527:
741:, 27 Breton nationalists were condemned to death and executed, the majority of them were members of Bezen Perrot. Still, the core members of the organisation evaded arrest, staying back in France and Germany, or fleeing to Brazil, Spain, Argentina and Ireland. A few returned to Brittany in the 1950s to face trial. Despite its small size, Bezen Perrot left a legacy of brutality and wartime atrocities that stigmatised the entire Breton nationalist movement. Dozens of relatively moderate Breton autonomists and regionalists received sentences of between five and ten years of imprisonment. It was not until the 1960s that organisations such as the
646:
43:
1257:
572:. Its initial 33 members were recruited from a variety of Breton nationalist organisations, some of which had already served in collaborationist militias. Terms of enlistment specified that it would only engage French opponents within the borders of Brittany. On 15 December, Bezen Kadoudal was renamed as Bezen Perrot (Perrot Unit), in honour of Jean-Marie Perrot who had been assassinated by a communist
356:
427:. British police informed their French colleagues of the incident, prompting the surveillance of Breton radicals. Six members of Service Spécial were arrested, but a five-month interrogation failed to produce any incriminating evidence leading to their release. A shipment of arms, munitions and propaganda material was delivered successfully and hidden in caches with the help of
453:. On 20 October, Breton nationalist parties were suppressed, and their property was confiscated as enemy goods. Lainé was recalled into the army, promptly convicted of sowing defeatism within his unit, and sentenced to five years of imprisonment by a military tribunal. Other nationalists followed his orders, defecting to the Germans at any suitable opportunity. Abwehr and
406:, an Abwehr agent, who converted Lainé to Nordic neopaganism. Lainé returned to Brittany in 1937, relegating Gwenn ha du the responsibility of sabotage and forming Kadevernn a group that was intended to be the nucleus of a Breton national army. Lainé's most trusted supporters from the two groups were placed in Service Spécial, a secret special operations unit.
417:. Their actual mission involved establishing contact with Abwehr's Department II, which was tasked with organising subversive activities abroad. Lainé and Gwenn ha du chief of operations Herve Helloco followed in July 1939. In early August, a crate containing 50 kilograms (110 lb) of Breton nationalist propaganda and seditious slogans such as
587:
evaders, and members of the resistance. Their knowledge of the Breton language was prized, enabling the German authorities to intercept arms drops and infiltrate Breton resistance networks which used it to encode their communications. In March, their civilian clothing was replaced by the uniform of
228:
where it was dissolved in the aftermath of the German surrender. Part of the group, including Lainé, managed to evade arrest, while others were imprisoned or executed in the post-war pursuit of wartime collaborators. Bezen Perrot left a legacy of brutality, hampering attempts to form an independent
580:. At top strength, the unit numbered 80 members—the pseudonyms of 65 of whom are recorded. Pseudonyms were used to protect the members' identities. It was headed by Lainé, and his assistants, field commander Ange Péresse and Jean Chanteau, the individual responsible for intelligence.
604:
of whom 12 were later sent to concentration camps. The summer months of 1944 were marked by an increase in resistance activities. Between 16 May and 23 July, Bezen Perrot took part in 14 counter-insurgency operations. The most notable of them was a fire fight between
267:, which was actively discouraged by the French education system, became a subject of contention. By 1914, the Breton language had been embraced by the region's intellectuals who used it creating a literary revival. The language issue, however, failed to reach the masses.
387:. Gwenn ha du attracted the support of many young nationalists who had become disillusioned with the failure of mainstream political parties to gain ground in formal elections. Gwenn ha du ceased its operations between 1933 and 1936, while Lainé was working at the
705:
where they received sabotage and radio operation training. The fourth group consisted of members who were unsuitable for all other tasks, a self-proclaimed propaganda section. The continued Allied pressure forced the 2nd and 3rd Groups to relocate to
513:. Lainé decided to aid the Germans in their anti-partisan operations directly, hoping for a change in policy regarding the question of Breton independence. He believed that the mere presence of a purely Breton force would inspire others to join his cause.
714:
in the same month. As
Germany's defeat seemed imminent, members were instructed to return to Brittany and go into hiding in areas where it was unlikely they would be recognised. Those who had not joined the Waffen-SS were left to fend for themselves.
