2175:
3275:: "D’abord, le site de Byblos était fixé sans conteste possible. Le passage où Strabon définit Byblos une ville située sur une colline à quelque distance de la nier, avait égaré les savants. Renan lui-même avait songé à Qassouba, mais il comprit vite que cette colline était trop peu importante pour avoir été le siège d’une ville telle que Byblos. L’abondance des fragments antiques recueillis aux environs de la citadelle, la situation des nécropoles au nord et au sud de l’enceinte franque prouvent jusqu'à l’évidence que la ville ne s’est pas déplacée et que Gebeil recouvre Byblos."
2463:
3278:: "First, the site of Byblos was fixed without question possible. The passage where Strabon defines Byblos as a city situated on a hill some distance away from it, had misled the scientists. Renan himself had thought of Qassouba, but he soon realised that this hill was too small to have been the seat of a city such as Byblos. The abundance of ancient fragments collected around the citadel, the situation of the necropolises to the north and south of the Frankish enclosure provide the evidence that the city did not move and that Gebeil is Byblos."
2445:
112:
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79:
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62:
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119:
86:
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1935:
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1943:
1848:
1753:
1872:
2490:
2508:
2481:
1353:
2946:
Eusebii pamphili caesareae palestinae episcopi Liber de locis hebraicis: Sive onomasticon urbium et locorum Sacrae
Scripturae. Nunc primùm Graecè editum, cum Latina versione Sancti Hieronymi. Et variis Additamentis R. P. Jacobi Bonfrerii Soc. Iesu. Unà cum Commentariis ejusdem in Josue, Judices,
1323:
The original site spread down into the valley and covered an area of 1.2 ha (3.0 acres) providing fertile soils and a protected landing place for boats. Dunand discovered around twenty houses although some of the settlement was suggested to have been lost to the sea, robbed or destroyed.
1958:, Roman, and Crusader ruins, sandy beaches and the picturesque mountains that surround it make it an ideal tourist destination. The city is known for its fish restaurants, open-air bars, and outdoor cafes. Yachts cruise into its harbor today as they did in the 1960s and 1970s when
1309:
1335:
The Middle
Neolithic was a smaller settlement of no more than 0.15 ha (0.37 acres) adjacent to the older site. The pottery was more developed with red washes and more varied forms and elaborate decorations, buildings were poorer with unplastered floors.
1348:
hook, found in a jar. Some jars were lined with white plaster that was applied and self-hardened after firing. Copper appeared more frequently in the Late
Chalcolithic period along with multiple burials in tombs and jar handles with impressed signs.
1339:
The Late
Neolithic period showed development from the middle in building design, a wider range of more developed flint tools and a far larger variety of pottery with fabrication including silica. The Late Chalcolithic featured developments of
2060:, originally built in 1600–1200 BC on top of the “L-shaped temple,” was moved by archaeologists to its present location. The many small obelisks found in this temple were used as religious offerings. The sanctuary contained a large number of
1820:, along with the fortified town, served as an important military base for the Crusaders. The remains of the castle are among the most impressive architectural structures now visible in the town centre. The town was taken by
1922:. The LAU Byblos Campus houses the Medical School, the Engineering School, the School of Architecture and Design, the Pharmacy School, which offers the only Pharm.D. Program outside the United States accredited by the
3482:
Fleisch, Henri., Préhistoire au Liban en 1950, Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Français, vol. 48, 1–2, p. 26. (Contains report on Byblos presented by
Maurice Dunand to the 3rd C.I.S.E.A., Brussels, 1948),
2166:
Work on the church started during the
Crusades in 1115. It was considered a cathedral and was partially destroyed during an earthquake in AD 1170. It was later given to the Maronite bishop as a gift by Prince
3528:
Byblos and
Jericho in the early bronze I : social dynamics and cultural interactions : proceedings of the international workshop held in Rome on March 6th 2007 by Rome "La Sapienza" University
2814:
Byblos and
Jericho in the early bronze I : social dynamics and cultural interactions : proceedings of the international workshop held in Rome on March 6th 2007 by Rome "La Sapienza" University
7850:
1496:
collapsed in the 11th century BC, Byblos ceased being a colony and became the foremost city of
Phoenicia. Although the archaeological evidence seems to indicate a brief resurgence during the
3941:
Dagher, Rhéa; Kalindjian, Rita (2020). "Paving the way for a
Lebanese national narrative: Empathy at the Armenian Genocide Orphans' Aram Bezikian Museum in Lebanon". In Rey, Virginie (ed.).
