567:
three Rajput chieftains are noted to be admiring of
Shivaji as a great Rajput with all the "characteristic qualities". Vajpeyi interprets the former use to signify an exalted royal status rather than any connection with the Rajput clans. A. Sievler deems the latter translation to be dubious; Mehendale comments that "Rajput" simply meant a Kshatriya in the context. In another contemporary sourceâa letter from Jai Singh himself to his Prime Ministerâ, we see Shivaji being regarded to belong from a low caste (and pedigree), who was not even fit for inter-dining with Rajputs.
1486:
268:
and a sequence of Vedic rituals before the eventual coronation ('abhisheka') â a public spectacle of enormous expense that heralded the rebirth of
Shivaji as a Kshatriya king. Panegyrics composed by court-poets during these spans (and afterward) reinforced onto the public memory that Shivaji (and the Bhonsles) indeed belonged from the Sisodiyas.
272:
Brahminical sentiment to categorize all
Marathas as Shudras, carte-blanche; there have been even claims that Bhatt was excommunicated by Maratha Brahmins for his role in the coronation of Shivaji! Interestingly, all claims to Rajput ancestry had largely vanished from the family's subsequent projections of identity.
508:
Gaga Bhatt was a preeminent legal scholar, whose scholarship focused on the relative status of different varnas across different regions. Shivaji was already in contact with him since 1664, when he was asked to adjudicate upon whether the
Saraswat Brahmins (then, Syenavis) were indeed Brahmins. It is
267:
Led by Bhatt, who employed traditional Hindu imagery in an unprecedented scale, the first phase had
Shivaji penance for having lived as a Maratha despite being a Kshatriya. Then came the sacred thread ceremony ('maunjibandhanam') followed by remarriage according to Kshatriya customs ('mantra-vivah')
210:
along with his pastoral herd and kul-devta; the Sambhu
Mahadev was thus installed at a hill-top in Singhnapur. Historical records indicate that this shrine received extensive patronage from Maloji onwards. Further, there exists a branch of the Bhosles named "Sirsat Bhosles" and Bhosle (or "Bhosale")
730:
Obviously, Ambedkar had in mind the
Brahmin's refusal to recognize Shivaji as a Kshatriya. His theory, which is based on scant historical evidence , doubtless echoed this episode in Maharashtra's history, whereas in fact Shivaji, a Maratha-Kunbi, was a Shudra. Nevertheless, he had won power and so
280:
Vajpeyi notes the "veridical status" of
Chitnis' finds to be not determinable to "historical certainty" â the links were tenuous at best and inventive at worst. Shivaji was not a Rajput and the sole purpose of the lineage was to guarantee Shivaji's consecration as a Kshatriya, in a tactic that had
271:
However, the
Kshatriyization was not unanimous; a section of Brahmins continued to deny the Kshatriya status. Brahmins of the Peshwa period rejected Bhatt's acceptance of Shivaji's claims and blamed the non-dharmic coronation for all ills that plagued Shivaji and his heirsâin tune with the general
232:
domain and technically, remained subject to his Mughal (or Deccan
Sultanate) overlords; in the hierarchy of power, Shivaji's position remained similar to fellow Maratha chieftains. Also, he was often opposed by the orthodox Brahmin community of Maharashtra. A coronation sanctioned by the Brahmins
566:
Gordon however points out that Shivaji might have "thought of himself as a Rajput" since long back. He evidences a letter (1656) sent by Shahji to Adil Shah II where they had boasted of Rajput pride and another letter (18 July 1666) from Parkaldas (an officer under Jai Singh) to Kalyandas, where
215:
found the work to convincingly explain the foundation of the Bhosle clan (as well as Sambhu Mahadev cult). Vajpeyi too advocates that Dhere's theory be probed in greater detail â "rom pastoralist big men to warlords on horseback, is not an impossible distance to cover in two to three centuries."
