadelphia, and presented the troop with what is considered the first flag with thirteen stripes representing the thirteen colonies.
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408:. The shape and arrangement of the stars is not mentioned – there were variations – but the legal description legitimized the Ross flag and similar designs.
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The canton, featuring the stars, may have gradually replaced the Grand Union flag as hope for reconciliation faded. Regimental flags featuring stars in a blue canton, such as those of the
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in which he claimed that his grandmother had "made with her hands the first flag" of the United States. Canby said he first obtained this information from his aunt Clarissa Sydney Wilson (
159:, but how this specific design of the U.S. flag became associated with her is unknown. An 1851 painting by Ellie Sully Wheeler of Philadelphia displayed Betsy Ross sewing a U.S. flag. The
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Robert Morris was a business partner of John Ross, Betsy's cousin by marriage. Morris was on the Marine Committee at the time the flag vote was taken as part of Marine Committee business.
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Six-pointed stars were used in the 1782 Great Seal that was based on the 1777 flag. The stars in the Great Seal were not changed to five-pointed stars until the Seal was recast in 1841.
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as his source to find out what a 1777 flag looked like. This article published one year after Preble's first edition, showed this flag with the label, "Flag Adopted by Congress, 1777."
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who produced uniforms, tents, and flags for Continental forces. Although her manufacturing contributions are documented, a popular story evolved in which Ross was hired by a group of
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found 17 examples of 13-star flags that were in existence between 1779 and ca. 1796. Marla Miller writes, "The flag, like the Revolution it represents, was the work of many hands."
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That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.
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In letters and diaries that have surfaced, neither George Washington, Col. Ross, Robert Morris, nor any other member of Congress mentioned anything about a national flag in 1776.
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George Henry Preble's 1880 edition of his History of the American Flag finds Alfred Street's "poetic and fanciful" account to be unsubstantiated by any contemporaneous proof.
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documentation to support Canby's story. While modern lore may exaggerate the details of her story, Canby's account of Betsy Ross never claimed any contribution to the flag
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flown in Boston had nine red and white stripes, and these "rebellious stripes" would influence later designs leading up to the American Revolution. A flag used by Captain
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states in his 1882 text that no one knows who designed the 1777 flag, and that no combined stars and stripes flag was in common use prior to June 1777. Historian
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701:(1851). During the United States centennial, not long after the presentation by William Canby, the Betsy Ross design became a highly produced and popular flag.
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181:) in 1857, twenty years after Betsy Ross's death. In his account, the original flag was made in June 1776, when a small committee – including
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dyes were unknown. However, the most simple explanation for the colors of the American flag is that it was modeled after British flags. For example, the
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509:'s Philadelphia Light Horse Troop in 1775 had 13 blue and silver stripes. One or both of these flags likely influenced the design of the American flag.
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of the United States should look like. The Board sent a letter to General Washington asking his opinion, and submitting a design that included a
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Ross's grandson, William Canby, publicly presented a version of her story to the Historical Society of Pennsylvania in 1870. Two years later,
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Henderson, Jessie (1928). "Doubt is cast on Betsy Ross as Mother of American flag". Sunday Union and Republican, Springfield, Massachusetts.
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The Betsy Ross design, with its easily identifiable circle of stars, has long been regarded as a symbol of the American Revolution and the
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On May 29, 1777, Betsy Ross was paid by the Pennsylvania State Navy Board for making Pennsylvania naval flags, not the Stars and Stripes.
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The Star-Spangled Banner, Lonn Taylor, Kathleen M. Kendrick, and Jeffrey L Brodie. Smithsonian Books/Collins Publishing (New York:2008)
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Although George Washington had been a member of the First Continental Congress, he left Congress to become commander-in-chief of the
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The shape and arrangement of the stars varied widely throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, and remains undefined by the various
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George Washington has at least one documented transaction with John and Betsy Ross, when he bought bed hangings from them in 1774.
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10¢ stamp released in 1973, showing a 50-star flag and a Betsy Ross flag together, to commemorate the United States Bicentennial.
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1194:"Renovations work sought for Betsy Ross painting 'Birth of Our Nation's Flag,' stored for 30 years, needs $ 25,000 in repairs"
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Early US flags used a wide variety of colors, and there is no known documented meaning behind the colors of the flag until
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and has red stripes outermost and stars arranged in a circle. These details elaborate on the 1777 act, passed early in the
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The Betsy Ross flag design is featured prominently in a number of post-Revolutionary paintings about the war, such as
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Williams, Earl P. Jr. (Spring 1988). "The 'Fancy Work' of Francis Hopkinson: Did He Design the Stars and Stripes?".
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2280:"Long May It Wave: The Story of The American Flag Through Stamps. Resolved, That the flag of the United States..."
