463:. The brutal fight with the opposition could have led to the above-mentioned Pagan Reaction, but it was probably instigated by discontent against the power of the Church and with the state apparatus. Contemporary historiography places these riots in 1031–1032, during the reign of Bezprym. The reaction was not only of a religious background, but also social. Mainly it was a reflection of the economic situation caused by the aggressive policy of Bolesław I the Brave and the less successful rule of Mieszko II. The defeat in the battle in the west during that period cut off the basic source of livelihood of the Polish troops, who were forced to loot the western lands. As a result, the cost of maintaining the existence of an extensive army was probably too much for the population. In addition, the devastating incursions of foreign troops was another cause of dissatisfaction among the citizenship.
317:. Though opinions vary about the actual identity of Bolesław I 's second wife, there are a number of researchers who still support the hypothesis that she was a daughter of Géza. Soon after his birth, the marriage of his parents ended, probably because of the deterioration in political relations between Poland and Hungary. Bezprym's mother was repudiated and sent away, although she probably remained in Poland and died soon afterwards.
451:, she left the country. At the court of Emperor Conrad II, the deposed queen was received with all honors, and was also allowed to continue to use her royal title. The departure of Richeza, and especially of her son, was extremely beneficial for Bezprym, because this eliminated (at least temporarily) a possible pretender to the throne. Mieszko II was not considered too dangerous at that time, since he was still imprisoned in Bohemia.
905:że brak jakichkolwiek, choćby pośrednich wskazówek, które by pozwalały przypuszczać, że Bezprym - do niedawna, choć wbrew woli, zakonnik - oparł swe dążności na żywiołach pogańskich w Polsce (...) i że ofiarą jego padł Kościół polski. Prawo Bezpryma do tronu, jako pierworodnego, uznawać mogły najbardziej schrystianizowane żywioły
350:. There it was stated that in one of the hermitages resided a son of a Polish Duke, who in 1001 gave him a horse. According to modern historians, this Polish prince could only be Bezprym. However, in earlier historiography, it was theorised that the Polish prince who lived in the hermitage of Ravenna was
331:
Little is known about
Bezprym's youthful years, in contrast with his half-brother Mieszko II, whose youth was fully described in several contemporary sources. This probably showed that his father disliked him and considered Mieszko II as his successor since his birth, which was confirmed by Bolesław
454:
However, there probably remained a large group of supporters of the former ruler. It is believed that
Bezprym started a bloody persecution against them shortly after he began his government. As a result, many representatives of the Polish social elite were forced to flee. According to sources, some
486:
The rule of
Bezprym did not last long due to his extreme cruelty. According to the Chronicles of Hildesheim, he was murdered by his own men no later than spring of 1032. Probably the instigators of his death were his half-brothers, although the main conspirator was thought to be Otto, who remained
382:
After
Mieszko II took control over the government of Poland, both Bezprym and his youngest half-brother Otto probably resided in Poland for a short time. However, Mieszko II soon expelled Bezprym from the country, and probably did the same with Otto in 1030, when he discovered that they conspired
418:
to his domains and
Bezprym ascended to the Polish throne. It has been postulated that Yaroslav I's troops intervened directly in the central provinces of Poland, aimed at embedding the new Duke on the throne, but this is now considered doubtful. It is possible that the new rule of Bezprym was
266:. Due to tradition and the impossibility of determining the correct version of the name, Bezprym remains the form used, although, according to K. Jasiński, it probably requires modifications. This name meant literally "stubborn", "self-confident, not willing to retreat". The name of the
365:
and Zala county. In this case the name "Veszprém" would have originated from his name. However, this hypothesis proposed by a
Hungarian researcher has not found acceptance among Polish historians. It is also probable that Bezprym was present at the coronation of his father as
410:) from the German expedition of Conrad II, Bezprym and the Kievan forces entered into Poland, and Mieszko II was therefore unable to repel the Kievan attack. Mieszko II was then forced to escape to Bohemia, where he was imprisoned and castrated by orders of Duke
868:
According to chronicles of Wipo, the Polish prince banished by
Mieszko II soon after his succession was Otto; however, modern historians assume that in fact was Bezprym, and the author made a mistake by confusing the identity of the two
297:, who described only one brother of Mieszko II, Otto. Modern historians assume, however, that Bezprym did exist, and that the chronicler erroneously combined Otto and Bezprym into one person.
