273:, Rechberger and Savelieva for use with hash-function cryptanalysis. However, it was Bogdanov, Khovratovich and Rechberger who showed how to apply the concept of bicliques to the secret-key setting including block-cipher cryptanalysis, when they published their attack on AES. Prior to this, MITM attacks on AES and many other block ciphers had received little attention, mostly due to the need for independent key bits between the two 'MITM subciphers' in order to facilitate the MITM attack — something that is hard to achieve with many modern key schedules, such as that of AES.
6565:
182:, it is a theoretical attack, which means the security of AES has not been broken, and the use of AES remains relatively secure. The biclique attack is nevertheless an interesting attack, which suggests a new approach to performing cryptanalysis on block ciphers. The attack has also rendered more information about AES, as it has brought into question the safety-margin in the number of rounds used therein.
342:, belonging to the first and second subcipher, need to be independent; that is, they need to be independent of each other, else the matched intermediate values for the plain- and ciphertext cannot be computed independently in the MITM attack (there are variants of MITM attacks, where the blocks can have shared key-bits. See the
1446:
2588:
This way is how the biclique is constructed in the leading biclique attack on AES. There are some practical limitations in constructing bicliques with this technique. The longer the biclique is, the more rounds the differential trails has to cover. The diffusion properties of the cipher, thus plays a
349:
Simply put: The more rounds you attack, the larger subciphers you will have. The larger subciphers you have, the fewer independent key-bits between the subciphers you will have to bruteforce independently. Of course, the actual number of independent key-bits in each subcipher depends on the diffusion
353:
The way the biclique helps with tackling the above, is that it allows one to, for instance, attack 7 rounds of AES using MITM attacks, and then by utilizing a biclique structure of length 3 (i.e. it covers 3 rounds of the cipher), you can map the intermediate state at the start of round 7 to the end
357:
The meaning of the biclique is thus to build a structure effectively, which can map an intermediate value at the end of the MITM attack to the ciphertext at the end. Which ciphertext the intermediate state gets mapped to at the end, of course depends on the key used for the encryption. The key used
198:
in 1977, when they discussed the cryptanalytic properties of DES. They argued that the key-size was too small, and that reapplying DES multiple times with different keys could be a solution to the key-size; however, they advised against using double-DES and suggested triple-DES as a minimum, due to
3917:
3693:
1858:
1271:
151:
for AES128, AES192 and AES256, respectively. It is the only publicly known single-key attack on AES that attacks the full number of rounds. Previous attacks have attacked round reduced variants (typically variants reduced to 7 or 8 rounds).
5169:
4139:
The requirement for using that technique, was that the forward- and backward-differential trails that need to be combined, did not share any active non-linear elements. How is it known that this is the case?
3112:
keys. The section "How to build the biclique" suggests how to build the biclique using "Independent related-key differentials". The biclique is in that case built using the differentials of the set of keys,
2009:
268:
Since Diffie and
Hellman suggested MITM attacks, many variations have emerged that are useful in situations, where the basic MITM attack is inapplicable. The biclique attack variant was first suggested by
2597:
Bogdanov, Khovratovich and
Rechberger also describe another way to construct the biclique, called 'Interleaving Related-Key Differential Trails' in the article: "Biclique Cryptanalysis of the Full AES".
1077:
994:
3805:
3581:
2223:
687:
4760:
4680:
4380:
4490:
1730:
2062:
1917:
354:
of the last round, e.g. 10 (if it is AES128), thus attacking the full number of rounds of the cipher, even if it was not possible to attack that amount of rounds with a basic MITM attack.
2516:
2135:
1685:
856:
1441:{\displaystyle 0{\xrightarrow{\Delta _{i}^{K}}}\Delta _{i}\oplus \nabla _{j}{\xrightarrow{\nabla _{j}^{K}}}0=\nabla _{j}{\xrightarrow{\Delta _{i}^{K}\oplus \nabla _{j}^{K}}}\Delta _{i}}
6545:
6375:
4894:, it is just 3 (an in-depth explanation for the amount of needed recalculation can be found in "Biclique Cryptanalysis of the full AES" paper, where this example is taken from).
1633:
2732:
1723:
4892:
4826:
1517:
1259:
1198:
3756:
keys in each group is then chosen with respect to their base-key. They are chosen such that they are nearly identical to the base-key. They only vary in 2 bytes (either the
4229:
4167:
2456:
2429:
1557:
1227:
1166:
1133:
1106:
5176:
5019:
2804:
180:
149:
122:
95:
2548:
263:
230:
4135:
3725:
3533:
3477:
2402:
5046:
4101:
4039:
4012:
3967:
3754:
3504:
3110:
2972:
2637:
2369:
2285:
2255:
510:
5073:
4984:
4957:
4853:
4787:
4409:
4299:
3428:
3401:
3328:
3301:
3268:
3241:
3214:
3080:
3053:
3026:
2999:
2831:
2339:
2312:
909:
750:
723:
480:
453:
413:
386:
340:
313:
6228:
4930:
4600:
4562:
4527:
4264:
4202:
4074:
3794:
3774:
3568:
3368:
3348:
3181:
3146:
2936:
2901:
2866:
2772:
2752:
2692:
2657:
2583:
2476:
1591:
1016:
933:
876:
785:
600:
565:
545:
35:
structure to extend the number of possibly attacked rounds by the MITM attack. Since biclique cryptanalysis is based on MITM attacks, it is applicable to both
6163:
5244:
1519:
from the base computation, also conforms by definition to both the differentials, as the differentials are in respect to the base computation. Substituting
3572:
The base-key has two specific bytes set to zero, shown in the below table (which represents the key the same way AES does in a 4x4 matrix for AES128):
361:
The essence of biclique attacks is thus, besides the MITM attack, to be able to build a biclique structure effectively, that depending on the keybits
4137:
bicliques is constructed using the "Independent related-key differentials" technique, as described in the "How to construct the biclique" section.
5990:
5346:
5104:
48:
3430:, that key is tested on another plain-/ciphertext pair. if the key validates on the other pair, it is highly likely that it is the correct key.
358:
to map the state to the ciphertext in the biclique, is based on the keybits bruteforced in the first and second subcipher of the MITM attack.
5980:
5474:
5881:
6143:
6117:
5985:
5958:
343:
1922:
6221:
6127:
5237:
1021:
938:
3912:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-&-&i&i\\j&-&j&-\\-&-&-&-\\-&-&-&-\end{bmatrix}}}
3688:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}-&-&-&0\\0&-&-&-\\-&-&-&-\\-&-&-&-\end{bmatrix}}}
6006:
3440:
The descriptions in the example uses the same terminology that the authors of the attack used (i.e. for variable names, etc).
6593:
6424:
6184:
2142:
606:
4685:
4605:
4305:
878:
is the function that maps an intermediate state to a ciphertext using a given key. This is denoted as the base computation.
520:(This method was suggested by Bogdanov, Khovratovich and Rechberger in their paper: Biclique Cryptanalysis of the Full AES)
1853:{\displaystyle S_{0}\oplus \nabla _{j}{\xrightarrow{K\oplus \Delta _{i}^{K}\oplus \nabla _{j}^{K}}}C_{0}\oplus \Delta _{i}}
4415:
265:, since one can independently bruteforce the first and the second DES-encryption if they have the plain- and ciphertext).
6214:
5274:
346:). This property is often hard to exploit over a larger number of rounds, due to the diffusion of the attacked cipher.