481:
Madhav Deshpande notes that one of the oldest texts in support of such a viewpoint was drafted by Kamalakara Bhatta, a paternal uncle of Gaga Bhatta.However, he was hardly a radical (unlike Nagesbhatta, to whom even the Rajputs were Shudras) and allowed expiatory rites for the rare "fallen"
462:
Texts produced under patronage of Shahaji make explicit connection between the Bhosales and Balip. Also, the "samadhi" (memorial) of Sambhaji, Shivaji, and Shahuji neighbor the shrine.However, for a span of about 250 years â from Balip to Kheloji â the history of the shrine is not
178:
rejects the designation of Shudra, since the category has remained in a state of flux across centuries; she instead notes them to be a Marathi lineage, who enjoyed "reasonably high" social status as landholders and warlords, being in the service of Deccan Sultanate or Mughals.
255:
Compelled to postpone his coronation, Shivaji had his secretary Balaji Avji Chitnis sent to the Sisodiyas of Mewar for inspection of the royal genealogies; Avji returned with a favorable finding â Shahji turned out to be a descendant of Chacho Sisodiya, a half-Rajput uncle of
731:
expected the Brahmins to confirm his new status by writing for him an adequate genealogy. This process recalls that of Sanskritisation , but sociologists refer to such emulation of Kshatriyas by Shudras as ' Kshatriyaisation ' and describe it as a variant of Sanskritisation.
443:
The Hoysalas as well as the Yadavas were competing feudatories of the Chalukyas with battles being as much common as matrimonial alliances. The migration was prob. motivated by pervasive droughts in the region and an opportunity to seek out some independence for
390:
Stewart Gordon and other scholars deem the "deÅmukhÄ«" to have served as a 'hinge' between the local populace and the imperial authority which frequently changed. Without their loyalty, commanding authority in newly conquered territories was
139:â this branch has been since known as Hinganikar Bhonsles. A branch seem to have split soon, who went on to claim an ancestral right to the post of district steward (deÅmukhÄ«) of Kadewalit: Suryaji Bhonsle during the reign of
264:, was then hired to ratify Chitnis' find, and the Bhonsles were now permitted to stake a claim to Kshatriya caste. The coronation would be re-executed in June 1674 but only after going through a long list of preludes.
472:
Most of the great Maratha Jahagirdar families in the service of Adilshahi strongly opposed Shivaji in his early years. These included families such as the Ghadge, More, Mohite, Ghorpade, Shirke, and Nimbalkar.
548:
She however cautions that the summary rejection of Shivaji's ancestry claims in contemporary historiographical literature often stemmed from a Brahminical anti-Maratha perspective, imbibed from the Peshwas.
247:
but also Shivaji's grandfather was a tiller-headman, Shivaji did not wear the sacred thread, and his marriage was not in accordance with the Kshatriya customs. Thus, the Brahmins had him categorised as a
530:
Contemporary Dutch East India Company archives indicate that even then, Shivaji's upgradation of status was only accepted by Brahmins after he had promised them to not rule tyrannically anymore.
482:
Kshatriya-Shudras, provided he did not exceed the upanayana age-limit of 22 years. In his judgement, he was following his father Ramkrsna Bhatta as well as grandfather Narayana Bhatta.
840:
285:. Jadunath Sarkar deemed that the genealogy was cleverly fabricated by Balaji Awji and after some reluctance accepted by Gaga Bhatt, who in turn was "rewarded with a huge fee".
509:
very plausible that the idea of coronation was Bhatt's suggestion â during the previous encounter, he had already proclaimed Shivaji to have born into a "pure royal family".
236:
On proposing the Brahmins of his court to have him proclaimed as the rightful king, a controversy erupted: the regnal status was reserved for those belonging to the
1475:
958:
362:
416:
Vajpeyi however notes that the Bhonsles almost-certainly never featured in the traditional list of 96 families, which allegedly composed the Maratha identity.
495:
People like Chacho were categorized into separate caste-groups at the lower end of the hierarchyâeven unfit for inter-dining withâ, and excluded from Rajput
557:
Sardesai noted that the claims were supported by some 'firman's in possession of the Raja of Mudhol but many scholars considered them to be forged.
170:
caste; they were part of the Marathas/Kunbis, an amorphous class-group. Scholars have however disagreed about the agricultural status of Bhosles.
243:. Not only was there a fundamental dispute among scholars on whether any true Kshatriya survived in the Kali Yuga, having been all destroyed by
992:
Daniel Jasper (2003). "Commemorating the 'golden age' of Shivaji in Maharashtra, India, and the development of Maharashtrian public politics".