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The Stars and the Stripes. The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present'
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also features a similar circle of 20 stars, excluding the gold star, as it was admitted as the 20th state. The
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Thirteen alternating red and white stripes, a blue canton with thirteen five-pointed stars arranged in a circle
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dates the earliest appearance of the "Ross" design as 1792, but with six-pointed stars. Her research for the
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suggests that the Betsy Ross story first entered into American consciousness about the time of the 1876
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Several U.S. flags after the Betsy Ross flag use a circle of stars in their designs. This includes the
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in 1775. Therefore, it would have been impossible for him to head a congressional committee in 1776.
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A circle of thirteen stars in the same order as the Betsy Ross flag was used on the first official
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The "Betsy Ross" design is traditionally displayed at US presidential inaugurations. Here, at the
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As late as 1779, the War Board of the Continental Congress had still not settled on what the Army
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Weisgerber later helped start the foundation that restored 239 Arch Street in Philadelphia as the
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A 6¢ stamp with the Betsy Ross design was released in 1968 as part of the "Historic Flag" series.
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The circle of 13 stars, which defines the Betsy Ross design, is found on five state flags: the
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Canby's account and similar versions of the Betsy Ross tale often refer to this design as the
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The American flag: an encyclopedia of the Stars and Stripes in U.S. history, culture, and law
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on June 14, 1777, establishing the first congressional description of official United States
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design features a flag with a circle of stars in the canton and white stripes on the edges.
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was the first documented meeting, discussion, or debate by Congress about a national flag.
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1294:. The American Guide Series. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: The Telegraph Press. p. 343.
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features a similar circle of 24 stars, since it was admitted as the 24th state. The
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A painting which might be dated 1851 by Ellie Wheeler, allegedly the daughter of
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1495:"Affidavit of Rachel Fletcher, a daughter of Elizabeth Claypoole (Betsy Ross)"
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Ross became a notable figure representing the contribution of women in the
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2007:"Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, Thursday, June 20, 1782"
1587:"Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789, Saturday, June 14, 1777"
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shows a blue battle flag with a circle of thirteen six-point white stars.
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Supporters of Canby's story defend his account with arguments including:
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427:, as well as a number corresponding to the state that flew the flag.
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In 1870, Ross's grandson, William J. Canby, presented a paper to the
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The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag that Inspired the National Anthem
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Letters of Delegates to Congress May 7-Sept. 18, 1777 Volume 7:204–6
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1975 13¢ stamp features the Betsy Ross flag behind Independence Hall
1471:. Vol. 180. Indianapolis: The American Legion. pp. 32–36.
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Despite Canby's efforts, he could find no records to show that the
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A Grand Old Flag: A History of the United States Through its Flags
1928:(2nd ed.). Boston: A. Williams and Company. pp. 262–264.
1778:. The United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico
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3¢ stamp issued in 1952 to commemorate Betsy Ross' 200th birthday.
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Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site
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Portsmouth and Providence both featured flags with stars by 1680.
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have used the distinctive ring of 13 five-pointed stars in their
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Saint Croix 1770–1776: The First Salute to the Stars and Stripes
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Committee of Secret Correspondence, Second Continental Congress
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2193:"SA-based flag company makes US flags for Biden's inauguration"
1740:"The American Flag; Not Derived From Washington's Coat of Arms"
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See external links for arguments for and against Canby's story.
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1319:. New York: Hall of the Board of Education. 1897. p. 300.
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suggests that Betsy Ross may have arranged her stars in rows.
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Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
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Taylor, Lonn; Kendrick, Kathleen M.; Brodie, Jeffrey (2008).
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A flag with a circle of stars was again found in 1782, in
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Superintendent of Finance of the United States, 1781–1784
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Mastai, Boleslaw; Mastai, Marie-Louise D'Otrange (1973).
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So Proudly We Hail. The History of the United States Flag
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File:Flag of the United States of America (1863–1865).svg
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File:Flag of the United States of America (1861–1863).svg
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Long May She Wave: A Graphic History of the American Flag
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Journal of the Board of Education of the City of New York
717:, the Betsy Ross flag was placed next to another 13-star
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is thought to have made the first Continental Colors (or
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The Star-Spangled Banner: The Making of an American Icon
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U.S. postage stamps featuring the Betsy Ross flag design
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how she cut the revised five-pointed stars for the flag.
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Additionally, arguments against Canby's story include:
2033:"Were Betsy Ross Flags Flown at Obama's Inauguration?"
1156:. Melbourne Beach, Florida: Canmore Press. p. 94.
1011:"Betsy Ross: An American Legend and Patriot Revisited"
1832:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p. 11.
1332:"Did Betsy Ross really make the first American flag?"
338:, the uncle of John Ross, late husband of Betsy Ross.
3274:
Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy
1467:
Miller, Marla R. (June 2016). "Citizen Seamstress".