633:, Hitler ordered the liquidation of all partisans and resistance fighters. On 14 July, 57 partisans were massacred in the village of Saint-Hilaire. Several days later, six female resistance fighters were shot in the chapel of
457:
set up separate concentration camps for Breton prisoners of war. Recruits from the camps were employed in the establishment of Breiz Radio, a propaganda radio station transmitting messages in Breton. Upon France's
383:. In August 1932, Gwenn ha du blew up a 21-year-old monument dedicated to the union of Brittany and France. Lainé was arrested, however, he was released after a former coworker provided him with an
1813:
1384:
697:, respectively. 18 other members received promotions and decorations owed to them. On 29 December, Lainé reorganized the unit into four groups of eight to ten men. The first group joined the
657:
In early August 1944, as Allied troops continued their advance from the north, Bezen Perrot was evacuated from Rennes, joining the
Germans in their retreat to the east. During the unit's stay in
1808:
1823:
482:
in the
Montoire Agreement, abandoning the idea of an independent Breton state to ensure French cooperation. Lu Brezon was partially disarmed, while the separatist leaders of the
1624:
509:(FTP) who continued to view them as traitors. The first such killing took place on 4 September 1943, with the shooting of Yann Bricler, a relative of Breton nationalist
497:, augmenting its presence in Brittany significantly. The majority of Breton nationalists adopted a neutral stance, refusing to join French collaborationist units such as the
583:
Bezen Perrot began operations in
January 1944. It was employed initially on guard and surveillance duty around German installations. It took part in the arrests of Jews,
180:
1798:
775:
498:
1704:
1654:
296:, and arguing that the traditionally federal Bretons were oppressed by the autocratic rulers of France. Support was to be sought instead in the north; the
526:
1369:
1209:
594:
304:
were portrayed as the implementations of a successful formula that was to be emulated should France find itself in dire straits. The incorporation of
1100:
1639:
1281:
1803:
1546:
1818:
1134:
Leach, Daniel (2010). "'A Sense of
Nordism': The Impact of Germanic Assistance upon the Militant Interwar Breton Nationalist Movement".
626:
444:
1833:
1374:
1496:
1338:
592:
that lacked any Breton insignia. They were armed with submachine guns and operated in conjunction with the French collaborationist
1828:
1634:
1629:
685:
in
December. On 16 December, the unit celebrated the first anniversary of its formation. Lainé and Péresse were promoted to
1343:
1286:
388:
1460:
1202:
584:
745:
revived armed struggle as a means of pursuing Breton independence, albeit on the opposite fringe of the political spectrum.
337:
into Breton nationalist circles. Ties with the ethnically German
Alsatians strengthened and with them the idea of accepting
1644:
662:
1729:
1724:
1455:
1060:
98:
1793:
1610:
1578:
1536:
506:
1551:
1379:
1363:
645:
1556:
1195:
742:
301:
1541:
1394:
1256:
409:
In
November 1938, two Service Spécial members departed for Germany under the pretext of pursuing a degree in
1677:
1590:
1511:
1501:
1240:
376:
259:, it retained a distinct sense of ethnic and linguistic identity which was increasingly emphasised by local
727:. Lainé stayed at a farm in the vicinity of Marburg until he was provided with false papers by Celtologist
1740:
1618:
1358:
1115:
724:
558:
531:
188:
737:
396:
308:
into France as a consequence of
Germany's defeat in World War I, led to the creation of an Alsatian
1078:
765:
661:, Chanteau deserted, causing others to follow his example. Three of the deserters later defected to the
600:
483:
414:
323:
670:
419:
1389:
1276:
618:
617:) on the side of the collaborationists. On 19 June, Bezen Perrot participated in the arrest and
490:
467:
466:. Kadevernn was renamed Lu Brezon (Breton Army). Its members took part in drills and studied Lainé's
372:
331:
196:
195:. It was made up of personnel from Lu Brezhon, a Breton nationalist militia, under the leadership of
132:
72:
1745:
1061:"The Breton Movement and the German Occupation 1940–44. Alan Heusaff and Bezen Perrot: A Case Study"
1757:
1600:
1563:
1399:
732:
707:
693:
687:
666:
564:
424:
103:
1752:
1694:
1682:
1470:
1423:
1409:
1151:
243:
221:
184:
108:
1271:
475:
401:
1475:
1429:
630:
552:
502:
494:
432:
212:
62:
1772:
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1307:
1143:
760:
543:
459:
392:
360:
344:
1687:
1480:
1450:
1091:
305:
264:
172:
148:
1568:
1526:
1348:
1302:
728:
542:
On 11 November 1943, Lainé transformed Lu Brezon into Bezen
Kadoudal, named after
410:
621:
of three resistance fighters. On 3 July, it executed 31 people in the village of
505:. In the meantime, Breton nationalists became targets of a guerilla campaign waged by