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had acquired extensive territory and wealth from his campaigns. But, lacking a formal crown, he had no operational legitimacy to rule his
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2305:
135:
The earliest accepted members of the Bhonsles are Mudhoji Bhonsle and his kin Rupaji Bhonsle, who were the village headman (pÄá¹Ä«l) of
1468:
1409:
1374:
1342:
1206:
763:
688:
679:
Vajpeyi, Ananya (2005). "Excavating Identity through Tradition: Who was Shivaji?". In Varma, Supriya; Saberwal, Satish (eds.).
576:
In a footnote, Wink mentions of two letters before the coronation ceremony, where Shivaji had referred to himself as a Rajput.
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31:
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Siva Chhatrapati : being a translation of Sabhasad Bakhar with extracts from Chitnis and Sivadigvijya, with notes
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Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India
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The shrine continues to serve as one of the most significant Shaivite shrine in modern Maharashtra.
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119:
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Chacho was born of a Khati concubine and in contemporary times, was pejoratively referred to as a
434:
The caste-status of these Yadavas and whether they were a part of Bahminical hiearchy is disputed.
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Politics of complicity, poetics of contempt: A history of the ÅÅ«dra in Maharashtra, 1650â1950 CE
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2020:
2015:
1995:
1965:
1915:
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Rao, Anupama (13 October 2009). "Caste Radicalism And The Making Of A New Political Subject".
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The expense was huge enough to impose a coronation tax on his subjects for the next few years.
306:
1399:
965:, The New Cambridge History of India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86â87,
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341:
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notes that the historical evolution of castes grouped under the Maratha-Kunbis is sketchy.
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1935:
1920:
1910:
1850:
1802:
1792:
1588:
298:
207:
163:
1317:
697:
Ananya, Vajpeyi (August 2004). "Making a ÅÅ«dra King: The Royal Consecration of Shivaji".
425:
This was published in "Sikhar Singanapurca Sri Sambhu Mahadev" (2002) for the first time.
847:, Cambridge South Asian Studies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 13â14,
198:
sovereigns. In early thirteenth century, "Baliyeppa Gopati Sirsat", a Hoysala cousin of
2177:
2025:
1890:
1761:
1741:
1655:
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325:
203:
175:
151:
35:
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and Eraly however emphasize that the Marathas were located outside the peripheries of
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282:
144:
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321:
755:
Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age
313:
deems that the Sisodia genealogical claim is destined to remain disputed forever.
166:
and other scholars, Bhonsles were predominantly Deccani tiller-plainsmen from the
1196:
1165:
Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian Desert
753:
143:(early 1490s), and his son Sharafji Bhonsle during the conquest of the region by
2258:
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2213:
2182:
2040:
1746:
1628:
1613:
1598:
1593:
1497:
518:
400:
257:
244:
186:
interpretation of local oral history and ethnography, Bhonsles descend from the
154:
from the Hinganikar branch. He was the great-grandson of one Kheloji (c. 1490).
70:
2263:
1731:
1721:
1642:
1623:
1583:
1284:
881:, Religion/Culture/Critique, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 45â87,
74:
1146:
922:
2223:
1756:
1751:
1736:
1701:
1696:
1618:
1515:
886:
877:
Feldhaus, Anne (2003), Feldhaus, Anne (ed.), "The Pilgrimage to Åiá¹
gá¹ÄpÅ«r",
381:
The precise familial relation between Mudhoji/Rupali and Suryaji is unclear.
294:
237:
233:
was thus planned, in a bid to proclaim sovereignty and legitimize his rule.
879:
Connected Places: Region, Pilgrimage, and Geographical Imagination in India
1401:
The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture
1766:
1716:
1706:
1510:
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94:
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910:
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does not pass any judgement but notes Bhatt to be a "creative Brahmin".
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199:
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51:
17:
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Scribes and the Vocation of Politics in the Maratha Empire, 1708-1818
345:
249:
167:
911:"Review of SHIKHAR SHINGANAPURCHA SRI SHAMBHU MAHADEV (In Marathi)"
195:
1335:
The Language of History: Sanskrit Narratives of Indo-Muslim Rule
147:(1599). This branch has been since known as Kadewalit Bhonsles.
