Biafra - Knowledge (XXG)

1382: 782: 758: 1073:. After the surrender of Biafrans, some Igbos who had fled the conflict returned to their properties but were unable to claim them back from new occupants. This became law in the Abandoned Properties Act (28 September 1979). It was purported that at the start of the civil war, Igbos withdrew their funds from Nigerian banks and converted it to the Biafran currency. After the war, bank accounts owned by Biafrans were seized and a Nigerian panel resolved to give every Igbo person an account with only 20 pounds. Federal projects in Biafra were also greatly reduced compared to other parts of Nigeria. In an Intersociety study it was found that Nigerian security forces also extorted approximately $ 100 million per year from illegal roadblocks and other methods from 111: 5521: 825: 1371: 746: 127: 928:. The apparent domination of the political system by the North, and the chaos breaking out across the country, motivated elements within the military to consider decisive action. The federal government, dominated by Northern Nigeria, allowed the crisis to unfold with the intention of declaring a state of emergency and placing the Western Region under martial law. This administration of the Nigerian federal government was widely perceived to be corrupt. In January 1966, the situation reached a breaking point. A 770: 1035:, a short lived puppet state. However, with the support of British, American and Soviet governments, Nigeria turned the tide of the war. By October 1967, the FMG had regained the land after intense fighting. In September 1968, the federal army planned what Gowon described as the "final offensive". Initially, the final offensive was neutralised by Biafran troops. In the latter stages, a Southern FMG offensive managed to break through the fierce resistance. 66: 1708:; although the group confirms this, they denied involvement in violent activities in the Cameroon. The Deputy Leader, Ebuta Akor Takon is an Ejagham native, a tribe in Nigeria and also in significant number in Cameroon. BnL, which operates more in the Gulf of Guinea, has links with Dokubo Asari, a former militant leader. About 100 members of the group were reportedly arrested in Bayelsa during a meeting with Dokubo on 18 August 2019. 1024:

independence. It is believed this was one of the major factors that sparked the war. The large amount of oil in the region also created conflict, as oil was already becoming a major component of the Nigerian economy. Biafra was ill-equipped for war, with fewer army personnel and less equipment than the Nigerian military, but had advantages over the Nigerian state as they were fighting in their homeland and had the support of most Biafrans.

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unrecognised "Biafran International Passport" and also launched a Biafra Plate Number in 2016 in response to persistent demand by some Biafran sympathizers in the diaspora and at home. On 16 June 2012, a Supreme Council of Elders of the Indigenous People of Biafra, another pro-Biafra organisation, was formed. The body is made up of some prominent persons in the Biafra region. They sued the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the right to

52: 560: 535: 1501: 1086: 1342:. The new currency went public on 28 January 1968, and the Nigerian pound was not accepted as an exchange unit. The first issue of the bank notes included only 5 shillings notes and 1 pound notes. The Bank of Nigeria exchanged only 30 pounds for an individual and 300 pounds for enterprises in the second half of 1968. 924:. Widespread reports of fraud tarnished the election's legitimacy. Westerners especially resented the political domination of the Northern People's Congress, many of whose candidates ran unopposed in the election. Violence spread throughout the country, and some began to flee the North and West, some to 2434:

Adventures and observations on the west coast of Africa, and its islands. Historical and descriptive sketches of Madeira, Canary, Biafra, and Cape Verd islands; their climates, inhabitants, and productions. Accounts of places, peoples, customs, trade, missionary operations, etc., on that part of the

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as an independent State on 11 March 1990, the Biafra restoration declaration Act was enacted with the term "Declaration of the restoration of the independent State of Biafra" adopted. The recruitment process for the drafting board to be responsible for the restoration declaration of independence was

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The Incorporated Trustees of Bilie Human Rights Initiative, representing the Indigenous People of Biafra, have filed a lawsuit against the Federal Government of Nigeria and Attorney General of the Federation, seeking the actualisation of the sovereign state of Biafra by legal means. The Federal High

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for their seemingly complicit behaviour. With the help of other French doctors, Kouchner put Biafra in the media spotlight and called for an international response to the situation. These doctors, led by Kouchner, concluded that a new aid organisation was needed that would ignore political/religious

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between August 2015 and August 2016, at least 150 pro-Biafran activists overall were killed by Nigerian security forces, with 60 people shot in a period of two days in connection with events marking Biafran Remembrance Day. The Nigerian military killed at least 17 unarmed Biafrans in

1671:. On 23 December 2015, Kanu was detained and charged with charges that amounted to treason against the Nigerian state. He was released on bail on 24 April 2017 after spending more than 19 months without trial of his treason charges. Self-determination is not a crime in Nigerian law. 1627:

commuted to retirement the dismissal of all military persons, soldiers and officers, who fought for the breakaway Republic of Biafra during Nigeria's 1967–1970 civil war. In a national broadcast, he said the decision was based on the belief that "justice must at all times be tempered with mercy".

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and the Biafra Shadow Government. MASSOB accuses Nigeria of marginalising Biafran people. Since August 1999, protests have erupted in cities across Nigeria's south-east. Though peaceful, the protesters have been routinely attacked by the Nigerian police and army, with large numbers of people

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On 26 May, Ojukwu decreed to secede from Nigeria after consultations with community leaders from across the Eastern Region. Four days later, Ojukwu unilaterally declared the independence of the Republic of Biafra, citing the Igbos killed in the post-coup violence as reasons for the declaration of

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as his radio director; later Kanu was said to have been dismissed from MASSOB because of accusations of supporting violence. The Nigerian Government, through its broadcasting regulators, the Broadcasting Organisation of Nigerian and Nigerian Communications Commission, has sought to clamp down on

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The Republic of Biafra, a short-lived secessionist state in Nigeria from 1967 to 1970, was characterized by a unitary republic structure administered under emergency measures. It comprised an executive branch led by the Biafran president and the Biafran Cabinet, along with a judicial branch that

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At the beginning of the war Biafra had 3,000 soldiers, but at the end of the war, the soldiers totalled 30,000. There was no official support for the Biafran Army by any other nation throughout the war, although arms were clandestinely acquired. Because of the lack of official support, the

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and impaired glucose metabolism compared to controls born a short period after the famine had ended in the early 1970s. The findings are in line with the developmental origin of health and disease hypothesis suggesting that malnutrition in early life is a predisposing factor for cardiovascular

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The bank was first located in Enugu, but due to the ongoing war, it was relocated several times. Biafra attempted to finance the war through foreign exchange. After Nigeria announced its currency would no longer be legal tender (to make way for a new currency), this effort increased. After the

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An early institution created by the Biafran government was the Bank of Biafra, accomplished under "Decree No. 3 of 1967". The bank carried out all central banking functions including the administration of foreign exchange and the management of the public debt of the Republic. The bank was

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A 2017 paper found that Biafran "women exposed to the war in their growing years exhibit reduced adult stature, increased likelihood of being overweight, earlier age at first birth, and lower educational attainment. Exposure to a primary education program mitigates impacts of war exposure on

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Now, therefore, I, Lieutenant-Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, Military Governor of Eastern Nigeria, by virtue of the authority, and pursuant to the principles, recited above, do hereby solemnly proclaim that the territory and region known as and called Eastern Nigeria together with her

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The Nigerian federal government accuses MASSOB of violence; MASSOB's leader, Ralph Uwazuruike, was arrested in 2005 and was detained on treason charges. He has since been released and has been rearrested and released more than five times. In 2009, MASSOB leader Chief Uwazuruike launched an

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where soldiers of 'Operations Delta Safe' apprehended the National Leader, Princewill, in the Ikang-Cameroon border area on 9 November 2016. During an attempt to mobilise a protest in support of Kanu's release, he was again re-arrested by the Nigeria Police Force in the same area on

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originated in response to the suffering in Biafra. During the crisis, French medical volunteers, in addition to Biafran health workers and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the Nigerian army and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. French doctor

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education. War-exposed men marry later and have fewer children. War exposure of mothers (but not fathers) has adverse impacts on child growth, survival, and education. Impacts vary with age of exposure. For mother and child health, the largest impacts stem from adolescent exposure."