67:
44:
6540:
6495:
6308:
6070:
5230:
3438:
The following example is based on the biclique attack on AES from the paper "Biclique
Cryptanalysis of the Full AES".
40:
6419:
6087:
5997:
5975:
5288:
2014:
1869:
6535:
6092:
5948:
5901:
5376:
2481:
2069:
1638:
790:
24:
6525:
6515:
6370:
6158:
6040:
5915:
5284:
282:
1267:
Since the trails do not share any non-linear components (such as S-boxes), the trails can be combined to get:
4204:
never share any active S-boxes (which is the only non-linear component in AES), with the differential trails
6520:
6510:
6313:
6273:
6266:
6256:
6251:
6097:
5886:
5257:
6261:
6189:
6065:
6060:
6012:
5137:
5861:
1596:
6568:
6414:
6360:
6179:
6002:
5439:
56:
5111:
2697:
1690:
4858:
6530:
6454:
6082:
5965:
5891:
5574:
5554:
4792:
1455:
1232:
1171:
5142:
4274:
When the bicliques are created, the MITM attack can almost begin. Before doing the MITM attack, the
6293:
6045:
6022:
5341:
270:
6399:
6383:
6330:
6030:
5938:
5650:
5579:
5549:
5494:
4207:
4145:
4142:
Due to the way the keys in step 1 is chosen in relation to the base key, the differential trails
2434:
2407:
1522:
1205:
1144:
1111:
1084:
4997:
4602:, it is only necessary to recalculate the parts of the cipher, which is known will vary between
2777:
158:
127:
100:
73:
6459:
6449:
6320:
5750:
5449:
5409:
5404:
5371:
5331:
5279:
2521:
1727:
This means that the tuple of the base computation, can also be XOR'ed to the combined trails:
235:
202:
5021:, which is 3–5 times faster than a bruteforce approach. The data complexity of the attack is
4113:
3703:
3511:
3455:
2806:), as in a normal MITM attack. The set of keys for each of the sub-ciphers is of cardinality
2374:
998:
The second set of keys are keys, which fulfills the following differential-requirements over
66:
The biclique attack is still (as of April 2019) the best publicly known single-key attack on
6394:
6122:
6017:
5896:
5755:
5635:
5604:
5298:
5024:
4079:
4017:
3972:
3927:
3732:
3482:
3085:
2947:
2612:
2344:
2260:
2230:
915:
The first set of keys are keys, which fulfills the following differential-requirements over
485:
191:
5051:
4962:
4935:
4831:
4765:
4387:
4277:
3444:
The attack consists of a 7-round MITM attack with the biclique covering the last 3 rounds.
3406:
3379:
3306:
3279:
3246:
3219:
3192:
3058:
3031:
3004:
2977:
2809:
2317:
2290:
887:
728:
701:
458:
431:
391:
364:
318:
291:
199:
MITM attacks (MITM attacks can easily be applied to double-DES to reduce the security from
5969:
5942:
5876:
5835:
5800:
5730:
5710:
5584:
5464:
5459:
5414:
1135:-differentials are independent – i.e. they do not share any active non-linear components.
2065:
If this is substituted into the above combined differential trails, the result will be:
6469:
6389:
6350:
6298:
6283:
6107:
6055:
5866:
5851:
5790:
5785:
5670:
5419:
4900:
4570:
4532:
4497:
4234:
4172:
4044:
3779:
3759:
3538:
3353:
3333:
3151:
3116:
2906:
2871:
2836:
2757:
2737:
2662:
2642:
2553:
2461:
1561:
1001:
918:
861:
755:
570:
550:
530:
195:
51:, though only with slight advantage over brute force. It has also been applied to the
6587:
6550:
6505:
6464:
6444:
6340:
6303:
6278:
6102:
6050:
5929:
5911:
5700:
5675:
5665:
5489:
5479:
5326:
512:
key-recoveries, since each intermediate state needs to be linked to all ciphertexts.
28:
5129:
6500:
6345:
6335:
6325:
6288:
6237:
6035:
5856:
5820:
5685:
5564:
5519:
5351:
5303:
5253:
4828:, this is 4 S-boxes that needs to be recomputed. For the forwards computation from
4266:. It is therefore possible to XOR the differential trails and create the biclique.
36:
2903:. The combined key of the sub-ciphers is expressed with the aforementioned matrix
2138:
Which is the same as the definition, there was earlier had above for a biclique:
6479:
5645:
5640:
5524:
281:
For a general explanation of what a biclique structure is, see the article for
6439:
6409:
6404:
6365:
6077:
5795:
5735:
5619:
5614:
5559:
5429:
5292:
4986:
is found. The key-candidate is then tested on another plain-/ciphertext pair.
527:
Remember that the function of the biclique is to map the intermediate values,
3700:
The remaining 14 bytes (112 bits) of the key is then enumerated. This yields
6429:
5810:
5805:
5695:
5609:
5504:
5484:
3442:
For simplicity it is the attack on the AES128 variant that is covered below.
6474:
6434:
6148:
6112:
5906:
5569:
5444:
5424:
5336:
1450:
which conforms to the definitions of both the differentials from step 2.
482:
ciphertexts, then compute the keys that maps between them. This requires
32:
5815:
5765:
5725:
5715:
5660:
5655:
5499:
5308:
5156:
5201:
4881:
4815:
4749:
4669:
4438:
4369:
415:
can map a certain intermediate state to the corresponding ciphertext.
6355:
6153:
5775:
5770:
5705:
5690:
5680:
5625:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5469:
5454:
5128:
Khovratovich, Dmitry; Leurent, Gaëtan; Rechberger, Christian (2012).
4867:
4801:
4735:
4704:
4655:
4624:
4446:
4424:
4355:
4324:
2176:
2088:
1762:
1608:
1384:
1337:
1283:
1040:
950:
809:
640:
52:
5202:"Bicliques for Preimages: Attacks on Skein-512 and the SHA-2 family"
4708:
4628:
4450:
4328:
2183:
2095:
1769:
1615:
1391:
1344:
1290:
1047:
957:
816:
647:
5200:
Khovratovich, Dmitry; Rechberger, Christian; Savelieva, Alexandra.
3243:, and asks a decryption-oracle to provide the matching plaintexts,
5871:
5830:
5780:
5760:
5745:
5534:
5514:
5434:
5399:
5157:
Bicliques for
Preimages: Attacks on Skein-512 and the SHA-2 family
1229:
should map to an output difference of 0 under a key difference of
60:
4103:
keys constitute the keys in the group for a respective base key.
2341:
keys from the second set of keys). This means a biclique of size
5720:
5629:
5544:
5539:
5529:
5509:
5381:
5366:
2589:
crucial role in the effectiveness of constructing the biclique.
6210:
5226:
5103:
Bogdanov, Andrey; Khovratovich, Dmitry; Rechberger, Christian.
4567:
Now the MITM attack can be carried out. In order to test a key
2609:
The attacker groups all possible keys into key-subsets of size
2004:{\displaystyle K=K\oplus \Delta _{i}^{K}\oplus \nabla _{j}^{K}}
1141:
An input difference of 0 should map to an output difference of
5825:
5740:
5361:
5356:
5170:"Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard"
4994:
This attack lowers the computational complexity of AES128 to
1072:{\displaystyle \nabla _{j}{\xrightarrow{\nabla _{j}^{K}}}0}
989:{\displaystyle 0{\xrightarrow{\Delta _{i}^{K}}}\Delta _{i}}
43:. Biclique attacks are known for having weakened both full
1261:. All differences are in respect to the base computation.
