978:
1036:. This was a designation created by administrators that classified each ethnic group as either "martial" or "non-martial": a "martial race" was typically considered brave and well built for fighting, whilst the remainder were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyles. However, the martial races were also considered politically subservient, intellectually inferior, lacking the initiative or leadership qualities to command large military formations. The British had a policy of recruiting the martial Indians from those who has less access to education as they were easier to control. According to modern historian Jeffrey Greenhunt on military history, "The Martial Race theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward". According to Amiya Samanta, the martial race was chosen from people of mercenary spirit (a soldier who fights for any group or country that will pay him/her), as these groups lacked nationalism as a trait. The Jats participated in both
970:
778:) in South Asia in 2010. This estimation is based on statistics of the last caste census and the population growth of the region. The last caste census was conducted in 1931, which estimated Jats to be 8 million, mostly concentrated in India and Pakistan. Deryck O. Lodrick estimates Jat population to be over 33 million (around 12 million and over 21 million in India and Pakistan, respectively) in South Asia in 2009 while noting the unavailability of precise statistics in this regard. His estimation is based on a late 1980s population projection of Jats and the population growth of India and Pakistan. He also notes that some estimates put their total population in South Asia at approximately 43 million in 2009.
654:
556:
332:, in the arid, the wet, and the mountainous regions of the conquered land of Sindh. The Arab rulers, though professing a theologically egalitarian religion, maintained the position of Jats and the discriminatory practices against them that had been put in place in the long period of Hindu rule in Sind. Between the eleventh and the sixteenth centuries, Jat herders at the Sind migrated up along the river valleys, into the Punjab, which may have been largely uncultivated in the first millennium. Many took up tilling in regions such as western
580:
1143:
get married at a younger age and they are expected to work in fields as subordinate to the male members. There is general bias against education for the female child in society, though trends are changing with urbanisation. Purdah system is practiced by women in Jat villages which act as hindrance to their overall emancipation. The village Jat councils which are male-dominated mostly don't allow female members to head their councils as the common opinion on it is that women are inferior, incapable and less intelligent to men.
1616:, "... (North India) contained large numbers of non-elite tillers. In the Punjab and the western Gangetic Plains, convention defined the Rajput's non-elite counterpart as a Jat. Like many similar titles used elsewhere, this was not so much a caste name as a broad designation for the man of substance in rural terrain. … To be called Jat has in some regions implied a background of pastoralism, though it has more commonly been a designation of non-servile cultivating people."
1981:
Mansura. The jats were one of the chief pastoral-nomadic divisions here in early-medieval times, and although some of these migrated as far as Iraq, they generally did not move over very long distances on a regular basis. Many jats migrated to the north, into the Panjab, and here, between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, the once largely pastoral-nomadic Jat population was transformed into sedentary peasants. Some Jats continued to live in the thinly populated
536:
520:
303:
2596:
with the presence of a few Jat zamindaris…we can, however presume that the unidentified zamindars of our sources who rallied behind Banda were the small zamindars (mah'ks) and the Mughal assessees (malguzars). It is not without significance that they are almost invariably described as the zamindars of village (mauza and dehat). These zamindars were largely the Jats who had settled in the region for the last three or four centuries.
787:
2634:
regional lords, including Jat masters. From this we can infer that
Khatris did seem to occupy a position as a professional class and some Jats held the position of being landlords. There was clearly a professional services relationship between high-ranking Khatris and high-ranking Jats, and this seems indicative of the wider socio- economic relationship between Khatris and Jats in medieval Panjab.
1946:
cattle and from this derive their livelihood. They have no masters, and whether men or women, have neither rich nor poor.' While they were left unnamed by the
Chinese pilgrim, these same people of lower Sind were called Jats' or 'Jats of the wastes' by the Arab geographers. The Jats, as 'dromedary men.' were one of the chief pastoral-nomadic divisions at that time, with numerous subdivisions, ....
376:'s hinterland dwellers, many of whom were armed and nomadic, increasingly interacted with settled townspeople and agriculturists. Many new rulers of the 18th century came from such martial and nomadic backgrounds. The effect of this interaction on India's social organization lasted well into the colonial period. During much of this time, non-elite tillers and pastoralists, such as the Jats or
398:
2557:
or commanders of the area by supplying Banda and his men with grain, horses, arms, and provisions. This evidence suggests that understanding the rebellion as a competition between peasants and feudal lords is an oversimplification, since the groups affiliated with Banda as well as those affiliated with the state included both
Zamindars and peasants.
3697:
stuff as that procurable from the present Sikh centres but they would, if of good physique, compare favourably (as regards field service qualifications) with the weedy specimens sometimes enlisted'. In this officer's view, then, the army could 'encourage' Hindus to become Sikhs simply to increase their overall numbers.
4550:
though poorly of the native troops as a body. Many regarded such troops as childish and simple. The
British, claims, David Omissi, believe martial Indians to be stupid. Certainly, the policy of recruiting among those without access to much education gave the British more semblance of control over their recruits.
423:
zenith of its power, functioned by devolving authority and never had direct control over its rural grandees. It was these zemindars who gained most from these rebellions, increasing the land under their control. The triumphant even attained the ranks of minor princes, such as the Jat ruler Badan Singh of the
4871:
The 1921 census reports classifies castes into two categories, namely, castes. having a tradition' of female infanticide and castes without such a tradition (see table). This census provides figures from 1901 to 1921 to show that in Punjab, United
Provinces and Rajputana castes such as Hindu rajputs,
2814:
Quote: "Between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, groups of nomadic pastoralists known as Jats, having worked their way northwards from Sind, settled in the Panjab as peasant agriculturalists and, largely on account of the introduction of the
Persian wheel, transformed much of western Panjab into
2778:
Quote: "The flatlands in the upper Punjab doabs do not seem to have been heavily farmed in the first millennium. … Early-medieval dry farming developed in Sindh, around Multan, and in
Rajasthan… From here, Jat farmers seem to have moved into the upper Punjab doabs and into the western Ganga basin in
2595:
Banda led predominantly the uprisings of the Jat zamindars.It is also to be noted that tha Jats were the dominant zamindar castes in some of the parganas where Banda had support. But Banda's spectacular success and the amazing increase in the strength of his army within a few months*6 does not cohere
2482:
The number of parganas with Jat zamindaris (Map 2) is surprisingly large and well spread out, though there are none beyond the Jhelum. They appear to be in two blocks, divided by a sparse zone between the Sutlej and the
Sarasvati basin. The two blocks, in fact, represent two different segments of the
2556:
Muzaffar Alam's study of the akhbarat (news reports) and chronicles of the period demonstrates that Banda and his followers had wide support amongst the Jat zamindars of the Majha, Jalandhar Doab, and the Malwa area. Jat zamindars actively colluded with the rebels, and frustrated the Mughal faujdars
1142:
A 1988 study of Jat society pointed out that differential treatment is given to women in comparison to men. The birth of a male child in a family is celebrated and is considered auspicious, while the reaction to the birth of a female child is more subdued. In villages, female members are supposed to
422:
These communities of rising peasant-warriors were not well-established Indian castes, but rather quite new, without fixed status categories, and with the ability to absorb older peasant castes, sundry warlords, and nomadic groups on the fringes of settled agriculture. The Mughal Empire, even at the
4549:
The
Saturday review had made much the same argument a few years earlier in relation to the armies raised by Indian rulers in princely states. They lacked competent leadership and were uneven in quality. Commander in chief Roberts, one of the most enthusiastic proponents of the martial race theory,
3631:
The Jat's spirit of freedom and equality refused to submit to
Brahmanical Hinduism and in its turn drew the censure of the privileged Brahmins ... The upper caste Hindu's denigration of the Jat did not in the least lower the Jat in his own eyes nor elevate the Brahmin or the Kshatriya in the
2703:
Quote: "... Nor can the liberation that the Muslim conquerors offered to those who sought to escape from the caste system be taken for granted. … a caliphal governor of Sind in the late 830s is said to have … (continued the previous Hindu requirement that) … the Jats, when walking out of doors in
4778:
A historically singular case is that of the Jatts, a pastoral Chandala-like tribe in eighth-century Sind, who attained sudra status by the eleventh century (Alberuni), and had become peasants par excellence (of vaisya status) by the seventeenth century (Dabistani-i Mazahib). The shift to peasant
3696:
proposed a scheme that would change Hindus to Sikhs for the specific purpose of recruitment. To do this, the Sikh recruiting grounds would be extended and Hindu Jats encouraged to take the pahul (the conversion ritual to martial Sikhism)'. He went on to say that these latter might not be as good
1945:
Quote: "Hiuen Tsang gave the following account of a numerous pastoral-nomadic population in seventh-century Sin-ti (Sind): 'By the side of the river.., along the flat marshy lowlands for some thousand li, there are several hundreds of thousands families .. give themselves exclusively to tending
4910:
By 1850, several castes, in North India, the Jats, Ahirs, Gujars and Khutris, and the Lewa Patidar Kanbis in Central Gujarat were found to practice female infanticide. The colonial authorities also found that both in rural North and West India, the castes which practised female infanticide were
1587:"... in the middle decades of the (nineteenth) century, there were two contrasting trends in India's agrarian regions. Previously marginal areas took off as zones of newly profitable 'peasant' agriculture, disadvantaging non-elite tilling groups, who were known by such titles as Jat in western
359:
The Jats also provide an important insight into how religious identities evolved during the precolonial era. Before they settled in the Punjab and other northern regions, the pastoralist Jats had little exposure to any of the mainstream religions. Only after they became more integrated into the
2633:
Guru Nanak's father- in-law, Mula Chonha, works as an administrator for the Jat landlord, Ajita Randawa. If we expand this train of thought and examine other Janamsakhi figures we can detect an interesting pattern…All of Nanak's immediate relatives were professional administrators for local or
1980:
Quote: "In Sind, the breeding and grazing of sheep and buffaloes was the regular occupations of pastoral nomads in the lower country of the south, while the breeding of goats and camels was the dominant activity in the regions immediately to the east of the Kirthar range and between Multan and
508:
When the power of the Bharatpur raja was riding high, fighting clans of Jats encroached into the Karnal/Panipat, Mathura, Agra, and Aligarh districts, usually at the expense of Rajput groups. But such a political umbrella was too fragile and short-lived for substantial displacement to be
3648:
1044:, as a part of the British Indian Army. In the period subsequent to 1881, when the British reversed their prior anti-Sikh policies, it was necessary to profess Sikhism in order to be recruited to the army because the administration believed Hindus to be inferior for military purposes.
4580:
Dr . Jeffrey Greenhunt has observed that " The Martial Race Theory had an elegant symmetry. Indians who were intelligent and educated were defined as cowards, while those defined as brave were uneducated and backward. Besides their mercenary spirit was primarily due to their lack of
392:
Upstart warriors, Marathas, Jats, and the like, as coherent social groups with military and governing ideals, were themselves a product of the Mughal context, which recognized them and provided them with military and governing experience. Their successes were a part of the Mughal
4872:
Hindu jats and gujars with 'a tradition' of female infanticide had a much lower number of females per thousand males compared to castes without such a tradition which included: Muslim rajputs, Muslim jats, chamar, kanet, arain, kumhar, kurmi, brahmin, dhobi, teli and lodha
2340:
The Jat power neat Agra and Mathura arose out of the rebellion of peasants under zamindar leadership, attaining the apex of power under Suraj Mal...it seems to have been an extensive replacement of Rajput by Jat zamindars...and the 'warlike Jats' (a peasant and zamindar
738:
opined that their attitude never allowed themselves to be absorbed in the Brahminic fold. The British played a significant role in the rise of Sikh Jat population by encouraging Hindu Jats to convert to Sikhism so as to get larger number of Sikh recruits for their army.