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At Jos in 1945, a sudden and savage attack by Northerners took the Easterners completely by surprise, and before the situation could be brought under control, the bodies of Eastern women, men, and children littered the streets and their property worth thousands of pounds reduced to

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According to the South-East Based Coalition of Human Rights Organisations, security forces under the directive of the federal government have killed 80 members of the Indigenous People of Biafra and their supporters between 30 August 2015 and 9 February 2016 in a

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kick-started the same day. Within days of the referendum exercise, more than two million electorates were reportedly recorded. Prior to the self-referendum exercise, BRGIE had already inaugurated a committee for the Biafra restoration declaration process in January 2024.

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In July 1966, northern officers and army units staged a countercoup, killing General Aguiyi Ironsi and several southern officers. The predominantly Muslim officers named a General from a small ethnic group (the Angas) in central Nigeria, General

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maintained an official neutral stance during the war, there was strong public support for Biafra in the United States. The American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive was founded by American activists to spread pro-Biafran propaganda. U.S. president

1695:. The group is led by Princewill Chimezie Richard, alias Prince Obuka, and Ebuta Akor Takon (not to be mistaken by its former Deputy, Ebuta Ogar Takon). The group also has a Chief of Staff and operational commander who are both natives of the 1317:, he accused Nigeria of committing a genocide against Biafrans and called for the United States to intervene in the war to support Biafra. However, he was ultimately unsuccessful in his efforts to aid Biafra due to the demands of the 110: 796:

maps of Africa from the 15th to the 19th centuries, drawn from accounts written by explorers and travellers, show references to Biafar, Biafara, Biafra, and Biafares. According to the maps, the European travellers used the word

781: 1457:, calling them the "Biafra Babies". They were painted in green camouflage and armed with two Matra Type 122 rocket pods, each being able to carry six 68 mm SNEB anti-armour rockets under each wing and had Swedish 5812: 724:

became a strong political and social force after the civil war. It has grown more militant since the 1990s, calling for the revival of Biafra as an entity. Various Biafran secessionist groups have emerged, such as the

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announcement, tons of Nigerian bank notes were transported in an effort to acquire foreign exchange. The currency of Biafra had been the Nigerian pound until the Bank of Biafra started printing out its own notes, the

4147: 1731:, a Finnish politician and Biafran political activist. Ekpa describes himself as Nnamdi Kanu's disciple. He serves as the leader ("prime minister") of the Biafra Republic Government in Exile (BRGIE), since 2023. 4705: 1398:

served as a Major until the very end of the conflict. A special guerrilla unit, the Biafran Organization of Freedom Fighters, was established, designed to emulate the insurrectionist guerrilla forces of the

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New Nigerian newspaper page, 7 January 1970. End of the Nigerian civil war with Biafra. "Owerri is now captured. Ojukwu flees his enclave." Photographs of the military Obasanjo, Jallo, Bissalo, Gowon.

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In 1967, following a succession of military coups and interethnic violence, the predominantly Igbo-speaking region of south-eastern Nigeria attempted to secede, declaring the independent state of Biafra

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Due to the proliferation of television and international news organizations, the war found a global audience. 1968 saw the images of malnourished and starving Biafran children reach the mass media of

4255: 706:. After nearly three years of war, during which around two million Biafran civilians died, president Ojukwu fled into exile in Ivory Coast as the Nigerian military approached the capital of Biafra. 1356:

It is estimated that a total of £115–140 million Biafran pounds were in circulation by the end of the conflict, with a population of about 14 million, approximately £10 per person.

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in which Hausa-Fulani people targeted Igbo people and left many dead and wounded. Police and Army units from Kaduna had to be brought in to restore order. A newspaper article describes the event:

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included the Ministry of Justice, the Biafran Supreme Court, and other subordinate courts, reflecting its attempts to establish a functioning governmental system during the period of secession.

864:. As with many other new African states, the borders of the country did not reflect earlier ethnic, cultural, religious, or political boundaries. Thus, the northern region of the country has a 4044: 899:

Ethnic tension had simmered in Nigeria during discussions of independence, but in the mid-twentieth century, ethnic and religious riots began to occur. In 1945 an ethnic riot flared up in

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The FMG attacked Biafra on 6 July 1967. Nigeria's initial efforts were unsuccessful; the Biafrans successfully launched their own offensive, and expansion efforts; occupying areas in the

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and a major commercial centre on Igbo land. MASSOB says it is a peaceful group and advertises a 25-stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully. It has two arms of government, the Biafra

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Nwangwu, Chikodiri; Onuoha, Freedom C; Nwosu, Bernard U; Ezeibe, Christian (11 December 2020). "The political economy of Biafra separatism and post-war Igbo nationalism in Nigeria".

5802: 4399: 2782: 1765: 99: 4657: 2378: 4513: 5807: 1480:, and commanded by Winifred Anuku. The Biafran Navy was made up of captured craft, converted tugs, and armour-reinforced civilian vessels armed with machine guns or captured 4461: 5227: 4922: 4137: 1738:, United States. It initiated the process of declaring the restoration of Biafra and in October 2023, it convened a three-day convention where the possibility of a Biafra 1469:, which were flown to Biafra the following month, with another aircraft lost on the ferry flight. These aircraft flew missions until January 1970 and were flown by 1757:

BRGIE intends to issue a "declaration of the restoration of independent state of Biafra" on December 2, 2024, at the 2024 Finland convention. A former U.S. Congressman

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After two-and-a-half years of war, during which almost two million Biafran civilians (three-quarters of them small children) died from starvation caused by the total

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After returning to Nigeria, the federal government reneged on the agreement and unilaterally declared the creation of several new states including some that

4263: 5682: 4613: 1077:– a cultural sub-region of Biafra in what is now southern Nigeria, causing the Igbo citizenry to trust the Nigerian security forces even less than before. 5762: 832:

In his personal writings from his travels, a Rev. Charles W. Thomas defined the locations of islands in the Bight of Biafra as "between the parallels of

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during which a mixed but predominantly Igbo group of army officers assassinated 30 political leaders, including Nigeria's Prime Minister, Sir

806: 3157: 2680: 3266: 1647:. Debe Odumegwu Ojukwu, the eldest son of ex-President / General Ojukwu and a Lagos state-based lawyer was the lead counsel that championed the case. 4977: 1314: 91: 5191: 3710: 3407:"'And starvation is the grim reaper': the American Committee to Keep Biafra Alive and the genocide question during the Nigerian civil war, 1968–70" 5757: 5439: 5116: 5028: 4319: 4036: 3033: 5782: 993:

continental shelf and territorial waters shall henceforth be an independent sovereign state of the name and title of "The Republic of Biafra".