379:, a paramilitary group advocating the creation of an independent Breton state through
363:, created as a Breton nationalist symbol in 1923 and widely adopted in following years
1787:
1312:
1235:
1219:
1155:
770:
510:
380:
297:
285:
314:
1767:
1735:
1585:
1573:
702:
614:
479:
471:
450:
343:(German military intelligence) assistance, which was already being provided to the
256:
225:
192:
93:
48:
1667:
1662:
1164:
682:
610:
606:
547:
275:
271:
217:
203:
470:
neopagan religion and the doctrines of Celto–Nordism. On 24 October 1940,
355:
1434:
1322:
1147:
678:
622:
309:
280:
260:
202:
The unit became operational in January 1944 and participated in the arrest of
375:, a reserve artillery officer, gathered a small group of companions to found
1417:
1246:
754:
698:
634:
589:
454:
58:
550:
uprising of 1794–1800. Bezen Kadoudal was placed under the supervision of
650:
535:
428:
248:
207:
1762:
1465:
711:
598:. On 7 February 1944, it took part in the arrests of 37 suspected
463:
327:
293:
568:
Hans Grimm. Its headquarters were located at 7 Rue de Vincennes,
1187:
569:
339:
252:
501:, while sharing their hatred of what they perceived as a worldwide
16:
Collaborationist unit in German-occupied France during World War II
1385:
Office of the Reich Commissioner for Germanic Resettlement (RKFDV)
658:
644:
525:
384:
354:
289:
391:
plant in Loos, French Flanders. There, he established links with
629:
where they were exterminated. On 7 July, a month after the
576:
several days earlier. German documents record it under the name
449:
On 3 September, France declared war on Germany and entered
1191:
255:
in 1536. Although it was gradually integrated into the French
224:, it was gradually withdrawn easterwards into France and then
1101:"Bezen Perrot: The Breton Nationalist Unit of the SS, 1943–5"
613:
on 13 June which resulted in two deaths and one injury (
263:
and historians in the 19th century. The survival of the
903:
901:
776:
Irish Republican Army–Abwehr collaboration in World War II
710:
on 25 April 1945. The staff of Bezen Perrot moved to
284:("Brittany Forever") founded in 1919. In 1923, it adopted
1002:
1000:
493:
in June 1941 prompted many French communists to join the
723:
Germany finally surrendered on 11 May 1945, in the
1136:
European Review of History: Revue Européenne d'Histoire
673:
where it participated in the execution of 49 suspected
828:
826:
609:
commandos and Bezen Perrot members in the vicinity of
278:. However, the movement was revived by the periodical
701:, the second and third groups were dispatched to the
625:. Five were deported to Germany and four more to the
1814:
Military units and formations disestablished in 1945
1108:
E-Keltoi:Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies
206:, labour service evaders, and resistance members in
1717:
1653:
1609:
1519:
1510:
1489:
1443:
1408:
1331:
1295:
1264:
1228:
669:. On 15 August, Bezen Perrot was stationed in
126:
121:
86:
78:
68:
54:
36:
28:
23:
653:, showing raids in yellow and mass killings in red
562:Hartmut Pulmer, and under the military command of
1809:Military units and formations established in 1943
1824:German occupation of France during World War II
1042:
1018:
880:
805:
793:
312:movement that opposed the French imposition of
649:Maps of the operations of the Bezen Perrot in
499:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
220:of civilians. From August 1944, following the
1203:
462:, Lainé was freed by his comrades fleeing to
8:
152:
1516:
1210:
1196:
1188:
326:, which in turn facilitated the spread of
216:(SD) secret police as well as a number of
1030:
991:
967:
955:
943:
907:
735:in 1947 where he received asylum. During
274:in which many nationalists fought in the
786:
1799:Breton collaborators with Nazi Germany
1087:
1076:
20:
1380:Main Office for Ethnic Germans (VOMI)
1375:Office of Race and Settlement (RuSHA)
1006:
979:
931:
919:
892:
868:
856:
844:
832:
817:
546:, one of the leaders of the royalist
7:
1370:Economics and Administration Office
627:Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp
491:German invasion of the Soviet Union
445:Breton nationalism and World War II
270:Nationalist activity ceased during
210:under the leadership of the German
104:Anti-partisan operations in France
14:
538:, by German soldiers in July 1944
1255:
731:, allowing him to escape to the
641:Retreat and disbandment, 1944–45
578:Bretonische Waffenverband der SS
486:were replaced with autonomists.
347:and Alsatian separatists alike.
177:Bretonische Waffenverband der SS
41:
1287:Allgemeine-SS regional commands
530:Roundup of French civilians in
522:Operations in Brittany, 1943–44
288:ideals, drawing a line between
1497:SS-Begleitkommando des FĂĽhrers
1339:Personal Staff ReichsfĂĽhrer-SS
322:established contacts with the
1:
1804:Foreign units of Nazi Germany
1466:Secret State Police (Gestapo)
1344:Command Staff ReichsfĂĽhrer-SS
1163:O'Callaghan, Michael (1982).