1200:. All differences are in respect to the base computation.
16:
Variant of the meet-in-the-middle method of cryptanalysis
3370:
by attacking from the internal state and the plaintext.
2314:
keys of the first set of keys, can be combined with the
4494:
and the corresponding intermediate states and sub-keys
2734:. The attacker splits the cipher into two sub-ciphers,
2218:{\displaystyle \forall i,j:S_{j}{\xrightarrow{K}}C_{i}}
682:{\displaystyle \forall i,j:S_{j}{\xrightarrow{K}}C_{i}}
6376:
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
4755:{\displaystyle P_{i}{\xrightarrow{K}}{\xrightarrow{}}}
4675:{\displaystyle P_{i}{\xrightarrow{K}}{\xrightarrow{}}}
4375:{\displaystyle P_{i}{\xrightarrow{K}}{\xrightarrow{}}}
3814:
3590:
5054:
5027:
5000:
4965:
4938:
4903:
4861:
4834:
4795:
4768:
4688:
4608:
4573:
4535:
4500:
4418:
4390:
4308:
4280:
4237:
4210:
4175:
4148:
4116:
4082:
4047:
4020:
3975:
3930:
3808:
3782:
3762:
3735:
3706:
3584:
3541:
3514:
3485:
3458:
3409:
3382:
3356:
3336:
3309:
3282:
3249:
3222:
3195:
3154:
3119:
3088:
3061:
3034:
3007:
2980:
2950:
2909:
2874:
2839:
2812:
2780:
2760:
2740:
2700:
2665:
2645:
2615:
2556:
2524:
2484:
2464:
2437:
2410:
2377:
2347:
2320:
2293:
2263:
2233:
2145:
2072:
2017:
1925:
1872:
1733:
1693:
1641:
1599:
1564:
1525:
1458:
1274:
1235:
1208:
1174:
1147:
1114:
1087:
1024:
1004:
941:
921:
890:
864:
793:
758:
731:
704:
609:
573:
553:
533:
488:
461:
434:
394:
367:
321:
294:
238:
205:
161:
130:
103:
76:
5214:
4897:
When the intermediate values match, a key-candidate
4485:{\displaystyle {\xleftarrow{}}{\xleftarrow{K}}S_{j}}
2974:
keys. The biclique is of dimension-d, since it maps
6488:
6244:
6172:
6136:
5925:
5844:
5390:
5317:
5265:
5067:
5040:
5013:
4978:
4951:
4924:
4886:
4847:
4820:
4781:
4754:
4674:
4594:
4556:
4521:
4484:
4403:
4374:
4293:
4258:
4223:
4196:
4161:
4129:
4095:
4068:
4033:
4006:
3961:
3911:
3788:
3768:
3748:
3719:
3687:
3562:
3527:
3498:
3471:
3422:
3395:
3362:
3342:
3322:
3295:
3262:
3235:
3208:
3175:
3140:
3104:
3074:
3047:
3020:
2993:
2966:
2930:
2895:
2860:
2825:
2798:
2766:
2746:
2726:
2686:
2651:
2631:
2577:
2542:
2510:
2470:
2450:
2423:
2396:
2363:
2333:
2306:
2279:
2249:
2217:
2129:
2056:
2003:
1911:
1852:
1717:
1679:
1627:
1585:
1551:
1511:
1440:
1253:
1221:
1192:
1160:
1127:
1100:
1071:
1010:
988:
927:
903:
870:
850:
779:
744:
717:
681:
594:
559:
539:
504:
474:
447:
407:
380:
334:
307:
257:
224:
174:
143:
116:
89:
2944:The attacker builds a biclique for each group of
2227:It is thus possible to create a biclique of size
155:As the computational complexity of the attack is
1081:The keys are chosen such that the trails of the
190:The original MITM attack was first suggested by
70:. The computational complexity of the attack is
3376:Whenever a key-candidate is found that matches
5130:"Narrow-Bicliques: Cryptanalysis of Full IDEA"
3727:unique base-keys; one for each group of keys.
6222:
5238:
2057:{\displaystyle C_{i}=C_{0}\oplus \Delta _{i}}
1912:{\displaystyle S_{j}=S_{0}\oplus \nabla _{j}}
8:
3479:groups of keys, where each group consist of
1593:into any of the two definitions, will yield
2511:{\displaystyle \Delta _{i}\neq \nabla _{j}}
2130:{\displaystyle S_{j}{\xrightarrow{K}}C_{i}}
1680:{\displaystyle \Delta _{0}=0,\nabla _{0}=0}
851:{\displaystyle S_{0}{\xrightarrow{K}}C_{o}}
6229:
6215:
6207:
5245:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5215:
3330:, and performs the usual MITM attack over
911:is chosen. The keys are chosen such that:
5141:
5059:
5053:
5032:
5026:
5005:
4999:
4970:
4964:
4943:
4937:
4902:
4873:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4839:
4833:
4807:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4773:
4767:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4687:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4572:
4534:
4499:
4476:
4447:
4441:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4411:intermediate values from the ciphertext:
4395:
4389:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4325:
4319:
4313:
4307:
4285:
4279:
4236:
4215:
4209:
4174:
4153:
4147:
4121:
4115:
4087:
4081:
4046:
4025:
4019:
3980:
3974:
3935:
3929:
3809:
3807:
3781:
3761:
3740:
3734:
3711:
3705:
3585:
3583:
3540:
3519:
3513:
3490:
3484:
3463:
3457:
3414:
3408:
3387:
3381:
3355:
3335:
3314:
3308:
3287:
3281:
3254:
3248:
3227:
3221:
3200:
3194:
3153:
3118:
3093:
3087:
3066:
3060:
3039:
3033:
3012:
3006:
2985:
2979:
2955:
2949:
2908:
2873:
2838:
2817:
2811:
2779:
2759:
2739:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2664:
2659:, where the key in a group is indexed as
2644:
2620:
2614:
2555:
2523:
2502:
2489:
2483:
2463:
2442:
2436:
2415:
2409:
2388:
2376:
2352:
2346:
2325:
2319:
2298:
2292:
2268:
2262:
2238:
2232:
2209:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2144:
2121:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2048:
2035:
2022:
2016:
1995:
1990:
1977:
1972:
1924:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1871:
1844:
1831:
1818:
1813:
1800:
1795:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1738:
1732:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1665:
1646:
1640:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1563:
1543:
1530:
1524:
1479:
1466:
1457:
1432:
1419:
1414:
1401:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1354:
1349:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1295:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1213:
1207:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1152:
1146:
1119:
1113:
1092:
1086:
1057:
1052:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1003:
980:
967:
962:
951:
945:
940:
920:
895:
889:
863:
842:
810:
804:
798:
792:
757:
736:
730:
709:
703:
673:
641:
635:
629:
608:
572:
552:
532:
493:
487:
466:
460:
439:
433:
399:
393:
372:
366:
326:
320:
299:
293:
249:
237:
210:
204:
166:
160:
135:
129:
108:
102:
81:
75:
5105:"Biclique Cryptanalysis of the Full AES"
4301:intermediate values from the plaintext:
3276:The attacker chooses an internal state,
2585:will also be different in the biclique.
