Bhaktapur - Knowledge

2912: 3338: 3259: 3616: 3526: 3057: 2605: 1145: 993: 2375: 2192: 3478: 2778: 180: 79: 101: 2231: 1606: 3346: 3490: 1985: 3514: 2079: 3562: 213: 3502: 7591: 7724: 3100:), Jaimala and Pata (as in the Nyatapola Temple), a "Chakra", and a gilded metal statue of Garuda, a bird-like divinity. Around the temple are wood carved panels with erotic decorations. It was subsequently repaired and renovated by King Vishwa Malla in 1548 A.D. The Dattatraya Square is also the home to the Pujari Math which was the former palace of the Malla Kings and later served as the settlement for the priests of the temple and 1771: 3299: 3589: 2480: 1507: 2928: 5250: 3577: 3550: 3538: 3601: 1282: 7579: 220: 187: 7684: 5942: 2306:. Most stone sculptures are of deities housed in various temples of the city and their leonine guardians. The most celebrated sculptors from Bhaktapur lived during the late 17th to early 18th centuries. These artisans, whose identity has no been properly known yet, carved some of the most popular stone works of the city including the 2871:. Like other artworks, most literature of Bhaktapur before the 20th century were written by anonymous authors and are generally attributed to the ruling monarch because it was a common practice to mention a monarch's name. However, the names of a few non royal writers from Bhaktapur are known. For instance, two poems written by 3139: 3162:, and the temple is dedicated to him. A stone slab discovered in the vicinity of the temple dates to the 5th century and is the oldest such stone inscription discovered in Nepal. It was rebuilt after the old temple was devastated. Many of the stone sculptures date to the Licchavi period. Changu Narayan Temple is listed by 1499:

January 1347, Nayakdevi gave birth to a daughter who was named Rajya Laksmhi Devi (Rajaldevi in short). Nayakdevi died ten days after giving birth to Rajaldevi. Her death triggered a chain of unrests in the palace during which Jagatsimha was imprisoned and he died in custody. Devaldevi established her own rule in

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statue. The height of this statue is 143 feet high and is situated 20 km from Kathmandu, Nepal. The statues construction work was started in 2004 and was completed in 2012. The statue's inauguration took place on 21 June 2012. This statue stands on the 32nd position in the list of all statues by

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by her grandmother but the court rebelled against him after the death of Padma Lakshmi at the age of sixty seven in July 1332 and was eventually assassinated in May 1335. After Harischandra's death, Devaladevi in a bid to gain political power married her son Jagatsimhadeva to her niece Nayakdevi. In

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on top of a hill at the eastern end of the valley. It is 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) to the north of Bhakathapur and 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Kathmandu. The temple is one of the oldest Hindu temples of the valley and is believed to have been constructed first in the 4th century. Changu Narayan

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When the 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck in 1934, Bhaktapur was one of the most affected towns of Nepal. Around 40-100% of residential buildings were directly affected while 6224 buildings were completely destroyed by the earthquake. Many of the old palaces and temples which were already weakened by

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who ruled from Bhaktapur from 1428 to 1481. Yaksha Malla had nuemrous wives and concubines including Sarupādevī, Karpuradevī, Udayādevī, Jīvalakṣmī, Jayatanā, Kṛtilakṣmī, Sarasvatidevī (among which Sarupādevī and Karpuradevī were the most influential) and therefore numerous issue. He is also known

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in his dream and under their command established their shrines in a particular edge of the city proper. The mother goddesses are believed to protect the city and its people from evil spirits and bad omens as well as from physical dangers. Within the city itself, there are also ten minor shrines of

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the destroyer), was built during the reign of King Yaksha Malla (1428 A.D. – 1482 A.D.) and was opened to the public around 1486 A.D., only after his demise. The exact date of construction of the Dattatraya temple is still obscure. This temple, according to popular belief, was constructed from a

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Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A, Dhunge-Dharas in the Kathmandu Valley - Continuity and Development of Architectural Design, in: Change and Continuity -Studies in the Nepalese Culture of the Kathmandu Valley. Proceedings of the International Conference-Seminar of Nepalese Studies in Stockholm, 1987.

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am) damaged 116 heritages in the city. 67 of those heritages were completely damaged while 49 suffered from partial damages. The earthquake badly damaged the Bhaktapur Durbar square, a significant heritage site included in the UNESCO world heritage list. The main premises of Taleju Temple also

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of Bhaktapur. By 1660, the coalition conquered all the hamlets and villages, north of Bhaktapur and managed to reach the northern city gate. The coalition tried to break the gate open for months before being forced to retreat. During their siege, Pratap Malla installed a stone inscription on a

1757:, which provoked Kantipur and launched an attack Bhaktapur in retaliation. Her reign saw numerous cultural changes in the form of festivals as she is credited to have improved the numerous festivals celebrated within the kingdom. The locals of Bhaktapur credit her as the builder of many of the 1744:

who ruled the kingdom. During her reign, Bhaktapur would reach its territorial zenith. She is regarded as the first strong ruler of Bhaktapur and is widely known for her military conquest and construction works. She is also credited with unifying the city by appointing many of Yaksha Malla's

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has signed his name on one of the murals. However, many of the murals in the palace were damaged when it used as a post office and a police station in the 20th century and the painter's signature has unfortunately been rubbed off, with only his address remaining readable today.

7560:. (Visual Dharma Publications, 2019). 1556 pages with 2960 illustrations (duo-tone with numerous colour illustrations); 345 x 240 mm; bound with slipcase. Includes glossary, bibliography, chronological table, and index. SD card with more than 15,000 digital photos. 2126:

were rampant and greatly affected the farmer majority population of Bhaktapur couldn't afford modern medicine. Just like the inhabitants, the heritages of Bhaktapur also suffered greatly during this period as many arts and artifacts were stolen.

1531:, Bhaktapur was ransacked and set on fire by the invaders which lasted for seven days and the populace were either killed or escaped in the mountains. Some historians cite this invasion as the reason for the disappearance of monuments from the 1526:

for a week in the winter of 1349. Bhaktapur suffered the most from this attack as not only it was the capital at that time, the city was also in the eastern part of the valley, the same direction the 20,000 forces came from. According to the

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Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A, Certain Aspects of Design of Nepalese Degah with an Ambulatory Surrounding the Cella, in: Heritage of the Kathmandu Valley - Proceedings of an International Conference in Lübeck, June 1985, Sankt Augustin

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in each of Bhaktapur's neighborhood totaling to about 104. The hitis were made not only by royals, but also by common people as well. There was a common belief that building hitis and rest houses grant the builder religious merit.

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manuscript states that a clan known as Gopāla first settled the Kathmandu Valley. The manuscript further says that Gopāla, who were cow herders, were overthrown by the Mahispāla, who were buffalo herders. Soon, the Kirata King

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where she was welcomed by her brother Rudra Malla. In July 1326, just six months after the arrival of Devaldevi, her brother Rudra Malla died. Nayakdevi, Rudra Malla's daughter became the new ruler of Nepal Mandala under the

2070:. An economically struggling Bhaktapur was unable to repair these canals and as a result fresh water became scarce in the city. The sanitation level of Bhaktapur became severely low and poverty and diseases became rampant. 6735: 1073:

Apart from above, much of the early history of Bhaktapur is largely unknown. It is clear that people started to settle in the Kathmandu Valley after it was drained due to its fertile soil owing to it being a lakebed. The

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was constructed between 1751 and 1754 by Subhākara, Karuṇākara and Ratikara. It is considered one of the most important works of Nepalese art. Just as popular as the Golden Gate is the gold plated bronze statue of

2955:), the former royal palace complex of Bhaktapur and houses the former royal palace and various temples that were built in its vicinity. Although, the Durbar Square of Bhaktapur received heavy damage from both the 1745:

descendants who were living in the palace as fort captains, chiefs of other cities and villages within the kingdom which effectively ended their claims to the throne. She was the first ruler of Bhaktapur to take

1712:'s reign there were several other members of the Malla family were still in Bhaktapur. Two such Mallas, Vira and Gosain Malla, both of whom were older than the monarch sought help from Kantipur and the king of 7625: 1716:, Narendra Malla in a bid to weaken Bhaktapur, claimed Vira Malla to be the legitimate ruler. Likely fueled by Narendra Malla, both Vira and Gosain Malla divided the city of Bhaktapur between themselves and 3525: 3286:

in 1934 demolished several buildings that were never rebuilt. Chyasilin Mandap has been rebuilt in 1990 using contemporary earthquake proof technology. The building survived the 2015 earthquake unharmed.

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put the population of Bhaktapur at 79,136 with the population of men at 39,755 and of women at 39,381 and the total number of households at 18,987. Around 90% of the population of Bhaktapur belong to the

2016:. Out of 500 total casualties of the earthquake, at least 200 of them were in Bhaktapur. Around 25% to 70% of the town suffered major destruction, including at least 2,000 homes and six to eight temples. 7411:

Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A, Dhunge-Dharas in the Kathmandu Valley - An Outline of their Architectural Development, in: Ancient Nepal (Journal of the Department of Archaeology), No. 116-118, Kathmandu 1990

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and Ari Malla and his step-sister Ratnādevī, all three of whom shared the same biological mother protested against the coronation and as a result broke off from the capital and established a new one in

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where he declared himself as its new king. In this way, the kingdom of Yaksha Malla was divided among his sons among which Raya Malla, the eldest became the king of the former capital city, Bhaktapur.

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as both of them have an island in their centre with a temple in it. It was commissioned by Bhāju Kasa, a late 17th century official of Bhaktapur and has many folklore associated with it. Similarly,

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is the only one addressed as the king in inscriptions and legal documents. Her youngest son, Tribhvana Malla who arguably was more powerful under her disappeared from historical records since 1602.

855:, Bhaktapur boasted fertile soil conducive to rice cultivation, making it a significant rice-producing area. Consequently, the city was aptly named after its primary agricultural output. The term 1309:, it was more likely that Ananda Deva unified these smaller settlements into a single unit. When Ananda Deva founded Bhaktapur, it was said to contain 12,000 houses. Because Bhaktapur lay on the 1397:

with its decline further accelerated due to the apathy shown by future rulers towards its maintenance. Some legends attribute that Ananda Deva was directed to establish Bhaktapur by the Goddess

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or vehicle of Vishnu with a snake around its neck, faces the temple. The gilded door depicts stone lions guarding the temple. Gilded windows also flank the door. A conch and a disc, symbols of

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As Bhaktapur became the seat of the government, it also became the target for numerous foreign invasions. The main reasons for these attacks was the internal division among the royal family of

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split into three independent kingdoms. The Malla dynasty is considered a golden period for Bhaktapur and even after its division in 1428, Bhaktapur managed to stay as a wealthy and a powerful

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was brought into Bhaktapur and was eventually married to Rajalladevi Malla in January 1355. After Devaladevi died in 1366, Rajalladevi and her king consort Jayasthiti Malla took control of

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canals that provided fresh water was never repaired and sanitation level was very low. Due to extremely high population density and low sanitation, the city became extremely unhygienic as

2062:. The 1934 earthquake also damaged the physical infrastructure of the town and most of the inhabitants were unable to rebuild their houses properly. The earthquake permanently damaged the 2911: 7381: 1891:

released decree cancelling the festival that year, a first time where the festival was cancelled. Eventually, the sieges proved unsuccessful and the coalition were forced to retreat.

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height in the world. It has been made of copper, cement, zinc and steel. To make this gigantic structure possible there were many professional workers and statue makers from India.

