1284:
1161:
968:
33:
77:
235:
1453:
52:
1089:
1541:, or can be fermented into an ale or wine. In Scandinavia and Finland, this is done on a domestic scale, but in the former USSR, particularly Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, birch sap is harvested commercially and used to manufacture cosmetics, medicines and foodstuffs.
1048:
Downy birch can be distinguished from silver birch with its smooth, downy shoots, which are hairless and warty in silver birch. The bark of the downy birch is a dull greyish white, whereas the silver birch has striking white, papery bark with black fissures. The leaf margins also differ, finely
947:, readily colonising cleared land, but later being replaced by taller, more long-lived species. The bark can be stripped off without killing the tree and the bark and the timber is used for turnery and in the manufacture of plywood, furniture, shelves, coffins, matches, toys and
1013:
is a pendulous, cylindrical aggregate 1 to 4 cm (0.4 to 1.6 in) long and 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) wide which disintegrates at maturity, releasing the individual seeds; these seeds are 2 mm (0.08 in) long with two small wings along the side.
1306:
and other tree species. In outbreak years, large areas of birch forest can be defoliated by this insect. Damage to the leaf tissue stimulates the tree to produce chemicals that reduce foliage quality, retarding the growth of the larvae and reducing their pupal weights.
1223:(dwarf birch) and is characterised by its shrubby habit, smaller leaves, resinous glands and the smaller wings on the fruit. A number of cultivars have been grown but many are no longer in cultivation. They include "Armenian gold", "Arnold Brembo" (scented foliage),
1122:
which establishes itself readily in new areas away from the parent tree. This allows other woodland trees to become established and the birch, a short-lived tree, eventually gets crowded out as its seedlings are intolerant of shady conditions.
1514:, a traditional Easter food, was packed and baked in boxes of birch bark. Nowadays, cardboard boxes are used, but imprinted with the typical bark pattern. Birch bark was used as an emergency food in times of famine; in
1105:
has a wide distribution in northern and central Europe and Asia. Its range extends from
Newfoundland, Iceland, the British Isles and Spain eastwards across northern and central Europe and Asia as far as the
1152:, and is the only tree to form woodland in Iceland. At one time the island is thought to have been covered in downy birch woodland, but that cover is reduced to about one percent of the land surface today.
936:) feeds on the foliage and in some years, large areas of birch forest can be defoliated by this insect. Many fungi are associated with the tree and certain pathogenic fungi are the causal agents of
989:
growing to 10 to 20 m (33 to 66 ft) tall (rarely to 27 m), with a slender crown and a trunk up to 70 cm (28 in) (exceptionally 1 m) in diameter, with smooth but dull grey-white
1522:, wood pulp, straw, husks and moss. In Iceland, trimmings of birch trees are used with birch sap in the making of a sweet birch liqueur. The removal of bark was at one time so widespread that
2040:
928:
Six varieties are recognised and it hybridises with the silver and dwarf birches. A number of cultivars have been developed but many are no longer in cultivation. The larva of the
1526:
expressed his concern for the survival of the woodlands. The leaves can be infused with boiling water to make a tea, and extracts of the plant have been used as herbal remedies.
1130:
than any other broadleaf tree. Specimens of the subarctic populations are usually small and very contorted, and are often distinguished as arctic downy birch or mountain birch,
1487:. The timber is pale in colour with a fine, uniform texture and is used in the manufacture of plywood, furniture, shelves, coffins, matches and toys, and in turnery.
2796:
2504:
2816:
2569:
2751:
2266:
2801:
1053:
requirements, with downy birch more common on wet, poorly drained sites, such as clays and peat bogs, and silver birch found mainly on dry, sandy soils.