6872:
6780:
3557:
Fleisch, Henri., Néolithique du Proche-Orient, Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Français, vol. 49, 5–6, p. 212. (Contains report on Byblos excavations of 1951 by Maurice Dunand), 1952.
2921:
An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II
1531:. The use of the alphabet was spread by Phoenician merchants through their maritime trade into parts of North Africa and Europe. One of the most important monuments of this period is the
1058:, Byblos holds a strong allure for archaeologists due to its accumulations of various strata resulting from countless centuries of human dwelling. The initial excavation was conducted by
1399:, Byblos moved from being a fishermen's village to its earlier urban form at the beginning of the third millennium BC. Early Bronze Age remains were characterised by the development of
5333:
7835:
1553:
Traditional Lebanese house overlooking the Mediterranean sea, Byblos. This house is within the antiquities complex and illustrates the modern ground level concerning excavations
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4650:
4162:
3841:
1076:, who continued excavations from 1925 for a span of forty years. Renan's expedition was to "provide the evidence that the city did not move and that Gebeil is Byblos".
3753:
1831:
Having voluntarily surrendered to the Mamluks, the city was relatively spared from looting following its capture. Its fortifications were subsequently restored by
3692:
7895:
6865:
6773:
1132:). During the 3rd millennium BC, the first signs of a town can be observed, with the remains of well-built houses of uniform size. This was the period when the
2827:
1863:
negatively affected the ancient city by covering its harbour and town walls with an oil slick that was the result of an oil spill from a nearby power plant.
7830:
7815:
5326:
1923:
531:
6613:
2128:
The Byblos Fossil Museum has a collection of fossilised fish, sharks, eel, flying fish, and other marine life, some of which are millions of years old.
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6471:
111:
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6858:
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Byblos was virtually an Egyptian colony. The growing city was a wealthy one and seems to have been an ally (among "those who are on his waters") of
78:
3707:
7905:
5319:
5203:
4643:
2731:
Garfinkel, Yosef (2004). ""Néolithique" and "Énéolithique" Byblos in Southern Levantine Context". In E. J. Peltenburg; Alexander Wasse (eds.).
2246:
The Armenian Genocide Orphans' Aram Bezikian Museum is a museum dedicated to preserving the memory of the Armenian Genocide and its survivors.
1179:
Prehistoric settlements at Byblos were divided up by Dunand into the following five periods, which were recently expanded and re-calibrated by
1966:
were regular visitors to the city. Byblos was crowned as the "Arab Tour Capital" for the year 2016 by the Lebanese minister of tourism in the
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3600:
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2610:
1469:
who were rulers of Byblos, writing to the Egyptian government. This is mainly due to Rib-Hadda's constant pleas for military assistance from
1305:. It was located on the seaward slope of the larger of the two hills that used to compose ancient Byblos, with a watered valley in between.
1024:-l' / 'g-v-l'), which means 'twist as a rope', '(be a, set) border' or 'bound(aria)', which tells us that it is a North Boundary of Canaan.
7870:
7820:
2174:
1167:
in 1950. Early pottery found at the tell was published by E.S. Boynton in 1960 with further studies by R. Erich in 1954 and Van Liere and
721:
1422:
tombs used timbers from Byblos. One of the oldest Egyptian words for an oceangoing boat was "Byblos ship". Archaeologists have recovered
6510:
5138:
1781:
1382:
3845:
6735:
4972:
4113:
2972:
2648:
2629:
2591:
1505:
1390:
1374:
609:
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4636:
3584:
3019:
2779:
2667:
2569:
412:
1698:
was elaborately rebuilt, and the city, though smaller than its neighbours such as Tyrus and Zidonia, was a centre for the cult of
147:
7910:
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5290:
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4148:
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1891:
646:
641:
640:
582:
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6155:
3992:
2707:
2159:
1765:
644:
577:
7744:
6684:
5343:
2925:
2686:
1497:
580:
575:
4140:
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7875:
6618:
6464:
3764:
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2138:
The old medieval part of Byblos is surrounded by walls running about 270m from east to west and 200m from north to south.