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a type of yogurt made from buffalo milk being the most popular. Bhaktapur's potters and handicraft industries are also known nationwide. Due to its well preserved medieval nature,

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saw a big rise in urbanization and population. However, Bhaktapur was farther away from the capital and was left out from the development that occurred in the other cities of the

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under a singular monarch. It is said that Jayasthiti Malla brought Brahmins from Mithila and South India and under their recommendation, revived and improved the already present

7620: 3337: 714:, Bhaktapur remained largely isolated from other parts of Nepal which led to stagnation in the development of its economy and arts and to allowed it to remain as a homogeneous 1066:

from the east and his resting place has been made into a shrine where the people of Bhaktapur make a pilgrimage to every year during late winter and before the festival of

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were built and managed by Tulā Rāni, a mythical queen who is believed to have lived in Bhaktapur during the Licchavi dynasty. In folklore, Tulā Rāni made and repaired the

78: 7882: 3615: 2134:, the city's physical infrastructure and heritage sites were all revitalized. Tourism started to became a major source for Bhaktapur's economy. A political party named 2724:

in the Bhaktapur dialect means "drool". Terminologies relating to traditional musical instruments are also different between the two dialects. In a lot of words, the "

1438:, they used Malla as their surname replacing their ancestral surname, Deva. When the conflictions between both houses worsened, the House of Tripura sought help from 3919: 3014:

and shrines the tantric goddess Siddhi Lakshmi, the personal deity of the royal couple. Under the shadow of Nyatapola stands the three storey temple associated with

7867: 2662:. Sattal are almost always multi storied public buildings which serves as a shrine for a deity and in the past was used as a habitation for pilgrims and travelers. 1708:

would repeatedly take oaths from the Taleju shrine of the Bhaktapur palace. Yaksha Malla's large number of descendants meant that even during his great grandson –

1369:, both of which were established before Bhaktapur. However, in Bhaktapur, there are nine Matrikas instead of the traditional eight and the shrine of ninth goddess, 2395:

water supply system which once supplied water from the surroundings hills into the heart of the cities of the valley. These fountains are carved in the form of a

2267:, wooden struts depicted multi armed Hindu deities. This transformation was not viewed fondly by all scholars citing the loss of elegance in later wooden struts. 5913:

Sketches from Nipal, historical and descriptive, with anecdotes of the court life and wild sports of the country in the time of Maharaja Jang Bahadur, G. C. B.;

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as a sort of water supply during a fire. These ponds also have cultural and religious significance, along with agricultural ones. For instance, Kamal Pokhari (

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conquered the valley and established his own Kirānta dynasty. Although no direct proof of the existence of the first three ruling dynasties as mentioned in the

7652: 4109: 1910:, who succeeded him in 1696 is likely the most popular ruler from Bhaktapur because of the numerous construction works that took place during his reign. The 3258: 3079:=𑐟𑐔𑐥𑐵𑐮) is one of the oldest monument of the town. The Dattatraya Square consists of the three-story pagoda-style Dattatraya Temple, dedicated to Guru 1539:

dynasty. After the invasion, which destroyed much of the city, Bhaktapur was entirely rebuilt under Devaldevi, who like Ananda Deva, did so on the basis of

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mention Tulasi Lohankami as the leader of thirty sculptors, so it is likely that his group may have been the one responsible for all aforementioned works.

1325:. Bhaktapur was chosen as the new capital mostly because of its geography. It is situated on top of a small hill and the hill itself is surrounded by the 1157: 923: 832: 6831: 2421:

whose spouts face eastwards, of which there are 18, hold religious significance to the locals as it is considered pious to bathe in these spouts during

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The hiti water supply system was developed in the Licchavi dynasty and Bhaktapur's oldest hitis also date from the period. Today, there is at least one

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further exacerbated the situation. Bhaktapur's economy and infrastructure would only improve from the 1980s, largely due to tourism and aid provided by

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https://web.archive.org/web/20150716231329/http://www.ekantipur.com/2015/05/08/capital/april-25-quake-damages-116-heritages-in-bhaktapur/404994.html

2425:. This practice has gone extinct today as most of these spouts do not work any longer as the canals that supplied them has been lost to time. These 781:

due to presence of over 200 types of traditional dances, most of which are masked dances and expect for a few, are a part of the annual carnival of

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palace which houses the National Art Gallery, one of the first museum of Nepal, the stone temple of Vatsala Devi and Siddhi Lakshmi. The temple of

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was built, it completely bypassed the city and instead ran through the outskirts. Bhaktapur was the poorest city of Nepal in the 20th century. The

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Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A, Golden Peaks and Tinkling Bells: Gilt Metal Craft in Kathmandu Valley Architecture, in: Marg, Vol.62 No.1, Mumbai 2010:

5720:"Seismic vulnerability of vernacular Newari buildings in Nepal: observations and analysis of damage due to 1934, 1988, 2011, and 2015 earthquakes" 1945:

After its defeat in 1769, Bhaktapur lost most of its political and cultural importance to Kathmandu and Lalitpur, the capital of the newly formed

4740: 7331: 3056: 2627:. Usually, they are attached to an existing building or free standing with their front façade colonnaded with widely spaced wooden posts. These 7437:

Dhakal, Suresh, and Sanjeev Pokharel. 2009. "Local Movements, Political Processes and Transformation: A Case Study of Bhaktapur Municipality."

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Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A, Two Nepalese Shrines of the Saha-Period with Eclectic Characteristics, in: Artibus Asiae, Vol. LIV. 1/2, Zürich 1994

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The economy of Bhaktapur which had already been struggling after losing the flow of Tibetan traders was greatly crippled by the earthquakes of

7733: 7299: 7011: 6489: 6079: 6024: 5894: 5761: 5398: 3839:. International Conference in Water, Environment and Climate Change, Knowledge Sharing and Partnership (10-12 April 2018). Kathmandu, Nepal. 2604: 248: 961:, after witnessing the numerous temples in the city and the devotion of the locals towards it, decreed that the city should be referred as 6798: 1562:

and under their reign Nepal experienced a period of stability and cultural as well as economic growth. Jayasthiti Malla defeated warring

757:, it forms the tourism center of Bhaktapur. The city is also famous for its numerous festivals and carnivals like the spring festival of 7240: 5857:

Haaland, Ane: Bhaktapur, A Town Changing. Analysis of a development project's influence on social change in a medieval society in Nepal

1317:, its size and population continued to grow up to 12,000 houses by the 12th century. Ananda Deva also established a royal court named 4988: 3240: 1144: 1011:

states that the entire valley and as such Bhaktapur itself was once an enormous lake. Geological surveys conducted by Swiss geologist

765:(or Gai jatra) both of which are significant part of the local culture and contribute well to tourism. Bhaktapur is also called the " 7565: 6909: 6719: 6633: 6585: 6542: 6258: 6052: 5201: 5122: 4720: 4655: 4228: 3489: 1043:

and between 30,000 and 15,000 years, most of the valley was drained. In folklore, the credit of draining the valley is given to the

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Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A, The Nyatapola Temple of Bhaktapur - A Mark of Nepalese Temple Design, in: Marg, Vol.49 No.4, Mumbai 1998

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is still preserved in the National Archives of Nepal. He was active from 1604 to 1611 and both of his remaining works are romantic

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spoken in Bhaktapur and its environs. Generally, the vocabulary is similar to that of the standard dialect (standard refers to the

2263:, the forest fairies or deities in a similar pose. Four armed deities began appearing since the 16th century and by the end of the 1630:

to have fortified his capital, Bhaktapur with moats, defensive walls and eight city gates which correspond with the shrines of the

1310: 100: 5020: 3779: 3104:. Today, the Pujari Math has been converted into a Woodcraft and Bronze Museum. The Pujari Matha is mostly noted for its artistic 7645: 3513: 3429: 2043:

were completely destroyed in the earthquakes and many of them were never restored and the few that were, were reconstructed in a

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from 1146 to 1167 is credited to have established the city of Bhaktapur. Since there were already settlements in Bhaktapur like

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Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A, Water Conduits in the Kathmandu Valley, Munshriram Manoharlal Publishers, Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi 1995

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and under her command established the city of Bhaktapur. The chronicle further states that Ananda Deva was addressed by the

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river in the south and the Kasan river in the north, making it easier to defend during a foreign invasion. The royal court,

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who are among the most popular historical authors, the former mostly remembered for his plays and the later for her poems.

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Tourist captures terrifying moment earthquake strikes Bhaktapur, Leon Siciliano, video source APTN6:25PM BST 30 April 2015

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Bhaktapur, A Town Changing. Analysis of a development project's influence on social change in a medieval society in Nepal.

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declared himself the king. Similarly, Raṇa Malla shared a same biological mother Rana Malla broke off from the capital to

1357:) on the edges of the city proper. Because of these eight shrines surrounding the city, Bhaktapur is regarded as a sacred 7404:

Becker-Ritterspach, R.O.A, Urban Renewal: The Restoration of Bhaktapur, in: UNASYLVA der FAO/UN vol.30, no.121, Rome 1978

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Bhaktapur, A Town Changing. Analysis of a development project's influence on social change in a medieval society in Nepal

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oversaw the demolition of many of the old palaces of Bhaktapur and its replacement with British style inspired buildings.

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Ganga Devi's death has not been properly studied yet. It is possible that she died in 1602 as after 1602, her eldest son

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single piece of wood from one tree. At the entrance are two large sculptures of the Jaiput wrestlers(locally known as

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has been used to support the existence of at least the Kirānta dynasty. For Bhaktapur as well, the existence of a non-

644: 6701: 4922: 2646:, the former royal palace square. Mandapa and Sattal are another type of rest houses found in Nepal. Mandapa, like a 674:

put the foundation of Bhaktapur in the 12th century, it has been the site of numerous settlements since at least the

3112:(lit. Peacock Window). In front of the Dattatraya temple is the Bhimsena Temple which is dedicated to Bhin:dyo, the 7027: 6854: 3202: 1883:

had gathered a massive army in the eastern part of Bhaktapur, in the site outside the city proper where the annual

6607: 4120: 2777: 1642:. Yaksha Malla's numerous children caused a huge issue in the kingdom after his death in 1481. His eldest son was 1510:

Jayasthiti Malla was introduced to Nepal as a prince consort for Rajalldevi and established absolute rule in 1382.

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of artisans. A few artisans however are known. For instance, the painter who made the murals on the walls of the

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began. He is fondly remembered for the construction of a canal which brought water to the city from the hills of

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as the successor to the throne. His aunt, Annapurṇalaksmi served as regent for him till he turned 16. Meanwhile,

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of Bhaktapur, was established in the central part of the town with the goddess acting as the focal point of the

7310: 3588: 1474: 516: 1401:. In the chronicles under the possession of Daniel Wright, it is written that Ananda Deva invoked the Goddess 7092: 6823: 6127: 5463: 3576: 2700:) with some pronunciation changes but differences do exist. The most widely known difference is for the word 7690: 3463: 3235: 2984: 2964: 2944: 2809: 2659: 2643: 2572:. Bhājyā pukhu, located in the western part of the city and directly south of Siddha Pokhari, is similar to 2426: 2348: 2343: 2323: 2291:, or more popularly the Peacock window from 1750 is the most popular traditional window from Bhaktapur. The 2280: 2272: 2235: 2223: 2021: 1989: 1933:

by and after suffering a heavy loss eventually surrendered to the expanding Gorkha kingdom which became the

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from the Licchavi dynasty has been recovered so far in Bhaktapur. One of them dated to 594 was recovered in

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and starting from around thirty thousand years ago, the lake started to drain. Plain lands appeared in the

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from their tutelary goddess, Taleju whose shrine was located in the palace of Bhaktapur while at the same

1434:. Soon after Ananda Deva's death, a new royal house emerged from within. Believed to have been started by 7452: 7215: 6975: 6367: 2939:

popular among both foreign and domestic visitors. The most visited site of Bhaktapur are the city's four

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in southern Bhaktapur is the only remaining infrastructure from the fortification of Bhaktapur done by

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in Bhaktapur consecrated with most dating from the Malla dynasty. The two largest ones are located in

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are in most cases wooden as well and can be found on most temples, monasteries or palaces. The wooden

1984: 1605: 753:, a five roofed pagoda completed in 1702 is the most famous structure of Bhaktapur and along with the 7751: 6225: 5969: 4928: 3150: 3053:

temple of Jagannath and the roofed temple of Lakshmi Narasimha are also established near the square.