2452:
2048:
2517:
2465:
1001:
are ovate-acute, 2 to 5 cm (0.8 to 2.0 in) long and 1.5 to 4.5 cm (0.6 to 1.8 in) broad, with a finely serrated margin. The
2651:
2171:
2024:
955:. The rising sap in spring can be used to make refreshing drinks, wines, ales and liqueurs and various parts of the tree have been used in
982:
is commonly known as downy birch, with other common names including moor birch, white birch, European white birch or hairy birch. It is a
1283:
2426:
2296:
2786:
1674:
1537:
can be tapped in spring to obtain a sugary fluid. This can be consumed fresh, concentrated into a syrup similar to the better-known
2806:
1267:
1261:
76:
2491:
2776:
2522:
2630:
2144:
2556:
1076:(with four sets of chromosomes). In Iceland, dwarf birch and downy birch sometimes hybridise, the resulting plants being
1041:(and cause confusion by combining the downy birch's alternative vernacular name, white birch, with the scientific name
2766:
2677:
2236:
2664:
2574:
917:), but grows in wetter places with heavier soils and poorer drainage; smaller trees can also be confused with the
2811:
2781:
2771:
2791:
2761:
2210:
1440:, can affect planted trees, while naturally regenerated trees seem less susceptible. This disease also affects
1334:
2669:
1878:
Väre, H. 2001: Mountain birch taxonomy and floristics of mountain birch woodlands. â In
Wielgolaski, E. (ed.)
1506:, just below the outer bark, was dried, ground up and blended with wheat flour to make a traditional loaf. In
1436:
1160:
225:
2444:
2286:
1599:
1370:
967:
2439:
2307:
1328:
1323:
1915:
Govaerts, R.; Michielsen, K.; Jablonski, E. (2011). "Untraced
Weeping Broadleaf cultivars: an overview".
1807:
1475:
and has been used as a brown dye and as a preservative. The bark can also be turned into a high quality
1430:
1394:
1110:
region in
Siberia. The range extends southwards to about 40°N, its southernmost limit being Turkey, the
209:
2345:
1358:
2470:
1854:
1376:
2584:
2400:
1965:
1400:
1382:
2278:
2092:
1584:
1388:
1364:
182:
41:
32:
2548:
2723:
2656:
2392:
2161:
2019:. Meddr Grønland, Bioscience. Vol. 33. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 77â80.
1989:
1781:
1418:
1287:
247:
71:
1934:
1463:
The outer layer of bark can be stripped off the tree without killing it and can be used to make
2509:
1444:
and in 2000 was reported at many of the sites planted with birch in
Scotland during the 1990s.
2605:
2374:
2273:
2167:
2020:
1981:
1732:
1670:
1352:
1050:
1049:
serrated in downy birch, coarsely double-toothed in silver birch. The two have differences in
2008:
1896:
2705:
2610:
2535:
1973:
1948:
Haukioja, Erkki; Hanhimäki, Sinikka (1985). "Rapid wound-induced resistance in white birch (
1750:
1722:
1714:
1579:
1467:
skins, drinking vessels and roofing tiles. The inner bark can be used for the production of
2756:
2592:
2148:
1119:
1115:
956:
944:
114:
1969:
1634:
1452:
2638:
1727:
1694:
1561:
1340:
1064:), both species being morphologically variable. All three species can be distinguished
910:
906:
234:
101:
2643:
1956:: a comparison of trees and moths within and outside the outbreak range of the moth".
2745:
2620:
2530:
2119:
1570:
1523:
1519:
1425:
1295:
1256:
1034:
990:
951:. The inner bark is edible and it was ground up and used in bread-making in times of
948:
937:
929:
61:
56:
2260:
1993:
1045:
of the other species), but they are regarded as distinct species throughout Europe.
2728:
1412:
1169:
1088:
1065:
1026:
972:
2379:
2356:
1479:
favoured by artists. The twigs and young branches are very flexible and make good
2715:
2682:
2561:
2543:
2478:
2339:
2141:
1885:: 35â46. UNESCO-Paris and The Parthenon Publishing Group, New York & London.