1895:
1619:(538–332 BC), Byblos was the fourth of four Phoenician vassal kingdoms established by the Persians; the first three being
1501:
1489:
4074:
530:. Urbanisation is thought to have begun during the third millennium BC and it developed into a city making it one of the
4826:
3728:
2279:
1919:
296:
288:
1906:("Daughter of Byblos") in Southern Lebanon was founded by those Shi`i Muslims. Byblos has three representatives in the
7900:
7729:
7429:
6666:
6539:
5311:
4816:
4513:
2154:
Byblos Castle was built by the Crusaders in the 12th century. It is located in the archaeological site near the port.
1640:
1481:
2010:, about 20 m deep, is a large cavity accessible by spiral stairs. Once it supplied the city with water. According to
904:
is a direct descendant of these earlier names, although apparently modified by a misunderstanding of the name as the
3866:
3523:
2809:
7920:
7865:
4607:
4503:
4180:
2793:
Archaeological excavations at Byblos indicate that the site has been continually inhabited since at least 5000 B.C.
2072:
1991:
1713:, known for his extensive building projects, including beyond his own kingdom, constructed a city wall for Byblos.
1536:
1520:
1485:
479:
194:
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7885:
7679:
7329:
5347:
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1887:
1856:
1329:
818:
704:
7915:
7074:
7049:
6603:
6457:
6205:
2462:
2207:
In the southeast section of the historic city, near the entrance of the archaeological site, is an old market.
474:
364:
6583:
6517:
6489:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4228:
2342:
2083:
1427:
1411:
1378:
1287:
1192:
673:
189:
28:
5053:
5048:
4871:
2444:
61:
7734:
7359:
6888:
6608:
6588:
6576:
6040:
4687:
4617:
4612:
3307:
Cauvin, Jacques., Les industries lithiques du tell de Byblos (Liban), L'Anthropologie, vol. 66, 5–6, 1962.
2622:
A Monetary and Political History of the Phoenician City of Byblos: In the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.E
2579:
2234:
2057:
1975:
1967:
1733:
1549:
1532:
1419:
1064:
693:
452:
5143:
3447:
Dunand, Maurice., Chronologie des plus anciennes installations de Byblos, Revue Biblique, vol. 57, 1950b.
7394:
7389:
7269:
6939:
6695:
6690:
5914:
5361:
4932:
4670:
4295:
3637:
3316:
Vallois, H.V., Note sur les ossements humains de la nécropole énéolithique de Byblos (avec 2 planches).
1907:
1400:
1313:
267:
7639:
7634:
7139:
5168:
5123:
4942:
5178:
4911:
4821:
4720:
4172:
3438:
Dunand, Maurice., Fouilles de Byblos, vol II, Atlas, Paris, 1950d (also part I, 1954 – part II, 1958).
2022:
on the stairs of the spring and took her to the royal palace, where she found the body of her husband
7759:
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6170:
6150:
5980:
5855:
5511:
5420:
5279:
5213:
5208:
5113:
4836:
4746:
2557:
2123:
1788:
1493:
1407:
1386:
1370:
1160:
1109:
707:
662:
598:
495:
277:
201:
5243:
5163:
5012:
5002:
7664:
7649:
7444:
7384:
6794:
6715:
6700:
6631:
5970:
5705:
5238:
5148:
5118:
4997:
4786:
2929:
1657:
1581:
1567:
1543:
1524:
1454:
The rulers of Byblos maintained close relationships with the New Kingdom pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
866:
775:
545:
538:
340:
332:
5929:
5248:
5108:
4016:
3371:
Van Liere, W. and Contenson, Henri de, "Holocene Environment and Early Settlement in the Levant",
1664:
was in use, and there is abundant evidence of continued trade with other Mediterranean countries.
7689:
6999:
6740:
6636:
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6598:
6527:
6094:
5725:
5258:
5193:
5133:
5128:
5027:
4767:
4032:
3686:
3385:
2734:
Neolithic Revolution: New Perspectives on Southwest Asia in Light of Recent Discoveries on Cyprus
1653:
1577:
1528:
1168:
1086:
511:
6224:
5058:
5007:
4947:
4801:
1609:
1605:
1344:" and fan scrapers. Adult burials in jars started to appear along with metal in the form of one
5088:
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5063:
5043:
4861:
4090:
3923:
7719:
7479:
7474:
7404:
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6544:
6534:
6341:
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5516:
5295:
5188:
5173:
5103:
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4772:
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4006:
3948:
3617:
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3208:
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3015:
3011:
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2738:
2682:
2663:
2644:
2625:
2606:
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2103:
2075:
dates back to the second millennium BC and contains tombs of the Byblos kings, including King
1806:
1773:
1616:
1593:
1016:
al Gobâl'..., that is, 'Gebal' or 'Jebel'), which shares the same root as גְּבוּל ('Gəḇūl / Gā
743:
507:
248:
4992:
3505:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1957, 1958 & 1959,
3492:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1960, 1961 & 1962,
3456:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1950, 1951 & 1952,
3069:
3063:
2944:
7724:
7344:
7334:
7274:
7229:
7184:
7114:
7084:
7064:
6834:
6790:
6653:
6522:
6312:
6261:
6185:
5796:
5436:
5218:
5198:
4962:
4916:
4757:
4493:
4488:
4472:
4282:
4241:
2702:
2374:
2358:
2061:
1860:
1710:
995:
669:
605:
523:
519:
383:
4121:
3595:
Shaw, Ian: "The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt", page 321. Oxford University Press, 2000.