4521:
4441:
4405:
4359:
4270:
4106:
3991:
3841:
3333:
3184:
3141:
2924:
2874:
2641:
2461:(3rd ed.). Boston: James R. Osgood and Company
2458:
History of the Flag of the United States of America
1925:
History of the Flag of the United States of America
1772:"The "Rebellious Stripes" of the "Sons of Liberty""
1424:. U.S. Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs
365:The Betsy Ross flag is featured on the seal of the
208:
History of the Flag of the United States of America
77:
69:
61:
53:
39:
3481:General George Washington Resigning His Commission
2515:
2430:
2407:
2346:
2340:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
2353:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
2156:
1610:
1442:
1405:
639:, providing blue and red colors respectively, as
3442:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
1547:"The Seal of the Department of Veterans Affairs"
1291:Philadelphia: A Guide to the Nation's Birthplace
341:Rachel Fletcher, Betsy Ross's daughter, gave an
525:, may have pre-dated the 1777 Flag Resolution.
4247:United States Senator, Pennsylvania, 1789–1795
3518:George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton
2886:Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association
1092:"The History of the Flag of the United States"
4219:
2569:
2503:Prologue (Quarterly of the National Archives)
2171:"What's With The Flags Behind The President?"
1972:File:US 37 Star Medallion Centennial Flag.svg
8:
4339:Philadelphia as U.S. capital city, 1790–1800
2345:Furlong, William; McCandless, Byron (1981).
1993:
1909:
1879:
1867:
1758:
1554:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
1375:
21:
2939:1788–89 United States presidential election
1983:File:US 38 Star Flag concentric circles.svg
1823:
1821:
1138:The history of the first United States flag
764:flag also features the circle of 13-stars.
4312:Chairman, Pennsylvania Committee of Safety
4226:
4212:
4204:
2576:
2562:
2554:
1828:Hinrichs, Kit; Hirasuna, Delphine (2001).
3911:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
3654:Washington and Jefferson National Forests
3385:Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)
2437:. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
1679:. Vol. 8, no. 1. Archived from
1141:. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Lane S. Hart.
1026:North American Vexillological Association
4578:1777 establishments in the United States
4433:Christ Church, Philadelphia, burial site
3049:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
2911:Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention
2302:"13c Flag Over Independence Hall single"
1894:
1671:Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher (October 2007).
1634:
1622:
1462:
1460:
706:United States presidential inaugurations
704:The traditional backdrop at quadrennial
624:, in his 1782 report to Congress on the
465:Flag of the United States § History
3239:Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters
3131:John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations
2916:George Washington's political evolution
1360:
934:
883:
785:
4449:Robert Morris University, Pennsylvania
4261:Second Continental Congress, 1775–1778
4021:(step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)
3320:Electoral history of George Washington
2191:Carnett, Lindsey (December 11, 2020).
2144:
2055:"Interesting Facts About Inauguration"
1725:
1713:
1701:
1658:
1646:
1573:
1481:
1348:
1264:"Betsy Ross painting finds a new home"
1230:
1218:
1122:
20:
3983:Attempted theft of Washington's skull
3864:Founding Fathers of the United States
2687:Washington in the American Revolution
2053:Stolberg, Sheryl (January 21, 2013).
1419:"The Great Seal of the United States"
175:
7:
4282:Financier of the American Revolution
3639:Washington Masonic National Memorial
3467:General George Washington at Trenton
3325:Post-presidency of George Washington
2901:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture
2692:Commander-in-chief, Continental Army
2433:Betsy Ross and the Making of America
1961:File:US 36 Star Wagon Wheel Flag.svg
1855:Mackey's Encyclopedia of Freemasonry
996:
956:"Five myths about the American flag"
941:
692:General George Washington at Trenton
4367:Willing, Morris & Co. (Slavery)
4287:Signed, Declaration of Independence
3978:George Washington Memorial Building
3044:Presidential Succession Act of 1792
2088:National Museum of American History
1396:, Preface (first page) and p. 47-48
659:Political and cultural significance
529:were important symbols in European
367:U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
161:National Museum of American History
4454:Robert Morris University, Illinois
4297:Signed, United States Constitution
3644:George Washington Memorial Parkway
3634:Washington University in St. Louis
2242:Smithsonian National Postal Museum
1391:The Evolution of the American Flag
1135:Reigart, Col. J. Franklin (1878).
669:first inauguration of Barack Obama
281:except for the five-pointed star.
172:Historical Society of Pennsylvania
139:(1752–1836) was an upholsterer in
14:
4292:Signed, Articles of Confederation
2834:Resignation as commander-in-chief
2368:Kiem, Kevin; Kiel, Peter (2007).
1394:. Philadelphia: Ferris and Leach.
1288:Federal Writers' Project (1937).
580:. Eyewitness Alfred Street wrote:
252:, a ca. 1920 depiction by artist
4588:Flags of the American Revolution
4187:
4186:
3968:Mount Vernon Ladies' Association
3748:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
3453:Washington Crossing the Delaware
2891:Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
2726:New York and New Jersey campaign
2549:Betsy Ross page at ushistory.org
2372:. New York City: DK Publishing.