5084:
4564:, are precomputed and stored, however.
2593:Other ways of constructing the biclique
5168:Diffie, Whitfield; Hellman, Martin E.
3570:for the base-computation is selected.
1018:with respect to the base computation:
935:with respect to the base computation:
55:cipher and preimage resistance of the
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
516:Independent related-key differentials
7:
4762:. For the backward computation from
1452:It is trivial to see that the tuple
1628:{\displaystyle 0{\xrightarrow{0}}0}
4212:
4150:
3452:The key-space is partitioned into
2499:
2486:
2439:
2412:
2404:computations of the differentials
2146:
2045:
1987:
1969:
1900:
1841:
1810:
1792:
1748:
1695:
1662:
1643:
1429:
1411:
1393:
1370:
1346:
1323:
1310:
1292:
1237:
1210:
1176:
1149:
1116:
1089:
1049:
1026:
977:
959:
610:
14:
3303:and the corresponding plaintext,
2727:{\displaystyle 2^{d}\times 2^{d}}
1718:{\displaystyle \Delta _{0}^{K}=0}
884:Two sets of related keys of size
6564:
6563:
4887:{\displaystyle {\xrightarrow{}}}
3796:'s) of the below shown 4 bytes:
3183:, belonging to the sub-ciphers.
2602:Biclique Cryptanalysis procedure
350:properties of the key-schedule.
4821:{\displaystyle {\xleftarrow{}}}
1512:{\displaystyle (S_{0},C_{0},K)}
1254:{\displaystyle \nabla _{J}^{K}}
1193:{\displaystyle \Delta _{i}^{K}}
6425:Information-theoretic security
4919:
4907:
4724:
4712:
4644:
4632:
4589:
4577:
4551:
4539:
4516:
4504:
4466:
4454:
4344:
4332:
4253:
4241:
4191:
4179:
4063:
4051:
4001:
3989:
3956:
3944:
3557:
3545:
3170:
3158:
3135:
3123:
2925:
2913:
2890:
2878:
2855:
2843:
2681:
2669:
2572:
2560:
2199:
2187:
2111:
2099:
1962:
1950:
1941:
1929:
1785:
1773:
1580:
1568:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1459:
832:
820:
774:
762:
663:
651:
589:
577:
288:In a MITM attack, the keybits
1:
5048:and the memory complexity is
547:, to the ciphertext-values,
6541:Message authentication code
6496:Cryptographic hash function
6309:Cryptographic hash function
4224:{\displaystyle \nabla _{j}}
4162:{\displaystyle \Delta _{i}}
2451:{\displaystyle \nabla _{j}}
2424:{\displaystyle \Delta _{i}}
1865:It is trivial to see that:
1552:{\displaystyle S_{0},C_{0}}
1222:{\displaystyle \nabla _{j}}
1161:{\displaystyle \Delta _{i}}
1128:{\displaystyle \nabla _{j}}
1101:{\displaystyle \Delta _{i}}
6610:
6420:Harvest now, decrypt later
5014:{\displaystyle 2^{126.18}}
3535:groups, a unique base-key
2799:{\displaystyle E=f\circ g}
2371:can be created using only
1168:under a key difference of
6559:
6536:Post-quantum cryptography
6206:
6128:Time/memory/data tradeoff
5222:
5218:
419:How to build the biclique
175:{\displaystyle 2^{126.1}}
144:{\displaystyle 2^{254.4}}
117:{\displaystyle 2^{189.7}}
90:{\displaystyle 2^{126.1}}
6526:Quantum key distribution
6516:Authenticated encryption
6371:Random number generation
5916:Whitening transformation
2543:{\displaystyle i+j>0}
455:intermediate states and
258:{\displaystyle 2*2^{56}}
225:{\displaystyle 2^{56*2}}
6521:Public-key cryptography
6511:Symmetric-key algorithm
6314:Key derivation function
6274:Cryptographic primitive
6267:Authentication protocol
6257:Outline of cryptography
6252:History of cryptography
5887:Confusion and diffusion
4130:{\displaystyle 2^{112}}
4014:, which combined gives
3720:{\displaystyle 2^{112}}
3528:{\displaystyle 2^{112}}
3472:{\displaystyle 2^{112}}
3189:The attacker takes the
2397:{\displaystyle 2*2^{d}}
1202:An input difference of
787:) is chosen such that:
6262:Cryptographic protocol
5069:
5042:
5041:{\displaystyle 2^{88}}
5015:
4980:
4953:
4926:
4888:
4882:
4849:
4822:
4816:
4783:
4756:
4750:
4728:
4676:
4670:
4648:
4596:
4558:
4523:
4486:
4470:
4439:
4405:
4376:
4370:
4348:
4295:
4260:
4225:
4198:
4163:
4131:
4097:
4096:{\displaystyle 2^{16}}
4070:
4035:
4034:{\displaystyle 2^{16}}
4008:
4007:{\displaystyle 2^{8}K}
3963:
3962:{\displaystyle 2^{8}K}
3913:
3790:
3770:
3750:
3749:{\displaystyle 2^{16}}
3721:
3689:
3564:
3529:
3500:
3499:{\displaystyle 2^{16}}
3473:
3424:
3397:
3364:
3344:
3324:
3297:
3264:
3237:
3216:possible ciphertexts,
3210:
3177:
3142:
3106:
3105:{\displaystyle 2^{2d}}
3076:
3049:
3022:
2995:
2968:
2967:{\displaystyle 2^{2d}}
2932:
2897:
2862:
2827:
2800:
2768:
2748:
2728:
2688:
2653:
2633:
2632:{\displaystyle 2^{2d}}
2579:
2544:
2512:
2472:
2452:
2425:
2398:
2365:
2364:{\displaystyle 2^{2d}}
2335:
2308:
2281:
2280:{\displaystyle 2^{2d}}
2251:
2250:{\displaystyle 2^{2d}}
2219:
2203:
2131:
2115:
2058:
2005:
1913:
1854:
1825:
1719:
1681:
1629:
1620:
1587:
1553:
1513:
1442:
1426:
1361:
1307:
1255:
1223:
1194:
1162:
1129:
1102:
1073:
1064:
1012:
990:
974:
929:
905:
872:
852:
836:
781:
746:
719:
698:An intermediate state(
683:
667:
596:
561:
541:
506:
505:{\displaystyle 2^{2d}}
476:
449:
409:
382:
336:
309:
259:
226:
176:
145:
118:
91:
6594:Cryptographic attacks
6415:End-to-end encryption
6361:Cryptojacking malware
6180:Initialization vector
5070:
5068:{\displaystyle 2^{8}}
5043:
5016:
4981:
4979:{\displaystyle S_{j}}
4954:
4952:{\displaystyle P_{i}}
4927:
4889:
4863:
4850:
4848:{\displaystyle P_{i}}
4823:
4797:
4784:
4782:{\displaystyle S_{j}}
4757:
4731:
4700:
4677:
4651:
4620:
4597:
4559:
4524:
4487:
4442:
4420:
4406:
4404:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
4377:
4351:
4320:
4296:
4294:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
4261:
4226:
4199:
4164:
4132:
4107:Biclique construction
4098:
4071:
4036:
4009:
3964:
3914:
3791:
3771:
3751:
3722:
3690:
3565:
3530:
3501:
3474:
3425:
3423:{\displaystyle P_{i}}
3398:
3396:{\displaystyle S_{j}}
3365:
3345:
3325:
3323:{\displaystyle P_{i}}
3298:
3296:{\displaystyle S_{j}}
3265:
3263:{\displaystyle P_{i}}
3238:
3236:{\displaystyle C_{i}}
3211:
3209:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
3178:
3143:
3107:
3077:
3075:{\displaystyle C_{i}}
3050:
3048:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
3023:
3021:{\displaystyle S_{j}}
2996:
2994:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
2969:
2933:
2898:
2863:
2828:
2826:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
2801:
2769:
2749:
2729:
2689:
2654:
2634:
2580:
2550:then all of the keys
2545:
2513:
2473:
2453:
2426:
2399:
2366:
2336:
2334:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
2309:
2307:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
2282:
2252:
2220:
2172:
2132:
2084:
2059:
2006:
1914:
1855:
1758:
1720:
1682:
1630:
1604:
1588:
1554:
1514:
1443:
1380:
1333:
1279:
1256:
1224:
1195:
1163:
1130:
1103:
1074:
1036:
1013:
991:
946:
930:
906:
904:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
873:
853:
805:
782:
747:
745:{\displaystyle C_{0}}
720:
718:{\displaystyle S_{0}}
684:
636:
597:
562:
542:
507:
477:
475:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
450:
448:{\displaystyle 2^{d}}
410:
408:{\displaystyle K_{2}}
383:
381:{\displaystyle K_{1}}
337:
335:{\displaystyle K_{2}}
310:
308:{\displaystyle K_{1}}
260:
227:
177:
146:
119:
92:
6531:Quantum cryptography
6455:Trusted timestamping
5959:3-subset MITM attack
5575:Intel Cascade Cipher
5555:Hasty Pudding cipher
5136:. pp. 392–410.