4573: 987:, the leader of the Western Region warned that if the Eastern Region seceded, the Western Region would also, which persuaded the northerners. 4543: 3694: 3445: 3249: 2605: 2105: 1964: 5003: 5055: 2351: 2087: 1715:

On 31 July 2020, the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra/Biafra Independence Movement (BIM-MASSOB) joined the

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Biafra also had a small improvised navy, but it never gained the success that their air force did. It was headquartered in Kidney Island,

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under his presidency, following a series of ethnic tensions and military coups after Nigerian independence in 1960 that culminated in the

126: 4169: 1465:. The six aeroplanes were flown by three Swedish pilots and three Biafran pilots. In September 1969, Biafra acquired four ex-French 5772: 4896: 3092: 1814: 1632: 1334:. A second decree, "Decree No. 4 of 1967", modified the Banking Act of the Federal Republic of Nigeria for the Republic of Biafra. 4407: 3833:

Fulltext of Chapter 17, "West and Central Africa", from Smallpox and its eradication (1988), F. Fenner ... . World Health Organization.

3187: 2794: 5510: 4665: 3667: 3607: 1782: 4521: 3912: 3806: 3790: 3102: 2966: 2710: 2632: 2138: 611: 3546: 2997: 4753: 2558: 979:, Ghana and agreed on a less centralised union of regions. The Northerners were at odds with this agreement that was known as the 5253: 4639: 4469: 3843:

Hult, Martin; Tornhammar, Per; Ueda, Peter; Chima, Charles; Edstedt Bonamy, Anna-Karin; Ozumba, Benjamin; Norman, Mikael (2010).

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African coast lying between Tangier, Morocco, and Benguela, by Rev. Chas. W. Thomas ... with illustrations from original drawings

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of the region by the Nigerian government, Biafran forces under Nigeria's motto of "No-victor, No-vanquished" surrendered to the

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and Igbo states in the west and east respectively. Following independence, Nigeria was demarcated primarily along ethnic lines:

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Smith, Daniel Jordan (3 March 2011). "Legacies of Biafra: Marriage, 'Home People' and Reproduction Among the Igbo of Nigeria".

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Another group is the Biafra Nations League, formerly known as Biafra Nations Youth League, which has its operational base in

960:, as the head of the Federal Military Government (FMG). The two coups deepened Nigeria's ethnic tensions. In September 1966, 4491: 3524: 2846: 1513: 1294: 5143: 4352: 3493: 3127: 3963: 3069: 2467: 1573: 1043: 801:

to describe the region of today's West Cameroon, including an area around today's Equatorial Guinea. The German publisher

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The Republic of Biafra comprised over 29,848 square miles (77,310 km) of land, with terrestrial borders shared with

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prior to a march on 30 May 2016 commemorating the 49th anniversary of Biafra's 1967 declaration of independence.

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setting in motion a chain of social conflicts that culminated in the attempted secession of Igbo nationalists in 1967

5327: 4925:[The "prime minister of Biafra" lives in Lahti - A peculiar coalition influencer caused a diplomatic row ]. 2242: 824: 4595: 4374: 745: 652:. The Nigerian military proceeded in an attempt to reclaim the territory of Biafra, resulting in the start of the 5777: 5505: 4687: 2895: 1550: 100: 4617: 4229: 5483: 3406: 1798: 1761:

advocates for Biafra independence under the BRGIE with a contract that has been in effect since June 15, 2024.

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showed that Igbos born in Biafra during the years of the famine were of higher risk of suffering from obesity,

1466: 1290: 1032: 116: 5192:"Insecurity surge: Biafra declaration in December remains sacrosanct- BRGIE assures - Peoples Daily Newspaper" 2217: 2029: 1704:

16 January 2018 along with 20 of their supporters. Many media outlets reported that BnL is linked to the

1407:, targeting Nigerian Federal Army supply lines and forcing them to shift forces to internal security efforts. 2816: 5555: 3624: 2688: 1526: 1286: 873: 637: 481: 1370: 5425: 3274: 2439: 2382: 1619: 1212: 933: 802: 769: 657: 475: 5228:""Biafran pääministeri" asuu Lahdessa – Erikoinen kokoomusvaikuttaja aiheutti diplomaattisen selkkauksen" 4923:""Biafran pääministeri" asuu Lahdessa – Erikoinen kokoomusvaikuttaja aiheutti diplomaattisen selkkauksen" 2492:

Plotnicov, Leonard (August 1971). "An Early Nigerian Civil Disturbance: The 1945 Hausa-Ibo riot in Jos".

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also witnessed these events, particularly the huge number of starving children, and, when he returned to

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ethnic group. Biafra was established on 30 May 1967 by Igbo military officer and Eastern Region governor

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Biafrans manufactured many of their weapons locally. Europeans served in the Biafran cause; German-born

1172: 1121: 1061:. The surrender was facilitated by the Biafran Vice President and Chief of General Staff, Major General 961: 949: 649: 4311: 5305:"Separatist Leader Announces Recruitment For Board To Declare Secession From Nigeria - Heritage Times" 5056:"Biafra: BRGIE begins self-referendum voting for all Igbos, reveals details - Peoples Daily Newspaper" 1116:

and mountains that lead to Cameroon. Three major rivers flow from Biafra into the Gulf of Guinea: the

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Radio Biafra with limited success. On 17 November 2015, the Abia state police command seized an

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Vidal, Joao M. (September–October 1996). "Texans in Biafra T-6Gs in use in the Nigerian Civil War".

1906: 916:. A decade later in 1964 and during the Western political crisis, the Western Region was divided as 4581: 1742:

was discussed, attended by over 500 Biafrans and delegates globally. On 1 February 2024, a digital

1610: 925: 51: 4952:"Simon Ekpa's journey from track athlete to Prime Minister of Biafra Republic Government in Exile" 1639:, because of a shoot-to-kill policy directed toward Biafrans, particularly members of the MASSOB. 809:, published the exact geographical location of the capital of Biafara, namely alongside the river 5488: 5473: 5468: 4119: 4002: 3907: 3426: 3002: 2976: 2525: 2517: 2191: 2183: 2111: 2068: 1930: 1884: 1841: 1644: 1330:

administered by a governor and four directors; the first governor, who signed on bank notes, was

1282: 1113: 1066: 1018: 972: 845: 841: 653: 322: 2541: 4177: 2355: 5342: 5206: 5070: 4706:"Biafra National Council inauguration; police arrest 100 Youth League members in Yenegoa" 3994: 3884: 3786: 3690: 3663: 3659: 3603: 3599: 3369: 3351: 3245: 3098: 3007: 2962: 2628: 2601: 2537: 2509: 2134: 2101: 2060: 1980: 1960: 1954: 1922: 1747: 1743: 1692: 1624: 1438: 1305: 1192: 1144: 1132: 1039: 837: 833: 912:

Three hundred Igbo people were murdered in the Jos riots. In 1953 a similar riot occurred in

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On 24 June 2024, the Organization of Emerging African States, OEAS endorsed the referendum.