663:French Forces of the Interior
1819:Anti-communist organizations
1730:German Earth and Stone Works
1725:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
1678:Germaansche SS in Vlaanderen
1601:Security Battalions (Greece)
1471:State Security Police (SiPo)
1444:Police and security services
757:- French Gestapo auxiliaries
1705:Finnish Volunteer Battalion
1673:Germaansche SS in Nederland
1481:Customs Border Guards (ZGS)
507:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
503:Judeo-Bolshevist conspiracy
367:Inspired by the message of
222:Allied landings in Normandy
1850:
1364:Reich Security Main Office
1059:Broderick, George (2005).
442:
241:
1834:Nazi war crimes in France
1718:SS-controlled enterprises
1253:
1148:10.1080/13507481003743559
743:Breton Revolutionary Army
556:(SD) (S.S. Intelligence)
318:("secularism"). In 1928,
302:Irish War of Independence
169:Breton SS Armed Formation
1476:SS Security Service (SD)
1410:Ideological institutions
1172:Durham University Thesis
1165:"Separatism in Brittany"
478:as the head of state of
439:Outbreak of World War II
395:, who introduced him to
1829:The Holocaust in France
1591:Order Police battalions
1502:Reichssicherheitsdienst
1461:Criminal police (Kripo)
1451:Uniformed police (Orpo)
1359:Head Operational Office
351:Interwar radicalization
1741:German Equipment Works
1456:Schutzpolizei (Schupo)
1114:: 1–38. Archived from
1099:Leach, Daniel (2008).
1086:Cite journal requires
725:French occupation zone
654:
539:
364:
189:German-occupied France
176:
1635:SS Division Totenkopf
1630:SS Division Das Reich
1625:Leibstandarte (LSSAH)
766:Raymond Davies Hughes
681:in October, reaching
648:
529:
484:Breton National Party
415:University of Rostock
358:
324:Alsace-Lorraine Party
82:80 (maximum strength)
1277:SS and police leader
1241:SS-Totenkopfverbände
677:. It passed through
619:forced disappearance
595:Selbstschutz Polizei
393:Flemish nationalists
183:unit established by
73:Intelligence service
1640:SS Polizei Division
1619:SS-VerfĂĽgungstruppe
1611:Waffen-SS divisions
1564:Rollkommando Hamann
820:, pp. 631–637.
733:Republic of Ireland
667:Liberation of Paris
559:ObersturmbannfĂĽhrer
425:Saint Aubin, Jersey
420:Why Die for Danzig?
397:Gerhard von Tevenar
185:Breton nationalists
1794:Breton nationalism
1695:British Free Corps
1683:Germanske SS Norge
1645:SS Division Wiking
1424:Das Schwarze Korps
1045:, pp. 99–117.
671:Creney-près-Troyes
665:, fighting in the
655:
540:
365:
244:Breton nationalism
238:Breton nationalism
167:), officially the
109:Battle of Normandy
1781:
1780:
1713:
1712:
1490:FĂĽhrer protection
1430:SS-Junker Schools
1121:on 4 January 2017
1033:, pp. 10–13.
1009:, pp. 25–27.
982:, pp. 21–23.
934:, pp. 19–20.
922:, pp. 17–18.
895:, pp. 12–16.
883:, pp. 95–98.
871:, pp. 10–12.
796:, pp. 51–55.
631:Normandy landings
553:Sicherheitsdienst
495:French Resistance
451:World War II
433:Jean-Marie Perrot
213:Sicherheitsdienst
193:World War II
138:
137:
63:Sicherheitsdienst
1841:
1753:Allach porcelain
1700:Kaminski Brigade
1655:Foreign SS units
1532:Schutzmannschaft
1517:
1400:Education Office
1395:Personnel Office
1354:SS Medical Corps
1332:Main departments
1318:Heinrich Himmler
1308:Joseph Berchtold
1259:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1169:
1159:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1120:
1105:
1095:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1065:
1046:
1043:O'Callaghan 1982
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1019:O'Callaghan 1982
1016:
1010:
1004:
995:
994:, pp. 8–10.
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
896:
890:
884:
881:O'Callaghan 1982
878:
872:
866:
860:
859:, pp. 8–10.