4411:
The Rajputs, Jats, Dogras, Pathans, Gorkhas, and Sikhs, for example, were considered martial races. Consequently, the British labored to ensure that members of the so-called martial castes dominated the ranks of infantry and cavalry and placed them in special "class
1051:
admitted in 2013 that the 150-strong Presidential Bodyguard comprises only people who are Hindu Jats, Jat Sikhs and Hindu Rajputs. Refuting claims of discrimination, it said that this was for "functional" reasons rather than selection based on caste or religion.
1989:, based on the herding of goats and camels. It seems that what happened to the jats is paradigmatic of most other pastoral and pastoral-nomadic populations in India in the sense that they became ever more closed in by an expanding sedentary-agricultural realm."
1118:
The Rajputs refused to accept Jat claims to Kshatriya status during the later years of the British Raj and this disagreement frequently resulted in violent incidents between the two communities. The claim at that time of Kshatriya status was being made by the
3812:, a long chain of Jat Sikh states that had entered into a treaty of alliance with the British as far back as April 1809 to escape incorporation into the kingdom of their illustrious and much more powerful neighbour, 'the lion of Punjab' Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
3632:
Jat's estimation. On the contrary, he assumed a somewhat condescending attitude towards the Brahmin, whom he considered little more than a soothsayer or a beggar, or the Kshatriya, who disdained earning an honest living and was proud of being a mercenary.
4779:
agriculture was probably accompanied by a process of 'sanskritization', a process which continued, when, with the Jat rebellion of the seventeenth century a section of the Jats began to aspire to the position of zamindars and the status of Rajputs.
483:
were few and male Jats married into the whole range of lower agricultural and entrepreneurial castes. A kind of tribal nationalism animated them rather than a nice calculation of caste differences expressed within the context of Brahminical Hindu
294:. Over the years, several Jats abandoned agriculture in favour of urban jobs, and used their dominant economic and political status to claim higher social status. On 13th April, International Jat Day is celebrated every year all around the world.
380:, were part of a social spectrum that blended only indistinctly into the elite landowning classes at one end, and the menial or ritually polluting classes at the other. During the heyday of Mughal rule, Jats had recognized rights. According to
977:
701:
and serve as a rallying point and center for Sikh activity, established the beginnings of a self-contained Sikh community, which was especially swelled with the region's Jat peasantry. They formed the vanguard of Sikh resistance against the
466:
Men characterised by early eighteenth century Mughal records as plunderers and bandits preying on the imperial lines of communications had by the end of the century spawned a range of petty states linked by marriage alliance and religious
1603:"In the later nineteenth century, this thinking led colonial officials to try to protect Sikh Jats and other non-elite 'peasants' whom they now favoured as military recruits by advocating legislation under the so-called land alienation."
4976:
Ror clans: Sangwan, Dhiya, Malik, Lather, etc, are also found among the Jats. From an economic point of view the Rors living in Karnal and Kurukshetra districts consider themselves better off than their counterparts in Jind and Sonepat
2743:
Quote: "... the most numerous of the agricultural tribes (in the Punjab) were the Jats. They had come from Sindh and Rajasthan along the river valleys, moving up, displacing the Gujjars and the Rajputs to occupy culturable lands. (page
340:(water wheel) had been recently introduced. By early Mughal times, in the Punjab, the term "Jat" had become loosely synonymous with "peasant", and some Jats had come to own land and exert local influence. The Jats had their origins in
1104:
during the eighth century. Their 11th-century status of Shudra varna changed to Vaishya varna by the 17th century, with some of them aspiring to improve it further after their 17th-century rebellion against the Mughals. He cites
2303:
The Jats, who are numerically dominant in central and eastern Punjab, can be Hindu, Sikh, or Muslim; they range from powerful landowners to poor subsistence farmers, and were recruited in large numbers to serve in the British
833:
Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation. Through this participation they have been able to significantly influence the politics of
729:
According to censuses in gazetteers published during the colonial period in the early 20th century, further waves of Jat conversions, from Hinduism to Sikhism, continued during the preceding decades. Writing about the Jats of
3727:
The British policy of recruiting the Sikhs (due to the imperial belief that Sikhism is a martial religion) resulted in the spread of Sikhism among the Jats of undivided Punjab and conversion of the Singhs into the 'Lions of
419:, often led these uprisings. The Sikh and Jat rebellions were led by such small local zemindars, who had close association and family connections with each other and with the peasants under them, and who were often armed.
1638:
2708:
regarding a low-caste tribe. In other words, the new regime in the eighth and ninth centuries did not abrogate discriminatory regulations dating from a period of Hindu sovereignty; rather, it maintained them. (page
638:
in early Arab writings. The Muslim conquest chronicles further point at the important concentrations of Jats in towns and fortresses of Lower and Central Sindh. Today, Muslim Jats are found in Pakistan and India.
2519:
Out of the 45 parganas of the sarkars of Delhi, 17 are reported to have Jat Zamindars. Out of these 17 parganas, the Jats are exclusively found in 11, whereas in other 6 they shared Zamindari rights with other
3483:
The Jats have long been distinguished by their martial traditions and by the custom of retaining their hair uncut. The influence of these traditions evidently operated prior to the formal inauguration of the
821:
In the 20th century and more recently, Jats have dominated as the political class in Haryana and Punjab. Some Jat people have become notable political leaders, including the sixth Prime Minister of India,
5829:
579:
471:
The Jats had moved into the Gangetic Plain in two large migrations, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries respectively. They were not a caste in the usual Hindu sense, for example, in which
555:
5793:
4306:
2231:
2262:
5822:
4170:
409:
As the Mughal empire faltered, there were a series of rural rebellions in North India. Although these had sometimes been characterized as "peasant rebellions", others, such as
4258:
4278:
5018:. Bhutto is another variant of Bhutta. Some important Arian clans overlap with the Rajputs, for instance: Sirohsa, Ganja, Shaun, Bhatti, Butto, Chachar, Indrai, Joiya...
5815:
4244:
K L Sharma:The Jats — Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Ed. by Vir Singh, page 14
436:
3574:
The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ... to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
2704:
future, to be accompanied by a dog. The fact that the dog is an unclean animal to both Hindu and Muslim made it easy for the Muslim conquerors to retain the
3918:
7237:
1123:, which was popular in the Jat community. The Arya Samaj saw it as a means to counter the colonial belief that the Jats were not of Aryan descent but of
4737:
The Marathas formed the fighting class in Maharashtra and also engaged themselves in agriculture. Like the Jats in north India, their position in the
4707:
3710:
6767:
7242:
7227:
1017:, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jat people also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the
969:
628:
entered Sindh and other Southern regions of current Pakistan in the seventh century, the chief tribal groupings they found were the Jats and the
4316:
1684:
Notwithstanding social, linguistic, and religious diversity, the Jats are one of the major landowning agriculturalist communities in South Asia.
3675:
535:
5975:
5758:
5730:
5699:
5671:
5643:
5615:
5585:
5557:
5529:
5495:
5467:
5436:
5408:
5380:
5352:
5324:
5293:
5262:
5234:
5200:
5170:
5142:
5114:
5083:
5056:
5003:
4969:
4636:
4573:
4542:
4478:
3519:
3307:
3270:
3236:
3197:
3160:
3123:
3089:
3046:
3009:
2976:
2942:
2836:
2800:
2765:
2730:
2690:
2657:
2619:
2541:
2504:
2433:
2395:
2362:
2296:
2215:
2190:
2158:
2124:
2071:
2008:
1967:
1932:
1895:
1852:
1818:
1784:
1754:
1711:
1677:
846:
4178:
2410:
n the Ganges Canal Tract of the Muzaffarnagar district where the landowning castes – Tagas, Jats, Rajputs, Sayyids, Sheikhs, Gujars, Borahs
3692:
Others were even more candid about the necessity-and feasibility -of 'creating' Sikhs for the army. One contributor to the Indian Army's
7247:
2250:
International Jat Day is celebrated every year on April 13 to honour and highlight the contributions of the Jat community to the world.
4764:
4652:
4120:
4083:
4047:
4006:
3970:
3882:
3839:
3789:
3755:
3720:
3550:
4215:
669:
were among the earliest significant historical Sikh figures, and significant numbers of conversions occurred as early as the time of
7257:
7232:
4829:
4802:
4602:
4512:
4404:
4377:
4350:
4154:
3658:
3616:
3461:
3434:
3401:
3341:
2875:
2325:
3391:
4993:
1669:
1539:
3762:
While the rulers of Patiala were Jat Sikhs and not Rajputs, the state was the closest princely territory to Bikaner's northwest.
519:
7212:
7207:
3777:
Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality
709:
It has been postulated, though inconclusively, that the increased militarization of the Sikh panth following the martyrdom of
4628:
3685:
818:
state. In Rajasthan, Delhi, and Uttar Pradesh, they constitute around 9%, 5%, and 1.2% respectively of the total population.
364:
Over time the Jats became primarily Muslim in the western Punjab, Sikh in the eastern Punjab, and Hindu in the areas between
102:
653:
475:
of the eastern Gangetic plain were; rather they were an umbrella group of peasant-warriors. According to Christopher Bayly:
317:. "Jat" is an elastic label applied to a wide-ranging community from simple landowning peasants to wealthy and influential
274:
of Sikhism. By the 20th century, the landowning Jats became an influential group in several parts of North India, including
7217:
6760:
2027:
3586:
The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism.
4424:
Rand, Gavin (March 2006). "Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914".
368:
and Agra, with the divisions by faith reflecting the geographical strengths of these religions. During the decline of
4884:
VISHWANATH, L. S. (1994). "Towards a Conceptual Understanding of Female Infanticide and Neglect in Colonial India".
7252:
4702:
4677:
3451:
1534:
1093:
1018:
3333:
Al-Hind, The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries
2483:
Jats, the western one (Panjab) known as Jat (with short vowel) and the other (Haryanvi) as Jaat (with long vowel).
6069:
1524:
936:
898:
4106:
3747:
3509:
1450:
1070:
Deryck O. Lodrick estimates religion-wise break-up of Jats as follows: 47% Hindus, 33% Muslims, and 20% Sikhs.
348:, and gradually became agriculturalist farmers. Around 1595, Jat Zamindars controlled a little over 32% of the
435:
5798:
6753:
4519:
Apart from their physique, the martial races were regarded as politically subservient or docile to authority
3608:
3542:
2116:
Spatial fragmentation of political behaviour in India: a geographical perspective on parliamentary elections
1703:
1588:
795:
5046:
328:'s conquest of Sind in the eighth century, Arab writers described agglomerations of Jats, known to them as
7222:
5807:
5453:
4911:
propertied (they owned substantial arable land), had the hypergamous marriage norm and paid large dowries.
2456:
Khan, Zahoor Ali (1997). "ZAMINDARI CASTE CONFIGURATION IN THE PUNJAB, c.1595 — MAPPING THE DATA IN THE".