435:
to the
Emperor. Thus, he resigned from the royal title and accepted the primacy of his western neighbour. The royal crown and regalia were personally delivered by Mieszko II's wife,
198:. His reign was short-lived and, according to some sources, extremely cruel. He was murdered in 1032 and Mieszko II returned to the throne of Poland. It is speculated that a
194:
after the death of their father, Bezprym became ruler of large areas of Poland in 1031 following a simultaneous attack by German and Kievan forces and
Mieszko II's escape to
478:) This Bolesław apparently succeeded his father in 1034 until his own death in 1038, and, according to some historians, was the real instigator of the Pagan Reaction.
944:). This idea is opposite to the theory of Roman Grodecki, according to which both the social and religious problems occurred only in the second half of the 1030s (
1053:
466:
It is noteworthy that one can find in older historiography the theory, currently generally rejected, of the existence of an older son of
Mieszko II known as
1254:
940:
stated that the social problems during the government of Bezprym were only one of several reactions, the first of which was to occur as early as 1022 (
1628:
314:
1623:
1389:
1384:
1643:
810:
724:
658:
639:
624:
609:
594:
550:
524:
1553:
1294:
491:
459:. Perhaps among the victims of the repression were two bishops, Roman and Lambert, whose date of death was recorded in 1032 in the
1475:
1638:
1046:
36:
1578:
578:
1480:
384:
179:, but was deprived of the succession by his father, who around 1001 sent him to Italy in order to become a monk at one of
1429:
1269:
1648:
1039:
355:
1568:
411:
1379:
1364:
1515:
1411:
1324:
1218:
781:
467:
1406:
420:
199:
1329:
1274:
1244:
1234:
1079:
309:
born from his second marriage with an unknown Hungarian princess who, in older literature, was identified as
1543:
1444:
1359:
1229:
1202:
1161:
1070:
1062:
545:, introduction and development of Marian Plezia, Editorial Ossolineum, Wrocław 2003, pp. 36–37, 39-40,
444:
242:). This name was not used among the Polish nobility but was known in Bohemian sources, where it appears as:
216:
1653:
1633:
1573:
1563:
1224:
650:
494:. After his death the country was divided into three parts, governed by Mieszko II, Otto, or their cousin
440:
436:
1299:
936:). G. Labuda put the thesis already mentioned above, that the reaction led to the same Bezprym. In turn,
708:
289:
also suggested, on the basis of numismatic research, that this "combined" prince could have governed the
1505:
1434:
1304:
1279:
1151:
403:
255:
306:
278:
176:
122:
921:
1618:
1613:
1548:
1485:
1467:
1399:
937:
929:
846:, explained by Izabela Szyszkowska-Andruszko in "Kwartalnik Historyczny”, vol. XCV, 1988, No 4, p. 9.
286:
282:
1523:
1500:
1495:
1334:
1309:
1284:
399:
678:
1538:
1452:
1319:
1263:
1239:
1212:
1023:
998:
448:
354:, son of Mieszko I, or an unknown son of Bolesław I from his first marriage with the daughter of
351:
325:
238:
191:
161:
154:
71:
61:
1533:
419:
attractive to the population. Some scholars assume that he may even have stood at the head of a
394:
and probably used the weakened position of Mieszko II as an excuse to gain the alliance of the
1558:
1457:
1314:
720:
654:
635:
620:
605:
590:
546:
520:
499:
371:
310:
132:
1339:
1289:
294:
290:
1369:
1354:
903:, pp. 85-86; Roman Grodecki, by the other hand, was opposed to this idea, saying that the
471:
151:
144:
1528:
1344:
1107:
1013:
814:
542:
432:
391:
367:
225:
168:
43:
1374:
1607:
1490:
1421:
1189:
971:
896:
826:
752:
180:
172:
112:
415:
1179:
1146:
335:
Bezprym was then destined to a church career, a fact that was demonstrated in the
589:, vol. I, Editorial Platan, Kraków 1995 (first edition 1926), pp. 103–125,
362:
271:
1128:
361:
It is possible that Bezprym was in Hungary and there he was appointed head of
1197:
1121:
1093:
1006:
563:, edited by J. Strzelczyka and J. Dobosza, Poznań 2000, pp. 111–121.