3579:"Byblos" in: Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 2, p. 692. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1992.
1046:
7810:
7749:
7644:
7594:
7564:
7544:
7514:
7489:
7484:
7434:
7399:
7089:
6593:
6480:
5664:
5629:
4937:
4762:
4741:
4176:
3817:
3120:
3065:
A visual history of the English Bible: the tumultuous tale of the world's bestselling book
3035:
2326:
2310:
2108:
The Byblos Wax Museum displays wax statues of characters whose dates of origin range from
1810:
1802:
1798:
1777:
1729:
1706:
1644:
1563:
1366:
1341:
1180:
1113:
1041:
958:
905:
877:
801:
464:
443:
206:
7314:
6710:
6626:
5754:
4886:
4851:
3944:
Art of Minorities: Cultural Representation in Museums of the Middle East and North Africa
2919:
1434:, although this "may easily have reached Byblos through trade and/or at a later period".
4572:
4039:
2471:
2223:
This summer music festival is an annual event that takes place in the historic quarter.
7779:
7714:
7694:
7629:
7599:
7549:
7529:
7524:
7504:
7494:
7469:
7349:
7309:
7219:
7109:
6959:
6824:
6809:
6758:
6677:
6672:
6407:
6089:
6025:
5975:
5939:
5885:
5695:
5557:
5495:
5300:
5233:
5228:
5098:
4921:
4841:
4751:
4676:
4459:
4363:
3905:
2950:(in Latin). apud Sebastianum Cramoisy Regis & Reginae Architypographum. p. 70.
2874:
1836:
1672:
1458:
1234:
1207:
1184:
1164:
1148:
1073:
779:
749:
549:
527:
421:
2586:. Translated by Mary Turton (2d ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1308:
1159:
sites in 1962. Remains of humans found in Chalcolithic burials have been published by
7804:
7754:
7684:
7619:
7574:
7539:
7364:
7129:
7124:
7069:
7054:
6964:
6839:
6828:
6658:
6352:
6115:
5846:
5826:
5685:
5660:
5285:
4901:
4596:
4591:
4320:
3788:
3519:
2902:
2805:
2149:
1963:
1959:
1817:
1741:
1725:
1676:
1624:
1509:
1423:
1396:
1279:
1089:
1069:
987:
954:
758:
753:
1267:, pierced flint, churn and a violin figurine, dated to between 4500 and 3600 BC and,
7709:
7699:
7669:
7659:
7624:
7614:
7609:
7584:
7569:
7559:
7534:
7509:
7264:
7249:
7179:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7039:
7029:
6571:
6563:
6347:
6337:
6220:
6055:
5875:
5871:
5634:
5609:
5537:
5376:
5223:
4927:
4906:
4891:
2904:
Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5
2255:
2194:
2168:
2047:
1809:, and then as a hereditary fief, undertaking to pay an annual fee to Genoa and the
1721:
1691:
1601:
1443:
1294:
1275:
1253:
1241:
1156:
1059:
763:
515:
3469:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1954, 1955,
3425:
Dunand, Maurice., Rapport préliminaire sure les fouilles de Byblos en 1948, 1949,
1667:
873:. The name thus seems to have meant the "Well of the God" or "Source of the God".
3942:
3402:
3268:
3005:
2962:
2732:
7769:
7704:
7674:
7604:
7554:
7374:
7304:
7204:
6954:
6307:
6119:
6076:
5944:
5740:
5730:
5476:
5460:
5456:
5370:
4987:
4982:
4952:
4440:
2261:
2015:
1979:
1951:
1648:
1585:
1431:
1152:
1105:
4043:
1828:
in 1266, but it remained in the possession of the Embriacos until around 1300.