2282:
1074:
673:(1504–1552), the first large-scale conversions of Jats is commonly held to have begun during the time of
7171:
6856:
6610:
4311:
786:
279:
7046:
5073:
774:
According to anthropologist Sunil K. Khanna, Jat population is estimated to be around 30 million (or 3
677:(1563–1606). While touring the countryside of eastern Punjab, he founded several important towns like
257:, a Hindu Jat landlord was among the earliest rebel leaders who fought against the Mughal rule during
6851:
5279:
4029:
3424:
3189:
Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent
1135:
During the colonial period, many communities including Hindu Jats were found to be practicing female
910:
894:
890:
842:
31:
838:. Economic differentiation, migration and mobility could be clearly noticed amongst the Jat people.
6986:
6033:
4504:
Khaki and the Ethnic Violence in India: Army, Police, and Paramilitary Forces During Communal Riots
1033:
990:
373:
314:
311:
110:
38:
4705:(1973). "Social Background to the Rise of the Maratha Movement during the 17th Century in India".
4329:
Hina Rabbani Khar was born on 19 November 1977 in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan in a Muslim Jat family.
7136:
4940:
4901:
4862:
4728:
4618:
4449:
4283:
3930:
3293:
2908:
2586:
2473:
1529:
1247:
1111:
1032:", which meant that they were one of the groups whom the British favoured for recruitment to the
940:
882:
827:
501:
381:
325:
262:
1761:
Jat: name of large agricultural caste centered in the undivided Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh
1471:
459:. The community came to predominate south and east of Delhi after 1710. According to historian
360:
agrarian world did the Jats adopt the dominant religion of the people in whose midst they dwelt.
5521:
6896:
5754:
5748:
5726:
5716:
5695:
5667:
5639:
5611:
5603:
5581:
5553:
5547:
5525:
5491:
5485:
5463:
5432:
5404:
5398:
5376:
5370:
5348:
5320:
5314:
5289:
5283:
5258:
5230:
5226:
5196:
5188:
5166:
5160:
5138:
5132:
5110:
5104:
5079:
5052:
4999:
4965:
4959:
4932:
4893:
4854:
4825:
4819:
4798:
4792:
4760:
4754:
4681:
4632:
4598:
4569:
4538:
4508:
4474:
4441:
4400:
4394:
4373:
4346:
4150:
4144:
4116:
4079:
4043:
4039:
4002:
3966:
3922:
3878:
3835:
3785:
3775:
3751:
3741:
3716:
3681:
3677:
Martial Races : The Military, Race and Masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914
3654:
3622:
3612:
3546:
3515:
3457:
3430:
3397:
3347:
3337:
3331:
3303:
3266:
3232:
3222:
3193:
3156:
3146:
3119:
3085:
3079:
3042:
3036:
3005:
2972:
2938:
2932:
2900:
2871:
2832:
2796:
2761:
2755:
2726:
2686:
2653:
2615:
2611:
Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India
2578:
2547:
2537:
2510:
2500:
2465:
2429:
2401:
2391:
2368:
2358:
2331:
2321:
2292:
2286:
2211:
2186:
2154:
2120:
2095:
2067:
2044:
2004:
1963:
1928:
1922:
1891:
1885:
1848:
1842:
1814:
1808:
1780:
1774:
1750:
1738:
1707:
1697:
1673:
1653:
947:
924:
916:
717:
and continuing after) and its large Jat presence may have reciprocally influenced each other.
698:
460:
385:
5720:
5689:
5661:
5633:
5575:
5457:
5426:
5342:
5252:
4622:
4563:
4367:
4110:
4071:
4033:
3994:
3956:
3825:
3536:
3297:
3260:
3228:
Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870
3226:
3152:
Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870
3150:
3113:
2999:
2826:
2790:
2680:
2647:
2423:
2148:
2114:
2043:. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India. 1973. p. 348.
1957:
726:(Sikh confederacies) were led by Jat Sikhs, who would form the vast majority of Sikh chiefs.
7156:
7151:
7021:
6836:
6822:
6655:
6645:
6509:
6504:
6494:
6321:
6232:
6177:
6122:
6107:
5965:
5922:
5899:
4720:
4433:
3874:
3827:
Fetal/Fatal Knowledge: New Reproductive Technologies and Family-Building Strategies in India
3299:
The Peasant and the Raj: Studies in Agrarian Society and Peasant Rebellion in Colonial India
2863:
2720:
2388:
The peasant and the Raj: studies in agrarian society and peasant rebellion in colonial India
2208:
Fetal/fatal knowledge: new reproductive technologies and family-building strategies in India
1918:
1490:
1464:
1408:
1292:
1237:
1227:
1182:
1089:
1010:
928:
886:
854:
686:
682:
678:
302:
243:
118:
98:
7161:
7146:
7016:
6615:
6431:
6237:
6127:
5957:
5788:
4716:
4263:
4223:
3962:
3781:
3644:
3598:
1746:
1734:
1478:
1431:
1403:
735:
590:
526:
489:
440:
365:
195:
114:
94:
2263:"जाट मिलन समारोह:अंतरराष्ट्रीय जाट दिवस के उपलक्ष्य में जाट मिलन समारोह भिवानी में 13 को"
4470:
Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857–1914
3584:
Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 –
7181:
7041:
7036:
7026:
7011:
6734:
6572:
6534:
6476:
6451:
6371:
6252:
6182:
6172:
6142:
5514:
3809:
3408:
Quote: "Most of the Muslim Jats are in Pakistan and some of them are in India as well."
2267:
2087:
2023:
1657:
1305:
1297:
1202:
1014:
901:
demanding to be classified as OBC in order to obtain such affirmative action benefits.
870:
755:
747:
714:
594:
586:
424:
275:
203:
167:
5316:
Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical perspective
915:
Many Jat Muslim people live in Pakistan and have dominant roles in public life in the
265:(1707–1763). The community played an important role in the development of the martial
7196:
7001:
6996:
6916:
6906:
6699:
6366:
6051:
6013:
5783:
5691:
The garrison state: the military, government and society in colonial Punjab 1849–1947
5219:
4732:
4453:
1457:
1124:
1006:
932:
866:
751:
731:
703:
694:
634:
546:
410:
369:
250:
227:
219:
191:
187:
488:
By the mid-eighteenth century, the ruler of the recently established Jat kingdom of
7202:
7006:
6866:
6724:
6567:
6441:
6406:
6386:
6288:
6008:
5889:
5842:
5838:
5310:
4192:
3183:
2232:"International Jat Day: Why is this day important and who started it? Know details"
1986:
1661:
1519:
1508:
1232:
1041:
1029:
1002:
982:
964:
874:
823:
791:
493:
345:
163:
2968:
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
2891:
Khan, Iftikhar Ahmad (1982). "A Note on Medieval Jatt Immigration in the Punjab".
2425:
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
1844:
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
1810:
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
1776:
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
1743:
Sikhs, Swamis, Students and Spies: The India Lobby in the United States, 1900–1946
1151:
The Jat people are subdivided into numerous clans, some of which overlap with the
810:
In India, multiple 21st-century estimates put Jats' population share at 20–25% in
5577:
Engaging cultural differences: the multicultural challenge in liberal democracies
4671:
4534:
Prostitution, Race, and Politics: Policing Venereal Disease in the British Empire
4532:
4502:
4468:
3906:
3866:
3602:
3187:
2966:
2609:
7086:
7071:
6901:
6871:
6861:
6635:
6595:
6187:
6023:
5937:
5932:
5894:
1666:
Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures
1613:
1365:
1350:
1257:
1242:
1136:
1097:
1048:
1037:
1025:
998:
986:
862:
835:
815:
763:
666:
625:
619:
615:
397:
341:
179:
175:
82:
4724:
3871:
Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life. Volume 3: Asia & Oceania
3538:
When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799
3511:
When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799
2534:
When sparrows became hawks: the making of the Sikh warrior tradition, 1699–1799
1096:
describes the varna of Jats as "ambivalent" during the medieval era. Historian
7141:
7116:
6777:
6212:
6089:
5942:
5914:
4690:
The Jats of the Panjab worship their ancestors in a practice known as Jathera.
4437:
4399:(illustrated, reprint ed.). University of New Mexico Press. p. 128.
4076:
Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies
1443:
1385:
1335:
1320:
1315:
1192:
1120:
1065:
759:
710:
674:
670:
629:
60:
4936:
4897:
4858:
4445:
3926:
3626:
2904:
2582:
2551:
2514:
2469:
2405:
2372:
2099:
2048:
7106:
7081:
7076:
6936:
6921:
6876:
6812:
6542:
6461:
6381:
6117:
5983:
5750:
Al-Hind: Early medieval India and the expansion of Islam, 7th-11th centuries
4685:
3351:
2335:
1106:
878:
850:
598:
566:
562:
452:
310:
The Jats are a paradigmatic example of community- and identity-formation in
283:
258:
231:
199:
496:, felt sanguine enough about durability to build a garden palace at nearby
6745:
2867:
7176:
7066:
6971:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6941:
6694:
6562:
6552:
6421:
6411:
6401:
6356:
6301:
6247:
6192:
6132:
6028:
5850:
4845:
Vishwanath, L. S. (2004). "Female Infanticide: The Colonial Experience".
1544:
1438:
culture and are often portrayed in Indian and Pakistani films and songs.
1435:
1418:
1345:
1277:
1212:
1061:
946:
In Pakistan also, Jat people have become notable political leaders, like
799:
690:
648:
472:
415:
349:
318:
235:
171:
134:
90:
17:
5574:
Shweder, Richard A.; Minow, Martha; Markus, Hazel Rose (November 2004).
4944:
4905:
3934:
3572:
The transformation of Sikh society — Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco –
3365:
2912:
2590:
2477:
1641:(Report). National Institute of Economic and Social Research. p. v.
7111:
7061:
6991:
6981:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6807:
6663:
6547:
6391:
6336:
6296:
6167:
6043:
5993:
5947:
5858:
4866:
3905:
Meena, Sohan Lal (October–December 2006). Sharma, Sanjeev Kumar (ed.).
3831:
3797:
2569:
Alam, Muzaffar (1978). "Sikh Uprisings Under Banda Bahadur 1708–1715".
1549:
1375:
1287:
1252:
1207:
1177:
1164:
920:
811:
658:
570:
542:
480:
456:
287:
223:
142:
5285:
India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India
4035:
India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India
973:
14th Murrays Jat Lancers (Risaldar Major) by AC Lovett (1862–1919).jpg
7101:
7091:
7051:
7031:
6976:
6966:
6946:
6931:
6926:
6911:
6846:
6841:
6831:
6826:
6817:
6794:
6729:
6714:
6709:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6605:
6590:
6582:
6514:
6499:
6471:
6456:
6446:
6436:
6426:
6396:
6376:
6361:
6351:
6346:
6331:
6326:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6280:
6270:
6262:
6202:
6197:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6112:
6097:
6079:
6061:
6018:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5884:
5866:
5802:
4259:"History repeats itself as yet another Central govt faces a Jat stir"
3429:(illustrated ed.). London, U.K.: A&C Black. pp. 36–42.