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
821:
815:
809:
806:O'Callaghan 1982
803:
797:
794:O'Callaghan 1982
791:
761:Special Brigades
738:épuration légale
708:FĂĽrstenfeldbruck
694:SturmscharfĂĽhrer
688:UntersturmfĂĽhrer
565:HauptscharfĂĽhrer
544:Georges Cadoudal
405:
361:flag of Brittany
272:World War I
181:collaborationist
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
47:
45:
44:
21:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1777:
1709:
1688:Schalburg Corps
1649:
1605:
1512:Waffen-SS units
1506:
1485:
1439:
1404:
1327:
1291:
1272:ReichsfĂĽhrer-SS
1260:
1251:
1224:
1216:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1167:
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1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1013:
1005:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
970:, pp. 8–9.
966:
962:
954:
950:
942:
938:
930:
926:
918:
914:
910:, pp. 5–7.
906:
899:
891:
887:
879:
875:
867:
863:
855:
851:
843:
839:
835:, pp. 5–7.
831:
824:
816:
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804:
800:
792:
788:
784:
751:
721:
643:
524:
519:
476:Philippe PĂ©tain
447:
441:
399:
353:
306:Alsace-Lorraine
265:Breton language
251:became part of
246:
240:
235:
164:
161:
158:
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141:
128:
117:
61:
42:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1816:
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1806:
1801:
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1779:
1778:
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1775:
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1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1746:Klinker-Zement
1743:
1738:
1733:
1721:
1719:
1715:
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1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1702:
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1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:Volksdeutscher
1571:
1569:Arajs Kommando
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1527:Einsatzgruppen
1523:
1521:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1487:
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1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
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1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1349:SS Main Office
1346:
1341:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1303:Julius Schreck
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1200:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1160:
1142:(4): 629–645.
1131:
1096:
1088:|journal=
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1031:Broderick 2005
1023:
1011:
996:
992:Broderick 2005
984:
972:
968:Broderick 2005
960:
956:Broderick 2005
948:
944:Broderick 2005
936:
924:
912:
908:Broderick 2005
897:
885:
873:
861:
849:
847:, p. 639.
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1520:Paramilitary
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1176:. Retrieved
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1123:. Retrieved
1116:the original
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145:Bezen Perrot
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94:World War II
49:Nazi Germany
24:Bezen Perrot
18:
1773:Anton Loibl
1758:Apollinaris
1668:Germanic-SS
1663:Austrian SS
1282:SS commands
607:Free French
548:Chouannerie
400: [
377:Gwenn ha du
369:Breizh Atao
320:Breizh Atao
276:French Army
261:folklorists
204:French Jews
87:Engagements
1788:Categories
1547:Lithuanian
1435:Lebensborn
1323:Karl Hanke
1265:Leadership
1052:References
1007:Leach 2008
980:Leach 2008
932:Leach 2008
920:Leach 2008
893:Leach 2008
869:Leach 2008
857:Leach 2008
845:Leach 2010
833:Leach 2008
818:Leach 2010
679:Strasbourg
675:maquisards
601:maquisards
474:installed
443:See also:
371:, in 1930
310:autonomist
281:Breiz Atao
233:Background
129:commanders
122:Commanders
37:Allegiance
1586:Trawnikis
1552:Ukrainian
1418:Ahnenerbe
1247:Waffen-SS
1156:153659806
755:Carlingue
719:Aftermath
699:Waffen-SS
635:Quistinic
590:Waffen-SS
574:résistant
532:Le Faouët
468:syncretic
455:Ahnenerbe
59:Waffen-SS
32:1943–1945
1557:Estonian
1229:Branches
749:See also
683:TĂĽbingen
651:Brittany
611:Ploërdut
536:Brittany
429:Scrignac
389:Kuhlmann
335:ideology
333:Völkisch
300:and the
249:Brittany
208:Brittany
1763:Mattoni
1621:(SS-VT)
1542:Latvian
1296:Leaders
1243:(SS-TV)
1174:: 1–239
712:Marburg
623:Locminé
464:Pontivy
431:priest
413:at the
345:Flemish
328:Nordism
315:laïcité
294:Bretons
191:during
156:
127:Notable
1732:(DEST)
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570:Rennes
460:defeat
340:Abwehr
253:France
173:German
149:Breton
55:Branch
46:
29:Active
1178:8 May
1168:(PDF)
1152:S2CID
1125:8 May
1119:(PDF)
1104:(PDF)
1069:8 May
1064:(PDF)
782:Notes
659:Paris
404:]
385:alibi
290:Gauls
1596:Hiwi
1223:(SS)
1180:2016
1127:2016
1092:help
1071:2016
691:and
588:the
489:The
359:The
330:and
292:and
153:lit.
143:The
79:Size
69:Type
1144:doi
187:in
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