1693:
ThĂłrsson, Ă.Th.; PĂĄlsson, S.; Sigurgeirsson, A.; Anamthawat-JĂłnsson, K. (2007).
1538:
1491:
1406:
1271:, which grows into an umbrella-shaped tree with weeping branches but no leader.
1140:
1107:
1057:
1038:
918:
1346:
1319:
1255:(variegated) and "Yellow wings". Two others, described by the German botanist
1073:
160:
2431:
2330:
971:
The branches are upward or horizontally spread, but never pendulous (as with
2413:
2292:
2070:
1518:
in 1127â28, desperate people ate it along with such things as the leaves of
1459:
is a pioneering species, seen expanding its altitudinal range here in Norway
1165:
1149:
983:
894:
1985:
1736:
1096:
2695:
2690:
2324:
1718:
1515:
1511:
1476:
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1111:
1077:
994:
127:
2597:
2366:
2457:
2387:
2187:
1977:
1507:
1145:
1069:
1056:
In more northerly locations, downy birch can also be confused with the
150:
2483:
1503:
1472:
1311:
1196:
1127:
1006:
1002:
952:
898:
140:
2301:
1144:). This variety is notable as being one of very few trees native to
2496:
2418:
1484:
1480:
1464:
1451:
1282:
1159:
1087:
1010:
966:
170:
88:
2265:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
2405:
1471:
and for making a form of oiled paper. This bark is also rich in
1468:
998:
986:
902:
2305:
1880:
Nordic
Mountain Birch Ecosystems. Man and the biosphere series
1326:
on living or dead wood. Some of the most common fungi include
1095:
near a path encircling a lake inside the Arctic Circle in
909:. It is closely related to, and often confused with, the
1215:). The latter has arisen from the hybridization of var.
1207:(arctic downy birch or mountain birch, formerly called
1072:(with two sets of chromosomes), whereas downy birch is
2017:
The
Greenland Mountain Birch Zone, Southwest Greenland
2118:
Sigrithur, Anna; MacGuire, Avery (24 November 2015).
1610:. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1265:, a cultivar with a leader and weeping branches, and
1025:
is closely related to, and often confused with, the
2314:
1703:(tetraploid) and their Triploid Hybrids in Iceland"
1009:, produced in early spring before the leaves. The
1841:The Genus Betula: A Taxonomic Revision of Birches
997:. The shoots are grey-brown with fine downy. The
1901:. TCR Press. pp. 69â70. GGKEY:AJHTYS4NG91.
1585:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194521A2344298.en
1502:as an ingredient in bread-making; the reddish
897:tree, native and abundant throughout northern
1898:Cultivars of Woody Plants: Baccharis to Buxus
1839:Ashburner, Kenneth; McAllister, Hugh (2013).
1175:Three varieties are recognised, the nominate
8:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1314:have been found growing in association with
2267:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
1910:
1908:
1834:
1832:
1126:Downy birch extends farther north into the
2302:
1688:
1686:
233:
50:
31:
20:
1726:
1583:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1560:Shaw, K.; Roy, S.; Wilson, B. (2017) .
1549:
1428:, associated with the fungal pathogens
1310:In Greenland, about seventy species of
905:, growing farther north than any other
260:
2797:Trees of continental subarctic climate
2237:"Birch sap: a seasonally active pulse"
1776:
1774:
1772:
1555:
1553:
1239:(shrubby with doubly serrate leaves),
2817:Taxa named by Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart
1843:. Royal Botanic Gardens. p. 300.
1494:of Scandinavia used the bark of both
1068:, silver birch and dwarf birch being
7:
2585:7983aefd-653e-40c4-ac8c-1b779774e9a5
2752:IUCN Red List least concern species
2163:Food and Famine in the 21st Century
1665:Vedel, Helge; Lange, Johan (1960).
1571:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
993:finely marked with dark horizontal
288:(Wahlenb.) MuĂąoz Garm. & Pedrol
2297:University of California, Berkeley
1080:(with three sets of chromosomes).