1457:
1098:
Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India
785:
Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals
1322:. Calcutta : University of Calcutta. pp. 260, 261.
715:
Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste
1276:
The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India
1131:"Ká¹£atriyas in the Kali Age? GÄgÄbhaá¹á¹a & His Opponents"
1428:. International Conference Group on Portugal. 6 June 2001.
521:
views the episode to reflect fluidity in the caste system.
1333:
Truschke, Audrey (2021). "Rajput and Maratha Kingships".
1038:
Inside-Outside: Two Views of Social Change in Rural India
348:
were amongst the prominent states ruled by the Bhonsles.
1316:
Krshnaji Ananta Sabhasada; Sen, Surendra Nath (1920).
1027:
1025:
1023:
305:
notes that the descent is "not authentically proved".
681:
Traditions in Motion: Religion and Society in History
30:
This article is about the clan. For Royal House, see
1228:(2 ed.). Calcutta: K. P. Bagchi & Company,
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2155:
2119:
1816:
1780:
1684:
1637:
1549:
1496:
1032:Baviskar, B. S.; Attwood, D. W. (30 October 2013).
90:
80:
66:
58:
45:
1358:Sardesai, G. S. (1946). "Shahji: The Rising Sun".
915:Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute
701:(Thesis). University of Chicago. p. 155-226.
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664:
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1362:. Vol. 1. Phoenic Publications. p. 46.
646:
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630:
628:
407:and people thereof did not form any rigid caste.
1337:. Columbia University Press. pp. 183â184.
1167:. Cambridge University Press. p. 103â104.
841:"Religion and society under early British rule"
1279:. University of California Press. p. 42.
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
758:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57â59.
301:also agree with Sarkar about the fabrication.
1469:
1101:. Oxford University Press. pp. 190â191.
1034:"Caste Barriers to Initiative and Innovation"
683:. Oxford University Press. pp. 239â268.
363:List of people involved in the Maratha Empire
8:
1124:
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1120:
1118:
807:
805:
1241:
1239:
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1156:
994:Journal of Political and Military Sociology
872:
870:
777:
775:
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1462:
1454:
959:"Shivaji (1630â80) and the Maratha polity"
150:The next significant Bhonsle was probably
1201:. Leiden University Press. p. 143.
599:"Coinage of the Bhonsla Rajas of Nagpur"
211:is linguistically similar to "Hoysala".
1198:Xenophobia in Seventeenth-century India
589:
374:
1067:. Penguin Books India. pp. 110â.
42:
1230:Indian Council of Historical Research
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
952:
950:
948:
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944:
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597:Kulkarni, Prashant P. (6 June 1990).
7:
788:. Penguin Books India. p. 435.
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745:
743:
741:
739:
612:
610:
608:
358:List of Maratha dynasties and states
118:) are a prominent group within the
1163:Kothiyal, Tanuja (14 March 2016).
1040:. SAGE Publications. p. 395.
25:
1373:Nicholas Patrick Wiseman (1836).
752:Bayly, Susan (22 February 2001).
260:. Gaga Bhatt, a famed Brahmin of
1484:
839:O'Hanlon, Rosalind, ed. (1985),
818:. Orient Longman. p. 158.
718:. Permanent Black. p. 39.
2127:Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years
1225:Foreign Biographies of Shivaji
621:(Thesis). Columbia University.
32:House of Bhonsle (Royal House)
1:
1129:Deshpande, Madhav M. (2010).
712:Christophe Jaffrelot (2006).
220:Shivaji and invented origins
1676:Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi
1440:"The Gazetteers Department"
1426:"Portuguese Studies Review"
1360:New History of the Marathas
1246:John Keay (12 April 2011).
1222:Sen, Surendra Nath (1958).
2332:
1671:Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi
1398:Kulkarni, Sumitra (1995).
1064:Revenge and Reconciliation
909:Dhavalikar, M. K. (2000).
29:
2316:Surnames of Indian origin
2306:Marathi-language surnames
1661:Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi
1285:10.1525/9780520943377-006
1252:. Atlantic. p. 565.