1169:
1135:
1114:
719:] (in Slovak). Bratislava: Literárne informačné centrum. p. 61.
503:
1100:
456:
407:
395:
347:
338:
324:, who bore him five children. The eldest son of this union, the future
321:
267:
195:
184:
107:
1174:
1141:
1086:
1031:
495:
343:
92:
942:
Kryzys monarchii wczesnopiastowskiej w latach trzydziestych XI wieku
532:
Kryzys monarchii wczesnopiastowskiej w latach trzydziestych XI wieku
35:
1035:
406:. In 1031, while Mieszko II was defending the western border (
934:
Bunt Bezpryma jako początek tzw. reakcji pogańskiej w Polsce
558:
Bunt Bezpryma jako początek tzw. reakcji pogańskiej w Polsce
274:
is considered to be derived from the same West Slavic name.
683:
Imiennictwo dynastii piastowskiej we wczesnym średniowieczu
844:
Kontakty Polski i Węgier w dobie tworzenia się obu państw
254:. According to one of the hypotheses the name is of pure
277:
Older historiography frequently combined the figures of
171:
from 1031 until his death. He was the eldest son of the
519:, Editorial Avalon, Kraków 2005 (first edition 1895),
293:
in 1003. These theories are based on the chronicle of
604:, Oficyna Volumen Editorial, 1993, pp. 105–107,
487:
free in Germany. The place of his burial is unknown.
490:
As a result of Bezprym's rule, the Polish state was
1514:
1466:
1443:
1419:
1398:
1253:
1188:
1160:
1069:
128:
118:
106:
98:
81:
77:
67:
57:
49:
42:
21:
957:Theory supported, among others, by Roman Grodecki.
502:on Polish affairs. Poland also lost its status as
258:origin, and was probably originally pronounced as
498:. This significantly increased the impact of the
539:Cronicae et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum
320:Shortly after his divorce, Bolesław I married
1047:
798:Dzieje Polski piastowskiej (VIII wiek - 1370)
431:Shortly after taking power, Bezprym sent the
8:
1594:indicates monarch of questioned historicity
585:R. Grodecki, S. Zachorowski, J. Dąbrowski,
1054:
1040:
1032:
962:
634:, National Agency Editorial, Kraków 1989,
34:
18:
928:, p. 80). Close to him are the views of
717:Living Chronicles of the Slovak History
670:
210:In primary sources Bezprym appears as:
895:A strong supporter of this theory was
770:Historia Węgier do 1526 roku w zarysie
439:. In 1031, together with her children
7:
461:Chronicles of the Chapter of Kraków
619:, Editorial Secesja, Kraków 1992,
582:, vol. II, Kraków 1936, p. 2.
313:, daughter of the Hungarian ruler
14:
685:, PWN, Warsaw 1980, pp. 106-109).
1629:11th-century murdered monarchs
796:, pp. 105-107; J. Wyrozumski,
713:Živé kroniky slovenských dejín
414:. Yaroslav I the Wise annexed
332:I's later political activity.
305:Bezprym was the only child of
202:began during his short reign.