5052:
5025:
4998:
4963:
4936:
4901:
4859:
4832:
4793:
4766:
4686:
4606:
4571:
4533:
4498:
4416:
4388:
4306:
4278:
4235:
4208:
4173:
4146:
4114:
4080:
4045:
4018:
3973:
3928:
3806:
3780:
3760:
3733:
3704:
3582:
3539:
3512:
3483:
3456:
3407:
3380:
3354:
3334:
3307:
3280:
3247:
3220:
3193:
3152:
3117:
3086:
3059:
3032:
3005:
2978:
2948:
2907:
2872:
2837:
2810:
2778:
2758:
2738:
2698:
2694:in a matrix of size
2663:
2643:
2613:
2554:
2522:
2482:
2462:
2435:
2408:
2375:
2345:
2318:
2291:
2261:
2231:
2143:
2070:
2015:
1923:
1870:
1731:
1691:
1639:
1597:
1562:
1523:
1456:
1272:
1233:
1206:
1172:
1145:
1112:
1085:
1022:
1002:
939:
919:
888:
862:
791:
756:
729:
702:
607:
571:
551:
531:
486:
459:
432:
392:
365:
344:3-subset MITM attack
319:
292:
236:
203:
159:
128:
101:
74:
23:is a variant of the
6294:Cryptographic nonce
5998:Differential-linear
4880:
4814:
4748:
4727:
4707:
4668:
4647:
4627:
4469:
4449:
4437:
4368:
4347:
4327:
2202:
2182:
2114:
2094:
2000:
1982:
1824:
1823:
1805:
1768:
1708:
1619:
1614:
1425:
1424:
1406:
1390:
1360:
1359:
1343:
1306:
1305:
1289:
1250:
1189:
1063:
1062:
1046:
973:
972:
956:
835:
815:
666:
646:
567:, based on the key
271:Dmitry Khovratovich
6400:Subliminal channel
6384:Pseudorandom noise
6331:Key (cryptography)
6071:Differential-fault
5289:internal mechanics
5065:
5038:
5011:
4976:
4949:
4922:
4884:
4845:
4818:
4779:
4752:
4672:
4592:
4554:
4519:
4482:
4401:
4372:
4291:
4256:
4221:
4194:
4159:
4127:
4093:
4066:
4031:
4004:
3959:
3909:
3903:
3786:
3766:
3746:
3717:
3685:
3679:
3560:
3525:
3496:
3469:
3420:
3393:
3360:
3340:
3320:
3293:
3260:
3233:
3206:
3173:
3138:
3102:
3072:
3045:
3018:
2991:
2964:
2928:
2893:
2858:
2823:
2796:
2764:
2744:
2724:
2684:
2649:
2629:
2575:
2540:
2508:
2468:
2448:
2421:
2394:
2361:
2331:
2304:
2277:
2247:
2215:
2127:
2054:
2001:
1986:
1968:
1909:
1850:
1809:
1791:
1715:
1694:
1677:
1625:
1583:
1549:
1509:
1438:
1410:
1392:
1345:
1291:
1251:
1236:
1219:
1190:
1175:
1158:
1125:
1098:
1069:
1048:
1008:
986:
958:
925:
901:
868:
848:
777:
742:
715:
679:
592:
557:
537:
502:
472:
445:
405:
378:
332:
305:
255:
222:
172:
141:
114:
87:
25:meet-in-the-middle
6581:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6460:Key-based routing
6450:Trapdoor function
6321:Digital signature
6202:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6185:Mode of operation
5862:Lai–Massey scheme
4925:{\displaystyle K}
4595:{\displaystyle K}
4557:{\displaystyle K}
4522:{\displaystyle K}
4259:{\displaystyle K}
4197:{\displaystyle K}
4069:{\displaystyle K}
3789:{\displaystyle j}
3769:{\displaystyle i}
3563:{\displaystyle K}
3363:{\displaystyle g}
3343:{\displaystyle f}
3176:{\displaystyle K}
3141:{\displaystyle K}
3001:internal states,
2931:{\displaystyle K}
2896:{\displaystyle K}
2861:{\displaystyle K}
2767:{\displaystyle g}
2747:{\displaystyle f}
2687:{\displaystyle K}
2652:{\displaystyle d}
2578:{\displaystyle K}
2471:{\displaystyle f}
1586:{\displaystyle K}
1011:{\displaystyle f}
928:{\displaystyle f}
871:{\displaystyle f}
780:{\displaystyle K}
595:{\displaystyle K}
560:{\displaystyle C}
540:{\displaystyle S}
27:(MITM) method of
6601:
6567:
6566:
6395:Insecure channel
6231:
6224:
6217:
6208:
6056:Power-monitoring
5897:Avalanche effect
5605:Khufu and Khafre
5258:security summary
5247:
5240:
5233:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5181:
5175:. Archived from
5174:
5165:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5110:. Archived from
5109:
5100:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5064:
5063:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5009:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4729:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4649:
4626:
4618:
4617:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4520:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4471:
4448:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4349:
4326:
4318:
4317:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4041:different keys,
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3985:
3984:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3940:
3939:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3508:For each of the
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3448:Key partitioning
3429:
3427:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2833:, and is called
2832:
2830:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2709:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2493:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2204:
2181:
2170:
2169:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2116:
2093:
2082:
2081:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2026:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1981:
1976:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1882:
1881:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1804:
1799:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1742:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1707:
1702:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1651:
1650:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1484:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1405:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1288:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1139:In other words:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1045:
1034:
1033:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
995:
993:
992:
987:
985:
984:
975:
971:
966:
955:
934:
932:
931:
926:
910:
908:
907:
902:
900:
899:
877:
875:
874:
869:
857:
855:
854:
849:
847:
846:
837:
814:
803:
802:
786:
784:
783:
778:
751:
749:
748:
743:
741:
740:
725:), a ciphertext(
724:
722:
721:
716:
714:
713:
688:
686:
685:
680:
678:
677:
668:
645:
634:
633:
601:
599:
598:
593:
566:
564:
563:
558:
546:
544:
543:
538:
511:
509:
508:
503:
501:
500:
481:
479:
478:
473:
471:
470:
454:
452:
451:
446:
444:
443:
414:
412:
411:
406:
404:
403:
387:
385:
384:
379:
377:
376:
341:
339:
338:
333:
331:
330:
314:
312:
311:
306:
304:
303:
264:
262:
261:
256:
254:
253:
231:
229:
228:
223:
221:
220:
181:
179:
178:
173:
171:
170:
150:
148:
147:
142:
140:
139:
123:
121:
120:
115:
113:
112:
96:
94:
93:
88:
86:
85:
63:hash functions.