617:Vendell, Dominic (2018).
50:
2142:Second Anglo-Maratha War
1195:Kruijtzer, Gijs (2009).
1061:Rajmohan Gandhi (1999).
957:Gordon, Stewart (1993),
812:Jadunath Sarkar (1992).
2147:Third Anglo-Maratha War
2137:First Anglo-Maratha War
1559:Moropant Trimbak Pingle
1404:. Mittal Publications.
1095:Busch, Allison (2011).
887:10.1057/9781403981349_3
194:, who were cow-herding
1651:Ramchandra Pant Amatya
1569:Ramchandra Pant Amatya
963:The Marathas 1600â1818
782:Abraham Eraly (2000).
601:. Indian Coin Society.
815:Shivaji and His Times
1135:Indo-Iranian Journal
34:. For the film, see
1961:Invasions of Bengal
1781:Maratha Confederacy
1490:Maratha Confederacy
1232:. pp. 265â267.
281:clear parallels to
192:Yadavas of Devagiri
120:Maratha clan system
2193:Nizam of Hyderabad
2132:MarathaâMysore War
1808:Patwardhan dynasty
1798:Scindia of Gwalior
917:. 60/61: 507â508.
695:Edited version of
162:In the opinion of
141:Ahmad Nizam Shah I
2288:
2287:
2188:Portuguese Empire
1793:Gaekwad of Baroda
1788:Bhonsle of Nagpur
1579:Balaji Vishwanath
1564:Moreshvar Pingale
1379:. William Spooner
1376:The Dublin Review
1294:978-0-520-94337-7
1259:978-0-8021-9550-0
1174:978-1-316-67389-8
1108:978-0-19-976592-8
1074:978-0-14-029045-5
1047:978-81-321-1865-7
972:978-0-521-26883-7
896:978-1-4039-8134-9
854:978-0-521-52308-0
825:978-81-250-1347-1
795:978-0-14-100143-2
725:978-81-7824-156-2
307:Stewart N. Gordon
172:Rosalind O'Hanlon
100:
99:
16:(Redirected from
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2006:Capture of Delhi
1981:North-west India
1951:2nd Trichinopoly
1941:1st Trichinopoly
1803:Holkar of Indore
1772:Tulsi Bai Holkar
1692:Ahilyabai Holkar
1594:Madhavrao Ballal
1574:Bahiroji Pingale
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131:Earliest members
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317:Princely States
299:Audrey Truschke
278:
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164:Jadunath Sarkar
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133:
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23:
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338:Akkalkot State
326:Kolhapur State
318:
315:
303:G. S. Sardesai
277:
274:
221:
218:
202:migrated from
176:Ananya Vajpeyi
159:
156:
152:Maloji Bhosale
132:
129:
127:
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98:
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88:
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68:
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62:Deccan-Marathi
60:
56:
55:
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36:Bhonsle (film)
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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2301:Maratha clans
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2046:Bahadur Benda
2044:
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2029:
2027:
2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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2001:Rakshasbhuvan
1999:
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291:Allison Busch
288:
287:V. K. Rajwade
284:
283:Rajputisation
275:
273:
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217:
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185:
184:R. C. Dhere's
182:According to
180:
177:
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169:
165:
157:
155:
153:
148:
146:
145:Daniyal Mirza
142:
138:
130:
125:
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1604:Raghunathrao
1541:Pratap Singh
1498:Chhatrapatis
1444:akola.nic.in
1443:
1434:
1420:
1400:
1393:
1381:. Retrieved
1375:
1368:
1359:
1353:
1334:
1328:
1318:
1311:
1275:
1268:
1248:
1224:
1217:
1197:
1164:
1138:
1134:
1097:
1063:
1056:
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993:
987:
976:, retrieved
962:
914:
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858:, retrieved
844:
834:
814:
784:
754:
729:
714:
707:
698:
680:
618:
592:
572:
562:
553:
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496:
492:
487:
477:
468:
458:
449:
439:
430:
421:
412:
396:
386:
377:
334:Nagpur State
322:Satara State
320:
279:
270:
266:
254:
235:
229:
223:
181:
161:
149:
134:
115:
111:
107:
103:
101:
40:
27:Maratha clan
2156:Adversaries
2091:Farrukhabad
2041:Gajendragad
1991:3rd Panipat
1956:Katwa (2nd)
1946:Katwa (1st)
1836:Pavan Khind
1629:Bhat family
1614:Baji Rao II
1599:Narayan Rao
519:Susan Bayly
493:khÄtanvÄlÄ.