1398:
1380:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1330:
1325:
1310:
1282:
1267:
1262:
1222:
1187:
1160:
743:
448:
402:
333:
266:
254:
211:
106:
5722:
Raja Nal and the Goddess: the north Indian epic Dhola in performance
5221:
Postcolonial developments: agriculture in the making of modern India
3796:
The passage to Delhi, however, lay through the cis–Sutlej states of
2828:
Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins
2649:
Against history, against state: counterperspectives from the margins
689:
which functioned as social and economic hubs, and together with the
798:, accompanied by his wife, on his way to address the nation at the
7131:
7126:
7121:
7096:
7056:
6802:
6789:
6719:
6704:
6689:
6684:
6668:
6600:
6524:
6519:
6486:
6481:
6466:
6416:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6207:
6102:
6074:
5904:
5876:
5846:
5663:
Khizr Tiwana, the Punjab Unionist Party and the partition of India
4279:"Rajasthan was first state to extend OBC benefits to Jats in 1999"
3805:
2355:
Mapping social exclusion in India: caste, religion and borderlands
1985:
country between the five rivers of the Panjab, adopting a kind of
1390:
1340:
1272:
1197:
1156:
1101:
968:
858:
803:
785:
775:
652:
434:
396:
337:
301:
291:
270:
239:
207:
183:
138:
86:
7166:
6640:
6557:
6341:
6242:
6137:
5927:
3801:
1413:
1217:
1115:
to support the claims of Shudra and Vashiya varna respectively.
722:
497:
377:
329:
215:
122:
6749:
5811:
2390:. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 185.
4597:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 121–122.
1152:
1100:
states that the Jats were a "pastoral Chandala-like tribe" in
5048:
A Social History of Christianity: North-west India since 1800
5372:
Divine passions: the social construction of emotion in India
355:
According to historians Catherine Asher and Cynthia Talbot,
5189:"Customs in a Peasant Economy: Women in Colonial Harayana"
2150:
The Modernity of Tradition: Political Development in India
1575:: title of north India's major non-elite 'peasant' caste."
218:
faiths, they are now found mostly in the Indian states of
30:"Jat" and "Jat people" redirect here. For other uses, see
4112:
Changing Electoral Politics in Delhi: From Caste to Class
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3030:
3028:
2931:
Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006).
1884:
Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard; Talbot, Cynthia (2006).
5635:
Changing India: bourgeois revolution on the subcontinent
5428:
Vishnu's crowded temple: India since the Great Rebellion
4676:. Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations,
2792:
Sufi saints and state power: the pirs of Sind, 1843–1947
931:-speaking communities in southern Pakistani Punjab, the
4653:"Prez Bodyguards Only for Rajput, Jats and Sikhs: Army"
2926:
2924:
2922:
1999:
Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006).
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
919:
and Pakistan in general. Jat communities also exist in
261:'s era. The Hindu Jat kingdom reached its zenith under
5459:
Dowry murder: the imperial origins of a cultural crime
4923:
Mann, Kamlesh (1988). "Status Portrait of Jat Woman".
4756:
Essays in Indian History: Towards a Marxist Perception
4252:
4250:
2357:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 112.
2288:
Dowry Murder: The Imperial Origins of a Cultural Crime
4794:
The Cat and the Lion: Jaipur State in the British Raj
2858:
Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, Andre (12 October 2012).
2682:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
2064:
The Sants: studies in a devotional tradition of India
5484:
Pandian, Anand; Ali, Daud, eds. (1 September 2010).
2779:
the first half of the second millennium. (page 117)"
1639:
Caste discrimination and harassment in Great Britain
1088:
There are conflicting scholarly views regarding the
413:, have pointed out that small local landholders, or
6677:
6654:
6581:
6533:
6279:
6261:
6088:
6060:
6042:
5974:
5956:
5913:
5875:
5857:
5106:
Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire
4396:
American Indians in World War I: At Home and at War
3650:
Not a Nice Man to know: The Best of Khushwant Singh
1024:The Jat people were designated by officials of the
128:
76:
59:
54:
5513:
5218:
4624:Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India
4074:. In Jaffrelot, Christophe; Kumar, Sanjay (eds.).
3869:. In Gallagher, Timothy L.; Hobby, Jeneen (eds.).
3302:. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 69.
3259:Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006).
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3112:Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006).
2998:Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006).
2320:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 67.
5375:. University of California Press. pp. 255–.
5254:Political sociology in India: contemporary trends
5193:Women and social reform in modern India: a reader
4565:Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism
3694:Journal of the United Services Institute of India
2536:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 54.
2147:Lloyd I. Rudolph; Susanne Hoeber Rudolph (1984).
1131:Female infanticide and status of woman in society
665:While followers important to Sikh tradition like
447:In 1669, the Hindu Jats, under the leadership of
4964:. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 425.
3336:. Vol. 1. Boston: Brill. pp. 154–160.
3958:Debt and Death in Rural India: The Punjab Story
2497:Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India
1163:and other groups. Hindu and Sikh Jats practice
506:
477:
464:
390:
357:
253:during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
5606:. In Singer, Milton; Cohn, Bernard S. (eds.).
826:and the sixth Deputy Prime Minister of India,
6761:
5823:
5552:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 269–.
5319:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 212–.
5109:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–.
2153:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 86–.
2062:Karine Schomer and W. H. McLeod, ed. (1987).
8:
5638:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–.
4987:
4985:
4473:. Manchester University Press. p. 241.
3955:Sidhu, Aman; Jaijee, Inderjit Singh (2011).
3680:. Manchester University Press. p. 174.
3514:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 60.
3479:Who is a Sikh?: the problem of Sikh identity
2119:. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 61–.
1599:
1597:
49:
5610:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 81–114.
5520:. University of California Press. pp.
5490:. Indiana University Press. pp. 206–.
5195:. Indiana University Press. pp. 147–.
5191:. In Sarkar, Sumit; Sarkar, Tanika (eds.).
4595:The British Empire and the Second World War
4072:"Bihar: The New Stronghold of OBC Politics"
3999:Punjab Society: Perspectives and Challenges
3995:"Contemporary Punjab: A Brief Introduction"
3919:International Political Science Association
3393:Canadian Sikhs Through a Century, 1897–1997
3084:. Cambridge University Press. p. 272.
3041:. Cambridge University Press. p. 271.
2937:. Cambridge University Press. p. 270.
2760:, Cambridge University Press, p. 117,
2181:Carol R. Ember; Melvin Ember, eds. (2004).
2041:The Gazetteer of India: History and culture
2003:. Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
1959:Indo-Islamic society: 14th – 15th centuries
1890:. Cambridge University Press. p. 269.
1847:. Cambridge University Press. p. 212.
1813:. Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
1779:. Cambridge University Press. p. 385.
1583:
1581:
6768:
6754:
6746:
5830:
5816:
5808:
5725:. Indiana University Press. pp. 60–.
4886:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4001:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 12.
3860:
3858:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3265:. Cambridge University Press. p. 35.
3118:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
3078:Asher, Catherine; Talbot, Cynthia (2006).
3035:Asher, Catherine; Talbot, Cynthia (2006).
3004:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
2971:, Cambridge University Press, p. 41,
2893:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2795:. Cambridge University Press. p. 27.
2685:, Cambridge University Press, p. 15,
2571:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2499:. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 59.
2458:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
2428:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
1567:
1565:
897:reservation. In 2016, the Jats of Haryana
48:
5580:. Russell Sage Foundation. pp. 57–.
5462:. Oxford University Press. pp. 34–.
5034:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24.
4708:Indian Economic and Social History Review
3709:Kaushik Roy (2015). Harsh V. Pant (ed.).
2831:, Columbia University Press, p. 33,
2815:a rich producer of food crops. (page 27)"
2725:, Cambridge University Press, p. 5,
2652:, Columbia University Press, p. 19,
2066:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 242.
5792:) is being considered for deletion. See
5400:The Indian army and the making of Punjab
5045:Webster, John C. B. (22 December 2018).
5014:which is also shared by Rajputs and the
4257:Saubhadra Chatterji (22 February 2016).
3396:. Gyan Sagar Publications. p. 418.
2291:. Oxford University Press. p. 232.
1139:in different regions of Northern India.
976:
5431:. Yale University Press. pp. 89–.
5165:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 217–.
5137:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 183–.
4821:Religion, Caste & Politics in India
3911:The Indian Journal of Political Science
3453:The Sikh Revolution: A Perspective View
2092:Caste in modern India: and other essays
2026:, H.C. Raychaudhari, Kalikinkar Datta:
1629:
1561:
515:
306:Jat Zamindars. Hindoos. Rajpootana 1874
5608:Structure and Change in Indian Society
4537:. Psychology Press. pp. 284–285.
4507:. Three Essays Collective. p. 5.
4146:Caste and Democratic Politics in India
1637:Hilary Metcalf, Heather Rolfe (2010).
1092:status of Jats in Hinduism. Historian
451:, rebelled against the Mughal emperor
5604:"Caste Regions of the Northern Plain"
5546:Richards, John F. (26 January 1996).
3907:"Dynamics of State Politics in India"
3495:
893:of central government jobs under the
845:(OBC) in seven of India's thirty-six
7:
5075:Regionalisation of Politics in India
4995:The Arains: A Historical Perspective
4345:. London: Osprey. pp. 104–105.
4307:"Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar"
3715:. Taylor & Francis. p. 71.
2183:Encyclopedia of medical anthropology
1722:, a hereditary land-owning community
186:, many Jats migrated north into the
55:Regions with significant populations
5516:Peasants and monks in British India
5403:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 176–.
4372:. Atlantic Publishers. p. 62.
4214:Sukumar Muralidharan (April 2001).
3508:Dhavan, Purnima (3 November 2011).
2113:Sheel Chand Nuna (1 January 1989).
806:, Independence Day, 15 August 1979.
632:. These Jats are often referred as
206:in the 17th and 18th centuries. Of
5666:. Psychology Press. pp. 94–.
5257:. Orient Blackswan. pp. 70–.
5251:Gupta, Dipankar (1 January 1996).
5225:. Duke University Press. pp.
5078:. Mohit Publications. p. 50.
3426:Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed
3423:Mandair, Arvind-pal Singh (2013).
1699:Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction
589:of the teenage Hindu Jat ruler of
249:The Jats took up arms against the
27:Social group of India and Pakistan
25:
7238:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan
5796:to help reach a consensus. ›
4171:"PremiumSale.com Premium Domains"
4115:. SAGE Publications. p. 43.
3997:. In Gill, Manmohan Singh (ed.).
3712:Handbook of Indian Defence Policy
3604:A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838
3456:. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
3262:A concise history of modern India
3115:A concise history of modern India
3001:A concise history of modern India
2757:An agrarian history of South Asia
1670:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
194:times, and subsequently into the
4992:Ahmed, Mukhtar (18 April 2016).
4568:. APH Publishing. pp. 26–.
2210:. Cengage Learning. p. 18.
1540:List of Jat dynasties and states
578:
554:
534:
518:
401:Jat Sikh of the "Sindhoo" clan,
5162:Rural labour relations in India
5134:New farmers' movements in India
2318:The eighteenth century in India
2094:. Asia Pub. House. p. 90.
706:from the 18th century onwards.
561:Ethnographic photograph of Jat
372:in the early 18th century, the
7243:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh
7228:Social groups of Punjab, India
4818:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2010).
4797:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 287.
4629:University of California Press
921:Pakistani-administered Kashmir
720:At least eight of the 12 Sikh
1:
5602:Schwartzberg, Joseph (2007).
5341:Larson, Gerald James (1995).
5288:. Columbia University Press.
4847:Economic and Political Weekly
4824:. Primus Books. p. 431.
4759:. Anthem Press. p. 175.