14:
2802:Trees of subpolar oceanic climate
2209:Lindahl, Julie (9 January 2011).
2670:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295185-1
2047:. Woodland Trust. Archived from
75:
1695:"Morphological Variation among
1290:larva feeding on the moor birch
1037:texts treat the two species as
2235:Caballero, Ana (1 July 2013).
2009:"Larger fungi associated with
1:
1669:. Methuen. pp. 141â143.
1164:Arctic downy birch forms the
1275:'Rubra' has maroon foliage.
412:Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd.
1952:) foliage to the geometrid
1917:Belgische Dendrologie Belge
1895:Hatch, Laurence C. (2015).
1138:. (not to be confused with
672:(Spach) Ă.LĂśve & D.LĂśve
2835:
2160:Dando, William A. (2012).
1608:Plants of the World Online
1302:) feeds on the foliage of
728:(I.V.Vassil.) V.N.Vassil.
253:
246:
241:
232:
215:
208:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
2787:Plants described in 1791
2166:. ABC-CLIO. p. 14.
2007:Elborne SA, Knudesen H.
1335:Chondrostereum purpureum
1259:in 1903, are also lost;
1084:Distribution and habitat
300:(Trautv. ex Regel) Holub
2807:Garden plants of Europe
1578:: e.T194521A116337224.
1437:Anisogramma virgultorum
1156:Varieties and cultivars
696:(N.I.Orlova) Hämet-Ahti
377:Betula broccembergensis
2140:Nordic Recipe Archive
1460:
1291:
1172:
1099:
1018:Species identification
976:
804:Reitter & Abeleven
660:Kallio & Y.Mäkinen
2777:Flora of the Caucasus
2073:. Forestry Commission
1788:. Plants For A Future
1455:
1426:Birch dieback disease
1395:Radulomyces confluens
1371:Mycena rubromarginata
1286:
1247:(leaf margins waxy),
1227:(shrubby and dwarf),
1163:
1091:
970:
938:birch dieback disease
873:), commonly known as
825:Betula transcaucasica
2211:"Bark Bread is back"
1935:"Lehtipuiden taimet"
1383:Peniophora incarnata
1329:Ceriporia reticulata
1191:(distributed in the
1005:are wind-pollinated
887:European white birch
833:Betula tricholepidea
2279:Plants for a Future
2051:on 20 February 2019
1970:1985Oecol..65..223H
1389:Phellinus lundellii
1365:Mycena galericulata
1235:(unlobed foliage),
637:Betula platyodontia
561:Betula macrostachya
449:Betula czerepanovii
441:Betula czerepanovii
369:Betula borysthenica
321:Betula asplenifolia
42:Conservation status
2767:Flora of Greenland
2274:"Betula pubescens"
2147:2015-09-23 at the
2071:"Dieback of birch"
1978:10.1007/BF00379221
1954:Epirrita autumnata
1755:spp. distribution"
1719:10.1093/aob/mcm060
1461:
1431:Marssonina betulae
1419:Tyromyces chioneus
1300:Epirrita autumnata
1292:
1173:
1100:
977:
934:Epirrita autumnata
893:, is a species of
841:Betula urticifolia
812:(Custor) Schleich.