2864: 1966: 1919: 1888: 1851: 1787: 1672: 1591: 1579: 1528: 1334: 1088: 1075: 987: 907: 899: 867:. It appeared for the first time in an inscription from 928. The city was also sometimes referred as 711: 671: 659: 655: 5660:"INTEGRATED URBAN RENEWAL AND DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH ASIA — THE BHAKTAPUR DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (NEPAL)" 5574: 5138: 2218:. Most of Bhaktapur's art were religious in nature and were made by anonymous artists coming from a 1469:

In the month of January 1326, Devaladevi along with son, Jagatsimhadeva and her court departed from

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Getting married: Hindu and Buddhist marriage rituals among the Newars of Bhaktapur and Patan, Nepal

4003: 3920:"Five years on from the earthquake in Bhaktapur, Nepal, heritage-led recovery is uniting community" 3453: 2816:

after its supersession by the government. Similarly, Ram Sekhar Nakarmi who was a major modern day

2568:), in the local folklore, is considered the abode of Tula Rani, a mythical queen weighing only one 2169:

reports the population of Bhaktapur as 81,748 with 41,081 men and 40,667 women. The results of the

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF NEWAR DRUMMING: CASE STUDY DHIMAYBAJA; Origin, Similarities, and Differences.

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of her grandmother Padma Lakshmi. In 1326, Nayakdevi was married to Harishchandra, the prince of

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and because of his age, he was crowned as the new king of the country. But his two step-brothers

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http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_106_01.pdf

7216:"Nepal-Democratic People's Republic of Korea Relations – Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nepal MOFA" 7119: 6511:

A Descriptive Study of the Bhaktapur Dialect of Newari, PhD Dissertation by Sunder Krishna Joshi

4775: 4491: 4247: 7605: 7543:

Dāphā: sacred singing in a South Asian city: music, performance and meaning in Bhaktapur, Nepal

7481:

Handling death: the dynamics of death and ancestor rituals among the Newars of Bhaktapur, Nepal

6790: 6481:

Dāphā: Sacred Singing in a South Asian City: Music, Performance and Meaning in Bhaktapur, Nepal

6171: 5886:

Dāphā: Sacred Singing in a South Asian City: Music, Performance and Meaning in Bhaktapur, Nepal

5164: 3193:, are carved on the two pillars at the entrance. Non-Hindus are not allowed inside the temple. 7561: 7337: 7316: 7295: 7007: 6905: 6715: 6629: 6581: 6485: 6075: 6048: 6020: 5890: 5757: 5679: 5394: 5197: 5118: 4984: 4716: 4651: 4598: 4397: 4224: 3892: 3371: 3011: 2920: 2534:) are located in the western part of the city and among them the largest one, Siddha Pokhari ( 2353: 2170: 2166: 2162: 1962: 1907: 1831: 1791: 1783: 1638:

or wealth, to repair and maintain the defensive walls and moats during the annual festival of

1622: 1614: 1342: 884: 7610: 2138:

was started in the city and it gained the support of majority farmer population of the city.

1838:'s short rule began. Naresha Malla proved to be a weak king and it was during his reign that 1361:. Similar arrangement of mother goddesses can be found in other cities of the valley such as 7115: 6450: 6200: 5727: 5671: 4389: 4021: 3458: 3154: 3023: 3007: 2916: 2876: 2741: 2624: 2585: 2438: 2386: 2335: 2331: 2248: 2211: 2107: 2083: 2024:

were heavily damaged. Around 177 heritages were completely destroyed during the earthquake.

2013: 1946: 1934: 1911: 1847: 1811: 1807: 1681: 1587: 1555: 1547: 1470: 1459: 1063: 1040: 1016: 1008: 852: 750: 707: 667: 651: 628: 600: 295: 87: 7723: 7506:

Hachhethu, Krishna. 2007. Social Change and Leadership: A Case Study of Bhaktapur City. In

1200:, settlements with a minimum of 100 houses and a maximum of 500 houses were classified as " 1091:

has been found, indirect proof such as place names and mentions in the inscriptions of the

7746: 7708: 7488:

Growing up: Hindu and Buddhist initiation rituals among Newar children in Bhaktapur, Nepal

4741:"DEVALA DEVI: THE WOMAN BEHIND THE RISE OF ONE OF NEPAL'S GREATEST KING, JAYASTHITI MALLA" 4377: 3434: 3387: 3356: 3076: 2896: 2884: 2825: 2782: 2697: 2592:

was believed to have built in a single night by a wizard in 1168, hence it is also called

2450: 2396: 2111: 2103: 2087: 1958: 1899: 1863: 1859: 1803: 1799: 1794:

reigned from 1696 to 1722 and his reign is considered the cultural highpoint of Bhaktapur.

1770: 1733: 1551: 1478: 1386: 1370: 1366: 1326: 1058:

from his sword in order to drain the valley so that he could worship and gain wisdom from

946: 770: 624: 561: 549: 480: 457: 351: 153: 7529:

Hierarchy and its discontents: culture and the politics of consciousness in caste society

6550: 4281: 2867:, a book about the history of Nepal was written in Bhaktapur by an anonymous writer from 1850:, attacked Bhaktapur. Naresha Malla died at an early age, leaving behind a four year old 1590:. Jayasthiti Malla was also the first monarch of Nepal to claim a divine heritage as the 7590: 7453:

Suffering and Christianity: Conversion and Ethical Change Among the Newars of Bhaktapur.

7375: 7080: 2931:

Tachapāl square on the eastern part of Bhaktapur is also known as the Dattaterya square.

7872: 5275: 3407: 3391: 3381: 3146: 3133: 2856: 2855:

first began appearing since the 14th century. Many literary pieces were written in the

2852: 2832: 2817: 2794: 2689: 2685: 2671: 2620: 2496: 2484: 1923: 1887:

festival was held demanding the festival will only be held if the kingdom surrendered.

1583: 1575: 1422:

goddesses believed to protect the city, which were established by Ananda Deva as well.

1354: 1127: 1079: 1067: 1028: 840: 821: 809: 703: 663: 449: 437: 433: 50: 6319: 7856: 7761: 7703: 7621:

After quake situation of Nepal's cultural capital, Bhaktapur, ABP News, 29 April 2015

7594: 7352: 7203: 7052: 6711: 5855: 5719: 5699: 5514: 4409: 3834: 3413: 3377: 3271: 3231: 3222: 2888: 2880: 2240: 2147: 2110:. Bhaktapur was also greatly isolated and ignored by the central powers. When a new 2067: 1915: 1835: 1741: 1689: 1626: 1595: 1567: 1559: 1540: 1500: 1486: 1482: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1431: 1322: 1294: 1059: 1051: 738: 687: 679: 6672: 5911: 3711: 2433:, the earliest such canal in Bhaktapur was believed to be built by a mythical queen 2295:

was, for Bhaktapur a golden age for woodcarving, sculpture and the arts in general.

1111:

supports the existence of a settlement before the arrival of the Licchavi clan from

7791: 7179: 6879: 5308: 3227: 3113: 3105: 3044: 3035: 3019: 2623:

word for communal resting places which has been a part of Nepali culture since the

2573: 2479: 2464: 2418: 2412: 2390: 2369: 2284: 2260: 2203: 2175: 2131: 2095: 2048: 2020:

the earthquake of 1833 were also completely destroyed. Almost all the buildings in

1970: 1880: 1872: 1855: 1839: 1758: 1729: 1523: 1506: 1262: 1250: 1123: 1024: 758: 734: 727: 715: 691: 640: 636: 632: 423: 364: 2927: 1543:. The layout of the old part of the city has remained mostly the same since then. 1232:

most likely the main part of Khopring. Finally, a third inscription recovered at

898:

as the term appeared for the first time in a manuscript from 1004. Similarly, the

7615: 7289: 6479: 6348: 6069: 6014: 5884: 5751: 5604:"Historiography and Commentary on the Nepal - India Earthquake of 26 August 1833" 4302: 2437:, who according to folklore floated on water owing to her light weight. In 1379, 1148:

A 7th century stone sculpture believed to depict a mirror with the reflection of

7756: 7522:

Moral knowing in a Hindu sacred city: an exploration of mind, emotion, and self.

7513:

Mikesell, Stephen L. 1993. "A Critique of Levy's theory of the urban mesocosm."

6420: 3326: 3307: 3298: 3101: 3068: 2940: 2813: 2588:

was popularly called Rani Pukhu, meaning queen of ponds, because of its beauty.

2569: 2449:

was built in the city. The most famous Rajkulo of Bhaktapur was commissioned by

2158:

during the 1850s wrote that there were fifty thousand inhabitants in Bhaktapur.

2008:

damaged most of the city including the palace and temples. In the earthquake of

1884: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1656: 1647: 1485:

died on the way while Devaladevi and her family arrived at her birth kingdom of

1270: 1217: 1192:

inscription contains a similar message but the settlement has been referred as "

1044: 851:" which translate to "cooked rice" and "village," respectively. Situated in the 742: 582: 504: 476: 5840:

Bhaktapur, a Town Changing: Process Influenced by Bhaktapur Development Project

2716:‎) in the Bhaktapur dialect. This difference is often used humorously as 2463:

are a type of water tank made out of stone which can be found around wells and

1446:. Thus, both of these kingdoms started interfering in the internal politics of 7806: 6950: 6526: 6392: 5633: 3656:(For Briddhi Lakshmi's work, see pg 36 and for Ranajit Malla's work see pg 38) 3440: 3425: 3362: 3208: 3080: 3072: 2980: 2560:

A lot of the smaller ponds in the dense settlements of city were built in the

2468: 2347:

or the Golden gate which serves as an entrance to the inner courtyards of the

1725: 1685: 1677: 1643: 1599: 1454:'s relation with Tirhut married off his sister Devaladevi to the Tirhut king, 1345:. Ananda Deva is also credited with the establishment of shrines of the eight 1338: 1285:

Statue of Ananda Deva, the founder of Bhaktapur recovered at the courtyard of

1181: 1173: 1165: 1012: 492: 7510:, edited by Hiroshi Ishii, David Gellner and Katsuo Nawa. New Delhi: Manohar. 7455:

D.Phil. Thesis in Anthropology, University of Oxford. (Especially chap. 2–4.)