31:. It utilizes a
6609:
6608:
6604:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6573:
6555:
6484:
6240:
6235:
6194:
6168:
6137:Standardization
6132:
6061:Electromagnetic
6013:Integral/Square
5970:Piling-up lemma
5954:Biclique attack
5943:EFF DES cracker
5927:
5921:
5852:Feistel network
5840:
5465:CIPHERUNICORN-E
5460:CIPHERUNICORN-A
5392:
5386:
5319:
5313:
5267:
5261:
5251:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5151:
5143:10.1.1.352.9346
5127:
5126:
5122:
5114:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5086:
5081:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5001:
4996:
4995:
4992:
4966:
4961:
4960:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4899:
4898:
4869:
4857:
4856:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4803:
4791:
4790:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4737:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4657:
4609:
4604:
4603:
4569:
4568:
4531:
4530:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4472:
4426:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4357:
4309:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4233:
4232:
4211:
4206:
4205:
4171:
4170:
4169:using the keys
4149:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4043:
4042:
4021:
4016:
4015:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3931:
3926:
3925:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3797:
3778:
3777:
3758:
3757:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3707:
3702:
3701:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3537:
3536:
3515:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3383:
3378:
3377:
3352:
3351:
3332:
3331:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3150:
3149:
3115:
3114:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3008:
3003:
3002:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2951:
2946:
2945:
2905:
2904:
2870:
2869:
2835:
2834:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2776:
2775:
2756:
2755:
2736:
2735:
2714:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2661:
2660:
2641:
2640:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2604:
2595:
2552:
2551:
2520:
2519:
2498:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2460:
2459:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2384:
2373:
2372:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2205:
2161:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2117:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2044:
2031:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1899:
1886:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1840:
1827:
1747:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1689:
1688:
1661:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1595:
1594:
1560:
1559:
1539:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1475:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1428:
1369:
1322:
1309:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1231:
1230:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1170:
1169:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1000:
999:
976:
937:
936:
917:
916:
891:
886:
885:
860:
859:
838:
794:
789:
788:
754:
753:
732:
727:
726:
705:
700:
699:
694:
669:
625:
605:
604:
603:
569:
568:
549:
548:
529:
528:
526:
518:
489:
484:
483:
462:
457:
456:
435:
430:
429:
426:
421:
395:
390:
389:
368:
363:
362:
322:
317:
316:
295:
290:
289:
279:
245:
234:
233:
206:
201:
200:
188:
162:
157:
156:
131:
126:
125:
104:
99:
98:
77:
72:
71:
39:and (iterated)
21:biclique attack
17:
12:
11:
5:
6607:
6605:
6597:
6596:
6586:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6546:Random numbers
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6470:Garlic routing
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6390:Secure channel
6387:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6351:Key stretching
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6301:
6299:Cryptovirology
6296:
6291:
6286:
6284:Cryptocurrency
6281:
6276:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6259:
6254:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6241:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6226:
6219:
6211:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6003:Distinguishing
6000:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5973:
5963:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5946:
5935:
5933:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5867:Product cipher
5864:
5859:
5854:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5495:Cryptomeria/C2
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5323:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5211:
5210:
5192:
5160:
5149:
5134:Eurocrypt 2012
5120:
5117:on 2012-06-14.
5083:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5062:
5058:
5035:
5031:
5008:
5004:
4991:
4988:
4973:
4969:
4946:
4942:
4921:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4909:
4906:
4876:
4872:
4866:
4842:
4838:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4776:
4772:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4703:
4696:
4692:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4623:
4616:
4612:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4445:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4398:
4394:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4323:
4316:
4312:
4288:
4284:
4271:
4268:
4255:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4231:using the key
4218:
4214:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4156:
4152:
4124:
4120:
4108:
4105:
4090:
4086:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4028:
4024:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3983:
3979:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3785:
3765:
3743:
3739:
3714:
3710:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3522:
3518:
3493:
3489:
3466:
3462:
3449:
3446:
3435:
3434:Example attack
3432:
3417:
3413:
3390:
3386:
3359:
3339:
3317:
3313:
3290:
3286:
3257:
3253:
3230:
3226:
3203:
3199:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3069:
3065:
3042:
3038:
3015:
3011:
2988:
2984:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2820:
2816:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2763:
2743:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2648:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2467:
2445:
2441:
2418:
2414:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2328:
2324:
2301:
2297:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2076:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2021:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1435:
1431:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1216:
1212:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1155:
1151:
1137:
1136:
1122:
1118:
1095:
1091:
1079:
1068:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1007:
996:
983:
979:
970:
965:
961:
954:
949:
944:
924:
898:
894:
867:
845:
841:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
813:
808:
801:
797:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
739:
735:
712:
708:
676:
672:
665:
662:
659:
656:
653:
650:
644:
639:
632:
628:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
556:
536:
517:
514:
499:
496:
492:
469:
465:
442:
438:
425:
422:
420:
417:
402:
398:
375:
371:
329:
325:
302:
298:
278:
275:
252:
248:
244:
241:
219:
216:
213:
209:
187:
184:
169:
165:
138:
134:
111:
107:
84:
80:
41:hash-functions
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6606:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6570:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6552:
6551:Steganography
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6506:Stream cipher