1020:ūl, that is 'Gebul' or 'Jabul'), as they're derivatives of ג־ב־ל ('g-ḇ-l' / 'g-
7784:
7764:
7654:
7579:
7499:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7419:
7369:
7259:
7174:
7099:
7004:
6979:
6974:
6929:
6924:
6317:
6281:
6276:
6014:
5619:
5471:
4876:
4435:
4287:
4277:
4082:
3842:"Middle East: Top 5 Cities: Readers' Choice Awards : Condé Nast Traveler"
3290:
3264:
Byblos et l'Égypte: quatre campagnes de fouilles à Gebeil, 1921-1922-1923-1924
2030:
1903:
1899:
1597:
1302:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1245:
1121:
1050:
Terracotta jug from Byblos (now in the Louvre), Late Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC)
870:
846:
711:
4011:
3732:
3245:
1744:
in 1098 that prosperity returned to Byblos, known then as Gibelet or Giblet.
699:
stated that Byblos was called "Gobel / Gebal" in Hebrew. The name appears as
162:
149:
7589:
7519:
7464:
7324:
7319:
7299:
7289:
7239:
7209:
7189:
7104:
7024:
7014:
6438:
6433:
6423:
6332:
6230:
6209:
6060:
6020:
5965:
5745:
5573:
5431:
5401:
5366:
5153:
5068:
4856:
4831:
4659:
4583:
4430:
3345:
Boynton, E.S., The Ceramic Industry of Ancient Lebanon. (Available in MS in
3096:
The Whole Library Handbook 5: Current Data, Professional Advice, and Curiosa
2516:
2498:
2109:
1955:
1589:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1230:
1211:
1203:
1196:
1144:
1093:
1083:
1037:
746:
499:
258:
6215:
6174:
5670:
4628:
2525:
1760:
1752:
1682:
4135:
4027:
3614:
For the Freedom of Zion: the Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66-74 CE
3329:
Chehab, Emir M., Tombes des chefs d'époque énéolithique trouvés à Byblos,
2489:
1934:
1237:(Jericho) VIII and represented by pottery, dated between 5800 and 5300 BC;
7789:
7774:
7279:
7234:
7214:
7079:
6919:
6745:
6497:
6397:
6200:
6165:
6145:
6139:
6135:
6035:
5995:
5960:
5908:
5891:
5709:
5700:
5491:
5480:
5450:
5441:
5391:
5078:
5022:
4967:
4957:
4881:
4866:
4811:
4537:
4498:
4413:
4390:
3362:
Erich, R., Relative chronologies in Old World Archaeology, Chicago, 1954.
3262:
2422:
2406:
2390:
2011:
1983:
1883:
1835:. From 1516 until 1918, the town and the whole region became part of the
1661:
1223:
1117:
940:
920:
3976:
3972:
3887:
3048:
2549:
1942:
1847:
1442:
Objects have been found at Byblos naming the 13th Dynasty Egyptian king
939:
All of these, along with Byblos, are etymologically related. During the
7439:
7424:
7379:
7354:
7294:
7284:
7254:
7199:
7194:
7149:
7119:
7034:
7009:
6994:
6934:
6899:
6883:
6814:
6798:
6401:
6392:
6377:
6367:
6327:
6302:
6256:
6194:
6190:
6050:
6030:
6004:
5990:
5984:
5836:
5816:
5806:
5801:
5765:
5760:
5715:
5679:
5675:
5614:
5546:
5501:
5446:
5410:
5406:
5385:
5381:
5183:
5158:
4846:
4523:
4508:
4483:
4454:
4374:
4272:
4215:
4062:
3350:
3186:
3163:"Strong's Hebrew: 1366. גְּבוּל (gebul) -- border, boundary, territory"
3162:
3138:
2875:"Phoenician alphabet | Definition, Letters, & History | Britannica"
2378:
2369:
1876:
1871:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1785:
1717:
1695:
1573:
1539:
1325:
1215:
1080:
983:
717:
714:
503:
494:
BC. During its history, Byblos was part of numerous cultures including
486:. The area is believed to have been first settled between 8800 and 7000
483:
182:
2507:
2480:
1473:. They also deal with the conquest of neighbouring city-states by the
17:
7409:
7244:
7094:
7059:
7019:
6949:
6909:
6428:
6382:
6372:
6356:
6321:
6286:
6271:
6266:
6180:
6098:
6084:
6045:
6000:
5934:
5810:
5781:
5604:
5583:
5542:
5521:
5505:
5486:
5466:
5426:
5093:
4559:
4551:
4518:
4464:
4395:
4385:
4346:
4330:
4264:
4223:
3714:
2849:
2426:
2417:
2362:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2330:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2190:
2076:
2023:
1971:
1737:
1732:
colony is known to have been established in the region following the
1699:
1474:
1345:
1298:
1219:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1097:
1055:
1033:
535:
353:
284:
263:
3388:, Groningen Radiocarbon Dates X, Radiocarbon, 14, 6–110 / 105, 1972.