1:
946:Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej
926:Historia Polski Średniowiecze
909:Dzieje Polski średniowiecznej
647:Historia Polski średniowiecze
587:Dzieje Polski Średniowiecznej
383:against him with the help of
190:Expelled by his half-brother
164:
85:
1624:11th-century Polish monarchs
1579:Stanisław August Poniatowski
102:1032 (aged 45–46)
1554:Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki
1295:Władysław III Spindleshanks
920:This pattern of events the
884:Polski Słownik Biograficzny
579:Polski Słownik Biograficzny
506:for nearly a half century.
356:Rikdag, Margrave of Meissen
1670:
1644:11th-century Polish people
809:A hypothesis presented by
794:Rodowód pierwszych Piastów
741:Rodowód pierwszych Piastów
696:Rodowód pierwszych Piastów
602:Rodowód pierwszych Piastów
1587:
1385:Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania
1264:Senior or Supreme Princes
1020:
1011:
992:
965:
33:
26:
1380:Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca
759:, Kraków 1895, pp. 39-41
632:Pierwsze państwo polskie
234:Chronicles of Hildesheim
1639:11th-century Christians
1360:Dukes of Greater Poland
948:, vol. I, pp. 103-114).
455:of them took refuge in
390:Bezprym took refuge in
1564:Augustus II the Strong
1481:Władysław III of Varna
1365:Dukes of Little Poland
1270:Władysław II the Exile
1225:Casimir I the Restorer
1219:Bolesław the Forgotten
901:Mieszko II król Polski
859:, Warsaw 1964, p. 292.
653:2002, pp. 75–81,
651:Wydawnictwo Literackie
617:Mieszko II król Polski
492:substantially weakened
475:
468:Bolesław the Forgotten
158:
148:
1506:Sigismund II Augustus
1476:Władysław II Jagiełło
1453:Louis I the Hungarian
1435:Casimir III the Great
1330:Bolesław V the Chaste
1305:Mieszko IV Tanglefoot
1275:Bolesław IV the Curly
1245:Bolesław III Wrymouth
1152:Piast the Wheelwright
811:Tadeusz Wojciechowski
561:Nihil superfluum esse
1549:John II Casimir Vasa
1468:Jagiellonian dynasty
1430:Władysław I Łokietek
1230:Bolesław II the Bold
1203:Bolesław I the Brave
739:Kazimierz Jasiński:
217:Thietmar's Chronicle
1501:Sigismund I the Old
1445:Capet-Anjou dynasty
1335:Leszek II the Black
1325:Bolesław the Horned
1285:Casimir II the Just
1280:Mieszko III the Old
476:Bolesław Zapomniany
400:Yaroslav I the Wise
328:, was born in 990.
1649:Christian monarchs
1539:Sigismund III Vasa
1390:Dukes of Pomerania
1320:Henry II the Pious
1235:Władysław I Herman
1213:Mieszko II Lambert
1063:Monarchs of Poland
1024:Mieszko II Lambert
1003:Title last held by
999:Mieszko II Lambert
831:Genealogia Piastów
757:Genealogia Piastów
517:Genealogia Piastów
374:on 25 April 1025.
326:Mieszko II Lambert
307:Bolesław the Brave
279:Bolesław the Brave
239:Annales Altahenses
192:Mieszko II Lambert
177:Bolesław the Brave
167:986–1032) was the
123:Bolesław the Brave
72:Mieszko II Lambert
62:Mieszko II Lambert
1601:
1600:
1559:John III Sobieski
1544:Władysław IV Vasa
1516:Elective monarchy
1400:Přemyslid dynasty
1315:Henry the Bearded
1030:
1029:
1021:Succeeded by
709:Krajčovič, Rudolf
537:Gallus Anonymus,
500:Holy Roman Empire
385:Emperor Conrad II
372:Gniezno Cathedral
183:'s hermitages in
138:
137:
133:Judith of Hungary
1661:
1375:Dukes of Kuyavia
1370:Dukes of Masovia
1355:Dukes of Silesia
1340:Henryk IV Probus
1300:Władysław Odonic
1290:Leszek the White
1056:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1018:1031–1032
988:
981:
963:
958:
955:
949:
922:Stanisław Szczur
918:
912:
893:
887:
878:Roman Grodecki.