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6465:Onion routing
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6445:Shared secret
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6341:Key generator
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6304:Hash function
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:Cryptanalysis
6277:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6227:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6209:
6205:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6177:
6175:
6171:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6083:Interpolation
6081:
6079:
6076:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5930:cryptanalysis
5924:
5917:
5913:
5912:Key whitening
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5701:New Data Seal
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:BEAR and LION
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5259:
5255:
5254:Block ciphers
5248:
5243:
5241:
5236:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5203:
5196:
5193:
5182:on 2016-03-03
5178:
5171:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5150:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5121:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5078:
5076:
5060:
5056:
5033:
5029:
5006:
5002:
4989:
4987:
4971:
4967:
4944:
4940:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4904:
4895:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4840:
4836:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4774:
4770:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4709:
4701:
4694:
4690:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4629:
4621:
4614:
4610:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4574:
4565:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4536:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4501:
4477:
4473:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4451:
4443:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4396:
4392:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4321:
4314:
4310:
4286:
4282:
4269:
4267:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4216:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4176:
4154:
4122:
4118:
4106:
4104:
4088:
4084:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4048:
4026:
4022:
3998:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3904:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3783:
3763:
3741:
3737:
3729:The ordinary
3712:
3708:
3680:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3520:
3516:
3491:
3487:
3464:
3460:
3447:
3445:
3433:
3431:
3415:
3411:
3388:
3384:
3375:
3371:
3357:
3337:
3315:
3311:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3271:
3255:
3251:
3228:
3224:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3184:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3067:
3063:
3055:ciphertexts,
3040:
3036:
3013:
3009:
2986:
2982:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2943:
2939:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2840:
2818:
2814:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2761:
2741:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2646:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2608:
2601:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2557:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2465:
2443:
2416:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2326:
2322:
2299:
2295:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
1996:
1991:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1860:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1433:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1366:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1301:
1296:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1246:
1241:
1214:
1185:
1180:
1153:
1120:
1093:
1080:
1066:
1058:
1053:
1042:
1037:
1030:
1005:
997:
981:
968:
963:
952:
947:
942:
922:
914:
913:
912:
896:
892:
883:
879:
865:
843:
839:
829:
826:
823:
817:
811:
806:
799:
795:
771:
768:
765:
759:
737:
733:
710:
706:
697:
693:
689:
674:
670:
660:
657:
654:
648:
642:
637:
630:
626:
622:
619:
616:
613:
586:
583:
580:
574:
554:
534:
525:
521:
515:
513:
497:
494:
490:
467:
463:
440:
436:
423:
418:
416:
400:
396:
373:
369:
359:
355:
351:
347:
345:
327:
323:
300:
296:
286:
284:
276:
274:
272:
266:
250:
246:
242:
239:
217:
214:
211:
207:
197:
193:
185:
183:
167:
163:
153:
136:
132:
109:
105:
82:
78:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
37:block ciphers
34:
30:
29:cryptanalysis
26:
22:
6501:Block cipher
6346:Key schedule
6336:Key exchange
6326:Kleptography
6289:Cryptosystem
6238:Cryptography
6088:Partitioning
6046:Side-channel
6024:
5991:Higher-order
5976:Differential
5953:
5857:Key schedule
5195:
5184:. Retrieved
5177:the original
5163:
5152:
5133:
5123:
5112:the original
4993:
4896:
4566:
4273:
4110:
3923:
3699:
3451:
3437:
3373:
3372:
3273:
3272:
3186:
3185:
2941:
2940:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2587:
2226:
1862:
1861:
1264:
1263:
1138:
881:
880:
752:) and a key(
695:
691:
690:
524:Preliminary:
523:
522:
519:
427:
360:
356:
352:
348:
287:
280:
277:The biclique
267:
189:
154:
65:
20:
18:
6489:Mathematics
6480:Mix network
6173:Utilization
6159:NSA Suite B
6144:AES process
6093:Rubber-hose
6031:Related-key
5939:Brute-force
5318:Less common
4270:MITM attack
3924:This gives
3187:Step three:
2774:(such that
1265:Step three:
602:such that:
6440:Ciphertext
6410:Decryption
6405:Encryption
6366:Ransomware
6123:Chi-square
6041:Rotational
5981:Impossible
5902:Block size
5796:Spectr-H64
5620:Ladder-DES
5615:Kuznyechik
5560:Hierocrypt
5430:BassOmatic
5393:algorithms
5320:algorithms
5293:Triple DES
5268:algorithms
5186:2014-06-11
5079:References
3776:'s or the
3374:Step five:
3274:Step four:
2287:since all
1863:Step four:
692:Procedure:
424:Bruteforce
6430:Plaintext
6098:Black-bag
6018:Boomerang
6007:Known-key
5986:Truncated
5811:Threefish
5806:SXAL/MBAL
5696:MultiSwap
5651:MacGuffin
5610:KN-Cipher
5550:Grand Cru
5505:CS-Cipher
5485:COCONUT98
5138:CiteSeerX
4213:∇
4151:Δ
3899:−
3894:−
3889:−
3884:−
3877:−
3872:−
3867:−
3862:−
3855:−
3845:−
3823:−
3818:−
3675:−
3670:−
3665:−
3660:−
3653:−
3648:−
3643:−
3638:−
3631:−
3626:−
3621:−
3604:−
3599:−
3594:−
2942:Step two:
2791:∘
2712:×
2639:for some
2607:Step one:
2500:∇
2496:≠
2487:Δ
2440:∇
2413:Δ
2382:∗
2147:∀
2046:Δ
2042:⊕
1988:∇
1984:⊕
1970:Δ
1966:⊕
1901:∇
1897:⊕
1842:Δ
1838:⊕
1811:∇
1807:⊕
1793:Δ
1789:⊕
1749:∇
1745:⊕
1696:Δ
1663:∇
1644:Δ
1430:Δ
1412:∇
1408:⊕
1394:Δ
1371:∇
1347:∇
1324:∇
1320:⊕
1311:Δ
1293:Δ
1238:∇
1211:∇
1177:Δ
1150:Δ
1117:∇
1090:Δ
1050:∇
1027:∇
978:Δ
960:Δ
882:Step two:
696:Step one:
611:∀
283:bicliques
243:∗
215:∗
57:Skein-512
47:and full
6588:Category
6569:Category
6475:Kademlia
6435:Codetext
6378:(CSPRNG)
6149:CRYPTREC
6113:Weak key
6066:Acoustic
5907:Key size
5751:Red Pike
5570:IDEA NXT
5450:Chiasmus
5445:CAST-256
5425:BaseKing
5410:Akelarre
5405:Adiantum
5372:Skipjack
5337:CAST-128
5332:Camellia
5280:Blowfish
4932:between
4865:→
4799:←
4733:→
4702:→
4653:→
4622:→
4444:←
4422:←
4353:→
4322:→
4076:. these
3082:, using
2174:→
2086:→
1760:→
1606:→
1382:→
1335:→
1281:→
1038:→
948:→
858:, where
807:→
638:→
232:to just
33:biclique
6245:General
6190:Padding
6108:Rebound
5816:Treyfer
5766:SAVILLE
5726:PRESENT
5716:NOEKEON
5661:MAGENTA
5656:Madryga
5636:Lucifer
5500:CRYPTON
5309:Twofish
5299:Serpent
4990:Results
196:Hellman
186:History
6356:Keygen
6154:NESSIE
6103:Davies
6051:Timing
5966:Linear
5926:Attack
5845:Design
5836:Zodiac
5801:Square
5776:SHACAL
5771:SC2000
5731:Prince
5711:Nimbus
5706:NewDES
5691:MULTI2
5681:MISTY1
5624:LOKI (
5600:KHAZAD
5595:KeeLoq
5590:KASUMI
5585:Kalyna
5470:CLEFIA
5455:CIKS-1
5415:Anubis
5266:Common
5140:
5007:126.18
3506:keys.