1950:
Byblos is re-emerging as an upscale touristic hub. With its ancient
1426:-made artifacts as old as a vessel fragment bearing the name of the
1352:
1736:
of 636, there is little archaeological evidence for it. Trade with
925:
When the Arabic form of the name is used, it is typically rendered
7739:
7414:
6914:
6904:
6449:
6386:
6362:
6251:
6246:
6159:
6129:
6125:
5918:
5841:
5786:
5750:
5735:
5720:
5689:
5638:
5624:
5588:
5416:
5395:
4896:
4400:
4338:
4325:
2410:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2173:
2046:
2029:
1987:
1941:
1933:
1870:
1846:
1795:
1759:
1751:
1681:
1666:
1628:
1620:
1548:
1513:
1415:
1351:
1317:
1307:
1290:
period, approximately 8800 to 7000 BC (Durand's Early Neolithic).
1045:
1004:", therefore, ultimately derives from the Greek name of the city,
1000:
862:
804:
553:
310:
2967:. New York, NY: Random House Trade Paperbacks Books. p. 66.
2768:
Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E.; Abu-Lughod, Janet L. (2006).
1728:
was established in Byblos, and the town grew rapidly. Although a
1293:
Early Neolithic Byblos was a later settlement than others in the
1100:. (Cronus was considered the nearest equivalent to the Canaanite
7169:
7144:
7134:
6984:
6969:
6722:
6010:
5924:
5850:
5831:
5791:
5578:
4233:
3250:. Oxford University, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. pp. 329–339.
2019:
1926:, the School of Business, and the School of Arts and Sciences.
1249:
1112:
used by the ancient Greeks and Romans.) According to the writer
1101:
6854:
6762:
6453:
5315:
4632:
4144:
948:
7339:
5881:
4405:
4050:
3139:"Strong's Hebrew: 1380. גְּבַל (Gebal) -- a city in Phoenicia"
1859:
from 1920 until 1943 when Lebanon achieved independence. The
1740:
effectively dried up, and it was not until the coming of the
1259:
Early Chalcolithic corresponding to the Late Chalcolithic of
971:
965:
425:
4571:
3524:"Aside the spring: Byblos and Jericho from village to town"
3187:"Strong's Hebrew: 1379. גָּבַל (gabal) -- to bound, border"
2810:"Aside the spring: Byblos and Jericho from village to town"
2584:
The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade
401:
3981:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 788–801
3616:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 21–22, 535.
1882:
Byblos's inhabitants are predominantly Christian, mostly
1805:, first as administrators of the city in the name of the
1523:
dating back to around 1200–1000 BC, shows existence of a
1519:
Archaeological evidence at Byblos, particularly the five
392:
1772:
In the 12th and 13th century, Byblos became part of the
1054:
Situated approximately 42 km (26 mi) north of
3396:
3394:
2603:
The Phoenician History of Philo of Byblos: A Commentary
1406:
Watson Mills and Roger Bullard suggest that during the
1286:
The site first appears to have been settled during the
1195:(PPNB) of Jericho, represented by plastered floors and
1147:
remains of some buildings can be observed at the site.
2726:
2724:
2722:
1527:
of twenty-two characters; an important example is the
828:
468:
7851:
Populated places established in the 5th millennium BC
2062:
human figurines made of bronze covered with gold leaf
1824:
in 1187, re-taken by the Crusaders, and conquered by
413:
404:
2641:
Reviving Phoenicia: In Search of Identity In Lebanon
1794:
As Gibelet or Giblet, it came under the rule of the
1163:
in 1937. Tombs from this era were discussed by Emir
865:"), the latter a word that could variously refer to
632:
567:
457:
398:
395:
389:
6652:
6562:
6496:
6416:
6295:
6239:
6108:
6069:
5953:
5900:
5864:
5774:
5653:
5597:
5566:
5530:
5354:
5271:
5036:
4794:
4785:
4729:
4695:
4686:
4582:
4199:
4098:
3754:"Elections municipales et ikhtiariah au Mont-Liban"
3291:"The Theology of the Phœnicians: From Sanchoniatho"
3202:
3200:
1924:
Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
1403:and a lithic assemblage studied by Jacques Cauvin.