4369:India And The First World War
2860:Nomads in the Sedentary World
2088:Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas
1924:Nomads in the Sedentary World
1077:, a practice which is called
997:Many Jat people serve in the
923:, in Sindh, particularly the
766:were ruled by the Sikh Jats.
713:(beginning during the era of
66:
5347:. SUNY Press. pp. 90–.
4958:Singh, Kumar Suresh (1992).
3993:Jodhka, Surinder S. (2003).
2789:Ansari, Sarah F. D. (1992).
2028:An Advanced History of India
1075:pray to their dead ancestors
941:North West Frontier Province
877:. However, only the Jats of
37:Not to be confused with the
5397:Mazumder, Rajit K. (2003).
5344:India's agony over religion
5051:. Oxford University Press.
4998:. Createspace. p. 95.
4670:Jhutti, Sundeep S. (2003).
4393:Britten, Thomas A. (1997).
3865:Lodrick, Deryck O. (2009).
3607:(2, illustrated ed.).
3231:. CUP Archive. p. 22.
3155:. CUP Archive. p. 20.
2614:. I.B. Tauris. p. 40.
7274:
7248:Social groups of Rajasthan
5512:Pinch, William R. (1996).
5487:Ethical Life in South Asia
4725:10.1177/001946467301000301
4678:University of Pennsylvania
4426:European Review of History
4195:. Rediff. 27 November 2003
4193:"The anti-reservation man"
3192:. Routledge. p. 131.
2495:Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2016).
1927:, Routledge, p. 177,
1591:and Gounder in Coimatore."
1535:World Jat Aryan Foundation
1506:
1059:
962:
908:
899:organized massive protests
646:
613:
500:. According to historian,
439:The Hindu Jat Maharaja of
36:
29:
6785:
5632:Stern, Robert W. (2003).
4791:Stern, Robert W. (1988).
4562:Amiya K. Samanta (2000).
4467:Streets, Heather (2004).
4438:10.1080/13507480600586726
4343:The Indian Army 1914–1947
4078:. Routledge. p. 66.
3824:Khanna, Sunil K. (2010).
3740:Hughes, Julie E. (2013).
2754:Ludden, David E. (1999),
2185:. Springer. p. 778.
1962:, BRILL, pp. 92–93,
1696:Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016).
1652:Khanna, Sunil K. (2004).
1525:Jat reservation agitation
937:Dera Ismail Khan District
657:The Sikh Jat Maharaja of
479:This was a society where
133:
81:
7258:Social groups of Gujarat
7233:Social groups of Haryana
5794:templates for discussion
5753:. BRILL. pp. 163–.
5030:Marshall, J. A. (1960).
4961:People of India: Haryana
4531:Philippa Levine (2003).
4366:Pati, Budheswar (1996).
4143:Shah, Ghanshyam (2004).
3748:Harvard University Press
3746:(illustrated ed.).
3674:Heather Streets (2004).
3535:Dhavan, Purnima (2011).
3390:Singha, Bhagata (2001).
2532:Dhavan, Purnima (2011).
2353:Judge, Paramjit (2014).
2206:Sunil K. Khanna (2009).
1451:The Legend of Maula Jatt
5454:Oldenburg, Veena Talwar
5369:Lynch, Owen M. (1990).
5187:Chowdhry, Prem (2008).
4593:Ashley Jackson (2005).
3774:Bates, Crispin (2013).
3609:Oxford University Press
3543:Oxford University Press
3370:Encyclopedia Britannica
2825:Mayaram, Shail (2003),
2722:The Sikhs of the Punjab
2679:Jackson, Peter (2003),
2646:Mayaram, Shail (2003),
2283:Oldenburg, Veena Talwar
1704:Oxford University Press
935:of Balochistan and the
841:Jats are classified as
814:state and at 20–35% in
796:Prime Minister of India
7213:Ethnic groups in Sindh
7208:Ethnic groups in India
5694:. SAGE. pp. 85–.
5688:Tan, Tai Yong (2005).
5072:Kumar, Ramesh (1996).
4741:system was ambivalent.
3450:Singh, Jagjit (1981).
2719:Grewal, J. S. (1998),
1921:; Wink, Andre (2012),
994:
974:
807:
662:
511:
486:
469:
444:
406:
395:
362:
352:in the Punjab region.
307:
162:, are a traditionally
5425:Misra, Maria (2008).
5280:Jaffrelot, Christophe
5217:Gupta, Akhil (1998).
5159:Byres, T. J. (1999).
5103:Bayly, C. A. (1989).
4925:Indian Anthropologist
4753:Habib, Irfan (2002).
4501:Omar Khalidi (2003).
4070:Robin, Cyril (2009).
4030:Jaffrelot, Christophe
2965:Bayly, Susan (2001),
2868:10.4324/9780203037201
2422:Bayly, Susan (2001).
2386:Stokes, Eric (1978).
2316:Alavi, Seema (2002).
1841:Bayly, Susan (2001).
1807:Bayly, Susan (2001).
1773:Bayly, Susan (2001).
980:
972:
881:– excluding those of
789:
656:
438:
400:
305:
280:Western Uttar Pradesh
5747:Wink, André (2002).
5660:Talbot, Ian (1996).
3877:. pp. 418–419.
3498:, pp. 190, 265.
3330:Wink, André (2002).
1956:Wink, André (2004),
1919:Khazanov, Anatoly M.
1718:Jat: Sikhs' largest
981:A contingent of the
911:Muslim Jat of Punjab
843:Other Backward Class
32:Jat (disambiguation)
7218:Agricultural castes
5131:Brass, Tom (1995).
4619:Van Der Veer, Peter
4341:Ian Sumner (2001).
4216:"The Jat patriarch"
4149:. Permanent Black.
3081:India before Europe
3038:India before Europe
2934:India before Europe
2608:Syan, H.S. (2013).
2001:India before Europe
1887:India before Europe
1472:Jatt & Juliet 2
1034:British Indian Army
954:Culture and society
374:Indian subcontinent
315:Indian subcontinent
51:
39:Jats of Afghanistan
5717:Wadley, Susan Snow
5010:Some clans of the
4631:. pp. 55–56.
4319:on 19 October 2013
4312:First Post (India)
4287:. 23 February 2016
4284:The Times of India
4175:indianmuslims.info
4042:pp. 69, 281.
4040:C. Hurst & Co.
1530:Meo (ethnic group)
1426:In popular culture
1112:Dabestan-e Mazaheb
995:
975:
889:– are entitled to
883:Bharatpur district
828:Chaudhary Devi Lal
808:
734:, the Sikh author
693:completion of the
663:
445:
407:
382:Barbara D. Metcalf
326:Muhammad bin Qasim
308:
263:Maharaja Suraj Mal
202:, and the western
141: •
137: •
7253:Hindu communities
7190:
7189:
6743:
6742:
6070:Gurjara-Pratihara
5760:978-0-391-04173-8
5732:978-0-253-34478-6
5701:978-0-7619-3336-6
5673:978-0-7007-0427-9
5645:978-0-521-00912-6
5617:978-0-202-36138-3
5587:978-0-87154-795-8
5559:978-0-521-56603-2
5549:The Mughal Empire
5531:978-0-520-20061-6
5497:978-0-253-22243-5
5469:978-0-19-515071-1
5438:978-0-300-13721-7
5410:978-81-7824-059-6
5382:978-0-520-06647-2
5354:978-0-7914-2412-4
5326:978-0-521-47862-5
5295:978-0-231-12786-8
5264:978-81-250-0665-7
5236:978-0-8223-2213-9
5202:978-0-253-22049-3
5172:978-0-7146-8046-0
5144:978-0-7146-4134-8
5116:978-0-521-38650-0
5085:978-81-7445-018-0
5058:978-0-19-909757-9
5005:978-1-5327-8117-9
4971:978-81-7304-091-7
4853:(22): 2313–2318.
4717:SAGE Publications
4659:. 2 October 2013.
4638:978-0-520-08256-4
4575:978-81-7648-166-3
4544:978-0-415-94447-2
4480:978-0-7190-6962-8
4181:on 4 August 2012.
3963:SAGE Publications
3653:. Penguin Books.
3521:978-0-19-975655-1
3309:978-0-521-29770-7
3272:978-0-521-86362-9
3238:978-0-521-31054-3
3199:978-0-41558-061-8
3162:978-0-521-31054-3
3125:978-0-521-86362-9
3091:978-0-521-80904-7
3048:978-0-521-80904-7
3011:978-0-521-86362-9
2978:978-0-521-79842-6
2944:978-0-521-80904-7
2838:978-0-231-12730-1
2802:978-0-521-40530-0
2767:978-0-521-36424-9
2732:978-0-521-63764-0
2692:978-0-521-54329-3
2659:978-0-231-12730-1
2621:978-0-7556-2370-9
2543:978-0-19-975655-1
2506:978-1-351-55825-9
2435:978-0-521-79842-6
2397:978-0-521-29770-7
2364:978-1-107-05609-1
2298:978-0-19-515071-1
2217:978-0-495-09525-5
2192:978-0-306-47754-6
2160:978-0-226-73137-7
2126:978-81-7022-285-9
2073:978-81-208-0277-3
2010:978-0-521-80904-7
1969:978-90-04-13561-1
1934:978-1-136-12194-4
1897:978-0-521-80904-7
1854:978-0-521-79842-6
1820:978-0-521-79842-6
1786:978-0-521-79842-6
1756:978-0-7619-3480-6
1747:SAGE Publications
1713:978-0-19-874557-0
1679:978-0-306-47754-6
1497:Jaattan ka Chhora
1465:Jatt & Juliet
1430:Jats are part of
1056:Religious beliefs
948:Hina Rabbani Khar
782:Republic of India
699:Guru Granth Sahib
565:(land owners) in
461:Christopher Bayly
386:Thomas R. Metcalf
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
7265:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6747:
5976:Scheduled Castes
5923:Yaduvanshi Ahirs
5832:
5825:
5818:
5809:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5519:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5224:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5183:
5181:
5179:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5090:
5089:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5027:
5021:
5020:
4989:
4980:
4979:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4815:
4809:
4808:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4667:
4661:
4660:
4657:Outlookindia.com
4649:
4643:
4642:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4498:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4338:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4315:. Archived from
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4254:
4245:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4226:on 15 March 2014
4222:. Archived from
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4177:. Archived from
4167:
4161:
4160:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3873:(2nd ed.).
3862:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3832:Cengage Learning
3821:
3815:
3814:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3645:Singh, Khushwant
3641:
3635:
3634:
3599:Singh, Khushwant
3595:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3541:(1st ed.).
3532:
3526:
3525:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3420:
3409:
3407:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3219:
3204:
3203:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3075:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2928:
2917:
2916:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1996:
1990:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1881:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1735:Gould, Harold A.
1731:
1725:
1724:
1702:(2nd ed.).