2241:
2169:Pihl, Anton (January 20, 2017).
2116:(1st ed.). Washington, DC:
1853:Mackey, Albert Gallatin (1909).
1738:Hall, Edward (January 7, 1914).
1499:Betsy Ross and the American Flag
1262:Worden, Amy (January 13, 2002).
1245:"National Standards and Emblems"
1152:Harker, John Balderston (2005).
1096:Betsy Ross and the American Flag
846:
824:
812:
800:
788:
698:Washington Crossing the Delaware
490:flag of the District of Columbia
221:Washington Crossing the Delaware
115:produced a flag of this design.
45:
31:
3474:Washington at Verplanck's Point
3390:Washington Monument (Baltimore)
3259:President's House, Philadelphia
3096:State of the Union Address 1790
2518:The World Encyclopedia of Flags
2478:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
2157:Furlong & McCandless (1981)
2009:. Library of Congress. p.
1611:Furlong & McCandless (1981)
1589:. Library of Congress. p.
1443:Furlong & McCandless (1981)
1406:Furlong & McCandless (1981)
954:Leepson, Marc (June 12, 2011).
626:Great Seal of the United States
595:Great Seal of the United States
558:Great Seal of the United States
4317:U.S. Superintendent of Finance
4013:George Washington Parke Custis
3946:American Philosophical Society
3708:America the Beautiful quarters
3552:George Washington on Horseback
3504:The Washington Family portrait
2851:Washington Before Boston Medal
2599:President of the United States
1673:"How Betsy Ross Became Famous"
1330:Laura, Schumn (July 9, 2019).
1154:Betsy Ross's Five Pointed Star
568:. In the late 18th century, a
486:Washington family coat of arms
292:had a committee to design the
1:
3743:250th Anniversary half dollar
3703:D.C. and territories quarters
3524:Reception at Trenton painting
3315:Washington and Lee University
3284:James River and Kanawha Canal
3126:Federal judicial appointments
2741:Battle of the Assunpink Creek
2522:. Anness Publishing Limited.
2514:Znamierowski, Alfred (2002).
2414:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
2331:Cooper, Grace Rogers (1973).
2254:"Women on Stamps: Betsy Ross"
1922:Preble, George Henry (1880).
1249:Harper's New Monthly Magazine
1090:Canby, William (March 1870).
762:United States Foreign Service
99:, which is conformant to the
4469:The Apotheosis of Washington
4015:(step-grandson, adopted son)
3629:George Washington University
3488:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
3379:The Apotheosis of Washington
2978:Cabinet of the United States
2906:1785 Mount Vernon Conference
1525:Revolutionary War and Beyond
1251:. Vol. 47. p. 178.
1168:"Birth of our Nation's Flag"
1066:"All Wrapped up in the Flag"
396:The Marine Committee of the
314:Flag Resolution of June 1777
95:is an early design for the
3460:The Passage of the Delaware
3254:Second Presidential Mansion
2622:Second Continental Congress
2389:Flag: An American Biography
1801:. AuthorHouse. p. 20.
1776:The Historical Flag Project
1174:. Library of Congress. 1893
976:"History of American Women"
721:to represent the states of
585:equality among themselves."
398:Second Continental Congress
4609:
4397:Phelps and Gorham Purchase
4049:Elizabeth Washington Lewis
3676:Washington–Franklin Issues
3249:First Presidential Mansion
3054:Proclamation of Neutrality
2956:1792 presidential election
2632:First Continental Congress
2610:Commander-in-Chief of the
2605:Senior Officer of the Army
1994:Mastai & Mastai (1973)
1880:Mastai & Mastai (1973)
1868:Mastai & Mastai (1973)
1759:Mastai & Mastai (1973)
1509:– via ushistory.org.
1388:Balderston, Lloyd (1917).
1376:Mastai & Mastai (1973)
1105:– via ushistory.org.
462:
105:American Revolutionary War
4500:Morrisville, Pennsylvania
4423:1788 U.S. Senate election
4241:
4172:
3811:The War that Made America
3539:Princeton Battle Monument
3305:Society of the Cincinnati
3303:President General of the
3086:Thanksgiving Proclamation
2993:Secretary of the Treasury
2702:Washington's headquarters
2675:Battle of the Monongahela
2591:
2429:Miller, Marla R. (2010).
2308:. Smithsonian Institution
2260:. Smithsonian Institution
2218:"Philadelphia 76ers logo"
2080:"Symbols of a New Nation"
867:Flag of the United States
523:1st Rhode Island Regiment
97:flag of the United States
85:
30:
26:
4583:Flags introduced in 1777
4043:Augustine Washington Jr.