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reported that government-sanctioned killings were taking place in the southeastern city of

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suggested the MiniCOIN project to General Ojukwu. By early 1969, Biafra had assembled five

5752: 5699: 5493: 4736:"Police strikes as Asari Dokubo inaugurates Biafra National Council, arrest Biafra youths" 3902: 3302: 1803: 1274: 1136: 1047: 984: 945: 921: 917: 231: 216: 3817: 2718: 3982: 3860: 3554: 2053:

The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs

5669: 5631: 5580: 4847: 4813: 4544:"Nigeria: At least 150 peaceful pro-Biafra activists killed in chilling crackdown" 3879: 3844: 3364: 3331: 2566: 1655: 1554: 1450: 1395: 1331: 1102: 1062: 1006: 941: 861: 762: 707: 364: 345: 334: 57: 4207: 2757: 2329: 2299: 1410:

The Biafrans managed to set up a small yet effective air force. The BAF commander was

1065:, who assumed leadership of the Republic of Biafra after the first President, Colonel 5746: 5661: 5621: 5616: 5117:"'We're ready to go' as over 2m Biafrans vote for self-referendum in few days - Ekpa" 4142: 4123: 4006: 3964:"Resurgent ethno-nationalism and the renewed demand for Biafra in south-east Nigeria" 3759: 3059: 2529: 2195: 2115: 1990: 1934: 1888: 1557:, which led to the early and cost-effective interruption of smallpox transmission in 1481: 1477: 1426: 1339: 1310: 1301: 1184: 1160: 1148: 889: 877: 506: 265: 226: 221: 199: 5372: 3446:"Foreign Policy from Candidate to President: Richard Nixon and the Lesson of Biafra" 3430: 1727:

An organization for the restoration of an independent Biafran state has been led by

1597:(MASSOB) emerged in 1999 as a nonviolent Biafran nationalist group, associated with 5641: 5636: 5478: 4978:"Simon Ekpa, Biafra Republic Government in Exile opens administrative office in US" 4429: 1819: 1651: 1577: 1538: 1430: 1422: 1414: 1391: 1270: 1266: 1152: 1140: 980: 968: 957: 937: 881: 793: 774: 699: 270: 246: 236: 4754:"Biafra: Police free 100 agitators arrested during meeting with Asari Dokubo" 4574:"Amnesty accuses Nigerian army of killing at least 17 unarmed Biafran separatists" 3903:"Nigeria: Those born during Biafra famine are susceptible to obesity, study finds" 2657: 1918: 5092:"Over 2million Biafrans Set To Vote For Self-Referendum In Few Days – Simon Ekpa" 4114: 4097: 3990: 3934:

Akresh, Richard; Bhalotra, Sonia; Leone, Marinella; Osili, Una O. (August 2017).

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A history of the Republic of Biafra : law, crime, and the Nigerian Civil War

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was a lieutenant colonel assigned to the 4th Commando Brigade and Welshman

1318: 1278: 1224: 1156: 1125: 1070: 944:, the President, of Igbo extraction, and the favoured Western Region politician 913: 893: 885: 821:

also appear on maps from the 18th century in the area around Senegal and Gambia.

810: 669: 641: 629: 390: 377: 275: 260: 254: 4010: 3845:"Hypertension, diabetes and overweight: Looming legacies of the Biafran famine" 2457: 1131:

The territory of the Republic of Biafra is covered nowadays by the reorganised

3150:"Nigeria security forces extort N100 billion in Southeast in three years" 2819:. Biafra Spotlight. Library of Congress Africa Pamphlet Collection. 2 May 2014 2505: 2432: 2179: 1739: 1728: 1606: 1168: 786: 5728: 5715: 5328:"BRGIE unveils date to declare Biafra independence - Peoples Daily Newspaper" 3998: 3686:

Biafra's War 1967-1970: A tribal conflict in Nigeria that left a million dead

3388:"Fifty Years Later: U.S. Intelligence Shortcomings in the Nigerian Civil War" 3355: 3347: 3011: 2868: 2650:"Operation 'Aure': The northern military counter-rebellion of July 1966" 2588:

Diamond, Larry (1988). "Crisis and Conflict in the Western Region, 1962–63".

2513: 2064: 1926: 1907:"They do not belong: adoption and resilience of the Igbo traditional culture" 1880: 5498: 5170:"International NGO endorses Biafra's self-determination, total independence" 5029:"Biafra: BRGIE begins self-referendum voting for all Igbos, reveals details" 4098:"The Nigeria–Biafra war: Postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide" 3034:"50 yrs after January 15 1966 coup: Excerpts of Major Nzeogwu's coup speech" 2277: 1787: 1769: 1758: 1705: 1602: 1462: 1400: 1164: 1117: 5367:

A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War

4897:"Ekpa declares self Biafra Prime Minister in Exile, names advisory council" 3888: 3373: 3242:

A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War

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A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War

1905:

Nwaka, Jacinta Chiamaka; Osuji, Obiomachukwu Winifred (27 September 2022).

5004:"Simon Ekpa hosts three-day extraordinary conference on Biafra Referendum" 4074: 2097: 1500: 4434: 4347: 4233: 3064: 2930: 2462: 2379:"Grosses vollständiges Universal-Lexicon aller Wissenchafften und Künste" 1735: 1542: 1470: 1350: 1262: 1250: 1237: 1228: 1098: 1074: 1054: 703: 691: 682: 673: 404: 5591:

Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB)

5396: 4256:"MASSOB launches "Biafran Int'l Passport" to celebrate 10th anniversary" 3935: 2072: 1241:

recognition in the form of diplomatic support or military aid, included

636:

and existed from 1967 until 1970. Its territory consisted of the former

5547: 2187: 2163: 1700: 1696: 1685: 1668: 1636: 1541:

and colleagues describe how vaccine supply shortages during the Biafra

1374: 1235:. Other nations, that did not officially recognise Biafra, but granted 1094: 1085: 857: 633: 285: 183: 157: 17: 5254:"US ex-congressman Moran advocates for Biafra Independent under BRGIE" 5169: 2903: 2521: 5280:"US ex-Congressman, Moran backing Biafra Independence - BRGIE claims" 4869: 1569: 1522: 1442: 1411: 1258: 1254: 1242: 1232: 940:. The four most senior officers of Northern origin were also killed. 813:

in today's Cameroon, underneath 6 degrees 10 min latitude. The words

695: 687: 677: 163: 3270: 1699:. BNL have recorded a series of security clamp downs, especially in 964:, and some Northerners were killed in backlashes in eastern cities. 3947: 2051:

Anglin, Douglas G. (1971). "Zambia and the Recognition of Biafra".

1712:

Court, Abuja has fixed 25 February 2019 for hearing the suit.

5539: 5417: 5410: 5279: 4138:"Half a century after the war, angry Biafrans are agitating again" 1614:

reportedly killed. Many others have been injured and/or arrested.