876:
870:
866:
860:
857:Bolesław Chrobry
853:
847:
842:György Györffy,
840:
834:
824:
818:
807:
801:
790:
784:
779:
773:
766:
760:
750:
744:
737:
731:
730:
705:
699:
692:
686:
675:
568:Bolesław Chrobry
541:, translated by
295:Wipo of Burgundy
291:Duchy of Bohemia
166:
90:
87:
38:
19:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1583:
1534:Stephen Báthory
1524:Henry of Valois
1510:
1462:
1439:
1415:
1394:
1256:
1249:
1184:
1156:
1065:
1060:
1026:
1017:
1004:
1001:
982:
976:
975:
968:
961:
956:
952:
938:Danuta Borawska
930:Zbyszko Górczak
919:
915:
894:
890:
877:
873:
867:
863:
855:A. F. Grabski,
854:
850:
841:
837:
825:
821:
808:
804:
791:
787:
780:
776:
767:
763:
751:
747:
738:
734:
727:
707:
706:
702:
693:
689:
676:
672:
668:
566:A. F. Grabski,
512:
484:
429:
380:
303:
287:Marian Gumowski
208:
91:
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1529:Anna Jagiellon
1526:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1426:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:Wenceslaus III
1409:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1261:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1162:Proto-historic
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1014:Duke of Poland
1010:
1002:
996:
990:
989:
969:
966:
960:
959:
950:
913:
888:
882:– an entry in
871:
861:
848:
835:
833:, Kraków 1895.
819:
815:Anatol Lewicki
802:
785:
774:
761:
745:
732:
725:
700:
687:
677:Hypothesis of
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
643:
628:
613:
598:
583:
571:
570:, Warsaw 1964.
564:
554:
543:Roman Grodecki
535:
534:, Warsaw 1964.
528:
511:
508:
483:
480:
433:Polish regalia
428:
425:
421:pagan reaction
379:
376:
368:King of Poland
302:
299:
226:Annalista Saxo
207:
204:
200:pagan reaction
169:duke of Poland
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
100:
96:
95:
89: 986-987
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
44:Duke of Poland
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
16:Duke of Poland
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1666:
1655:
1654:Sons of kings
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Piast dynasty
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:John I Albert
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1422:Piast dynasty
1418:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Wenceslaus II
1405:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1255:Fragmentation
1252:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1190:Piast dynasty
1187:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1000:
995:
991:
986:
979:
974:
973:
972:Piast dynasty
964:
954:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
917:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
897:Gerard Labuda
892:
889:
885:
881:
875:
872:
865:
862:
858:
852:
849:
845:
839:
836:
832:
828:
827:Oswald Balzer
823:
820:
816:
812:
806:
803:
799:
795:
792:K. Jasiński,
789:
786:
783:
778:
775:
771:
768:S. A. Sroka,
765:
762:
758:
754:
753:Oswald Balzer
749:
746:
743:, Warsaw 1993
742:
736:
733:
728:
726:80-88878-99-3
722:
718:
714:
710:
704:
701:
697:
694:K. Jasiński,
691:
688:
684:
680:
674:
671:
665:
660:
659:83-08-03272-9
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
640:83-03-02969-X
637:
633:
629:
626:
625:83-85483-46-2
622:
618:
614:
611:
610:83-85218-32-7
607:
603:
600:K. Jasiński,
599:
596:
595:83-7052-230-0
592:
588:
584:
581:
580:
576:
573:R. Grodecki,
572:
569:
565:
562:
559:
555:
552:
551:83-04-04610-5
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:
530:D. Borawska,
529:
526:
525:83-918497-0-8
522:
518:
514:
513:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:Queen Richeza
434:
426:
424:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
377:
375:
373:
369:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:
333:
329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
292:
288:
285:and Bezprym.