1693:
1687:
1686:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1617:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1592:
1585:
1576:
1569:
1491:Jatts In Golmaal
1183:Anjana Chaudhari
1011:Rajputana Rifles
1001:, including the
917:Pakistani Punjab
887:Dholpur district
855:Himachal Pradesh
794:, the first Jat
691:community-funded
679:Tarn Taran Sahib
582:
558:
538:
522:
71:
68:
65:~30–43 million (
52:
21:
7273:
7272:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7262:
7193:
7192:
7191:
7186:
6781:
6774:
6744:
6739:
6673:
6650:
6577:
6529:
6275:
6257:
6084:
6056:
6038:
5970:
5952:
5909:
5871:
5853:
5836:
5797:
5778:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5746:
5737:
5735:
5733:
5715:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5687:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5659:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5631:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5601:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5573:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5545:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5511:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5483:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5452:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5424:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5396:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5368:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5340:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5309:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5278:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5250:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5216:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5186:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5158:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5130:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5102:
5099:
5097:Further reading
5094:
5093:
5086:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5032:Guide to Taxila
5029:
5028:
5024:
5006:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4972:
4957:
4956:
4952:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4832:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4805:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4703:Chandra, Satish
4701:
4700:
4696:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4605:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4576:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4545:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4407:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4322:
4320:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4290:
4288:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4264:Hindustan Times
4256:
4255:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4229:
4227:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4198:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4009:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3937:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3792:
3784:. p. 176.
3782:SAGE Publishing
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3750:. p. 237.
3743:Animal Kingdoms
3739:
3738:
3734:
3723:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3688:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3619:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3571:
3567:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3422:
3421:
3412:
3404:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3366:"Zuṭṭ | people"
3364:
3363:
3359:
3344:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3221:
3220:
3207:
3200:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3076:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2930:
2929:
2920:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2544:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2328:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2299:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2241:
2239:
2238:. 13 April 2023
2230:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1883:
1882:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1749:. p. 439.
1733:
1732:
1728:
1714:
1706:. p. 143.
1695:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1672:. p. 777.
1668:. Vol. 2.
1658:Ember, Carol R.
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1558:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1479:Jatt James Bond
1428:
1423:
1173:
1149:
1133:
1086:
1068:
1058:
1019:Punjab Regiment
967:
961:
956:
913:
907:
784:
772:
736:Khushwant Singh
651:
645:
622:
614:Main articles:
612:
607:
606:
605:
602:
583:
574:
559:
550:
539:
530:
527:Delhi Territory
523:
433:
366:Delhi Territory
324:By the time of
300:
198:, northeastern
196:Delhi Territory
69:
47:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7271:
7269:
7261:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7195:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6797:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6750:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6660:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6587:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6535:Mohyal Brahmin
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6291:
6285:
6283:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6273:
6267:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6066:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6055:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5962:
5960:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5908:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5881:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5781:
5777:
5776:External links
5774:
5773:
5772:
5759:
5744:
5731:
5713:
5700:
5685:
5672:
5657:
5644:
5629:
5616:
5599:
5586:
5571:
5558:
5543:
5530:
5509:
5496:
5481:
5468:
5450:
5437:
5422:
5409:
5394:
5381:
5366:
5353:
5338:
5325:
5307:
5294:
5276:
5263:
5248:
5235:
5214:
5201:
5184:
5171:
5156:
5143:
5128:
5115:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5084:
5064:
5057:
5037:
5022:
5004:
4981:
4970:
4950:
4915:
4876:
4837:
4830:
4810:
4803:
4783:
4766:978-1843310259
4765:
4745:
4694:
4662:
4644:
4637:
4610:
4603:
4585:
4574:
4554:
4543:
4523:
4513:
4493:
4479:
4459:
4416:
4405:
4385:
4378:
4358:
4351:
4333:
4298:
4270:
4246:
4237:
4206:
4184:
4162:
4155:
4135:
4122:978-8132113744
4121:
4098:
4085:978-0415460927
4084:
4062:
4049:978-1850656708
4048:
4021:
4008:978-8180690389
4007:
3985:
3972:978-8132106531
3971:
3965:. p. 32.
3947:
3897:
3884:978-1414448916
3883:
3854:
3841:978-0495095255
3840:
3834:. p. 18.
3816:
3791:978-8132115892
3790:
3766:
3757:978-0674074781
3756:
3732:
3722:978-1317380092
3721:
3701:
3686:
3666:
3659:
3636:
3617:
3611:. p. 15.
3590:
3577:
3565:
3552:978-0199756551
3551:
3545:. p. 63.
3527:
3520:
3500:
3488:
3477:McLeod, W. H.
3469:
3462:
3442:
3435:
3410:
3402:
3382:
3357:
3342:
3322:
3308:
3285:
3271:
3251:
3237:
3205:
3198:
3175:
3161:
3138:
3124:
3104:
3090:
3061:
3047:
3024:
3010:
2990:
2977:
2957:
2943:
2918:
2883:
2876:
2850:
2837:
2817:
2801:
2781:
2766:
2746:
2731:
2711:
2691:
2671:
2658:
2638:
2620:
2600:
2561:
2542:
2524:
2505:
2487:
2448:
2434:
2414:
2396:
2378:
2363:
2345:
2326:
2308:
2297:
2274:
2268:Dainik Bhaskar
2254:
2223:
2216:
2198:
2191:
2173:
2159:
2139:
2125:
2105:
2079:
2072:
2054:
2032:
2024:R. C. Majumdar
2016:
2009:
1991:
1968:
1948:
1933:
1910:
1896:
1867:
1853:
1833:
1819:
1799:
1785:
1765:
1755:
1726:
1712:
1688:
1678:
1644:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1593:
1577:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:Main article:
1504:
1503:Notable people
1501:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1485:Badla Jatti Da
1482:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1148:
1145:
1132:
1129:
1094:Satish Chandra
1085:
1082:
1057:
1054:
960:
957:
955:
952:
906:
903:
871:Madhya Pradesh
847:States and UTs
783:
780:
771:
768:
715:Guru Hargobind
647:Main article:
644:
641:
611:
608:
604:
603:
601:, early 1860s.
595:princely state
584:
577:
575:
560:
553:
551:
549:, India, 1868.
541:Jat girl from
540:
533:
531:
524:
517:
514:
513:
512:
432:
429:
427:of Bharatpur.
425:princely state
299:
296:
204:Gangetic Plain
168:Northern India
146:
145:
131:
130:
126:
125:
79:
78:
74:
73:
70: 2009/10
63:
57:
56:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7270:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7223:Indian castes
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7045:
7043:
7040:
7038:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6779:
6776:Clans of the
6771:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6757:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6029:Ramdasia Sikh
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5843:social groups
5840:
5839:Ethnic groups
5833:
5828:
5826:
5821:
5819:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5762:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5745:
5734:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5703:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5686:
5675:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5658:
5647:
5641:
5637:
5636:
5630:
5619:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5589:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5572:
5561:
5555:
5551:
5550:
5544:
5533:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5510:
5499:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5482:
5471:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5451:
5440:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5423:
5412:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5395:
5384:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5367:
5356:
5350:
5346:
5345:
5339:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5311:Jalal, Ayesha
5308:
5297:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5266:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5238:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5215:
5204:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5185:
5174:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5157:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5087:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5041:
5038:
5033:
5026:
5023:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4967:
4963:
4962:
4954:
4951:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4831:9789380607047
4827:
4823:
4822:
4814:
4811:
4806:
4804:9789004082830
4800:
4796:
4795:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4674:
4666:
4663:
4658:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4606:
4604:1-85285-417-0
4600:
4596:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4514:9788188789092
4510:
4506:
4505:
4497:
4494:
4482:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4406:0-8263-2090-2
4402:
4398:
4397:
4389:
4386:
4381:
4379:9788171565818
4375:
4371:
4370:
4362:
4359:
4354:
4352:1-84176-196-6
4348:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4302:
4299:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4156:9788178240954
4152:
4148:
4147:
4139:
4136:
4124:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4107:Kumar, Sanjay
4102:
4099:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4066:
4063:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4010:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3951:
3948:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3886:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3830:. Wadsworth,
3829:
3828:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3724:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3670:
3667:
3662:
3660:9789351182788
3656:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3618:0-19-567308-5
3614:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3569:
3566:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3463:9788170340416
3459:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3436:9781441102317
3432:
3428:
3427:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3403:9788176850759
3399:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3343:9780391041738
3339:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3323:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3184:Avari, Burjor
3179:
3176:
3164:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3105:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3013:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2961:
2958:
2946:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2877:9780203037201
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2840:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2818:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2782:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2723:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2327:0-19-565640-7
2323:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2143:
2140:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2030:, 2006, p.490
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1899:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1822:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:Ember, Melvin
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1612:According to
1609:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1458:A Flying Jatt
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1171:List of clans
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1125:Indo-Scythian
1122:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:Sikh Regiment
1004:
1000:
992:
989:, during the
988:
984:
979:
971:
966:
958:
953:
951:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
933:Kachhi region
930:
926:
922:
918:
912:
904:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:Uttar Pradesh
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
831:
829:
825:
819:
817:
813:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
781:
779:
777:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
740:
737:
733:
727:
725:
724:
718:
716:
712:
707:
705:
704:Mughal Empire
700:
697:to house the
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
660:
655:
650:
642:
640:
637:
636:
631:
627:
621:
617:
609:
600:
596:
592:
588:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
552:
548:
547:Uttar Pradesh
544:
537:
532:
528:
521:
516:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
485:
482:
476:
474:
468:
463:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
437:
430:
428:
426:
420:
418:
417:
412:
411:Muzaffar Alam
404:
399:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
361:
356:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
322:
320:
316:
313:
304:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Mughal Empire
247:
245:
241:
238:provinces of
237:
233:
229:
228:Uttar Pradesh
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:late medieval
189:
188:Punjab region
185:
181:
178:in the lower
177:
174:. Originally
173:
169:
166:community in
165:
161:
157:
154:, also spelt
153:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
75:
64:
62:
58:
53:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6009:Mazhabi Sikh
5787:
5764:. Retrieved
5749:
5736:. Retrieved
5721:
5705:. Retrieved
5690:
5677:. Retrieved
5662:
5649:. Retrieved
5634:
5621:. Retrieved
5607:
5591:. Retrieved
5576:
5563:. Retrieved
5548:
5535:. Retrieved
5515:
5501:. Retrieved
5486:
5473:. Retrieved
5458:
5442:. Retrieved
5427:
5414:. Retrieved
5399:
5386:. Retrieved
5371:
5358:. Retrieved
5343:
5330:. Retrieved
5315:
5299:. Retrieved
5284:
5268:. Retrieved
5253:
5240:. Retrieved
5220:
5206:. Retrieved
5192:
5176:. Retrieved
5161:
5148:. Retrieved
5133:
5120:. Retrieved
5105:
5074:
5067:
5047:
5040:
5031:
5025:
5015:
5011:
5009:
4994:
4975:
4960:
4953:
4931:(1): 51–67.
4928:
4924:
4918:
4909:
4889:
4885:
4879:
4870:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4820:
4813:
4793:
4786:
4777:
4770:. Retrieved
4755:
4748:
4738:
4736:
4712:
4706:
4697:
4689:
4672:
4665:
4656:
4647:
4623:
4613:
4594:
4588:
4581:nationalism.