3803:Turn: Washington's Spies
3649:George Washington Bridge
3294:Congressional Gold Medal
2973:Title of "Mr. President"
2707:office and sleeping tent
2670:Battle of Fort Necessity
2391:. St. Martin's Griffin.
1797:Johnson, Robert (2006).
345:to the Betsy Ross story.
227:Harper's Weekly Magazine
4093:(2nd great-grandfather)
3713:American Women quarters
3619:Washington, D.C. statue
3534:Trenton Battle Monument
3510:Washington at Princeton
3202:Ferry Farm boyhood home
3076:Slave Trade Act of 1794
3010:Oath Administration Act
2896:Continental Association
2839:Badge of Military Merit
2731:Delaware River crossing
2282:Smithsonian Institution
2118:Smithsonian Institution
2110:"What About Betsy Ross"
1009:Harker, John B (2005).
476:Washington at Princeton
453:Smithsonian Institution
254:Jean Leon Gerome Ferris
4483:Mount Morris, New York
4372:Use of the dollar sign
3659:Washington Square Park
3447:Revolutionary War Door
3264:Germantown White House
3166:Washington and slavery
3059:Neutrality Act of 1794
2387:Leepson, Marc (2004).
2306:National Postal Museum
2258:National Postal Museum
1895:Kiem & Kiel (2007)
672:
587:
561:
480:
442:Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
417:
370:
296:in the spring of 1776.
269:
133:
16:Early U.S. flag design
4476:Heald Square Monument
4327:Bank of North America
3973:Mount Vernon replicas
3931:General of the Armies
3906:Washington's Crossing
3738:Washington half eagle
3368:Washington's Birthday
3289:Mountain Road Lottery
3156:The Washington Papers
3005:Judiciary Act of 1789
2768:Battle of White Marsh
2753:Philadelphia campaign
2660:French and Indian War
2474:Vile, John R (2018).
2197:San Antonio Publisher
746:flag of New Hampshire
719:Hopkinson flag design
666:
582:
555:
472:
410:
364:
256:of Ross showing Gen.
248:
165:Centennial Exposition
127:Poster for 1917 film
126:
4462:statue, Philadelphia
4031:Mary Ball Washington
4025:Augustine Washington
4019:Eleanor Parke Custis
3896:Cherry-tree anecdote
3779:A More Perfect Union
3728:Silver bullion coins
3587:New York City statue
3151:Presidential library
3025:Militia Acts of 1792
2966:Reception at Trenton
2763:Battle of Germantown
2758:Battle of Brandywine
2453:Preble, George Henry
1034:10.5840/raven2005124
854:United States portal
734:flag of Rhode Island
503:Sons of Liberty flag
290:Continental Congress
203:Columbian Exposition
4529:Thomas Morris (son)
4377:Newburgh Conspiracy
4322:Agent of the Marine
4087:(great-grandfather)
4073:Lawrence Washington
4037:Lawrence Washington
3951:American Revolution
3795:We Fight to Be Free
3760:Cultural depictions
3671:U.S. Postage stamps
3624:West Point monument
3609:Philadelphia statue
3494:Unfinished portrait
3358:Washington Monument
3227:Woodlawn Plantation
3032:Coinage Act of 1792
2961:Second inauguration
2812:Newburgh Conspiracy
2790:Sullivan Expedition
2785:Battles of Saratoga
2746:Battle of Princeton
2334:Thirteen-Star Flags
1910:Znamierowski (2002)
1469:The American Legion
1070:Teachinghistory.org
961:The Washington Post
918:Grace Rogers Cooper
758:flag of Mississippi
593:2nd design for the
519:Green Mountain Boys
449:Grace Rogers Cooper
438:George Henry Preble
391:Committee of Safety
274:George Henry Preble
212:George Henry Preble
157:American Revolution
23:
4154:Christopher Sheels
4097:Bushrod Washington
4067:Charles Washington
4061:John A. Washington
3916:1751 Barbados trip
3805:(2014–2017 series)
3693:Washington quarter
3604:Perth Amboy statue
3592:Wall Street statue
3572:Mexico City statue
3499:Lansdowne portrait
3310:Washington College
3299:Thanks of Congress
3222:Whiskey distillery
3037:United States Mint
3015:Nonintercourse Act
2983:Secretary of State
2944:First inauguration
2778:Battle of Monmouth
2059:The New York Times
1745:The New York Times
1527:. October 19, 2011
769:Philadelphia 76ers
673:
653:East India Company
562:
481:
473:The 1779 portrait
371:
270:
134:
4565:
4564:
4349:President's House
4332:Nova Constellatio
4302:1776 Model Treaty
4201:
4200:
4055:Samuel Washington
4007:John Parke Custis
4001:Martha Washington
3941:American Foxhound
3821:(2020 miniseries)
3813:(2006 miniseries)
3766:George Washington
3733:Washington nickel
3718:Washington dollar
3698:50 State Quarters
3681:1932 bicentennial
3577:Morristown statue
3435:George Washington
3427:George Washington
3419:George Washington
3411:George Washington
3396:George Washington
3071:Pinckney's Treaty
3020:Whiskey Rebellion
2800:Siege of Yorktown
2795:Yorktown campaign
2736:Battle of Trenton
2680:Forbes Expedition
2647:Revolutionary War
2585:George Washington
2485:978-1-4408-5788-1
2444:978-0-8050-8297-5
2379:978-0-7566-2847-5
2147:, pp. 9, 11.