5916:. University of California Libraries. London : W. H. Allen. p. 131. 5683: 5088: 4602: 4516: 4401: 4378:"काठमाडौं उपत्यकाका ऐतिहासिक राजकुलो Kathmandu Upatyakako Aaitihasik Rajkulo" 3896: 2654:, four on each side. Many mandapa in Bhaktapur have a second storey like the 2553:), another large pond on the eastern part of town is believed to be from the 2066:

canals that had been providing fresh water to the city since the time of the

969:. However, a lot of scholars and people from outside Bhaktapur used the name 263: 250: 7291:

Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal

3944: 3606: 3303: 2693: 2651: 2577: 2357: 2307: 2099: 1954: 1652: 1578:

as the language of administration, literature and religion. The influential

1415: 1362: 1281: 1172:

district in the central part of Bhaktapur was also made during the reign of

1047: 1032: 719: 702:

trade route. In 1769, Bhaktapur was attacked and annexed into the expanding

620: 608: 487: 5732: 4393: 1953:

in 1792 and in his book described the city as being in a better state than

1767:

temples of the city but no any inscriptional evidence of it has been found.

1514:

In 1349, Nepal suffered one of the most devastating attack in its history.

7578: 7258: 7243:[Sisterly Relations Established Between Bhaktapur and Pyongsong]. 5391:

Tellings and Texts : Music, Literature and Performance in North India

5335:"ANGUISHED CRY OF A DEFEATED RULER: A RAGA SONG COMPOSED BY RANAJIT MALLA" 4895: 3026:

in its present form. The square also contains the courtyard of Til Mādhav

2467:

of the city. These are usually carved with floral motifs and the image of

1236:

district in the southwestern part of Bhaktapur mention the place name as "

590: 7816: 7811: 7801: 7796: 7781: 7771: 7766: 7460:

Suffering and Hope: Christianity and Ethics among the Newars of Bhaktapur

7421:

Orientalia - Collana di Studi Orientali des CESMEO, No. VII, Torino, 1996

6925: 4804:"१४औँ शताब्दीमा नेपालमा भएको मुसलमानी आक्रमण पुष्टि गर्ने यी दुई शिलालेख" 3262:

Bhaktapur Durbar Square under construction after 25 April 2015 earthquake

3174: 3050: 3027: 3015: 2988: 2848: 2840: 2740:‎', that is not present in the standard dialect. For instance, the 2457:

to the city. All of these Rajkulos in Bhaktapur have gone extinct today.

2454: 2326:, numerous sculptures in the restricted courtyards of the palace and the 2319: 1903: 1895: 1764: 1754: 1737: 1736:

and Tribhuvan Malla. Ganga Devi, who was also popularly called as "Ganga

1732:

seized control of the kingdom and started a joint rule with her two sons

1631: 1495: 1458:. After the marriage, the relation between the two kingdoms smoothed and 1435: 1410: 1406: 1374: 1346: 1126:

is believed to be the descendants of the Kirānta clan and the modern day

1104: 1096: 1084: 996: 860: 553: 6074:. Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University. p. 62. 6019:. Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University. p. 50. 5691: 5659: 5386: 5196:(in Nepali) (1st ed.). Kathmandu: Pallav Publication. p. 239. 4715:(in Nepali) (1st ed.). Kathmandu: Pallav Publication. p. 177. 4610: 4586: 3904: 3880: 3750: 3682: 3643:

of all hitis in Bhaktapur as published by Bhaktapur Municipality.(p. 21)

2851:

was an important literary language. Historical documents written in the

2650:

is a roofed platform but they are always free standing and have sixteen

1634:. He also made it mandatory for all citizens of Bhaktapur regardless of 718:

city. Due to being isolated and overlooked by the central government in

17: 7841: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7786: 7776: 7683: 5675: 5440:"भक्तपुर दरबार क्षेत्रका जीर्ण, भग्न र लुप्त भइसकेका ऐतिहसिक स्मारकहरु" 5117:(in Nepali) (1st ed.). Kathmandu: Svadesh Prakashan. p. 352. 4803: 4287: 3117: 2868: 2538:) measures 574×249 ft. The two oldest known ponds of the city are 2442: 2430: 2422: 2311: 2123: 2115: 2063: 1827: 1563: 1378: 1358: 1321:

in the central part of Bhaktapur and declared it as the new capital of

1266: 1258: 1164:

district in the eastern part of Bhaktapur was made during the reign of

1036: 782: 762: 444: 2963:

earthquake, many of the fallen monuments have been reconstructed. The

1574:

based on occupation. Jayasthiti Malla is also credited for making the

7630: 7133: 5393:. OBP collection. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. pp. 231–245. 5359: 3314: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177:

is deified. The temple has intricate roof struts showing multi-armed

3170: 3163: 3159: 3088: 3084: 2793:‎), which is considered to be one of the greatest poems of the 2405: 2327: 1879:

in the shrine of Mahakali near the northern gate. During April 1662,

1746: 1701: 1660: 1519: 1491: 1439: 1419: 1130:

is believed to derived from the language that he Kirānta clan spoke.

793: 6736:"Bhaktapur attracts most tourists among Ktm Valley's Durbar Squares" 4153: 2967:

houses various monuments like the palace of fifty five windows, the

2356:

placed on a stone pillar front of the gate, crafted by a smith from

2302:

survive in Bhaktapur and so almost all surviving works are from the

2298:

Similar to woodcarving, very few stone or metal sculptures from the

1212:

district were wealthier than the settlements around the present day

1062:

who resided in the lake. Manjushri is believed to have entered the

7836: 7536:

History as mindscapes: a memory of the peasants' movement of Nepal

7434:. Bhaktapur: Kendriya Prakashan Samiti, Nepal Majdur Kishan Party. 6160:(in Nepali). No. 127. Bhaktapur Municipality. pp. 11–16. 5089:"'राजा' समेत हुन मान्दैनथे भक्तपुरे, उल्टै विस्थापित हुनुपर्थ्याे" 4220: 3318: 3257: 3138: 3137: 3121: 3092: 3055: 2992: 2976: 2936: 2926: 2910: 2824:

is also a prominent author, mostly writing political books in the

2776: 2603: 2478: 2459: 2256: 2207: 2190: 2155: 2119: 2077: 1996:

earthquake which destroyed almost all the buildings in the square.

1983: 1867: 1823: 1775: 1769: 1604: 1505: 1314: 1280: 1143: 1055: 991: 778: 746: 699: 695: 616: 604: 346: 283: 7333:

Bhaktapur Ordered Space Concepts and Functions in A Town of Nepal

4283:

Mythic and Symbolic origins of a city: A case of Kathmandu Valley

2903:" are noted for their historical as well as literary importance. 1749:

from Taleju along with her two sons, the tutelary goddess of the

607:

located about 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) from the capital city,

530: 3568: 3083:, which is the combined form of three principal Hindu deities, ( 2631:

see extensive use by the locals as a communal gathering places.

2518:

dynasty, in the city. Of them the largest four, SIddha Pokhari (

2315: 787: 7634: 7259:"Bhaktapur Municipality, Leshan Municipality of China sign MoU" 6760: 6297:(in Nepali). Vol. 326. Bhaktapur Municipality. p. 12. 5927: 3169:

The temple is a double-roofed structure where the idol of Lord

2557:, however no definitive proof has been found of its antiquity. 2283:

is considered one of the best examples of the kind. Similarly,

7180:"Film Shooting Locations - Filmapia – reel sites. real sights" 6824:"Bhaktapur Durbar Square: the best place to make your stories" 3833:

Shrestha, Rajani; Duwal, Sunil; Duwal, Suman (11 April 2018).

3712:"Bhaktapur Municipality; the municipality of world's heritage" 1914:, today a symbol of the city was commissioned by him. His son 745:. Bhaktapur is one of the most visited tourist destination of 7600: 7508:

Political and social transformations in north India and Nepal

6951:"यसरी पुनर्निर्माण हुँदैछ प्रसिद्ध भैरवनाथ मन्दिर (फोटोफिचर)" 6543:"Christians at the Malla Court: The Capuchin 'piccolo libro'" 6128:"Talk about Bhaktapur Durbar Square with Om Prasad Dhaubadel" 5387:"8. Text, Orality, and Performance in Newar Devotional Music" 5297:(in Nepali) (1st ed.). Swodesh Publications. p. 72. 1926:

devotional songs he wrote are still sung in Bhaktapur today.

1188:

should be given more rights for a self rule." Similarly, the

167:'Creation of our ancestors, our heritage and culture' 7387: 5756:. Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University. 5389:. In Butler Schofield, Katherine; Orsini, Francesca (eds.). 4983:(in Nepali). Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. pp. 125–129. 3400:, electrical engineer and the first Nepalese to visit the US 3368:

Bhāgirāma Kāyastha (alias Bhāju Kasa), 18th century minister

2752:) in Bhaktapur whereas in the standard dialect its name is " 2150:

in 1769 mention Bhaktapur as a city with 12,000 households.

2130:

Under the Bhaktapur Development Project which was funded by

1763:

and public rest houses within Bhaktapur as well as numerous

1450:. In the 1310s, the monarch Rudra Malla in order to improve 6880:"Phasidegal; the tallest temple of Bhaktapur Durbar Square" 6673:"Bijukchhe's book 'Bhaktapur after hundred years' launched" 3531:

Statue of King Bhupatindra Malla at Bhaktapur Durbar Square

1922:

and is remembered today for his musical contributions. The

1753:

in 9 April 1567 as previous rulers were barred to do so by

1586:

manuscript about the history of Nepal, was commissioned by

1224:

is a prefix meaning "main or principal", meaning Mākhopring

785:(or Gai jatra). It is also famous for its cuisine with the 7446:

The Anthropology of Hinduism and Buddhism: Weberian Themes

6626:

Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.

5489: 2214:

survive in Bhaktapur and so most art pieces date from the

2206:

kingdom, contains one of the most elaborate art pieces of

635:

settlement of the country. The city is also known for its

7432:

Saya Barsha Pachiko Bhaktapur (Bhaktapur After 100 Years)

7241:"bhaktapura ra pyongsong bich bhagini sambandha sthapana" 4551: 4549: 4189: 4187: 7474:

Ordered space: concepts and functions in a town of Nepal

7448:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. (Chap. 12 and 13.) 4683: 4681: 4679: 4622: 4620: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 3881:"Bhaktapur: Sacred Patterns of a Living Urban Tradition" 1894:

Jagat Prakasha Malla died on 8 December 1672 because of

1806:

ruled alone till his death in 1613 after which his son,

1688:'s reluctancy to give up the throne for the division of 1003:, central Bhaktapur is the oldest one found in the city. 839:

is a combination of two words from an early form of the

7368:

Bindloss, Joe; Holden, Trent; Mayhew, Bradley. (2009).

3683:"भक्तपुर नगरपालिका संक्षिप्त परिचय | भक्तपुर नगरपालिका" 3149:

is an ancient Hindu temple located near the village of

2732:

sound and vice versa. Similarly, Bhaktpaur Newar has a

1969:

was imprisoned in 1847. After the establishment of the

1168:. Another similar inscription from 594, recovered from 749:

with the city attracting 301,012 tourists in 2014. The

7247:. Vol. 203. Bhaktapur Municipality. 19 July 2014. 5805: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5634:"National Earthquake Monitoring & Research Center" 4073:"Opinion - Cultural heritage and tourism in Bhaktapur" 3982: 3980: 2287:

are an important aspect of Nepalese architecture. The

1503:

as regent for her granddaughter/grandniece, Rajaldevi.

722:, its infrastructure and economy deteriorated and the 7204:

The Eight Cornered Gift, 15 October 2014, Kapil Bisht

7075: 7073: 5943:"भक्तपुर नगरपालिका संक्षिप्त परिचय भक्तपुर नगरपालिका" 5724:

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions

5718:

Gautam, Dipendra; Rodrigues, Hugo (15 January 2018).