1499: 1454: 1380: 1369: 1246: 1216: 1084: 976: 823: 780: 768: 756: 744: 661: 151: 4835: 4801: 3632: 2354:. U.T. Libraries. Texas, USA: University of Texas. Archived from 868:

majority, being primarily made up of territory of the indigenous

1434: 1187:, Anaang, Efik, Ibibio, Ogoni, and Ijaw, among others. However, 169: 5421: 4658:"Biafra anglophone secession tension heightens in border towns" 1595:

Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra

731:

Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra

1458: 900: 5813:

Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization

1433:(Douglas A-26) (one piloted by Zumbach), a converted Douglas 773:

Map of West Africa (1839); Biafra is shown in the region of "

5411:"Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library" 5144:"Biafra referendum binding statement under Int'l law - OEAS" 4596:"Troops clash with militants, pirates in Niger delta creeks" 1046:

become involved to provide humanitarian aid, leading to the

962:

approximately 30,000 Igbo civilians were killed in the north

115:

The Republic of Biafra in red, with its puppet state of the

4772:"Court fixes February to hear suit seeking Biafra republic" 2131:

Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria

603: 588: 4286:"Court determines suit between Nigeria, Biafra on Sept 22" 1959:. Vol. S–Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 762. 3783:

Hope in Hell: Inside the world of Doctors without Borders

3656:

Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70

3596:

Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967–70

3218: 1525:, he publicly criticised the Nigerian government and the 876:, being primarily made up of territory of the indigenous 594: 2164:"Was 'Biafra' at Any Time a State in International Law?" 3332:"Biafra at 50 and the birth of Emergency Public Health" 1734:

In 2023, BRGIE inaugurated an administrative office in

27:

Partially recognised country in West Africa (1967–1970)

5382:

The Price of Power, Kissinger in the Nixon White House

3936:

First and second generation impacts of the Biafran war

4640:"Police detain Biafra Youth League leader in Calabar" 2756:. Biafran Secession. 16 December 2000. Archived from 1766:

Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania

1764:

In emulation of the Lithuania historical part on the

1031:

in August 1967. This led to the creation of the

612: 597: 4895:

Uchechukwu, Oghenekevwe UCHECHUKWU (11 April 2023).