2131:978-0-06-088562-5
2031:Palma, Bethania.
1839:978-1-58008-240-2
1808:978-1-4259-7008-6
1716:, pp. 10–11.
1521:"Betsy Ross Flag"
1243:Wilcox, H. K. W.
1198:The Baltimore Sun
431:Francis Hopkinson
258:George Washington
218:'s 1851 painting
183:George Washington
89:
88:
4600:
4534:Founding Fathers
4428:Panic of 1796–97
4383:Empress of China
4263:
4256:
4249:
4228:
4221:
4214:
4205:
4190:
4189:
4164:Harry Washington
4124:Caroline Branham
3886:Virginia dynasty
3874:Federalist Party
3854:List of articles
3768:(1984 miniseries
3755:Mount Washington
3723:Lafayette dollar
3562:Baltimore statue
3353:Washington state
3348:Washington, D.C.
3091:Farewell Address
2998:Secretary of War
2988:Attorney General
2612:Continental Army
2578:
2571:
2564:
2555:
2544:Betsy Ross House
2533:
2521:
2510:
2497:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2448:
2436:
2425:
2413:
2402:
2383:
2364:
2352:
2341:
2339:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1898:
1892:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1683:on April 4, 2009
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1064:Buescher, John.
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1015:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
978:. April 17, 2010
972:
966:
965:
951:
945:
939:
922:
915:
909:
906:
900:
897:
891:
888:
872:Grand Union Flag
856:
851:
850:
849:
828:
816:
804:
792:
767:Since 1963, the
754:flag of Missouri
729:, respectively.
684:Confederate flag
645:Grand Union Flag
599:Betsy Ross House
591:William Barton's
383:Grand Union Flag
301:Continental Army
260:(seated, left),
235:Betsy Ross House
180:
145:Founding Fathers
119:Betsy Ross story
101:Flag Act of 1777
78:Designed by
49:
35:
24:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4597:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4549:Betsy Ross flag
4517:
4437:
4418:Summerseat home
4401:
4390:Old China Trade
4355:
4274:Founding events
4273:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4232:
4202:
4197:
4168:
4102:
4085:John Washington
3987:
3963:Betsy Ross flag
3859:Founders Online
3837:
3614:Portland statue
3337:
3329:
3279:Potomac Company
3244:Hasbrouck House
3180:
3161:Religious views
3143:
3137:
2949:inaugural bible
2928:
2920:
2878:founding events
2877:
2870:
2817:Newburgh letter
2807:Culper Spy Ring
2719:Siege of Boston
2714:Boston campaign
2665:Jumonville Glen
2655:Military career
2645:
2643:Military career
2637:
2587:
2582:
2540:
2530:
2513:
2500:
2486:
2473:
2464:
2462:
2451:
2445:
2428:
2422:
2405:
2399:
2386:
2380:
2367:
2361:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1809:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1635:Williams (1988)
1633:
1629:
1623:Williams (1988)
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1501:. July 31, 1871
1493:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1200:. March 1, 1998
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1003:
995:
991:
981:
979:
974:
973:
969:
953:
952:
948:
940:
936:
931:
926:
925:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
885:
880:
852:
847:
845:
842:
837:
836:
835:
832:
829:
820:
817:
808:
805:
796:
793:
782:
781:
742:flag of Indiana
738:flag of Georgia
661:
622:Charles Thomson
618:
610:Bennington flag
570:circle of stars
550:
515:
498:
467:
461:
402:Flag Resolution
375:first U.S. flag
359:
250:Betsy Ross 1777
243:
179: Claypoole
121:
93:Betsy Ross flag
22:Betsy Ross Flag
17:
12:
11:
5:
4606:
4604:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4539:Thomas Willing
4536:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4502:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4480:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4278:
4276:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4182:
4181:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4159:Deborah Squash
4156:
4151:
4149:Hercules Posey
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:William Costin
4126:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4045:(half-brother)
4040:
4039:(half-brother)
4034:
4028:
4022:
4016:
4010:
4004:
3997:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3879:Federalist Era
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:Mount Rushmore
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3185:Life and homes
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3171:Town Destroyer
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2853:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2831:
2829:Evacuation Day
2826:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2615:
2608:
2602:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2538:External links
2536:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2511:
2498:
2484:
2471:
2449:
2443:
2426:
2420:
2403:
2397:
2384:
2378:
2365:
2359:
2342:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2293:
2271:
2245:
2234:
2209:
2183:
2161:
2159:, p. 207.