4579:
4564:
4557:
4548:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4503:
4496:
4484:. Retrieved
4469:
4462:
4429:
4425:
4419:
4410:
4395:
4388:
4368:
4361:
4342:
4336:
4328:
4321:. Retrieved
4317:the original
4310:
4301:
4289:. Retrieved
4282:
4273:
4262:
4240:
4228:. Retrieved
4224:the original
4219:
4209:
4197:. Retrieved
4187:
4179:the original
4174:
4165:
4145:
4138:
4126:. Retrieved
4111:
4101:
4089:. Retrieved
4075:
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4034:
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
3998:
3988:
3976:. Retrieved
3957:
3950:
3938:. Retrieved
3914:
3910:
3900:
3888:. Retrieved
3870:
3845:. Retrieved
3826:
3819:
3795:
3776:
3769:
3761:
3742:
3735:
3726:
3711:
3704:
3693:
3691:
3676:
3669:
3649:
3639:
3630:
3603:
3593:
3585:
3580:
3573:
3568:
3556:. Retrieved
3537:
3530:
3510:
3503:
3491:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3452:
3445:
3425:
3392:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3369:
3360:
3332:
3325:
3313:. Retrieved
3298:
3294:Stokes, Eric
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3261:
3254:
3242:. Retrieved
3227:
3223:Bayly, C. A.
3188:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3151:
3147:Bayly, C. A.
3141:
3129:. Retrieved
3114:
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3080:
3052:. Retrieved
3037:
3015:. Retrieved
3000:
2993:
2982:, retrieved
2967:
2960:
2948:. Retrieved
2933:
2899:: 347, 349.
2896:
2892:
2886:
2859:
2853:
2842:, retrieved
2827:
2820:
2806:. Retrieved
2791:
2784:
2771:, retrieved
2756:
2749:
2736:, retrieved
2721:
2714:
2705:
2696:, retrieved
2681:
2674:
2663:, retrieved
2648:
2641:
2632:
2625:. Retrieved
2610:
2603:
2594:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2533:
2527:
2520:communities.
2518:
2496:
2490:
2481:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2439:. Retrieved
2424:
2417:
2409:
2387:
2381:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2317:
2311:
2302:
2287:
2277:
2266:
2257:
2249:
2240:. Retrieved
2235:
2226:
2207:
2201:
2182:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2149:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2115:
2108:
2091:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2040:
2035:
2019:
2000:
1994:
1987:transhumance
1982:
1973:, retrieved
1958:
1951:
1938:, retrieved
1923:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1886:
1858:. Retrieved
1843:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1809:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1775:
1768:
1760:
1742:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1698:
1691:
1683:
1665:
1647:
1632:
1608:
1572:
1520:Jat Regiment
1509:List of Jats
1496:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1429:
1165:clan exogamy
1150:
1141:
1134:
1117:
1110:
1087:
1084:Varna status
1078:
1072:
1069:
1046:
1042:World War II
1030:martial race
1023:
1003:Jat Regiment
996:
991:Republic day
983:Jat Regiment
965:Jat Regiment
945:
914:
875:Chhattisgarh
840:
832:
824:Charan Singh
820:
809:
792:Charan Singh
773:
770:Demographics
741:
728:
721:
719:
708:
695:Darbar Sahib
687:Hargobindpur
664:
633:
623:
525:Jats in the
507:
487:
478:
470:
465:
446:
421:
414:
408:
391:
363:
358:
354:
346:Indus valley
336:, where the
323:
312:early modern
309:
269:
248:
176:pastoralists
164:agricultural
159:
155:
151:
149:
46:Ethnic group
43:
7087:Sandhawalia
6596:Mair Rajput
5938:Hindu Ghosi
5782:‹ The
4892:: 606–613.
4719:: 214–215.
4432:(1): 1–20.
4412:regiments."
4199:18 November
2844:12 November
2773:12 November
2738:12 November
2698:13 November
2665:12 November
2577:: 509–522.
2242:6 September
1614:Susan Bayly
1571:"Glossary:
1366:Sandhawalia
1147:Clan system
1137:infanticide
1098:Irfan Habib
1049:Indian Army
1038:World War I
1026:British Raj
999:Indian Army
987:Indian Army
925:Indus delta
891:reservation
863:Uttarakhand
836:North India
667:Baba Buddha
620:Sindhi Jats
616:Muslim Jats
610:Muslim Jats
502:Eric Stokes
370:Mughal rule
342:pastoralism
182:-valley of
180:Indus river
7197:Categories
6213:Sial tribe
5766:15 October
5738:15 October
5707:15 October
5679:15 October
5651:15 October
5623:15 October
5593:15 October
5565:15 October
5537:15 October
5524:, 26, 28.
5503:15 October
5475:15 October
5444:15 October
5416:15 October
5388:15 October
5360:15 October
5332:15 October
5301:15 October
5270:15 October
5242:15 October
5208:15 October
5178:15 October
5150:15 October
5122:15 October
4977:districts.
4486:20 October
4128:30 January
4091:30 January
4055:30 January
4014:30 January
3978:30 January
3940:30 January
3890:30 January
3847:30 January
3687:0719069629
3558:5 November
3496:Singh 1981
3315:24 October
3278:24 October
3244:15 October
3168:15 October
3131:24 October
3097:15 October
3054:15 October
3017:24 October
2950:29 October
2808:30 October
2706:status quo
2441:15 October
2166:20 January
2132:20 January
1903:29 October
1860:15 October
1826:15 October
1792:15 October
1739:"Glossary"
1624:References
1444:Maula Jatt
1121:Arya Samaj
1066:Jat Muslim
1060:See also:
1015:Grenadiers
963:See also:
927:and among
909:See also:
790:Chaudhary
711:Guru Arjan
675:Guru Arjan
671:Guru Angad
630:Med people
569:, playing
431:Hindu Jats
350:Zamindaris
152:Jat people
111:Rajasthani
61:South Asia
6937:Jhajharia
6852:Chudasama
6813:Bhalothia
6462:Sabharwal
6382:Khukhrain
6118:Chaudhary
5984:Ad-Dharmi
5966:Khandowya
4937:0970-0927
4898:2249-1937
4859:0012-9976
4733:144887395
4673:The Getes
4454:144987021
4446:1350-7486
4220:Frontline
3927:0019-5510
3780:. India:
3627:438966317
2905:2249-1937
2583:2249-1937
2552:695560144
2515:993781016
2470:2249-1937
2406:889813954
2373:880877884
2236:News9live
2100:185987598
2049:186583361
1975:15 August
1940:15 August
1737:(2006) .
1556:Footnotes
1306:Maulaheri
1107:Al-Biruni
879:Rajasthan
851:Rajasthan
849:, namely
683:Kartarpur
643:Sikh Jats
599:Rajasthan
591:Bharatpur
567:Rajasthan
563:zemindars
509:effected.
490:Bharatpur
473:Bhumihars
467:practice.
453:Aurangzeb
441:Bharatpur
416:zemindars
319:Zamindars
284:Rajasthan
259:Aurangzeb
236:Pakistani
232:Rajasthan
200:Rajputana
117:(and its
101:(and its
95:Khariboli
77:Languages
18:Bhalothia
7177:Warraich
7067:Randhawa
7017:Makhdoom
6997:Langrial
6972:Khangura
6962:Kasaniya
6957:Kalwania
6942:Jhanjhar
6695:Bakarwal
6656:Tarkhans
6553:Chhibber
6422:Mehrotra
6412:Malhotra
6402:Mahendru
6357:Kandhari
6302:Bhandari
6248:Warraich
6193:Randhawa
6133:Dhankhar
6034:Ravidasi
5958:Chauhans
5851:Punjabis
5784:template
5719:(2004).
5456:(2002).
5313:(1995).
5282:(2003).
4945:41919573
4906:44143417
4772:29 March
4686:56397976
4621:(1994).
4291:15 March
4109:(2013).
4032:(2003).
3935:41856253
3810:Faridkot
3728:Punjab'.
3647:(2000).
3601:(2004).
3352:48837811
3296:(1980).
3225:(1988).
3186:(2013).
3149:(1988).
2984:1 August
2913:44141246
2627:2 August
2591:44139389
2478:44143925
2336:50783542
2285:(2002).
2090:(1962).
1664:(eds.).
1545:Jat Sikh
1514:See also
1436:Haryanvi
1419:Warraich
1346:Randhawa
1278:Khangura
1248:Dhaliwal
1213:Bharwana
1127:origin.
1079:Jathera.
1062:Jat Sikh
1013:and the
959:Military
905:Pakistan
800:Red Fort
756:Faridkot
649:Jat Sikh
529:in 1868.
494:Surajmal
481:Brahmins
393:success.
234:and the
172:Pakistan
135:Hinduism
129:Religion
119:dialects
103:dialects
91:Haryanvi
7172:Vaghela
7137:Solanki
7112:Sheoran
7107:Shokeen
7062:Pilania
6992:Khokhar
6982:Khatkar
6897:Ghumman
6892:Dhindsa
6887:Dhillon
6882:Dhaulya
6857:Chauhan
6808:Bargoti
6664:Panesar
6616:Chauhan
6611:Rathore
6583:Rajputs
6548:Bhimwal
6392:Khullar
6372:Khattar
6337:Gambhir
6297:Bhambri
6281:Khatris
6168:Khokhar
6062:Gurjars
6044:Gakhars
5994:Bazigar
5989:Balmiki
5948:Ranghar
5943:Aharwar
5859:Agrawal
5849:of the
5786:below (
4867:4415098
4230:2 March
3921:: 712.
3798:Patiala
3484:Khalsa.
2464:: 336.
2341:caste).
1432:Punjabi
1404:Thaheem
1376:Sangwan
1288:Lashari
1253:Dhillon
1208:Beniwal
1178:Ahlawat
939:of the
929:Seraiki
812:Haryana
752:Patiala
659:Patiala
573:, 1874.
571:pachisi
543:Aligarh
492:, Raja
457:Mathura
344:in the
298:History
288:Haryana
224:Haryana
143:Sikhism
99:Punjabi
7152:Tiwana
7102:Sehdev
7092:Sandhu
7072:Ranjha
7052:Panwar
7047:Parmar
7037:Mirdha
7032:Minhas
7002:Langah
6987:Khaira
6977:Kharal
6967:Katewa
6947:Kahlon
6932:Jewlia
6927:Jaswal
6917:Guhila
6912:Grewal
6907:Gondal
6872:Dahiya
6862:Chopra
6847:Chilka
6842:Chhina
6837:Cheema
6832:Bhatti
6827:Battar
6823:Bhangu
6818:Buttar
6799:Ansari
6795:Aulakh
6780:people
6735:Shaikh
6730:Sayyid
6715:Kumhar
6710:Kamboj
6678:Others
6646:Wattoo
6631:Jamwal
6626:Jaswal
6621:Minhas
6606:Janjua
6601:Bhatti
6591:Jarral
6515:Vadera
6510:Trehan
6505:Thapar
6500:Tandon
6495:Talwar
6472:Sehgal
6457:Roshan
6447:Oberoi
6442:Nayyar
6437:Narula
6427:Nagpal
6397:Madhok
6377:Khosla
6367:Khanna
6362:Kapoor
6352:Kakkar
6347:Gujral
6332:Duggal
6327:Dhawan
6322:Chopra
6317:Chadha
6312:Bindra
6307:Bhasin
6293:Bhamba
6271:Labana
6263:Labana
6233:Tiwana
6203:Sekhon
6198:Sandhu
6188:Ranjha
6163:Kharal
6158:Kahlon
6153:Jaswal
6148:Grewal
6128:Chohan
6123:Cheema
6113:Buttar
6108:Bhutta
6098:Aulakh
6080:Baisla
6052:Kayani
6019:Mirasi
6004:Khatik
5999:Chamar
5900:Kardar
5885:Rayeen
5877:Arains
5867:Bansal
5847:tribes
5803:Curlie
5789:Curlie
5757:
5729:
5698:
5670:
5642:
5614:
5584:
5556:
5528:
5494:
5466:
5435:
5407:
5379:
5351:
5323:
5292:
5261:
5233:
5199:
5169:
5141:
5113:
5082:
5055:
5012:Arains
5002:
4968:
4943:
4935:
4904:
4896:
4865:
4857:
4828:
4801:
4763:
4731:
4684:
4635:
4601:
4572:
4541:
4511:
4477:
4452:
4444:
4403:
4376:
4349:
4323:11 May
4153:
4119:
4082:
4046:
4005:
3969:
3933:
3925:
3881:
3867:"JATS"
3838:
3788:
3754:
3719:
3684:
3657:
3625:
3615:
3549:
3518:
3460:
3433:
3400:
3375:12 May
3350:
3340:
3306:
3269:
3235:
3196:
3159:
3122:
3088:
3045:
3008:
2975:
2941:
2911:
2903:
2874:
2835:
2799:
2764:
2729:
2689:
2656:
2618:
2589:
2581:
2550:
2540:
2513:
2503:
2476:
2468:
2432:
2404:
2394:
2371:
2361:
2334:
2324:
2295:
2214:
2189:
2157:
2123:
2098:
2070:
2047:
2007:
1966:
1931:
1894:
1851:
1817:
1783:
1753:
1710:
1676:
1399:Teotia
1381:Sekhon
1371:Sandhu
1361:Sahota
1356:Rehvar
1351:Ranjha
1331:Poonia
1326:Panwar
1311:Mirdha
1302:Marhal
1283:Kharal
1268:Grewal
1263:Godara
1243:Dharan
1238:Dahiya
1228:Cheema
1223:Buttar
1203:Babbar
1188:Aulakh
1161:Rajput
1028:as a "
993:parade
816:Punjab
762:, and
748:states
746:, the
744:Punjab
732:Punjab
685:, and
661:, 1898
587:durbar
484:state.