4462:"FG files fresh treason charges against Nnamdi Kanu" 600: 585: 5650: 5599: 5568: 5528: 5456: 4312:"Uwazuruike reveals why he sacked Kanu from MASSOB" 4037:"Dream of free Biafra revives in southeast Nigeria" 1504:A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and 591: 502: 492: 474: 460: 451: 443: 438: 424: 414: 400: 387: 374: 358: 344: 328: 316: 302: 294: 284: 245: 189: 179: 144: 136: 34: 1530:boundaries and prioritise the welfare of victims. 1089:A satellite image of the former Republic of Biafra 975:and senior police officials of each region met in 4688:"Southern Cameroun joins IPOB in Biafra struggle" 4288:. sunnewsonline.com. 18 July 2015. Archived from 1650:MASSOB leader Chief Ralph Uwazuruike established 2624:A Tragedy without Heroes: The Nigeria-Biafra war 2487: 2485: 4712:. Breaking news. 17 August 2019. Archived from 3625:"The Douglas A/B-26 Invader – Biafran Invaders" 3120:"Group sues FG over abandoned property, others" 2328:(zoomMap). Afriterra Foundation. Archived from 1601:. The group enacted a "re-launch" of Biafra in 990: 4840:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 4806:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 4484:"African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights" 4230:"Chronicles of brutality in Nigeria 2000–2006" 4096:Heerten, Lasse; Moses, A. Dirk (3 July 2014). 1717:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 1297:also originated in response to the suffering. 5803:States and territories disestablished in 1970 5433: 1623:newspaper reported that the former president 1313:was sympathetic to Biafra. Before he won the 686:recognition and covert military support from 8: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 2407:"1730 map – L'Isle, Guillaume de, 1675–1726" 2133:. University of Michigan Press. p. 78. 1842:Nigerian Civil War#International involvement 1512:The international humanitarian organisation 948:were not killed. The commander of the army, 5347:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5211:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5075:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3517:"Nigeria: The men who may be President (1)" 2871:. TED. American University. November 1997. 1723:Biafra Republic Government in Exile (BRGIE) 967:In January 1967, the military leaders 872:. The southern population is predominantly 640:of Nigeria, predominantly inhabited by the 5808:States and territories established in 1967 5654: 5532: 5440: 5426: 5418: 4836:"Guam: Territory to be inducted into UNPO" 4375:"Radio Biafra transmitters found ..." 2981:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2717:. 1966 Coup. 20 March 2007. Archived from 1549:technique, later adopted worldwide by the 1059:Nigerian Federal Military Government (FMG) 828:French map of the Gulf of Guinea from 1849 125: 109: 31: 4430:"Nigeria separatist resurfaces in Israel" 4113: 3946: 3878: 3868: 3758:. Doctors without borders. Archived from 3363: 3307:. Vol. 8, no. 3. Archived from 2998:"Lest we forget the starvation of Biafra" 2590:Class, Ethnicity and Democracy in Nigeria 2092:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 119:in striped red, and Nigeria in dark gray. 4170:"WEST AFRICA IRIN-WA Weekly Round-up 22" 3962:Duruji, Moses Metumara (December 2012). 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 4614:"Police release arrested Biafra leader" 3589: 3587: 3486:International Bank Note Society Journal 2681:"Festus Samuel Okotie Eboh (1912–1966)" 2553: 2551: 2549: 2451: 2449: 1862: 1860: 1856: 1832: 1589:Post-war events and Biafran nationalism 1545:campaign led to the development of the 473: 450: 447:77,306 km (29,848 sq mi) 442: 437: 386: 178: 5340: 5204: 5068: 4343:"Reopening Nigeria's civil war wounds" 3756:"Founding of Médecins Sans Frontières" 2974: 2470:from the original on 30 September 2009 2298:. Afriterra Foundation. Archived from 1948: 1946: 1944: 1277:, including Joint Church Aid, foreign 5768:Former territorial entities in Africa 5090:Ndubuisi, Victor (10 February 2024). 4870:"Biafra Republic Government in Exile" 4355:from the original on 27 December 2008 4150:from the original on 29 November 2015 4047:from the original on 10 December 2008 3689:. Helion & Company. p. 137. 3527:from the original on 14 December 2013 3265:McCormack, Fergus (4 December 2016). 3072:from the original on 15 December 2013 3032:eribake, akintayo (14 January 2016). 2845:. World News / Africa. 2 March 2012. 2494:The Journal of Modern African Studies 2168:American Journal of International Law 2157: 2155: 2153: 1956:Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations 1581:diseases and diabetes later in life. 1112:The country's northeast bordered the 936:, and the Northern premier, Sir 491: 459: 455: 423: 413: 409: 373: 357: 353: 343: 327: 315: 311: 301: 7: 4514:"Biafra will not stand, Buhari vows" 4322:from the original on 17 January 2019 3951:. NBER Working Paper No. 23721. 3717:(blog). October 2015. Archived from 3058:Philips, Barnaby (13 January 2000). 2456:Philips, Barnaby (13 January 2000). 1345:In 1969, new notes were introduced: 1175:and southern Kogi and Benue states. 765:(Royal Cartographer of France) 1770) 4950:Staff, Daily Post (12 March 2024). 4874:Biafra Republic Government in Exile 4802:"UNPO welcomes 5 new members!" 3915:from the original on 7 October 2015 3496:from the original on 27 August 2008 3211:"Introduction to the Igbo Language" 2875:from the original on 27 August 2008 1815:Roland the Headless Thompson Gunner 1633:Center for World Indigenous Studies 5511:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 5168:Godspower, Samuel (26 June 2024). 4778:. 30 November 2018. Archived from 4442:from the original on 23 March 2019 4406:. 17 November 2015. Archived from 3515:Ivwurie, Dafe (25 February 2011). 2752:. Armed Conflict Events Database. 1783:Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria 714:, and he oversaw the surrender of 25: 5763:1970 disestablishments in Nigeria 5683:Postage stamps and postal history 5365:Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). 5002:Ariemu, Ogaga (19 October 2023). 4554:from the original on 4 April 2019 4035:Shirbon, Estelle (12 July 2006). 3444:Whalen, Emily (5 December 2016). 3336:American Journal of Public Health 3240:Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). 3190:from the original on 30 June 2008 2957:Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). 2938:from the original on 12 June 2009 2849:from the original on 18 June 2018 2839:"Nigeria buries ex-Biafra leader" 2086:Daly, Samuel Fury Childs (2020). 1101:to the east. Its coast is on the 5519: 5252:Grace, Ihesiulo (21 June 2024). 4976:Ariemu, Ogaga (26 August 2023). 2894:Omoigui, Nowa (3 October 2007). 2352:"Map of North-West Africa, 1829" 2218:"Republic of Biafra (1967–1970)" 2030:"Republic of Biafra (1967–1970)" 1467:North American T-6 Texans (T-6G) 1421:. Early inventory included four 1097:to the north and west, and with 952:seized power to maintain order. 632:that declared independence from 581: 558: 533: 96: 64: 50: 5397:"Republic of Biafra collection 4664:. December 2017. Archived from 4318:. 11 January 2017. p. 29. 4073:. 13 April 2009. Archived from 3154:Indigenous People of Biafra USA 3118:Made, Alexsa (9 January 2013). 2711:"The last of the plotters dies" 2563:Indigenous People of Biafra USA 2322:"Map of Africa from 1669, Zoom" 2162:Ijalaye, David A. (July 1971). 1617:On 29 May 2000, the Lagos 1574:University of Nigeria at Nsukka 1300:Although the government of the 785:The Kingdom of Biafara, map by 426:• Rejoins Federal Nigeria 5758:1967 establishments in Nigeria 5278:Ariemu, Ogaga (22 June 2024). 5226:Rämö, Aurora (21 March 2024). 5142:Ariemu, Ogaga (28 June 2024). 4921:Rämö, Aurora (21 March 2024). 4580:. 10 June 2016. Archived from 4520:. 6 March 2016. Archived from 4200:"Emerging genocide in Nigeria" 3744:. No. 65. pp. 40–47. 3296:Staunton, Enda (Autumn 2000). 3244:. Cambridge University Press. 2409:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: 2005:"The Republic of Biafra | AHA" 1706:Southern Cameroons separatists 1044:non-governmental organisations 131:Republic of Biafra in May 1967 1: 5783:Former unrecognized countries 5398: 5369:. Cambridge University Press. 4262:. 1 July 2009. Archived from 4176:. 2 June 2000. Archived from 3405:McNeil, Brian (3 July 2014). 2961:. Cambridge, United Kingdom. 2934:. On this Day. 30 June 1969. 2559:"What is wrong with Nigeria?" 1919:10.1080/14725843.2022.2126346 1679:on the campaign. A report by 1183:The languages of Biafra were 416:• Independence declared 4341:Murray, Senan (3 May 2007). 4115:10.1080/14623528.2014.936700 4102:Journal of Genocide Research 3991:10.1080/14608944.2012.662216 3870:10.1371/journal.pone.0013582 3580:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. 3423:10.1080/14623528.2014.936723 3411:Journal of Genocide Research 3392:Council on Foreign Relations 3273:Press Centre. Archived from 2996:Jacos, Dan (1 August 1987). 2817:"Republic of Biafra is born" 2411:Princeton University Library 2216:Hurst, Ryan (21 June 2009). 1535:Smallpox and its Eradication 1508:during the Nigerian blockade 1484:. It mainly operated in the 5576:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu 3807:"World Health Organization" 3330:Phillips, James F. (2018). 2598:10.1007/978-1-349-08080-9_4 2431:Thomas, Charles W. (1860). 1839: 1665:Indigenous People of Biafra 1605:, the commercial centre of 1273:. Biafra received aid from 1067:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu 999:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu 727:Indigenous People of Biafra 646:Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu 82:"Peace, Unity, and Freedom" 5829: 5773:Former countries in Africa 5054:Amin_3 (1 February 2024). 