1191:Early Neolithic (early phase) corresponding to the
1120:), Byblos was founded by the Phoenician shrine god
386:
359:
349:
339:
330:
305:
295:
274:
257:
246:
238:
233:
225:
217:
212:
200:
188:
178:
39:
1918:Byblos is home to the professional schools of the
1324:Dwellings were rectangular with plastered floors,
1202:Early Neolithic (late phase) corresponding to the
3404:Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, p. 78-79
2258:(born 1970), Maronite priest, association founder
3530:. Università di Roma "La Sapienza". p. 35.
2816:. Università di Roma "La Sapienza". p. 35.
1542:, but this had fallen into ruins by the time of
856:
840:
789:
783:
556:and all other Western alphabets, was developed.
2189:The old mosque by the Castle dates back to the
1282:impressions, dated to between 3600 and 3100 BC.
1079:Fragments attributed to the semi-legendary pre-
7836:Mediterranean port cities and towns in Lebanon
3207:Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990).
1480:It appears Egyptian contact peaked during the
737:
731:
6866:
6774:
6465:
5327:
4644:
4156:
3099:. American Library Association. p. 198.
2896:
2894:
1270:Late Chalcolithic corresponding to the Early
8:
3844:. Cntraveler.com. 2012-10-16. Archived from
2987:
1855:Byblos and all of Lebanon were placed under
1596:. Byblos was also subject to Assyrian kings
964:The Phoenician City, known to the Greeks as
887:
881:
812:
6614:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos
3947:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 180.
3818:"Byblos, Lebanon's Ancient Port, Is Reborn"
3666:. Paris: Imprimerie impériale. p. 157.
3127:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 246–7.
2178:Sultan Abdulmejid mosque in Byblos, Lebanon
1716:In the 3rd century, a small but impressive
1248:and represented by pottery, stone vessels,
1240:Late Neolithic corresponding to the Middle
1214:) between 6400 and 5800 BC, represented by
1199:technology, dated between 8800 and 7000 BC;
1072:'s efforts from 1921 to 1924, and later by
1012:a Greek mumbo-jumble of גְּבָל ('Gāḇal / Gə
977:
943:, this name appeared in Western records as
6873:
6859:
6851:
6781:
6767:
6759:
6472:
6458:
6450:
5334:
5320:
5312:
4791:
4692:
4651:
4637:
4629:
4163:
4149:
4141:
3811:
3809:
3731:. Proud-to-be-lebanese.com. Archived from
3691:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3341:
3339:
3213:. Mercer University Press. pp. 124–.
2771:Cities of the Middle East and North Africa
1256:and seals, dated between 5300 and 4500 BC;
636:
571:
36:
7826:Maronite Christian communities in Lebanon
3068:. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. p.
2763:
2761:
1092:say Byblos was the first city erected in
473:
6835:Rachid Karami International Fair–Tripoli
6827:(the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the
3239:
3237:
3010:(in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. p.
1994:as the best Arab tourist city for 2013.
490:BC and continuously inhabited since 5000
4136:Baalat ancient deity, chiefly of Byblos
3867:"Byblos crowned best Arab tourist city"
3401:Lorraine Copeland; P. Wescombe (1965).
2718:
2437:
2193:period, and adopted the name of Sultan
1312:Dark faced burnished ware pottery from
1174:
994:" came to mean "papyrus" in Greek. The
304:
294:
256:
232:
211:
177:
142:
70:
58:
3684:
3679:Byblos: Its History, Ruins and Legends
2026:embedded in one of the palace pillars.
1910:: two Maronites and one Shi`i Muslim.
1229:Middle Neolithic corresponding to the
1116:(quoting Sanchuniathon, and quoted in
3638:"EMBRIACI in "Enciclopedia Italiana""
2620:Elayi, Josette; Elayi, A. G. (2014).