449:Gokula
443:, 1882
405:, 1872
403:Lahore
334:Punjab
276:Punjab
267:Khalsa
255:Gokula
244:Punjab
220:Punjab
212:Muslim
115:Sindhi
107:Lahnda
7162:Uppal
7157:Tomar
7147:Tarar
7142:Sunda
7132:Sohal
7127:Sipra
7122:Sidhu
7097:Sagoo
7057:Pannu
7027:Malik
7022:Malhi
6867:Dabas
6803:Bajwa
6790:Atwal
6725:Sansi
6720:Saini
6705:Dogar
6700:Bania
6690:Bagga
6685:Arora
6669:Sohal
6568:Mohan
6525:Vohra
6520:Vadra
6487:Sodhi
6482:Sethi
6467:Sahni
6432:Nanda
6417:Mehra
6407:Makan
6387:Kohli
6289:Anand
6238:Uppal
6228:Sohal
6223:Sodhi
6218:Sipra
6208:Sidhu
6178:Malhi
6103:Bajwa
6075:Bhati
6014:Mochi
5933:Ghosi
5928:Ahirs
5915:Ahirs
5905:Ramay
4941:JSTOR
4902:JSTOR
4863:JSTOR
4739:varna
4729:S2CID
4715:(3).
4450:S2CID
3931:JSTOR
3917:(4).
3806:Nabha
2909:JSTOR
2587:JSTOR
2474:JSTOR
2304:army.
1656:. In
1654:"Jat"
1409:Tomar
1395:Sihag
1391:Sidhu
1341:Rahar
1336:Rahal
1321:Naich
1316:Muley
1298:Malik
1293:Malhi
1273:Khakh
1233:Dabas
1198:Bajwa
1193:Bagri
1157:Arain
1102:Sindh
1090:varna
1073:Jats
859:Delhi
804:Delhi
776:crore
764:Nabha
723:Misls
635:Zatts
626:Arabs
624:When
378:Ahirs
338:sakia
292:Delhi
271:panth
240:Sindh
208:Hindu
184:Sindh
139:Islam
87:Hindi
7182:Wyne
7167:Virk
7117:Sial
7082:Sahu
7077:Sahi
7042:Noon
7012:Maan
7007:Lali
6922:Hans
6902:Gill
6877:Dara
6641:Raja
6636:Rana
6573:Vaid
6558:Datt
6543:Bali
6491:Soni
6477:Seth
6452:Puri
6342:Ghai
6253:Wyne
6243:Virk
6183:Noon
6173:Maan
6143:Gill
6138:Deol
6090:Jats
5895:Mehr
5890:Mian
5845:and
5799:Jats
5768:2011
5755:ISBN
5740:2011
5727:ISBN
5709:2011
5696:ISBN
5681:2011
5668:ISBN
5653:2011
5640:ISBN
5625:2011
5612:ISBN
5595:2011
5582:ISBN
5567:2011
5554:ISBN
5539:2011
5526:ISBN
5505:2011
5492:ISBN
5477:2011
5464:ISBN
5446:2011
5433:ISBN
5418:2011
5405:ISBN
5390:2011
5377:ISBN
5362:2011
5349:ISBN
5334:2011
5321:ISBN
5303:2011
5290:ISBN
5272:2011
5259:ISBN
5244:2011
5231:ISBN
5210:2011
5197:ISBN
5180:2011
5167:ISBN
5152:2011
5139:ISBN
5124:2011
5111:ISBN
5080:ISBN
5053:ISBN
5016:Jats
5000:ISBN
4966:ISBN
4933:ISSN
4894:ISSN
4855:ISSN
4826:ISBN
4799:ISBN
4774:2020
4761:ISBN
4682:OCLC
4633:ISBN
4599:ISBN
4570:ISBN
4539:ISBN
4509:ISBN
4488:2010
4475:ISBN
4442:ISSN
4401:ISBN
4374:ISBN
4347:ISBN
4325:2013
4293:2016
4232:2021
4201:2006
4151:ISBN
4130:2020
4117:ISBN
4093:2020
4080:ISBN
4057:2020
4044:ISBN
4016:2020
4003:ISBN
3980:2020
3967:ISBN
3942:2020
3923:ISSN
3892:2020
3879:ISBN
3875:Gale
3849:2020
3836:ISBN
3808:and
3802:Jind
3786:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3717:ISBN
3682:ISBN
3655:ISBN
3623:OCLC
3613:ISBN
3560:2018
3547:ISBN
3516:ISBN
3458:ISBN
3431:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3377:2021
3348:OCLC
3338:ISBN
3317:2011
3304:ISBN
3280:2011
3267:ISBN
3246:2011
3233:ISBN
3194:ISBN
3170:2011
3157:ISBN
3133:2011
3120:ISBN
3099:2011
3086:ISBN
3056:2011
3043:ISBN
3019:2011
3006:ISBN
2986:2011
2973:ISBN
2952:2011
2939:ISBN
2901:ISSN
2872:ISBN
2846:2011
2833:ISBN
2810:2011
2797:ISBN
2775:2011
2762:ISBN
2740:2011
2727:ISBN
2709:15)"
2700:2011
2687:ISBN
2667:2011
2654:ISBN
2629:2022
2616:ISBN
2579:ISSN
2548:OCLC
2538:ISBN
2511:OCLC
2501:ISBN
2466:ISSN
2443:2011
2430:ISBN
2402:OCLC
2392:ISBN
2369:OCLC
2359:ISBN
2332:OCLC
2322:ISBN
2293:ISBN
2244:2024
2212:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2168:2012
2155:ISBN
2134:2012
2121:ISBN
2096:OCLC
2068:ISBN
2045:OCLC
2005:ISBN
1983:barr
1977:2013
1964:ISBN
1942:2013
1929:ISBN
1905:2011
1892:ISBN
1862:2011
1849:ISBN
1828:2011
1815:ISBN
1794:2011
1781:ISBN
1751:ISBN
1708:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1550:Jāti
1434:and
1414:Virk
1386:Sial
1258:Gill
1218:Brar
1109:and
1064:and
1047:The
1040:and
885:and
873:and
760:Jind
618:and
593:, a
585:The
498:Deeg
384:and
330:Zutt
290:and
242:and
230:and
216:Sikh
214:and
170:and
160:Jatt
158:and
156:Jaat
150:The
123:Urdu
121:) •
105:) •
83:Braj
7203:Jat
6952:Kak
6778:Jat
6563:Lau
6024:Nat
5801:at
5229:–.
5227:361
4721:doi
4434:doi
3588:...
2864:doi
2744:5)"
1720:zat
1589:NWP
1573:Jat
1153:Ror
985:of
895:OBC
750:of
742:In
597:in
455:in
190:in
50:Jat
7199::
6825:,
5841:,
5522:12
5008:.
4984:^
4974:.
4939:.
4929:18
4927:.
4908:.
4900:.
4890:55
4888:.
4869:.
4861:.
4851:39
4849:.
4776:.
4735:.
4727:.
4713:10
4711:.
4688:.
4680:.
4655:.
4627:.
4578:.
4547:.
4517:.
4448:.
4440:.
4430:13
4428:.
4409:.
4327:.
4309:.
4281:.
4261:.
4249:^
4218:.
4173:.
4038:.
3961:.
3929:.
3915:67
3913:.
3909:.
3857:^
3804:,
3800:,
3794:.
3760:.
3725:.
3690:.
3629:.
3621:.
3481:.
3413:^
3368:.
3346:.
3208:^
3064:^
3027:^
2921:^
2907:.
2897:43
2895:.
2870:.
2862:.
2631:.
2593:.
2585:.
2575:39
2573:.
2554:.
2546:.
2517:.
2509:.
2480:.
2472:.
2462:58
2460:.
2408:.
2400:.
2367:.
2338:.
2330:.
2301:.
2265:.
2234:.
1870:^
1759:.
1745:.
1741:.
1716:.
1682:.
1660:;
1596:^
1580:^
1564:^
1167:.
1159:,
1155:,
1021:.
1009:,
1005:,
950:.
943:.
869:,
865:,
861:,
857:,
853:,
830:.
802:,
758:,
754:,
681:,
545:,
504:,
388::
321:.
286:,
282:,
278:,
246:.
226:,
222:,
210:,
113:•
109:•
97:•
93:•
89:•
85:•
67:c.
6769:e
6762:t
6755:v
5831:e
5824:t
5817:v
5770:.
5742:.
5711:.
5683:.
5655:.
5627:.
5597:.
5569:.
5541:.
5507:.
5479:.
5448:.
5420:.
5392:.
5364:.
5336:.
5305:.
5274:.
5246:.
5212:.
5182:.
5154:.
5126:.
5088:.
5061:.
4947:.
4834:.
4807:.
4723::
4641:.
4607:.
4490:.
4456:.
4436::
4382:.
4355:.
4295:.
4267:.
4234:.
4203:.
4159:.
4132:.
4095:.
4059:.
4018:.
3982:.
3944:.
3894:.
3851:.
3663:.
3562:.
3524:.
3466:.
3439:.
3406:.
3379:.
3354:.
3319:.
3282:.
3248:.
3202:.
3172:.
3135:.
3101:.
3058:.
3021:.
2954:.
2915:.
2880:.
2866::
2812:.
2445:.
2375:.
2271:.
2252:”
2248:“
2246:.
2220:.
2195:.
2170:.
2136:.
2102:.
2076:.
2051:.
2013:.
1907:.
1864:.
1830:.
1796:.
72:)
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.