4232:. Cwis.org. Archived from 3482:"The bank notes of Biafra" 2239:"Nigeria-Biafra Civil War" 1773:opened on 2 January 2024. 1564:In 2010, researchers from 1363: 1016: 892:majority in the West, and 860:became independent of the 140:Partially recognised state 5695: 5675:"Land of the Rising Sun" 5657: 5535: 5517: 5506:2016 Niger Delta conflict 5326:Amin_3 (8 January 2024). 3814:World Health Organization 3547:"Operation Biafra Babies" 3107:– via Google Books. 3094:The Nigerian Legal System 3091:Mwalimu, Charles (2005). 3060:"Biafra: Thirty years on" 2896:"Nigerian Civil War file" 2637:– via Google Books. 2621:Njoku, Hilary M. (1987). 2506:10.1017/S0022278X00024976 2458:"Biafra: Thirty years on" 2377:Zedler, Johann Heinrich. 2292:"Map of Africa from 1669" 2180:10.1017/S0002930000147311 1969:– via Google Books. 1822:that references the state 1551:World Health Organization 1405:American – Vietnamese War 1377:of the Biafran Air Force. 1207:International recognition 852:Under independent Nigeria 512: 470: 456: 434: 410: 370: 354: 340: 312: 124: 108: 86: 78: 46: 41: 3781:Bortolotti, Dan (2004). 3348:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304420 3126:. Biafra. Archived from 2654:Nigeria/Africa Masterweb 1881:10.3366/afr.2005.75.1.30 1799:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 1514:Médecins Sans Frontières 1304:under the presidency of 1291:Catholic Relief Services 656:. Biafra was officially 5190:Amin_3 (7 April 2024). 3654:Jowett, Philip (2016). 3594:Jowett, Philip (2016). 1953:Minahan, James (2002). 1461:reflex sights from old 1295:Doctors Without Borders 1287:Caritas Internationalis 888:majority in the north, 4518:Vanguard News, Nigeria 4260:Vanguard News, Nigeria 3683:Venter, Al J. (2015). 3576:Steiner, Rolf (1978). 3269:. Would you believe?. 3124:Vanguard News, Nigeria 2440:University of Michigan 2383:Bavarian State Library 1509: 1425:American bombers: two 1386: 1378: 1293:of the United States. 1090: 995: 934:Abubakar Tafawa Balewa 930:military coup occurred 910: 896:majority in the East. 842:latitude 4° North 829: 803:Johann Heinrich Zedler 790: 778: 766: 754: 92:Land of the Rising Sun 5798:Separatism in Nigeria 5464:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 4776:The Guardian, Nigeria 4662:New Telegraph Nigeria 4548:Amnesty International 3480:Symes, Peter (1997). 2785:Declaration of Biafra 2326:catalog.afriterra.org 2296:catalog.afriterra.org 2278:10.1093/afraf/adaa025 2129:Lewis, Peter (2007). 2098:10.1017/9781108887748 1986:CollinsDictionary.com 1681:Amnesty International 1667:radio transmitter in 1566:Karolinska Institutet 1503: 1447:Carl Gustaf von Rosen 1384: 1373: 1088: 1009:the Igbos in Biafra. 950:General Aguiyi Ironsi 905: 827: 784: 772: 760: 748: 650:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 396:Consultative Assembly 190:Common languages 4740:News Express Nigeria 4710:Daily Times, Nigeria 4644:News Express Nigeria 4550:. 24 November 2016. 4472:on 24 December 2015. 4146:. 28 November 2015. 2906:on 28 September 2007 2791:Citizens for Nigeria 2685:Niger Delta Congress 2627:. Fourth Dimension. 1809:2023 Nigerien Crisis 1794:Half of a Yellow Sun 1473:ex-military pilots. 1366:Biafran Armed Forces 1211:Biafra was formally 1107:South Atlantic Ocean 807:encyclopedia of 1731 761:Map of West Africa ( 735:Biafra Zionist Front 626:partially recognised 5788:History of Igboland 5725: / 5384:. pp. 141–146. 5258:DAILY TIMES Nigeria 5033:Nigerian Pilot News 4816:(UN). 3 August 2020 4782:on 30 November 2018 4758:Daily Post, Nigeria 4716:on 16 December 2019 4668:on 16 December 2019 4600:The National Online 4584:on 11 January 2018. 4438:. 22 October 2018. 4410:on 19 November 2015 3983:2012NatId..14..329D 3971:National Identities 3911:. 2 November 2010. 3861:2010PLoSO...513582H 3762:on 20 December 2015 3578:The Last Adventurer 3298:"The forgotten war" 3267:"Flights of angels" 2827:– via Flickr. 2797:on 11 December 2008 2760:on 5 September 2008 2750:"Nigeria 1967–1970" 2721:on 11 December 2008 2592:. pp. 93–130. 1746:was adopted, and a 1611:Government in Exile 969:Yakubu "Jack" Gowon 958:Yakubu "Jack" Gowon 712:president of Biafra 5793:Nigerian Civil War 5489:Blockade of Biafra 5474:Ahiara Declaration 5469:Nigeria-Biafra War 5284:Daily Post Nigeria 5232:Suomenkuvalehti.fi 5148:Daily Post Nigeria 5123:. 10 February 2024 5121:Daily Post Nigeria 5008:Daily Post Nigeria 4982:Daily Post Nigeria 4956:Daily Post Nigeria 4850:(UN). 31 July 2020 4602:. 9 November 2016. 4210:on 27 January 2010 4077:on 10 October 2010 3908:The New York Times 3715:ordendebatalla.org 3557:on 14 October 2008 3311:on 22 January 2018 3277:on 23 January 2018 3003:The New York Times 2869:"ICE Case Studies" 2009:www.historians.org 1911:African Identities 1645:self-determination 1631:In July 2006, the 1510: 1387: 1379: 1283:Holy Ghost Fathers 1193:national language. 1091: 1029:mid-Western Region 1019:Nigerian Civil War 1013:Nigerian civil war 973:Chukwuemeka Ojukwu 830: 791: 779: 767: 755: 710:became the second 654:Nigerian Civil War 622:Republic of Biafra 620:), officially the 323:C. Odumegwu Ojukwu 247:Ethnic groups 211:Minority languages 36:Republic of Biafra 5708: 5707: 5691: 5690: 5677:(national anthem) 5564: 5563: 5484:Republic of Benin 5379:Hersh, Seymour M. 5035:. 1 February 2024 4760:. 18 August 2019. 3823:on 18 August 2011 3785:. Firefly Books. 3696:978-1-910294-69-7 3623:Robson, Michael. 3251:978-1-108-84076-7 3221:on 18 August 2008 2715:OnlineNigeria.com 2607:978-1-349-08082-3 2107:978-1-108-84076-7 1966:978-0-313-32384-3 1693:Bakassi Peninsula 1677:renewed clampdown 1625:Olusegun Obasanjo 1547:focal vaccination 1486:Niger River delta 1439:de Havilland Dove 1306:Lyndon B. Johnson 1040:Western countries 1033:Republic of Benin 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 546: 545: 383:Council of Chiefs 360:• 1967–1970 318:• 1967–1970 117:Republic of Benin 101: 16:(Redirected from 5820: 5778:Former republics 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5718: 5678: 5665: 5655: 5551: 5550:(second capital) 5543: 5533: 5523: 5442: 5435: 5428: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5405:Emory University 5403:. EU Libraries. 5400: 5385: 5370: 5353: 5352: 5346: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5307:. 2 January 2024 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5210: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5074: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4928:Suomen Kuvalehti 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4881: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4694:. 18 April 2017. 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4620:on 1 August 2018 4616:. Archived from 4610: 4604: 4603: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4490:. Archived from 4480: 4474: 4473: 4468:. Archived from 4458: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4292:on 7 August 2015 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4236:on 18 April 2012 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4206:. Archived from 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4180:on 18 April 2009 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4117: 4108:(2–3): 169–203. 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4016:on 27 March 2019 4015: 4009:. Archived from 3968: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3940: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3882: 3872: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3822: 3816:. Archived from 3811: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3721:on 22 April 2019 3707: 3701: 3700: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3631:. Archived from 3620: 3614: 3613: 3591: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3553:. Archived from 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3477: 3454: 3453: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3417:(2–3): 317–336. 3402: 3396: 3395: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3367: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3262: 3256: 3255: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3217:. Archived from 3209:Nwázùé, Ònyémà. 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3160:on 25 April 2019 3156:. Archived from 3146: 3140: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3130:on 26 March 2013 3115: 3109: 3108: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2902:. Archived from 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2793:. Archived from 2776: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2746: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2687:. Archived from 2676: 2670: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2656:. Archived from 2645: 2639: 2638: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2569:on 29 March 2019 2565:. Archived from 2555: 2544: 2533: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2453: 2444: 2443: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2389: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2358:on 8 August 2009 2348: 2342: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2272:(477): 526–551. 