4831: 4829: 4110:"Bhaktapur the Historical city—A world heritage site" 3967: 3965: 643:

and artisans. Bhaktapur suffered heavy damage in the

3067:

The Dattatraya Square located in the Tachapal tole (

2546:

built in 1118 and 1168 respectively. Kamal Pokhari (

1385:

was established next to and named after the Goddess

7731: 7689: 6421:"भक्तपुरमा पाइलैपिच्छे सार्वजनिक पाटी (तस्बिरसहित)" 1961:. Bhaktapur played a small role during the rise of 1023:was being created due to the collision between the 922:was used to describe the city in almost all of the 694:kingdom, mostly due to its position in the ancient 627:, Bhaktapur is one of the three main cities of the 525: 515: 503: 486: 472: 467: 443: 429: 419: 411: 403: 398: 390: 382: 377: 362: 344: 339: 329: 321: 313: 301: 289: 279: 34: 6449:Slusser, Mary Shepherd; Vajrācārya, Gautamavajra. 6342: 6340: 5165:"Was there a yeti in the Royal Zoo?- Nepali Times" 4776:"Devalakshmidevi in the Medieval History of Nepal" 4585:MacFadyen, J. Tevere; Vogt, Jay Woodworth (1977). 3773: 3771: 2634:It was considered religiously pious to consecrate 2445:of Bhaktapur and in the same year a new one named 2098:ended and Nepal was open up to the outside world, 1949:. Bhaktapur was visited by Colonel Kirkpatrick of 1814:is especially remembered for his contributions in 1393:has been lost to time, most likely due to various 1293:In legends and chronicles, Ananda Deva, who ruled 941:in 1769, Bhaktapur was started to be referred as " 902:written in the 14th century refers to the city as 820:a term that can be traced to an early form of the 619:as well as the most densely populated. Along with 86:, the main square of Bhaktapur which contains the 7531:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 6855:"Temple of Mahadeo, Bhatgaon (Nepal). March 1853" 6226:"Hitis (Water Fountains) of the Kathmandu Valley" 5990:Shrestha, Purushottam Lochan (22 November 2014). 5597: 5595: 4921:Vajracharya, Dhanavajra; Malla, Kamal P. (1985). 4322:"The lake that was once Kathmandu - Nepali Times" 1830:, is considered one of the greatest works in the 678:. The capital place of Kasthamandu was Bhaktapur 158:पुर्खाले सिर्जेको सम्पत्ती, हाम्रो कला र संस्कृति 6976:"Aesamari Sattal of Taumadhi Square | Bhaktapur" 6647:"\'Rajamati\' script writer Nakarmi passes away" 4650:. Asian Educational services. pp. 163–164. 3778:Nepal Government, Central Bureau of Statistics. 3010:, the five storeyed temple commissioned by King 7439:Occasional Papers in Sociology and Anthropology 5575:"Bhaktapur Durbar Square - Rubin Museum of Art" 5295:bhaktapura daravārakā mallakālīna bhāradāraharū 4049:"Bhaktapur, Nepal's Capital of Music and Dance" 3706: 3704: 2243:and made by Subhākara, Karuṇākara and Ratikara. 1442:while the House of Yuthunimam sought help from 1208:". So, the settlements around the present day 5883:Widdess, Professor Richard (2 December 2013). 5843:. Bhaktapur Development Project. pp. 8–9. 5360:"जब दुईसय वर्षपछि भक्तपुरमा गोली चल्यो !" 4872: 3270:that struck on 25 April 2015 (12 Baisakh 2072 2935:Bhaktapur is one of the most visited sites of 1204:" and wealthy settlements were classified as " 730:as part of the Bhaktapur Development Project. 7646: 7476:. Wiesbaden: Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner. 6791:"Bhaktapur: A Tale of the ancient trade city" 6614:(in Newari). Nepal Bhasa Academy. p. 54. 6368:"Phalchas Much More Than Just Resting Places" 3809:"Reclaiming Kathmandu's old Newari landscape" 3751:"Brief Introduction - Bhaktapur Municipality" 2453:in 1677 that brought water from the hills of 2334:. The ledger work of the construction of the 2031:era temples and palaces of the city like the 1977:was appointed as the magistrate of the city. 1269:canals as she is said to only weigh a single 1240:" which was probably a separate village from 8: 7472:Gutschow, Niels, and Bernhard Kolver. 1975. 6320:"पाेखरीहरूकाे शहर – भक्तपुर | Bhaktapur.com" 6261:Bhaktapurama dhungedhara ko vikasa vyavastha 4376:Parajuli, Sandhya Khanal (2 December 2019). 2012:, Bhaktapur suffered the most damage in the 1602:, a claim inherited by all future monarchs. 6152:Shrestha, Purushottam Lochan (June 1998). " 6045:Kasthakala: The Art of Nepalese Woodcarving 5602:Sujit Dasgupta; Basab Mukhopadhyay (2015). 5235:(in Nepali) (291 ed.). pp. 30–33. 4979:Upadhaya, Prof Dr Shreeram Prasasd (2009). 4968:(in Nepali) (287 ed.). pp. 17–22. 4465:Shrestha, Purushottam Lochan (April 2022). 3437:, politician and current mayor of Bhaktapur 3207:Kailashnath Mahadev is the World's Tallest 2728:sound in the standard dialect is replaced " 1031:plate. The lake water started eroding the 574: 39: 7653: 7639: 7631: 7493:Gutschow, Niels, and Axel Michaels. 2012. 7486:Gutschow, Niels, and Axel Michaels. 2008. 7479:Gutschow, Niels, and Axel Michaels. 2005. 7330:Gutschow, Niels; Kolver, Bernhard (1975). 7149: 7147: 7053:"Brief Introduction : भक्तपुर जि.स.स" 6900:Gutschow, Niels; Theophile, Erich (1990). 6353:. Tiwari's Pilgrims Book House. p. 1. 5309:"A monument to an angry god- Nepali Times" 5276:"biskā jātrāsanga joḍiekā kehī ṭipoṭaharū" 5260:(in Nepali). Bhaktapur Municipality: 9–16. 5030:(in Nepali). No. 262. pp. 80–82. 3116:deity of commerce often confused with the 2082:Aerial view of Bhaktapur in 1962 with the 812:, the indigenous language of Bhaktapur is 31: 7120:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t008588 7110:Vajracharya, Gautam (2003), "Bhaktapur", 7006:. Sonali Publications. pp. 205–206. 5731: 4981:Nepal ko Prachin tatha Madhyakalin Itihas 1019:was in fact a lake which formed when the 7883:Nepal municipalities established in 1953 6524:Music Diaries Nepal (2 September 2020), 5889:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 299. 4687: 4670: 4626: 4567: 4555: 4540: 4427: 4352: 4304:Report on the Geological Survey of Nepal 4193: 3344: 3336: 2804:, born in 1882 is considered one of the 2720:in the standard dialect means "mud" and 2373: 2279:on the entrance to the Taleju temple in 2229: 999:language stone inscription dated 594 at 737:settlements, Bhaktapur is predominantly 6818: 6816: 6695: 6693: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6503: 6501: 6473: 6471: 6444: 6442: 6415: 6413: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6306: 6304: 6121: 6119: 6117: 5985: 5983: 4441:"Renovating Kathmandu's ancient canals" 3674: 3632: 3473: 2919:temple, built during the reign of King 2389:, including Bhaktapur is known for its 2202:Bhaktapur, being a former capital of a 1373:, who is considered the leaders of the 524: 502: 485: 466: 442: 397: 389: 376: 338: 328: 312: 278: 243: 171: 112: 94: 75: 70: 7868:Populated places in Bhaktapur District 7028:"Bhairavnath Temple, Bhaktapur, Nepal" 6362: 6360: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6194: 6192: 6038: 6036: 5937: 5935: 5832: 5830: 5821: 5809: 5779:"Restoring a piece of Nepal's history" 5745: 5743: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5569: 5567: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5535: 5490:"हिमाल खबरपत्रिका | विस्मृतिको बाटोमा" 5458: 5456: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5269: 5267: 5244: 5242: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5187: 5185: 5087:खाइजू, ईश्वरकाजी (26 September 2021). 5082: 5080: 5078: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4739:Sakya, Shaguni Singh (12 April 2021). 4734: 4732: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4485: 4483: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4242: 4240: 4223:: Ratna Pustak Bhandar. pp. 7–8. 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 3986: 3836:Making Bhaktapur a Rain-Efficient City 3266:A magnitude of 7.8 Richter earthquake 2247:Woodcarving is a major artwork of the 1273:or 11 grams and hence float on water. 599:, is a city in the east corner of the 577:"City of Devotees"), known locally as 7430:Bijukchhe, N.M. 2059 VS (2002–3 AD). 7309:Shrestha, Purushottam Lochan (2001). 6834:from the original on 27 February 2021 5385:Widdess, Richard (29 November 2016). 5258:Nhū pukhū (rānīpokharī) eka jīrṇodvār 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4316: 4314: 4219:(in Nepali). Bhaktapur Municipality, 4108:Shrestha, Purushottam Lochan (2016). 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4067: 4065: 3997: 3995: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3802: 3800: 3780:"Results of the 2021 National Census" 2495:There are 50 artificial ponds/lakes ( 2165:, it had a population of 72,543. The 1700:barred him from taking any oaths and 1473:after it was invaded and captured by 926:, manuscripts and documents from the 560: 514: 471: 428: 418: 410: 402: 386:6.889 km (2.660 sq mi) 381: 361: 343: 320: 300: 288: 149: 141: 7: 7524:New York: Columbia University Press. 6801:from the original on 6 November 2021 6771:from the original on 7 December 2021 6563: 6478:Widdess, Richard (5 December 2016). 6393:"फल्चा : बुढ्यौलीमा बसिबियाँलो" 5994:Pachpanna jhyālē darbārkō vishvarupa 5870: 5608:Indian Journal of History of Science 5560:– via archive.nepalitimes.com. 5420: 5021:"bhaktapurako mallakālīna vaṃśāvalī" 4894:Shrestha, Sabina (29 January 2023). 4835: 4814:from the original on 30 October 2021 4505:– via archive.nepalitimes.com. 3971: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3483:Street scene, Bhaktapur, Nepal. 1979 2835:became the official language in the 2102:and the other cities around it like 1965:as its former palace was where King 965:as in "City of devotees" instead of 808:The present day name of the city in 7606:Old pictures of Bhaktapur from 1920 7155:"Introducing Changu Narayan Temple" 7093:"Bhimsen Temple, Dattatraya Square" 6904:. Ratna Pustak Bhandar. p. 5. 6703:Nepalbhashaya Prachin Kavya Sirjana 5777:Shrestha, Sahina (2 October 2021). 5251:"Bhaktapurako aitihāsika nhū pukhū" 4745:WOW Magazine Nepal | World Of Women 3313:On 13 December 2023, Bhaktapur and 3279:witnessed damages in the disaster. 3142:Front face of Changu Narayan temple 2251:. Most of the wooden work from the 2239:or the Golden gate commissioned by 1680:is considered a weak figure in the 1546:In September 1354, a nine year old 1180:inscription contains a decree from 1107:language stone inscriptions of the 686:from the 12th century to 1482 when 199:Location in Bagmati Province, Nepal 7294:. University of California Press. 6172:"Three golden kings- Nepali Times" 6043:Meyer, Heinrich (1 January 2017). 5970:"In with the old, in with the new" 4587:"The city is a mandala: Bhaktapur" 2983:") located on the eastern part of 2094:In the 1950s, when the tyrannical 1866:and both joined forces to start a 1541:Sanskrit treatises in architecture 1381:. The royal court of Ananda Deva, 1054:, Manjushri is said to have cut a 25: 7515:Contributions to Nepalese studies 6761:"Bhaktapur - Nepal Tourism Board" 6580:. Nepal: Ratna Books. p. 4. 6451:"Two Medieval Nepalese Buildings" 5438:Kyastha, Balaram (January 2021). 5056:Bhaktapur talejuma diskhsa pratha 4957:Bhaktapurakā aitihāsika ḍhokāharu 4849:"The Sultan's siege of Kathmandu" 4467:"Sulamā, Kulamā wa Nandadev juju" 3852:"Resurrecting Rani Pokhari Right" 3652:Both of these poems can be found 3238:. Also, portions of Indian films 2839:, most literature was written in 1609:Ruins of the medieval city gate, 1594:states him as the one blessed by 741:and speaks a distinct dialect of 219: 186: 7722: 7682: 7589: 7577: 7357:. Bhaktapur Development Project. 6199:Chitrakar, Anil (7 March 2022). 5968:Bhattarai, Sewa (10 July 2019). 5910:Oldfield, Henry Ambrose (1880). 5464:"मौलिक शैलीमा ठडियो शिलु महादेव" 5342:Contribution to Nepalese Studies 5333:Dhungel, Ramesh (January 2007). 4896:"मिथिलासँग जोडिएको नेवार सभ्यता" 4152:Gaiju, Rajesh (1 January 2020). 3614: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3297: 3185:(dated to the 5th century), the 2820:writer was also from Bhaktapur. 2708:‎, "water") which becomes 2322:sculptures near the entrance to 1929:In November 1769, Bhaktapur was 1834:. Jagajjyoti Malla died in 1642 1313:road took by merchants going to 1261:canals, which supplies water in 1152:a mythical queen from Bhaktpur . 879:denoted a village as opposed to 824:The oldest instance of the name 670:. Although chronicles like the 218: 211: 185: 178: 99: 77: 7467:Retheorizing religion in Nepal. 