2149:
2137:
2130:
2100:
2071:
2045:
2023:
1998:
1986:
1975:
1964:
1953:
1942:
1931:
1914:
1912:, p. 113.
1899:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1845:
1838:
1817:
1807:
1789:
1763:
1751:
1730:
1728:, p. 181.
1718:
1706:
1694:
1663:
1661:, p. 244.
1651:
1649:, p. 256.
1639:
1627:
1615:
1613:, p. 118.
1603:
1578:
1576:, p. 161.
1566:
1538:
1512:
1486:
1484:, p. 173.
1474:
1456:
1447:
1445:, p. 117.
1435:
1410:
1398:
1380:
1365:
1361:Leepson (2004)
1353:
1351:, p. 356.
1341:
1322:
1308:
1297:
1280:
1254:
1235:
1233:, p. 248.
1223:
1221:, p. 358.
1211:
1185:
1159:
1144:
1127:
1125:, p. 176.
1108:
1082:
1056:
1047:
1001:
999:, p. 109.
989:
967:
946:
944:, p. 107.
933:
932:
930:
927:
924:
923:
910:
901:
892:
882:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
869:
864:
858:
857:
841:
838:
834:
833:
830:
823:
821:
818:
811:
809:
806:
799:
797:
794:
787:
784:
783:
779:
778:
777:
677:young Republic
660:
657:
649:King's Colours
617:
614:
549:
546:
514:
511:
507:Abraham Markoe
497:
494:
460:
457:
379:Margaret Manny
358:
355:
354:
353:
346:
339:
331:
328:
321:
320:
317:
310:
307:
304:
297:
242:
239:
216:Emanuel Leutze
167:celebrations.
150:vexillologists
120:
117:
87:
86:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
43:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4605:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4460:Robert Morris
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4385:merchant ship
4384:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Residence Act
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4272:United States
4269:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4235:Robert Morris
4229:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4194:
4193:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4134:Sarah Johnson
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4081:(grandmother)
4080:
4077:
4075:(grandfather)
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:Syng inkstand
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Republicanism
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Newark statue
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Boston statue
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Austin statue
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3545:Point of View
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3269:Custis estate
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Residence Act
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Asgill Affair
2822:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Aides-de-camp
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2593:
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2145:Cooper (1973)
2141:
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2119:
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2104:
2101:
2089:
2085:
2081:
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2072:
2060:
2056:
2049:
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2034:
2027:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1996:, p. 25.
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1954:
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1946:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1932:
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1926:
1918:
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1911:
1906:
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1900:
1897:, p. 34.
1896:
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1882:, p. 44.
1881:
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1761:, p. 29.
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:. p. 10.
1747:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1726:Miller (2010)
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:Cooper (1973)
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:Cooper (1973)
1698:
1695:
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1678:
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1664:
1660:
1659:Preble (1882)
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:Preble (1882)
1643:
1640:
1637:, p. 48.
1636:
1631:
1628:
1625:, p. 44.
1624:
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1588:
1582:
1579:
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1574:Miller (2010)
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1408:, p. 66.
1407:
1402:
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1378:, p. 32.
1377:
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1363:, p. 50.
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1357:
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1349:Miller (2010)
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1268:Baltimore Sun
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1231:Preble (1882)
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262:Robert Morris
259:
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241:Canby Account
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189:and relative
188:
187:Robert Morris
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29:
25:
19:
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4544:Haym Salomon
4506:
4475:
4468:
4467:Depicted in
4459:
4382:
4360:Other events
4185:
4178:John Adams →
4176:
4091:George Reade
4079:Mildred Gale
3962:
3936:Conway Cabal
3891:Coat of arms
3849:Bibliography
3826:
3818:
3810:
3802:
3794:
3787:The Crossing
3786:
3778:
3773:1986 sequel)
3765:
3599:Paris statue
3544:
3516:
3509:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3434:
3426:
3418:
3410:
3403:plaster copy
3395:
3377:
3373:Purple Heart
3207:Mount Vernon
3144:public image
2844:Purple Heart
2773:Valley Forge
2517:
2506:
2502:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2457:
2432:
2409:
2388:
2369:
2348:
2333:
2325:Bibliography
2310:. Retrieved
2305:
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2274:
2262:. Retrieved
2257:
2248:
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2221:
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2200:. Retrieved
2196:
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2164:
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2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2026:
2016:November 16,
2014:. Retrieved
2001:
1989:
1978:
1967:
1956:
1945:
1934:
1924:
1917:
1875:
1863:
1854:
1848:
1829:
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1798:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1754:
1743:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1687:February 15,
1685:. Retrieved
1681:the original
1677:Common-Place
1676:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1596:November 16,
1594:. Retrieved
1581:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1524:
1515:
1505:November 16,
1503:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
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1413:
1401:
1390:
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1316:
1311:
1300:
1290:
1283:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1257:
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1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1197:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1171:
1162:
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1137:
1130:
1101:November 16,
1099:. Retrieved
1095:
1085:
1073:. Retrieved
1069:
1059:
1050:
1021:
1017:
1004:
992:
980:. Retrieved
970:
959:
949:
937:
913:
904:
895:
886:
862:Cowpens flag
766:
750:flag of Ohio
731:
711:Donald Trump
703:
696:
690:
688:
681:
674:
619:
606:Cowpens flag
603:
588:
583:
563:
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499:
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395:
372:
350:Thomas Sully
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207:
199:
195:
169:
154:
141:Philadelphia
135:
129:
92:
90:
18:
4144:William Lee
3797:(2006 film)
3789:(2000 film)
3781:(1989 film)
3429:(Greenough)
2614:(1775–1783)
2607:(1798–1799)
2601:(1789–1797)
2509:(1): 42–52.