733:Betula rhombifolia
585:Betula microdontia
577:Betula megaloptera
461:Betula dalecarlica
385:Betula browicziana
2739:
2738:
2606:Open Tree of Life
2308:Taxon identifiers
2239:. Nordic Food Lab
2190:. Foss Distillery
2173:978-1-59884-730-7
2122:. Nordic Food Lab
2026:978-87-635-1204-6
1757:. Linnaeus Server
1359:Inonotus radiatus
1353:Inonotus obliquus
1294:The larva of the
1251:(nettle-leaved),
1231:(lobed foliage),
862:
861:
853:
845:
837:
829:
821:
813:
805:
797:
793:Betula subodorata
789:
781:Betula subarctica
777:
773:Betula subarctica
769:
765:Betula stenocarpa
761:
753:
749:Betula sajanensis
745:
737:
729:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
649:
641:
633:
625:
613:
605:
597:
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
553:Betula litwinowii
549:
541:
533:
521:
513:
505:
497:
493:Betula golitsinii
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
445:
437:
433:Betula coriifolia
429:
421:
413:
405:
401:Betula canadensis
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
357:
349:
341:
325:
317:
309:
301:
289:
277:
269:
242:Distribution map
201:B. pubescens
65:
2824:
2812:Ornamental trees
2782:Flora of Siberia
2772:Flora of Iceland
2732:
2731:
2719:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2673:
2672:
2660:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2618:Panartic Flora:
2614:
2613:
2601:
2600:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2562:NBNSYS0000003829
2552:
2551:
2539:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2499:
2487:
2486:
2474:
2473:
2461:
2460:
2448:
2447:
2435:
2434:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2408:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2346:Betula pubescens
2335:
2334:
2333:
2316:Betula pubescens
2303:
2295:photo database,
2288:Betula pubescens
2283:
2262:Betula pubescens
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2215:Nordic Wellbeing
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2157:
2151:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2099:. Wood Solutions
2095:Betula pubescens
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2043:Betula pubescens
2037:
2031:
2030:
2011:Betula pubescens
2004:
1998:
1997:
1950:Betula pubescens
1945:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1886:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1857:Betula pubescens
1851:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1810:Betula pubescens
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1784:Betula pubescens
1778:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1713:(6): 1183â1193.
1707:Annals of Botany
1690:
1681:
1680:
1667:Trees and Bushes
1662:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1637:Betula pubescens
1631:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1602:Betula pubescens
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1564:Betula pubescens
1557:
1457:Betula pubescens
1377:Panellus ringens
1304:Betula pubescens
1273:Betula pubescens
1177:Betula pubescens
1103:Betula pubescens
1093:Betula pubescens
980:Betula pubescens
866:Betula pubescens
851:
843:
835:
827:
819:
811:
803:
801:Betula tomentosa
795:
787:
775:
767:
759:
757:Betula sokolowii
751:
743:
741:Betula rotundata
735:
727:
725:Betula recurvata
719:
713:Betula pubescens
707:
701:Betula pubescens
695:
689:Betula pubescens
683:
677:Betula pubescens
671:
665:Betula pubescens
659:
653:Betula pubescens
647:
639:
631:
624:(Ledeb.) Rosenv.
623:
611:
603:
601:Betula nigricans
595:
587:
579:
571:
564:Schrad. ex Regel
563:
555:
547:
539:
537:Betula laciniata
532:(Regel) Sukaczev
531:
519:
511:
503:
495:
487:
485:Betula glutinosa
479:
471:
463:
455:
443:
435:
427:
419:
417:Betula caucasica
411:
409:Betula carpatica
403:
395:
387:
379:
371:
363:
355:
347:
340:(Tausch) Tzvelev
339:
323:
315:
307:
299:
287:
275:
267:
265:Betula acuminata
237:
221:
219:Betula pubescens
187:
80:
79:
59:
54:
53:
35:
25:Betula pubescens
21:
16:Species of birch
2834:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2792:Trees of Europe
2762:Flora of Europe
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2704:
2702:
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2593:Observation.org
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2219:
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2208:
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2203:
2193:
2191:
2188:"BjĂśrk Liqueur"
2186:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2159:
2158:
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2149:Wayback Machine