7312:Tripura ra Yuthunimama rajakula 6628:New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. 6097:"Mhaykhā Jhyā – Peacock Window" 5854:Haaland, Ane (1 January 1982). 5224:Dhaubhadel, Om (January 2021). 4953:Dhaubhadel, Om (October 2020). 3274:, Saturday, at local time 11:56 3220:Portions of the Hollywood film 3042:the Betala temple and a golden 2429:-like canal system were called 2255:that survives today are wooden 2210:. Only a few artworks from the 1625:was the last king of a unified 1337:was architecturally similar to 863:translation of the native term 7132:UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 6710:] (in Newari). Kathmandu: 6610:Nepal Bhasa Sahitya ya Itihasa 6606:Tuladhar, Prem Shanti (2000). 6576:Tuladhar, Artha Ratna (2017). 6286:Bhaktapur nagarakā pokhariharu 6201:"Saving Nepal's hiti heritage" 5192:Adhikari, Bamabahadur (2019). 5052:Dhaubhadel, Om Prasad (2020). 4711:Adhikari, Bamabahadur (2019). 4022:"Bhaktapur: City of Festivals" 4002:Prasad, Bardal Bharat (2014). 2923:is the tallest temple of Nepal 1846:, in his attempt to unify the 1050:. Believed to be a saint from 957:was used until the 1930s when 473: • Official language 133: 29:Municipality in Bagmati, Nepal 1: 7548:von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2019. 7538:. Kathmandu: Martin Chautari. 7469:New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 7079:Destination Nepal: Bhaktapur 5929:. Retrieved: 9 December 2011. 5274:Dhaubhadel, Om (April 2022). 5249:Dhaubhadel, Om (April 2022). 3885:Studies in the History of Art 3181:deities. A kneeling image of 2403:mythical creature known as a 2122:and litter filled the roads. 1724:, Bhaktapur. In October 1558 1522:and his armies plundered the 666:with the other cities of the 415:11,000/km (30,000/sq mi) 7709:Madhyapur Thimi Municipality 7597:travel guide from Wikivoyage 7376:Destination Nepal: Bhaktapur 7138:UNESCO World Heritage Centre 6624:Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). 6541:Alsop, Ian (11 March 2021). 6068:Vaidya, Tulasī Rāma (2002). 6013:Vaidya, Tulasī Rāma (2002). 5750:Vaidya, Tulasī Rāma (2002). 5658:KLEINERT, Christian (1977). 5449:(in Nepali). pp. 16–20. 3582:Newari king curd (Juju Dhau) 3495:Street of Bhaktapur at night 3022:and then later remodeled by 2136:Nepal Workers Peasants Party 2090:mountains in the background. 1822:a play about the wedding of 1720:and established a border at 973:till the late 20th century. 394:1,401 m (4,596 ft) 202:Show map of Bagmati Province 7288:Levy, Robert Isaac (1990). 7114:, Oxford University Press, 6578:Legends of Bhaktapur. Nepal 3323:Memorandum of understanding 2806:Four Pillars of Nepal Bhasa 2684:) is a distinct dialect of 1598:and the incarnation of the 767:Capital of Music and Dance" 591: 145:City of Festivals and dance 130: 7899: 7704:Changunarayan Municipality 7497:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 7490:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 7483:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. 5139:"मौलिक शैलीमा उभियो लायकु" 4873:Gutschow & Kolver 1975 4853:Online Khabar English News 4492:"The rebirth of Bhaktapur" 4215:Kayastha, Balaram (2019). 3519:Bhaktapur Taumadhi square. 3203:Kailashnath Mahadev Statue 3200: 3197:Kailashnath Mahadev Statue 3166:as a World Heritage Site. 3131: 2770: 2669: 2500: 2367: 1918:was the last ruler of the 1670: 1137: 985: 937:by the Gorkhali armies of 816:This name is derived from 595:) and historically called 453: 119: 40: 38: 7720: 7714:Suryabinayak Municipality 7680: 7668: 7550:Nepalese Stone Sculptures 7388:http://www.bhaktapur.com/ 7003:Sustainable Urban Tourism 6708:Old Poetry in Nepal Bhasa 6700:Vaidya, Janaklal (2002). 5515:"The Eight Cornered Gift" 4774:Das, Basudev Lal (2015). 4307:. Kommission Gebr. Fretz. 4290:: SAGE. pp. 101–123. 3325:regarding establishing a 3018:which was first built by 2086:on the far right and the 1898:after which the reign of 906:and in some pages of the 796:inscribed Bhaktapur as a 774: 682:during the first half of 461: 244: 172: 157: 150: 142: 113: 95: 76: 71: 62: 7611:Explore Nepal: Bhaktapur 7541:Widdess, Richard. 2013. 7527:Parish, Steven M. 1996. 7520:Parish, Steven M. 1994. 7462:. Kathmandu: Ekta Books. 7082:. Retrieved: 9 Dec 2011. 6257:Munankarmi, Lilabhakta. 5113:Rasik, Jitendra (2018). 4924:The Gopalaraja Vamsavali 4252:daobhaktapur.moha.gov.np 3879:GUTSCHOW, NIELS (1993). 3329:between the two cities. 3250:were shot in Bhaktapur. 2879:. Among royal writers, 2859:in Bhaktapur during the 2638:and today there are 364 2596:meaning secretive pond. 2000:The great earthquake of 1973:in 1846, Rana's brother 1684:. Many historians blame 883:which denoted a town in 706:(which later became the 420: • Ethnicities 7616:Bhaktapur Photo gallery 7465:Grieve, Gregory. 2006. 7378:, Retrieved: 9 Dec 2011 7000:Chawla, Romila (2006). 6176:archive.nepalitimes.com 5313:archive.nepalitimes.com 5293:Dhaubhadel, Om (2018). 5194:Nepālako sarala itihāsa 5169:archive.nepalitimes.com 5019:Dhaubhadel, Om (2018). 4786:(1) – via Nepjol. 4713:Nepālako sarala itihāsa 4644:Wright, Daniel (1877). 4326:archive.nepalitimes.com 4280:Toffin, Gérard (1990). 4217:Madhyakālina bhaktapura 4047:Rana, Jagadish (1989). 3594:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 3543:View of Taumadhi square 3507:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 3464:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 3422:, politician and writer 3236:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 2985:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 2660:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 2644:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 2281:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 2224:palace of fifty windows 2022:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 1990:Bhaktapur Durbar Square 1728:, the queen consort of 1253:is also dated from the 129:'rice village' 7878:Car-free zones in Asia 7699:Bhaktapur Municipality 7444:Gellner, David. 2001. 6508:Sunder Krishna Joshi. 6350:Tales of Old Bhaktapur 5733:10.5194/nhess-2017-435 5233:Bhaktapur Municipality 5226:"jaggachanda ko huna?" 5028:Bhaktapur Municipality 4394:10.3126/nc.v13i0.27499 4004:"Tourism in Bhaktapur" 3784:censusnepal.cbs.gov.np 3352: 3342: 3284:Nepal-Bihar earthquake 3263: 3241:Hare Rama Hare Krishna 3173:in his incarnation as 3143: 3108:including the popular 3064: 2932: 2924: 2883:and his queen consort 2798: 2773:Nepal bhasa literature 2613: 2510:), constructed in the 2492: 2382: 2259:which mostly depicted 2244: 2199: 2198:or the Peacock window. 2152:Henry Ambrose Oldfield 2091: 1997: 1858:made an alliance with 1795: 1618: 1511: 1290: 1257:. It is said that the 1153: 1004: 430: • Religions 72:Bhaktapur Municipality 7384:Retrieved: 8 May 2015 6347:Goodman, Jim (1992). 6101:Woodworkers Institute 5837:Haaland, Ane (1982). 3813:The Annapurna Express 3621:Festival preparations 3420:Narayan Man Bijukchhe 3350:Narayan Man Bijukchhe 3348: 3340: 3268:2015 Nepal earthquake 3261: 3141: 3059: 2998:The Taumadhi Square ( 2930: 2914: 2822:Narayan Man Bijukchhe 2780: 2607: 2482: 2377: 2233: 2194: 2081: 1987: 1773: 1617:in the 15th century. 1608: 1516:Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah 1509: 1475:Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq 1426:Capital city of Nepal 1389:. However, the famed 1284: 1147: 1021:Lower Himalayan Range 995: 939:Prithivi Narayan Shah 935:conquest of Bhaktapur 890:By the 11th century, 645:April 2015 earthquake 562:[ˈbʱʌkt̪ʌpur] 264:27.67222°N 85.42778°E 7586:at Wikimedia Commons 7500:Haaland, Ane. 1982. 7351:Haland, Ane (1982). 7263:english.ratopati.com 6926:"फेरि उठ्यो भैरवनाथ" 6230:World Monuments Fund 6095:WWI (27 July 2022). 4929:Franz Steiner Verlag 4301:Hagen, Toni (1968). 3430:Member of Parliament 3390:, queen consort and 3365:, 16th century queen 2865:Gopal Raj Vamshavali 2843:and even during the 1967:Rajendra Bikram Shah 1920:Kingdom of Bhaktapur 1889:Jagat Prakasha Malla 1852:Jagat Prakasha Malla 1790:as a divine couple. 1673:Kingdom of Bhaktapur 1667:Kingdom of Bhaktapur 1592:Gopal Raj Vamshavali 1580:Gopal Raj Vamshavali 1529:Gopal Raj Vamshavali 1477:, the Sultan of the 1335:Gopal Raj Vamshavali 1089:Gopal Raj Vamshavali 1076:Gopal Raj Vamshavali 1060:Swayambhunath Buddha 1007:The folklore of the 988:History of Kathmandu 959:Juddha Shumsher Rana 900:Gopal Raj Vamshavali 761:and the carnival of 672:Gopal Raj Vamshavali 412: • Density 7545:. Farnham: Ashgate. 7534:Raj, Yogesh. 2010. 7458:Gibson, Ian. 2017. 7451:Gibson, Ian. 2015. 7057:dccbhaktapur.gov.np 6797:. 28 October 2021. 6071:Bhaktapur Rajdarbar 6016:Bhaktapur Rajdarbar 5947:bhaktapurmun.gov.np 5753:Bhaktapur Rajdarbar 5115:Alakapuri Bhaktapur 3755:bhaktapurmun.gov.np 3687:bhaktapurmun.gov.np 3454:Battle of Bhaktapur 3428:, politician and a 3234:were filmed in the 3091:the preserver, and 2893:hāya hāya rāma rāma 2791:𑐎 𑐏 𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐫𑐾 2678:𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐥𑑅 𑐨𑐵𑐫𑑂 2441:repaired a damaged 2349:former royal palace 2330:of Devi inside the 2161:At the time of the 2146:A song composed by 2047:stucco dome by the 1816:Maithili literature 1692:. The newly formed 1249:Bhaktapur's oldest 835:from 594. The term 798:World Heritage Site 755:former royal palace 611:. Bhaktapur is the 260: / 7662:Bhaktapur District 7134:"Kathmandu Valley" 7032:Asian Architecture 6000:Lalitkala Magazine 5676:10.1007/BF00188887 5638:seismonepal.gov.np 5366:. 25 February 2021 4517:"Bhaktapur, Nepal" 4126:on 22 October 2021 3404:Jagat Sundar Malla 3398:Padma Sundar Malla 3353: 3343: 3264: 3216:In popular culture 3144: 3065: 3034:(often called the 2991:style building in 2969:Simhādhwākhā Lyākū 2933: 2925: 2863:. The influential 2802:Jagat Sundar Malla 2799: 2754:𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐥𑐿𑐵 2734:voiced velar nasal 2614: 2530:and Rani Pokhari ( 2493: 2383: 2245: 2200: 2092: 1998: 1988:A general view of 1975:Dhir Shumsher Rana 1951:East India Company 1810:became the ruler. 1796: 1619: 1572:Hindu caste system 1512: 1291: 1289:temple, Bhaktapur. 1184:that "people from 1158:stone inscriptions 1154: 1140:Licchavi (kingdom) 1005: 733:Compared to other 404: • Total 383: • Total 269:27.67222; 85.42778 143:Nickname(s): 7850: 7849: 7582:Media related to 7301:978-0-520-06911-4 7112:Oxford Art Online 7013:978-81-8411-002-9 6902:The Sulima Pagoda 6651:kathmandupost.com 6491:978-1-351-94627-8 6324:www.bhaktapur.com 6081:978-99933-52-17-4 6026:978-99933-52-17-4 5896:978-1-4094-6601-7 5763:978-99933-52-17-4 5400:978-2-8218-7616-3 4154:"भक्तपुर नामाकरण" 4077:kathmandupost.com 3372:Bhupatindra Malla 3327:sisterly relation 3062:Dattatraya Temple 3012:Bhupatindra Malla 2921:Bhupatindra Malla 2676:Bhaktapur Newar ( 2656:Chyāsilim mandapa 2584:built in 1629 by 2354:Bhupatindra Malla 2171:2021 Nepal census 2167:2011 Nepal census 2163:2001 Nepal census 1963:Jung Bahadur Rana 1908:Bhupatindra Malla 1832:Maithili language 1792:Bhupatindra Malla 1784:Bhupatindra Malla 1343:Kailashkut Bhawan 1333:according to the 1186:Mākhopring draṅga 1115:. The modern day 1078:, a 14th-century 543: 542: 235:Show map of Nepal 232:Bhaktapur (Nepal) 166: 128: 16:(Redirected from 7890: 7726: 7686: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7632: 7593: 7581: 7372:. Lonely Planet. 