1635:since
1108:- and
192:Diffie
53:KASUMI
6386:(PRN)
6036:Slide
5892:Round
5877:P-box
5872:S-box
5831:XXTEA
5791:Speck
5786:Simon
5781:SHARK
5761:SAFER
5746:REDOC
5671:Mercy
5630:89/91
5580:Iraqi
5545:G-DES
5535:FEA-M
5515:DES-X
5480:Cobra
5435:BATON
5420:Ascon
5400:3-Way
5391:Other
5205:(PDF)
5180:(PDF)
5173:(PDF)
5115:(PDF)
5108:(PDF)
3403:with
3028:, to
2478:. If
2458:over
168:126.1
137:254.4
110:189.7
83:126.1
61:SHA-2
6164:CNSA
6023:Mod
5949:MITM
5721:NUSH
5676:MESH
5666:MARS
5540:FROG
5530:FEAL
5510:DEAL
5490:Crab
5475:CMEA
5382:XTEA
5367:SEED
5347:IDEA
5342:GOST
5327:ARIA
4959:and
4682:and
4384:the
3969:and
3350:and
3148:and
2868:and
2754:and
2535:>
2518:for
2431:and
1687:and
428:Get
388:and
315:and
194:and
124:and
59:and
49:IDEA
6118:Tau
6078:XSL
5882:SPN
5826:xmx
5821:UES
5756:S-1
5741:RC2
5686:MMB
5565:ICE
5520:DFC
5377:TEA
5362:RC6
5357:RC5
5352:LEA
5304:SM4
5285:DES
5275:AES
4855:to
4789:to
4529:or
4123:112
3713:112
3521:112
3465:112
68:AES
45:AES
6590::
5646:M8
5641:M6
5628:,
5626:97
5525:E2
5291:,
5132:.
5087:^
5075:.
5034:88
4492:,
4382:,
4089:16
4027:16
3742:16
3492:16
3270:.
2938:.
1725:.
1448:,
285:.
251:56
212:56
97:,
19:A
6230:e
6223:t
6216:v
6025:n
6009:)
6005:(
5972:)
5968:(
5945:)
5941:(
5932:)
5928:(
5918:)
5914:(
5736:Q
5632:)
5295:)
5287:(
5260:)
5256:(
5246:e
5239:t
5232:v
5207:.
5189:.
5146:.
5061:8
5057:2
5030:2
5003:2
4972:j
4968:S
4945:i
4941:P
4920:]
4917:j
4914:,
4911:i
4908:[
4905:K
4875:i
4871:v
4841:i
4837:P
4809:j
4805:v
4775:j
4771:S
4743:i
4739:v
4725:]
4722:j
4719:,
4716:i
4713:[
4710:K
4695:i
4691:P
4663:i
4659:v
4645:]
4642:0
4639:,
4636:i
4633:[
4630:K
4615:i
4611:P
4590:]
4587:j
4584:,
4581:i
4578:[
4575:K
4552:]
4549:j
4546:,
4543:0
4540:[
4537:K
4517:]
4514:0
4511:,
4508:i
4505:[
4502:K
4478:j
4474:S
4467:]
4464:j
4461:,
4458:0
4455:[
4452:K
4432:j
4428:v
4397:d
4393:2
4363:i
4359:v
4345:]
4342:0
4339:,
4336:i
4333:[
4330:K
4315:i
4311:P
4287:d
4283:2
4254:]
4251:j
4248:,
4245:0
4242:[
4239:K
4217:j
4192:]
4189:0
4186:,
4183:i
4180:[
4177:K
4155:i
4119:2
4085:2
4064:]
4061:j
4058:,
4055:i
4052:[
4049:K
4023:2
4002:]
3999:j
3996:,
3993:0
3990:[
3987:K
3982:8
3978:2
3957:]
3954:0
3951:,
3948:i
3945:[
3942:K
3937:8
3933:2
3905:]
3850:j
3840:j
3833:i
3828:i
3812:[
3784:j
3764:i
3738:2
3709:2
3681:]
3616:0
3609:0
3588:[
3558:]
3555:0
3552:,
3549:0
3546:[
3543:K
3517:2
3488:2
3461:2
3416:i
3412:P
3389:j
3385:S
3358:g
3338:f
3316:i
3312:P
3289:j
3285:S
3256:i
3252:P
3229:i
3225:C
3202:d
3198:2
3171:]
3168:j
3165:,
3162:0
3159:[
3156:K
3136:]
3133:0
3130:,
3127:i
3124:[
3121:K
3098:d
3095:2
3091:2
3068:i
3064:C
3041:d
3037:2
3014:j
3010:S
2987:d
2983:2
2960:d
2957:2
2953:2
2926:]
2923:j
2920:,
2917:i
2914:[
2911:K
2891:]
2888:j
2885:,
2882:0
2879:[
2876:K
2856:]
2853:0
2850:,
2847:i
2844:[
2841:K
2819:d
2815:2
2794:g
2788:f
2785:=
2782:E
2762:g
2742:f
2720:d
2716:2
2707:d
2703:2
2682:]
2679:j
2676:,
2673:i
2670:[
2667:K
2647:d
2625:d
2622:2
2618:2
2573:]
2570:j
2567:,
2564:i
2561:[
2558:K
2538:0
2532:j
2529:+
2526:i
2504:j
2491:i
2466:f
2444:j
2417:i
2390:d
2386:2
2379:2
2357:d
2354:2
2350:2
2327:d
2323:2
2300:d
2296:2
2273:d
2270:2
2266:2
2257:(
2243:d
2240:2
2236:2
2211:i
2207:C
2200:]
2197:j
2194:,
2191:i
2188:[
2185:K
2179:f
2167:j
2163:S
2159::
2156:j
2153:,
2150:i
2123:i
2119:C
2112:]
2109:j
2106:,
2103:i
2100:[
2097:K
2091:f
2079:j
2075:S
2050:i
2037:0
2033:C
2029:=
2024:i
2020:C
1997:K
1992:j
1979:K
1974:i
1963:]
1960:0
1957:,
1954:0
1951:[
1948:K
1945:=
1942:]
1939:j
1936:,
1933:i
1930:[
1927:K
1905:j
1892:0
1888:S
1884:=
1879:j
1875:S
1846:i
1833:0
1829:C
1820:K
1815:j
1802:K
1797:i
1786:]
1783:0
1780:,
1777:0
1774:[
1771:K
1765:f
1753:j
1740:0
1736:S
1713:0
1710:=
1705:K
1700:0
1675:0
1672:=
1667:0
1659:,
1656:0
1653:=
1648:0
1623:0
1617:0
1611:f
1601:0
1581:]
1578:0
1575:,
1572:0
1569:[
1566:K
1545:0
1541:C
1537:,
1532:0
1528:S
1507:)
1504:]
1501:0
1498:,
1495:0
1492:[
1489:K
1486:,
1481:0
1477:C
1473:,
1468:0
1464:S
1460:(
1434:i
1421:K
1416:j
1403:K
1398:i
1387:f
1375:j
1367:=
1364:0
1356:K
1351:j
1340:f
1328:j
1315:i
1302:K
1297:i
1286:f
1276:0
1247:K
1242:J
1215:j
1186:K
1181:i
1154:i
1121:j
1094:i
1067:0
1059:K
1054:j
1043:f
1031:j
1006:f
982:i
969:K
964:i
953:f
943:0
923:f
897:d
893:2
866:f
844:o
840:C
833:]
830:0
827:,
824:0
821:[
818:K
812:f
800:0
796:S
775:]
772:0
769:,
766:0
763:[
760:K
738:0
734:C
711:0
707:S
675:i
671:C
664:]
661:j
658:,
655:i
652:[
649:K
643:f
631:j
627:S
623::
620:j
617:,
614:i
590:]
587:j
584:,
581:i
578:[
575:K
555:C
535:S
498:d
495:2
491:2
468:d
464:2
441:d
437:2
401:2
397:K
374:1
370:K
328:2
324:K
301:1
297:K
247:2
240:2
218:2
208:2
164:2
133:2
106:2
79:2
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