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945:pioneer species
858:
817:Betula tortuosa
809:Betula torfacea
596:Gaudin ex Regel
593:Betula murithii
517:Betula krylovii
509:Betula jacutica
501:Betula hackelii
436:Tausch ex Regel
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420:Litv. ex Leskov
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1442:Betula pendula
1341:Exidia repanda
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57:Least Concern
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22:
19:
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2241:. Retrieved
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
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2192:. Retrieved
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2155:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2094:
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2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2042:
2035:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1961:
1957:
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1813:
1809:
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1790:. Retrieved
1783:
1759:. Retrieved
1752:
1745:
1710:
1706:
1701:B. pubescens
1700:
1696:
1666:
1643:. Retrieved
1641:. NatureGate
1636:
1612:. Retrieved
1607:
1601:
1594:
1575:
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1563:
1534:
1531:B. pubescens
1530:
1528:
1499:
1496:B. pubescens
1495:
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1413:Tubulicrinis
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1316:B. pubescens
1315:
1309:
1303:
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1272:
1268:pendula nana
1266:
1260:
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1243:(hairless),
1240:
1236:
1233:integrifolia
1232:
1228:
1225:crenata nana
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
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1188:
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1170:Fennoscandia
1139:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1061:
1055:
1047:
1042:
1030:
1027:silver birch
1023:B. pubescens
1022:
1021:
979:
978:
973:silver birch
942:
933:
927:
922:
914:
911:silver birch
890:
886:
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878:
877:and also as
874:
870:
865:
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792:
784:
780:
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764:
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732:
724:
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705:hibernifolia
704:
700:
693:czerepanovii
692:
688:
680:
676:
668:
664:
656:
652:
644:
636:
629:Betula ovata
628:
620:
616:
608:
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592:
584:
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569:Betula major
568:
560:
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545:Betula lenta
544:
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460:
452:
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345:Betula aurea
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121:
108:
95:
24:
18:
2544:NatureServe
2479:iNaturalist
2340:Wikispecies
2120:"Tree bark"
1699:(diploid),
1697:Betula nana
1539:maple syrup
1492:Sami people
1407:Trechispora
1249:urticifolia
1168:in most of
1108:Lake Baikal
1062:Betula nana
1058:dwarf birch
1039:conspecific
963:Description
919:dwarf birch
891:hairy birch
883:white birch
875:downy birch
871:Betula alba
828:V.N.Vassil.
752:V.N.Vassil.
512:V.N.Vassil.
496:V.N.Vassil.
356:V.N.Vassil.
337:rhombifolia
316:V.N.Vassil.
293:Betula alba
281:Betula alba
273:Betula alba
115:Angiosperms
2746:Categories
2639:Plant List
2269:(EUFORGEN)
1545:References
1535:B. pendula
1520:lime trees
1500:B. pendula
1347:Hyphoderma
1189:litwinowii
1118:. It is a
1074:tetraploid
1043:B. pendula
1031:B. pendula
915:B. pendula
879:moor birch
785:pojarkovae
681:columnaris
520:G.V.Krylov
444:N.I.Orlova
428:Gunnarsson
179:Subgenus:
161:Betulaceae
2644:kew-21636
2445:233500262
2293:CalPhotos
1958:Oecologia
1416:spp. and
1320:parasites
1253:variegata
1237:murigthii
1217:pubescens
1181:pubescens
1166:tree line
1150:Greenland
995:lenticels
984:deciduous
895:deciduous
720:T.Ulvinen
708:T.Ulvinen
684:T.Ulvinen
453:nasarovii
297:glutinosa
195:Species:
85:Kingdom:
2713:VASCAN:
2691:Tropicos
2549:2.150156
2510:10256036
2497:295185-1
2364:BioLib:
2325:Wikidata
2243:12 March
2145:Archived
2142:"Origin"
2126:12 March
1994:21068225
1986:28310669
1923:: 19â30.