7358: 7347: 7326: 7305: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7237: 7231: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7212: 7206: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7184:www.filmapia.com 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7151: 7142: 7141: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7049: 7043: 7042: 7040: 7038: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6986: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6839: 6820: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6748: 6746: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6697: 6688: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6643: 6637: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6603: 6592: 6591: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6549:. Archived from 6538: 6532: 6531: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6505: 6496: 6495: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6446: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6417: 6408: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6389: 6383: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6364: 6355: 6354: 6344: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6316: 6299: 6298: 6292: 6280: 6274: 6273: 6267: 6254: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6196: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5987: 5978: 5977: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5939: 5930: 5926:City Population 5924: 5918: 5917: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5825: 5819: 5813: 5807: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5747: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5715: 5704: 5703: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5599: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5543: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5444: 5435: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5371: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5339: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5271: 5262: 5261: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5236: 5230: 5221: 5208: 5207: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5084: 5073: 5072: 5062: 5049: 5032: 5031: 5025: 5016: 4995: 4994: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4963: 4950: 4933: 4932: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4891: 4876: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4845: 4839: 4833: 4824: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4802:Devkota, Sabin. 4799: 4788: 4787: 4771: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4736: 4727: 4726: 4708: 4691: 4685: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4647:History of Nepal 4641: 4630: 4624: 4615: 4614: 4597:(265): 307–309. 4582: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4471: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4414: 4413: 4382:Nepalese Culture 4373: 4356: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4277: 4264: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4212: 4197: 4191: 4162: 4161: 4149: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4125: 4119:. Archived from 4114: 4105: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4069: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4026:Inside Himalayas 4018: 4012: 4011: 3999: 3990: 3984: 3975: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3924:The Conversation 3918:Arora, Vanicka. 3915: 3909: 3908: 3876: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3850:Tuladhar, Alok. 3847: 3841: 3840: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3747: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3708: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3637: 3618: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3480: 3459:Nyatapola Temple 3302: 3301: 3277: 3155:Kathmandu Valley 3024:Jagajjyoti Malla 3008:Nyatapola temple 3001: 2950: 2810:revival campaign 2792: 2755: 2747: 2739: 2715: 2707: 2679: 2625:Lichhavi dynasty 2586:Jagajjyoti Malla 2555:Licchavi dynasty 2505: 2503: 2483:Siddha Pokhari ( 2439:Jayasthiti Malla 2387:Kathmandu Valley 2385:The entirety of 2300:Licchavi dynasty 2253:Lichhavi dynasty 2249:Kathmandu Valley 2212:Lichhavi dynasty 2108:Kathmandu Valley 2084:Nyatapola Temple 2033:Basantapur Lyākū 2014:Kathmandu Valley 1947:Kingdom of Nepal 1935:Kingdom of Nepal 1848:Kathmandu Valley 1820:Haragaurīvivāha, 1812:Jagajjyoti Malla 1808:Jagajjyoti Malla 1740:", was the only 1696:kingdom and its 1682:History of Nepal 1611:Mākachva Dhvākhā 1588:Jayasthiti Malla 1518:, the Sultan of 1331:Tripura Rājkula, 1307:Licchavi dynasty 1255:Licchavi dynasty 1198:Licchavi dynasty 1134:Licchavi dynasty 1109:Licchavi dynasty 1017:Kathmandu Valley 1015:proved that the 1009:Kathmandu Valley 949:translation of " 853:Kathmandu Valley 830:Licchavi dynasty 776: 775:नाचगानको राजधानी 708:Kingdom of Nepal 676:Licchavi dynasty 654:, it shares its 652:Kathmandu Valley 629:Kathmandu Valley 601:Kathmandu Valley 594: 588: 576: 572: 571: 570: 564: 559: 539: 536: 534: 532: 463: 455: 275: 274: 272: 271: 270: 265: 261: 258: 257: 256: 253: 236: 222: 221: 215: 203: 189: 188: 182: 161: 159: 138: 123: 121: 116:Classical Newari 114:Etymology: From 103: 81: 54: 46: 45: 43: 32: 21: 7898: 7897: 7893: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7846: 7727: 7718: 7687: 7676: 7664: 7659: 7574: 7401: 7399:Further reading 7365: 7363:Further reading 7350: 7344: 7329: 7323: 7308: 7302: 7287: 7284: 7279: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7257: 7256: 7252: 7239: 7238: 7234: 7224: 7222: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7202: 7198: 7188: 7186: 7178: 7177: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7153: 7152: 7145: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7109: 7108: 7104: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7051: 7050: 7046: 7036: 7034: 7026: 7025: 7021: 7014: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6974: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6957: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6934: 6932: 6924: 6923: 6919: 6912: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6853:Wright, Colin. 6852: 6851: 6847: 6837: 6835: 6822: 6821: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6772: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6744: 6742: 6740:nepalindata.com 6734: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6714:. p. 149. 6699: 6698: 6691: 6681: 6679: 6670: 6669: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6645: 6644: 6640: 6623: 6619: 6605: 6604: 6595: 6588: 6575: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6553:on 21 May 2022. 6540: 6539: 6535: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6507: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6477: 6476: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6448: 6447: 6440: 6430: 6428: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6401: 6399: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6376: 6374: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6346: 6345: 6338: 6328: 6326: 6318: 6317: 6302: 6290: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6265: 6256: 6255: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6198: 6197: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6125: 6124: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6082: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6047:. Vajra Books. 6042: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6012: 6011: 6007: 5989: 5988: 5981: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5836: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5808: 5797: 5787: 5785: 5783:nepalitimes.com 5776: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5717: 5716: 5707: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5640: 5632: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5601: 5600: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5579:rubinmuseum.org 5573: 5572: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5544: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5513: 5512: 5508: 5498: 5496: 5494:nepalihimal.com 5488: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5471: 5462: 5461: 5454: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5327: 5317: 5315: 5307: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5253: 5248: 5247: 5240: 5228: 5223: 5222: 5211: 5204: 5191: 5190: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5076: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5035: 5023: 5018: 5017: 4998: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4973: 4961: 4952: 4951: 4936: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4893: 4892: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4857: 4855: 4847: 4846: 4842: 4834: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4801: 4800: 4791: 4780:Academic Voices 4773: 4772: 4759: 4749: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4730: 4723: 4710: 4709: 4694: 4686: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4643: 4642: 4633: 4625: 4618: 4584: 4583: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4489: 4488: 4481: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4447: 4439: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4417: 4375: 4374: 4359: 4351: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4312: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4279: 4278: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4214: 4213: 4200: 4192: 4165: 4151: 4150: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4051: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4029: 4028:. 27 April 2016 4020: 4019: 4015: 4001: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3978: 3970: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3878: 3877: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3806: 3805: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3777: 3776: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3749: 3748: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3610: 3604: 3595: 3592: 3583: 3580: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3553: 3544: 3541: 3532: 3529: 3520: 3517: 3508: 3505: 3496: 3493: 3484: 3481: 3472: 3450: 3435:Sunil Prajapati 3406:, activist and 3388:Briddhi Lakshmi 3357:Devalakshmidevi 3335: 3296: 3293: 3275: 3256: 3254:2015 earthquake 3218: 3205: 3199: 3158:is the name of 3136: 3130: 3102:Tibetan traders 3077:Pracalit script 3032:Aesāmārhi satta 2999: 2987:is the tallest 2948: 2909: 2897:Briddhi Lakshmi 2885:Briddhi Lakshmi 2877:narrative poems 2826:Nepali language 2790: 2783:Briddhi Lakshmi 2775: 2769: 2753: 2745: 2737: 2713: 2705: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2602: 2501: 2477: 2451:Jitamitra Malla 2372: 2366: 2189: 2184: 2144: 2076: 1943: 1900:Jitamitra Malla 1860:Srinivasa Malla 1804:Trailokya Malla 1800:Trailokya Malla 1675: 1669: 1481:. Her husband 1479:Delhi Sultanate 1428: 1391:Tripura Rājkula 1387:Tripura Sundari 1383:Tripura Rājkula 1371:Tripura Sundari 1319:Tripura Rājkula 1279: 1142: 1136: 1093:Licchavi period 1064:Katmandu Valley 990: 984: 979: 894:had evolved to 806: 724:1934 earthquake 650:As part of the 637:Newar tradition 631:and is a major 586: 567: 566: 565: 557: 529: 511: 456: 352:Sunil Prajapati 334: 333:24 (historical) 268: 266: 262: 259: 254: 251: 249: 247: 246: 240: 239: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 228: 227: 223: 206: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 195: 194: 190: 168: 151:Motto(s): 146: 109: 108: 107: 106: 91: 67: 58: 55: 48: 41: 37: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7896: 7894: 7886: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7855: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7738: 7736: 7729: 7728: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7695: 7693: 7691:Municipalities 7688: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7587: 7573: 7572:External links 7570: 7569: 7568: 7556:; Volume Two: 7552:. Volume One: 7546: 7539: 7532: 7525: 7518: 7517:20 (2):231-54. 7511: 7504: 7498: 7491: 7484: 7477: 7470: 7463: 7456: 7449: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7348: 7342: 7327: 7321: 7306: 7300: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7250: 7232: 7207: 7196: 7171: 7143: 7124: 7102: 7084: 7069: 7044: 7019: 7012: 6992: 6967: 6942: 6917: 6910: 6892: 6871: 6845: 6812: 6782: 6752: 6727: 6720: 6689: 6663: 6638: 6617: 6593: 6586: 6568: 6566:, p. 624. 6556: 6533: 6517: 6497: 6490: 6467: 6438: 6425:Annapurna Post 6409: 6384: 6356: 6336: 6300: 6275: 6242: 6217: 6188: 6163: 6144: 6113: 6087: 6080: 6060: 6053: 6032: 6025: 6005: 5979: 5960: 5931: 5919: 5902: 5895: 5875: 5863: 5846: 5826: 5814: 5795: 5769: 5762: 5739: 5705: 5650: 5625: 5591: 5563: 5531: 5506: 5481: 5452: 5425: 5413: 5399: 5377: 5364:Online Majdoor 5351: 5325: 5300: 5285: 5263: 5238: 5209: 5202: 5181: 5156: 5130: 5123: 5105: 5074: 5033: 4996: 4990:978-9993304555 4989: 4971: 4934: 4931:. p. 131. 