2312:October 22,
2227:January 20,
2202:January 20,
1428:October 24,
1273:November 1,
1204:November 8,
1178:November 1,
997:Vile (2018)
942:Vile (2018)
695:(1792) and
535:Freemasonry
336:George Read
266:George Ross
191:George Ross
4593:Betsy Ross
4572:Categories
4413:Early life
4139:Oney Judge
3901:River Farm
3819:Washington
3437:(Trumbull)
3413:(Ceracchi)
3340:depictions
3197:Birthplace
3192:Early life
3066:Jay Treaty
2926:Presidency
2876:Other U.S.
2494:2018010859
2222:1000 Logos
2176:August 14,
2120:. p.
2064:August 13,
1559:August 16,
1075:August 21,
929:References
748:, and the
463:See also:
357:First Flag
137:Betsy Ross
130:Betsy Ross
113:Betsy Ross
54:Proportion
4478:, Chicago
4069:(brother)
4063:(brother)
4057:(brother)
4009:(stepson)
3547:sculpture
3512:paintings
3335:Memorials
3217:Gristmill
3142:Views and
2931:timeline)
2465:April 29,
1042:1071-0043
773:team logo
715:Joe Biden
637:cochineal
566:flag acts
459:Symbolism
445:design.
413:Resolved,
400:passed a
343:affidavit
4192:Category
4099:(nephew)
4051:(sister)
4033:(mother)
4027:(father)
3956:patriots
3921:Category
3827:Hamilton
3688:Currency
3421:(Canova)
3398:(Houdon)
2864:Blueskin
2628:Delegate
2618:Delegate
2455:(1882).
1782:July 22,
840:See also
727:Delaware
723:New York
578:Saratoga
531:heraldry
421:Standard
4522:Related
4488:village
3842:Related
3529:Statues
3212:Fishery
3121:Cabinet
2855:Horses
2630:to the
2620:to the
2286:July 8,
2264:July 8,
2093:July 4,
2038:July 6,
1531:July 2,
1336:History
1172:LOC.gov
982:July 3,
641:aniline
556:A 1782
542:ensigns
496:Stripes
425:serpent
406:ensigns
81:Various
62:Adopted
4556:Alfred
4507:Morris
4442:Legacy
4107:Slaves
4003:(wife)
3993:Family
3176:Legacy
2859:Nelson
2634:(1774)
2624:(1775)
2526:
2492:
2482:
2441:
2418:
2395:
2376:
2357:
2128:
1836:
1805:
1040:
1028:: 97.
752:. The
744:, the
740:, the
736:, the
655:flag.
633:indigo
616:Colors
608:, the
548:Circle
279:design
109:canton
70:Design
4119:Betty
2338:(PDF)
1550:(PDF)
1422:(PDF)
1018:Raven
1014:(PDF)
878:Notes
527:Stars
513:Stars
57:10:19
4554:USS
4505:USS
4406:Life
4114:List
3832:film
3664:Arch
3338:and
3116:1796
3111:1793
3106:1792
3101:1791
2524:ISBN
2490:LCCN
2480:ISBN
2467:2022
2439:ISBN
2416:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2314:2019
2288:2019
2266:2019
2229:2020
2204:2020
2178:2019
2126:ISBN
2095:2019
2066:2019
2040:2019
2018:2019
1834:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1784:2019
1689:2009
1598:2019
1561:2019
1533:2019
1507:2019
1430:2019
1275:2019
1206:2021
1180:2019
1103:2019
1077:2011
1038:ISSN
984:2019
725:and
713:and
635:and
630:dyes
539:Navy
312:The
264:and
91:The
65:1777
4493:dam
2596:1st
2011:339
1591:464
1030:doi
651:or
576:at
521:or
210:by
177:née
41:Use
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