401:Susan Bayly
258:Mokal Singh
245:Parashurama
71:Maharashtra
2295:Categories
2254:Sindhudurg
2168:Qutb Shahi
2163:Adil Shahi
1876:Bhupalgarh
1841:Umberkhind
1826:Pratapgarh
1732:Parvatibai
1722:Lakshmibai
1665:hereditary
1643:Pratinidhi
1624:Nana Sahib
1584:Baji Rao I
1531:Rajaram II
1383:11 January
1000:(2): 215.
584:References
405:Brahminism
391:difficult.
311:André Wink
224:By 1670s,
75:Tamil Nadu
2224:Pratapgad
2096:Bharatpur
2076:3rd Delhi
1976:2nd Delhi
1757:Soyarabai
1752:Sakvarbai
1737:Putalabai
1702:Gopikabai
1697:Anandibai
1619:Amrut Rao
1516:Rajaram I
1303:201912448
1147:0019-7246
1014:152003918
923:0045-9801
295:John Keay
289:, Dhere,
238:kshatriya
59:Ethnicity
2249:Shivneri
2229:Purandar
2111:Mahidpur
2106:Koregaon
2056:Chaksana
2011:Pachgaon
1986:Peshawar
1926:Mandsaur
1861:Sinhagad
1856:Purandar
1831:Kolhapur
1767:Baka Bai
1717:Kashibai
1707:Jankibai
1536:Shahu II
1511:Sambhaji
1006:45293740
931:42936646
497:ganayats
444:himself.
352:See also
276:Accuracy
230:de facto
188:Hoysalas
108:Bhonsale
95:Hinduism
91:Religion
81:Language
67:Location
2280:Shivrai
2219:Panhala
2086:Laswari
2036:Savanur
2021:Wadgaon
2016:Saunshi
1996:Alegaon
1966:Burdwan
1916:Palkhed
1906:Raigarh
1881:Bijapur
1818:Battles
1742:Ramabai
1727:Mastani
1712:Jijabai
1551:Peshwas
1526:Shahu I
1521:Tarabai
1506:Shivaji
978:26 June
860:12 July
262:Banaras
226:Shivaji
200:Simhana
158:Origins
137:Hingani
126:History
112:Bhosale
104:Bhonsle
85:Marathi
52:Maratha
46:Bhonsle
18:Bhosale
2259:Rajgad
2239:Rajgad
2234:Raigad
2214:Mangad
2198:Mysore
2101:Khadki
2081:Assaye
2066:Kharda
2051:Lalsot
2031:Badami
1971:Narela
1931:Bhopal
1901:Khelna
1896:Satara
1871:Kalyan
1866:Salher
1846:Chakan
1747:Saibai
1641:&
1639:Amatya
1408:
1341:
1301:
1291:
1256:
1205:
1171:
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1071:
1044:
1012:
1004:
969:
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851:
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792:
762:
722:
687:
463:clear.
346:Barshi
250:shudra
208:Satara
168:Shudra
116:Bhosle
2273:Coins
2264:Torna
2207:Forts
2071:Poona
2061:Patan
2026:Adoni
1936:Vasai
1921:Malwa
1911:Torna
1891:Jinji
1851:Surat
1685:Women
1299:S2CID
1010:S2CID
1002:JSTOR
927:JSTOR
369:Notes
241:varna
204:Gadag
196:Gavli
2120:Wars
1406:ISBN
1385:2015
1339:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1203:ISBN
1169:ISBN
1143:ISSN
1103:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1042:ISBN
980:2021
967:ISBN
919:ISSN
891:ISBN
862:2021
849:ISBN
820:ISBN
790:ISBN
760:ISBN
720:ISBN
685:ISBN
344:and
297:and
190:and
106:(or
102:The
54:clan
1281:doi
883:doi
206:to
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20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.