4913: 4877: 4865: 4840: 4825: 4789: 4757: 4728: 4721: 4692: 4675: 4663: 4656: 4631: 4616: 4572: 4560: 4545: 4533: 4508: 4490:Grimm, Lucas. 4479: 4457: 4432: 4415: 4357: 4338: 4310: 4293: 4265: 4248:"जिल्ला परिचय" 4236: 4229: 4198: 4163: 4158:Nepalaya Edits 4137: 4089: 4061: 4039: 4013: 3991: 3976: 3961: 3936: 3910: 3864: 3842: 3825: 3807:Mahat, Sunny. 3796: 3767: 3729: 3718:. 19 July 2020 3700: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3645: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3613: 3611: 3605: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3574: 3572: 3566: 3559: 3557: 3555:Peacock Window 3554: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3408:Newar language 3401: 3395: 3392:Newar language 3385: 3382:Newar language 3375: 3369: 3366: 3360: 3334: 3333:Notable people 3331: 3311: 3310: 3292: 3289: 3255: 3252: 3217: 3214: 3201:Main article: 3198: 3195: 3147:Changu Narayan 3134:Changu Narayan 3132:Main article: 3129: 3128:Changu Narayan 3126: 2975:(meaning "the 2908: 2905: 2857:Newar language 2853:Newar language 2795:Newar language 2768: 2765: 2746:𑐒𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐥𑑀𑐮 2744:is called as " 2686:Newar language 2672:Newar language 2670:Main article: 2667: 2664: 2601: 2598: 2476: 2473: 2368:Main article: 2365: 2362: 2324:former palaces 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178:ethnic group. 2143: 2140: 2075: 2072: 1942: 1939: 1924:Newar language 1862:, the king of 1842:, the king of 1788:Vishva Lakshmi 1786:and his queen 1782:which depicts 1668: 1665: 1632:Eight Matrikas 1621:His grandson, 1584:Newar language 1576:Newar language 1535:and the early 1427: 1424: 1287:Sulamā Māhādeo 1278: 1275: 1196:". During the 1194:khōpring grāma 1135: 1132: 1128:Newar language 1080:Newar language 1068:Shree Panchami 983: 980: 978: 975: 841:Newar language 822:Newar language 805: 802: 704:Gorkha Kingdom 541: 540: 527: 523: 522: 519: 513: 512: 509: 507: 501: 500: 490: 484: 483: 474: 470: 469: 465: 464: 447: 441: 440: 438:Newar Buddhism 434:Newar Hinduism 431: 427: 426: 421: 417: 416: 413: 409: 408: 405: 401: 400: 396: 395: 392: 388: 387: 384: 380: 379: 375: 374: 369:Rajani Joshi ( 367: 360: 359: 349: 342: 341: 337: 336: 331: 327: 326: 323: 319: 318: 315: 311: 310: 305: 299: 298: 293: 287: 286: 281: 277: 276: 242: 241: 231: 225: 224: 217: 216: 210: 209: 208: 207: 198: 192: 191: 184: 183: 177: 176: 175: 174: 173: 170: 169: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 111: 110: 104: 98: 97: 96: 93: 92: 82: 74: 73: 69: 68: 63: 60: 59: 56: 35: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7895: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7762:Changunarayan 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7737: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7685: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7670:Headquarter: 7667: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7649: 7644: 7642: 7637: 7636: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7601:Bhaktapur.com 7599: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7566:9783033063815 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7512: 7509: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7482: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7336:. Wiesbaden. 7335: 7334: 7328: 7324: 7318: 7315:(in Nepali). 7314: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7200: 7197: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7160: 7159:Lonely Planet 7156: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7106: 7103: 7098: 7097:Bhaktapur.com 7094: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7058: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7015: 7009: 7005: 7004: 6996: 6993: 6981: 6980:Bhaktapur.com 6977: 6971: 6968: 6956: 6955:Online Khabar 6952: 6946: 6943: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6913: 6911:974-524-018-4 6907: 6903: 6896: 6893: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6846: 6833: 6829: 6828:Bhaktapur.com 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6800: 6796: 6795:Bhaktapur.com 6792: 6786: 6783: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6756: 6753: 6741: 6737: 6731: 6728: 6723: 6721:99933-50-32-X 6717: 6713: 6712:Nepal Academy 6709: 6705: 6704: 6696: 6694: 6690: 6678: 6674: 6667: 6664: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6634:81-208-0963-7 6631: 6627: 6621: 6618: 6613: 6612: 6609: 6602: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6587:9789937080712 6583: 6579: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6557: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6521: 6518: 6513: 6512: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6484:. Routledge. 6483: 6482: 6474: 6472: 6468: 6456: 6452: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6398: 6397:Online Khabar 6394: 6388: 6385: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6351: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6289: 6287: 6279: 6276: 6271: 6270:Ancient Nepal 6264: 6262: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6218: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6145: 6133: 6132:Bhaktapur.com 6129: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6064: 6061: 6056: 6054:9789937623889 6050: 6046: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6018: 6017: 6009: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5995: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5964: 5961: 5948: 5944: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5906: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5867: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5850: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5796: 5784: 5780: 5773: 5770: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5734: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5651: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5469: 5468:ekantipur.com 5465: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5423:, p. 49. 5422: 5417: 5414: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5378: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5352: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5326: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5280:Bhaktapur.com 5277: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5205: 5203:9789937692229 5199: 5195: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5144: 5143:ekantipur.com 5140: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5124:9789937692069 5120: 5116: 5109: 5106: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5067:(in Nepali). 5066: 5059: 5057: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5005: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4958: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4914: 4901: 4897: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4866: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4838:, p. 42. 4837: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4722:9789937692229 4718: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4688:Shrestha 2001 4684: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4671:Shrestha 2001 4667: 4664: 4659: 4657:9788120605527 4653: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4627:Shrestha 2001 4623: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4568:Shrestha 2001 4564: 4561: 4558:, p. 10. 4557: 4556:Shrestha 2001 4552: 4550: 4546: 4543:, p. 11. 4542: 4541:Shrestha 2001 4537: 4534: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4475: 4468: 4461: 4458: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4428:Shrestha 2001 4424: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4353:Shrestha 2001 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4253: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4230:9789937332064 4226: 4222: 4218: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194:Shrestha 2001 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3974:, p. 20. 3973: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3853: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3829: 3826: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3717: 3716:Bhaktapur.com 3713: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3668: 3663: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3578: 3573: 3570: 3567:Woman drying 3563: 3558: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414:Bharat Jangam 3412: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3379: 3378:Ranajit Malla 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3291:Sister Cities 3290: 3288: 3285: 3280: 3273: 3269: 3260: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3233: 3232:Bridget Fonda 3229: 3225: 3224: 3223:Little Buddha 3215: 3213: 3210: 3204: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3151:Changunarayan 3148: 3140: 3135: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3087:the creator, 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3046: 3041: 3038:of Bhaktapur) 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006:) houses the 3005: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965:Durbar square 2962: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2945:Durbar Square 2942: 2938: 2929: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2901:ka kha yā mye 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:Ranajit Malla 2886: 2882: 2881:Ranajit Malla 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2861:Malla dynasty 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845:Malla dynasty 2842: 2838: 2837:Malla dynasty 2834: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2808:who headed a 2807: 2803: 2796: 2788: 2787:ka kha yā mye 2784: 2781:A section of 2779: 2774: 2766: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2673: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612:in Bhaktapur. 2611: 2606: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:Malla dynasty 2558: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:Malla dynasty 2301: 2296: 2294: 2293:Malla dynasty 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265:Malla dynasty 2262: 2261:Salabhanjikas 2258: 2254: 2250: 2242: 2241:Ranajit Malla 2238: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2216:Malla dynasty 2213: 2209: 2205: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2148:Ranajit Malla 2141: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041:Thanthu Lyākū 2038: 2037:Chaukot Lyākū 2034: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1979:Dhir Shumsher 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:Ranajit Malla 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1836:Naresha Malla 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1742:queen regnant 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:Nepal Mandala 1687: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1627:Nepal Mandala 1624: 1623:Yakshya Malla 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1596:Swayambhunath 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Nepal Mandala 1565: 1561: 1560:Nepal Mandala 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1501:Nepal Mandala 1497: 1493: 1488: 1487:Nepal Mandala 1484: 1483:Harisimhadeva 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1462:'s attack on 1461: 1457: 1456:Harisimhadeva 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:Khasa Kingdom 1441: 1437: 1433: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1418:, a group of 1417: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1295:Nepal Mandala 1288: 1283: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230:of Khopring, 1227: 1223: 1219: 1216:district. In 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Greater China 1049: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 998: 994: 989: 981: 976: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 928:Malla dynasty 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 803: 801: 799: 795: 791: 789: 784: 780: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 710:). 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