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
213:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
181:Saint Romuald
178:
174:
170:
162:
160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
134:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
113:Piast dynasty
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
84:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
45:
41:
37:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1591:
1574:Augustus III
1351:
1262:
1217:
1207:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1012:
1005:
997:Kingship of
993:
984:
977:
970:
953:
945:
941:
933:
925:
916:
908:
904:
900:
891:
883:
879:
874:
864:
856:
851:
843:
838:
830:
822:
805:
797:
793:
788:
782:Rootsweb.com
777:
769:
764:
756:
748:
740:
735:
716:
712:
703:
695:
690:
682:
679:Jacek Hertel
673:
646:
631:
616:
601:
586:
577:
574:
567:
560:
557:
556:Z. Górczak,
538:
531:
516:
510:Bibliography
489:
485:
465:
460:
453:
430:
416:Red Ruthenia
389:
381:
360:
336:
334:
330:
319:
304:
276:
263:
259:
251:
247:
243:
237:
233:
229:
221:
215:
211:
209:
189:
140:
139:
27:
1619:1032 deaths
1614:980s births
1569:Stanisław I
1345:Przemysł II
645:S. Szczur,
630:G. Labuda,
615:G. Labuda,
515:O. Balzer,
392:Kievan Rus'
339:St. Romuald
301:Early years
256:West Slavic
58:Predecessor
1608:Categories
1486:Casimir IV
1129:Leszko III
911:, p. 107).
666:References
206:Onomastics
1496:Alexander
1420:Restored
1352:See also:
1198:Mieszko I
1180:Siemomysł
1147:Chościsko
1142:Popiel II
1122:Leszko II
1094:Krakus II
1071:Legendary
1007:Mieszko I
800:, p. 103.
698:, p. 106.
378:Accession
268:Hungarian
155:Hungarian
68:Successor
53:1031–1032
1310:Konrad I
1240:Zbigniew
1170:Siemowit
1136:Popiel I
1115:Leszko I
1087:Krakus I
967:Bezprym
869:princes.
772:, p. 19.
711:(2005).
449:Gertruda
404:Mstislav
363:Veszprém
337:Vita of
281:'s sons
272:Veszprém
270:city of
264:Bezprzym
260:Bezprzem
252:Bezperem
230:Bezbriem
159:Veszprém
149:Bezprzym
1592:Italics
1458:Jadwiga
1208:Bezprym
1101:Lech II
880:Bezprym
575:Bezprym
504:kingdom
457:Masovia
441:Casimir
412:Oldřich
408:Lusatia
398:rulers
396:Rurikid
352:Lambert
348:Ravenna
322:Emnilda
248:Bezprem
244:Bezprim
222:Besfrim
212:Besprim
196:Bohemia
185:Ravenna
141:Bezprym
108:Dynasty
28:Bezprym
22:Bezprym
1257:period
1175:Lestek
1080:Lech I
994:Vacant
983:
980:c. 986
723:
657:
638:
623:
608:
593:
549:
523:
496:Dytryk
472:Polish
344:hermit
311:Judith
228:), or
173:Polish
145:Polish
129:Mother
119:Father
93:Poland
1108:Wanda
985:Died:
978:Born:
715:[
482:Death
445:Ryksa
427:Reign
346:from
250:, or
175:king
50:Reign
987:1032
813:and
721:ISBN
655:ISBN
636:ISBN
621:ISBN
606:ISBN
591:ISBN
547:ISBN
521:ISBN
447:and
402:and
342:, a
315:Géza
283:Otto
236:and
99:Died
82:Born
370:in
262:or
220:),
1610::
899:,
829:,
755::
649:,
474::
443:,
423:.
387:.
358:.
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165:c.
163:;
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153:,
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86:c.
1055:e
1048:t
1041:v
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924:(
907:(
886:.
817:.
729:.
681:(
661:.
642:.
627:.
612:.
597:.
553:.
527:.
470:(
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224:(
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143:(
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