1864:21 March
1855:"GRIN â
1821:21 March
1808:"GRIN â
1737:17495985
1516:Novgorod
1477:charcoal
1324:saprobes
1245:undulata
1241:ponitica
1213:tortuosa
1193:Caucasus
1114:and the
1112:Caucasus
1078:triploid
1033:). Many
669:borealis
657:appressa
621:tortuosa
285:glabrata
248:Synonyms
157:Family:
128:Eudicots
62:IUCN 3.1
2696:3600019
2458:9118014
2406:1149353
2388:Ecocrop
2331:Q157624
2291:in the
2220:21 July
1966:Bibcode
1728:3243578
1614:8 April
1508:Finland
1279:Ecology
1262:pendula
1221:B. nana
1211:subsp.
1146:Iceland
1141:B. nana
1070:diploid
1051:habitat
1007:catkins
1003:flowers
923:B. nana
852:Salisb.
788:Tzvelev
691:subsp.
667:subsp.
612:Bechst.
604:Wender.
556:Doluch.
480:Wender.
472:Dumort.
456:Tzvelev
380:Bechst.
295:subsp.
184:Betula
167:Genus:
151:Fagales
147:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
2757:Betula
2706:469010
2703:uBio:
2652:PLANTS
2621:610206
2611:456846
2582:NZOR:
2536:194521
2523:183543
2484:119061
2432:161725
2357:223837
2354:APDB:
2194:11 May
2170:
2103:11 May
2077:10 May
2055:10 May
2023:
1992:
1984:
1814:pumila
1792:11 May
1761:11 May
1753:Betula
1735:
1725:
1673:
1645:10 May
1504:phloem
1485:brooms
1481:whisks
1473:tannin
1410:spp.,
1229:incisa
1205:pumila
1199:) and
1197:Turkey
1136:pumila
1128:Arctic
1097:Tromsø
999:leaves
953:famine
899:Europe
869:(syn.
836:Kindb.
820:Ledeb.
796:Kindb.
776:Orlova
768:Kindb.
736:Tausch
648:Loudon
640:Kindb.
632:K.Koch
588:Kindb.
580:Kindb.
572:Gilib.
548:Du Roi
540:Thunb.
525:Betula
488:Wallr.
404:K.Koch
372:Klokov
348:Steud.
333:aurata
329:Betula
268:Kindb.
188:Betula
172:Betula
141:Rosids
2657:BEPU5
2628:PFI:
2575:38787
2505:IRMNG
2427:EUNIS
2419:BETPB
1990:S2CID
1812:var.
1604:Ehrh"
1529:Both
1512:mämmi
1465:canoe
1350:spp,
1318:, as
1312:fungi
1209:B. p.
1203:var.
1201:B. p.
1187:var.
1185:B. p.
1179:var.
1134:var.
1132:B. p.
1011:fruit
783:var.
760:Regel
717:rubra
655:var.
619:var.
451:var.
388:GĂźner
364:Spach
335:var.
324:Regel
283:var.
226:Ehrh.
186:subg.
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
2716:3701
2683:2269
2665:POWO
2598:6466
2570:NCBI
2531:IUCN
2518:ITIS
2492:IPNI
2471:7139
2466:GRIN
2453:GBIF
2414:EPPO
2393:3722
2380:LPDF
2367:3435
2245:2016
2222:2011
2196:2016
2168:ISBN
2128:2016
2105:2016
2079:2016
2057:2016
2021:ISBN
1982:PMID
1921:2009
1866:2016
1823:2016
1794:2016
1763:2016
1733:PMID
1671:ISBN
1647:2016
1616:2021
1576:2014
1533:and
1498:and
1490:The
1483:and
1469:rope
1448:Uses
1434:and
1219:and
1195:and
1148:and
991:bark
987:tree
903:Asia
744:Beck
464:L.f.
396:Notø
257:List
2724:WFO
2678:RHS
2631:247
2557:NBN
2440:FNA
2401:EoL
2375:CoL
1974:doi
1723:PMC
1715:doi
1580:doi
1322:or
925:).
889:or
715:f.
703:f.
679:f.
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1980:.
1972:.
1962:65
1960:.
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276:L.
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1996:.
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