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2245:on 4 August 2004 2241:. Archived from 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2159: 2148: 2147: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1950: 1939: 1938: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1864: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1599:Igbo nationalism 1519:Bernard Kouchner 1453:in neighbouring 1437:and one British 1275:non-state actors 1191:was used as the 1001: 870:Sokoto Caliphate 811:Rio dos Camaroes 751:Abraham Ortelius 722:Igbo nationalism 680:while receiving 616: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 562: 561: 550: 549: 537: 536: 530: 529: 514: 513: 498:$ 40.750 million 485: 129: 113: 103: 102: 68: 54: 32: 21: 5828: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5743: 5742: 5733: 5731: 5729:6.450°N 7.500°E 5727: 5724: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5704: 5687: 5676: 5663: 5646: 5595: 5560: 5556:Eastern Nigeria 5549: 5542:(first capital) 5541: 5524: 5515: 5494:Biafran airlift 5452: 5446: 5409: 5395: 5392: 5377: 5364: 5361: 5359:Further reading 5356: 5339: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5308: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5203: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5067: 5060: 5058: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5038: 5036: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4920: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4877: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4819: 4817: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4717: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4692:Sun News Online 4686: 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4525: 4524:on 7 March 2016 4512: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4494:on 16 June 2018 4488:Nigeria-Law.org 4482: 4481: 4477: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4380:. November 2015 4373: 4372: 4368: 4358: 4356: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4325: 4323: 4310: 4309: 4305: 4295: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4266:on 2 March 2010 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4213: 4211: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4071:Biafra.cwis.org 4065: 4064: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4013: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3938: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3724: 3722: 3711:"Biafra Babies" 3709: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3636: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3610: 3593: 3592: 3585: 3575: 3574: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3530: 3528: 3514: 3513: 3509: 3499: 3497: 3479: 3478: 3457: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3303:History Ireland 3295: 3294: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3133: 3131: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3016: 3014: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2973: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2878: 2876: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2679:Bozimo, Willy. 2678: 2677: 2673: 2663: 2661: 2660:on 23 July 2008 2648:Omoigui, Nowa. 2647: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2557: 2556: 2547: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2387: 2385: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2333: 2332:on 24 July 2011 2320: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2302:on 24 July 2011 2290: 2289: 2285: 2266:African Affairs 2263: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2161: 2160: 2151: 2141: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2108: 2085: 2084: 2080: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2011: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1952: 1951: 1942: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1804:Pakistanization 1779: 1748:self-referendum 1725: 1591: 1561:and elsewhere. 1533:In their study 1498: 1368: 1362: 1327: 1209: 1200: 1181: 1133:Nigerian states 1083: 1048:Biafran airlift 1021: 1015: 1003: 997: 985:Obafemi Awolowo 946:Obafemi Awolowo 922:Obafemi Awolowo 918:Ladoke Akintola 854: 749:Map of Africa ( 743: 614: 584: 580: 559: 534: 495: 479: 463: 430:15 January 1970 427: 417: 393: 380: 361: 331: 319: 280: 241: 209: 175: 132: 120: 104: 97: 74: 73: 72: 69: 61: 60: 55: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5826: 5824: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5745: 5744: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5672: 5667: 5662:Biafran pound 5658: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5581:Philip Effiong 5578: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5545: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5451: articles 5447: 5445: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5391: 5390:External links 5388: 5387: 5386: 5375: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354: 5318: 5296: 5270: 5244: 5218: 5182: 5160: 5134: 5108: 5082: 5046: 5020: 4994: 4968: 4942: 4913: 4887: 4861: 4848:United Nations 4827: 4814:United Nations 4793: 4763: 4745: 4727: 4697: 4679: 4649: 4631: 4605: 4587: 4565: 4535: 4505: 4475: 4453: 4421: 4391: 4366: 4333: 4303: 4277: 4247: 4221: 4191: 4161: 4129: 4088: 4058: 4027: 3977:(4): 329–350. 3954: 3948:10.3386/w23721 3926: 3894: 3855:(10): e13582. 3835: 3798: 3791: 3773: 3747: 3742:Air Enthusiast 3732: 3702: 3695: 3675: 3669:978-1472816092 3668: 3662:. p. 18. 3646: 3615: 3609:978-1472816092 3608: 3583: 3568: 3538: 3507: 3455: 3436: 3397: 3379: 3342:(6): 731–733. 3322: 3288: 3257: 3250: 3232: 3201: 3171: 3141: 3110: 3103: 3097:. Peter Lang. 3083: 3050: 3024: 2988: 2967: 2949: 2917: 2886: 2860: 2830: 2808: 2771: 2732: 2702: 2691:on 16 May 2008 2671: 2640: 2633: 2613: 2606: 2580: 2545: 2500:(2): 297–305. 2481: 2445: 2423: 2398: 2369: 2343: 2313: 2283: 2256: 2230: 2208: 2174:(3): 553–554. 2149: 2139: 2121: 2106: 2078: 2059:(2): 102–136. 2043: 2032:. 21 June 2009 2021: 1996: 1972: 1965: 1940: 1897: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1831: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1811: 1806: 1801: 1790: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1768:that restored 1724: 1721: 1658:in 2009, with 1656:United Kingdom 1590: 1587: 1555:United Nations 1497: 1494: 1488:and along the 1482:6-pounder guns 1441:. In 1968 the 1427:B-25 Mitchells 1396:Taffy Williams 1364:Main article: 1361: 1358: 1349:10, £5, £1, 10 1332:Sylvester Ugoh 1326: 1323: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1180: 1177: 1109:in the south. 1103:Gulf of Guinea 1082: 1079: 1063:Philip Effiong 1017:Main article: 1014: 1011: 989: 942:Nnamdi Azikiwe 862:United Kingdom 853: 850: 763:Rigobert Bonne 742: 739: 716:Biafran forces 708:Philip Effiong 638:Eastern Region 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 563: 556: 547: 544: 543: 538: 526: 525: 520: 510: 509: 504: 500: 499: 496: 493: 490: 489: 486: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 461: 458: 457: 454: 453: 449: 448: 445: 441: 440: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 425: 422: 421: 418: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 402: 401:Historical era 398: 397: 394: 388: 385: 384: 381: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 365:Philip Effiong 362: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 348: 346:Vice President 342: 341: 338: 337: 335:Philip Effiong 332: 329: 326: 325: 320: 317: 314: 313: 310: 309: 306: 300: 299: 296: 292: 291: 288: 282: 281: 279: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 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5438: 5436: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5412: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5374: 5373:online review 5368: 5363: 5362: 5358: 5350: 5344: 5329: 5322: 5319: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5271: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5245: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5193: 5186: 5183: 5171: 5164: 5161: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5135: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5072: 5057: 5050: 5047: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5021: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4995: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4943: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4888: 4876:. 6 June 2023 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4831: 4828: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4466:This Day Live 4463: 4457: 4454: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4379: 4376: 4370: 4367: 4354: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4337: 4334: 4321: 4317: 4316:Punch Nigeria 4313: 4307: 4304: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4222: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4192: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4149: 4145: 4144: 4143:The Economist 4139: 4133: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4067:"Biafra News" 4062: 4059: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4028: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3958: 3955: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3930: 3927: 3914: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3819: 3815: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3794: 3792:1-55297-865-6 3788: 3784: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3736: 3733: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3692: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3635:on 9 May 2013 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3572: 3569: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3526: 3522: 3521:AllAfrica.com 3518: 3511: 3508: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3451: 3450:Not Even Past 3447: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3323: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3289: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3261: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3104:9780820471266 3100: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3039: 3038:Vanguard News 3035: 3028: 3025: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2978: 2970: 2968:9781108887748 2964: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2918: 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