1816:The Embriaco family's residence, the
358:
348:
338:
329:
273:
245:
237:
224:
216:
199:
187:
7:
7896:Territories of the Republic of Genoa
982:, was important for their import of
857:
841:
829:
790:
7831:Populated coastal places in Lebanon
7816:Populated places in Byblos District
3971:Head, Barclay; et al. (1911),
3708:"ICOMOS Heritage at Risk 2006/2007"
1383:Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
888:
813:
447:
221:4.16 km (1.61 sq mi)
3888:"Temple of the Obelisks in Byblos"
3763:. 2010. p. 19. Archived from
2964:The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt
1920:Lebanese American University (LAU)
1720:was constructed. With the rise of
1391:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt
1375:First Intermediate Period of Egypt
1155:from the stratified Neolithic and
544:It was in Ancient Byblos that the
25:
3049:"Byblos Mart -- Bookworms Corner"
2064:, which are now displayed in the
1801:, who created for themselves the
1604:(r. 668–627 BC), under its kings
1504:dynasties, it is clear after the
1492:dynasties. In addition, when the
1140:Neolithic and Chalcolithic levels
1065:"Mission de Phénicie" (1865–1874)
833:). The name seems to derive from
7856:5th-millennium BC establishments
6882:
6789:
6553:
5342:
5291:Neolithic demographic transition
4171:
4038:
4026:
3125:Etymological Dictionary of Greek
2624:. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
2524:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2416:
2400:
2384:
2368:
2352:
2336:
2320:
2304:
2288:
1748:Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman period
1508:the Egyptians started favouring
1175:Dunand's five-level stratigraphy
1062:in 1860, documented in his work
382:
117:
110:
84:
77:
60:
7846:World Heritage Sites in Lebanon
7841:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
6889:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
5976:Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)
4114:"Radio Carbon Context Database"
3429:. Tome IX, 1949–1950, Beyrouth.
3375:, volume 14, pp. 125–128, 1964.
3373:Annales archéologiques de Syrie
3333:. Tome IX, 1949–1950, Beyrouth.
2830:from the original on 2023-09-23
2708:Cities of the ancient Near East
2564:(in French). Paris: H & D.
1978:as the second best city in the
1584:in 738 BC, and in 701 BC, when
1136:civilization began to develop.
1096:and was established by the god
34:City in Keserwan-Jbeil, Lebanon
7906:Tourist attractions in Lebanon
7745:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
6685:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
6572:Latin Empire of Constantinople
5348:Phoenician cities and colonies
4075:"Embassy of Lebanon in Canada"
3816:Beehner, Lionel (2010-01-03).
3789:"Lebanese American University"
3210:Mercer dictionary of the Bible
2601:Baumgarten, Albert I. (1981).
1998:The Byblos archaeological site
1902:. It is said that the city of
1898:. There is also a minority of
1656:rule came with the arrival of
1580:of Byblos became tributary to
229:17 km (7 sq mi)
118:
85:
1:
6619:Lordship of Argos and Nauplia
3507:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3494:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3471:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3458:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3427:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
3347:American University of Beirut
3331:Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth
3318:Bulletin du musée de Beyrouth
2219:Byblos International Festival
2212:Byblos International Festival
1484:, only to decline during the
1332:with some shell impressions.
548:, likely the ancestor of the
478:), is an ancient city in the
4046:travel guide from Wikivoyage
4017:Resources in other libraries
3612:Rogers, Guy MacLean (2021).
3496:. Tome XVII, 1964, Beyrouth.
3473:. Tome XIII, 1956, Beyrouth.
3093:Eberhart, George M. (2013).
2918:Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920).
2660:The World of the Phoenicians
966:
784:
732:
469:
7871:Phoenician sites in Lebanon
7821:Christian cities in Lebanon
7430:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
7390:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
6667:State of the Teutonic Order
6540:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
3526:. In Nigro, Lorenzo (ed.).
3509:. Tome XVI, 1961, Beyrouth.
3460:. Tome XII, 1955, Beyrouth.
3247:The Neolithic of the Levant
2812:. In Nigro, Lorenzo (ed.).
2681:. Oxford: DE Publications.
2679:Ancient Byblos Reconsidered
2014:'s version of the Egyptian
1641:Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
882:
458:
7937:
6328:Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)
4608:Royal necropolis of Byblos
4181:Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate
2677:Nibbi, Alessandra (1985).
2658:Moscati, Sabatino (1999).
2639:Kaufman, Asher S. (2004).
2544:. Beirut: Dar al Machreq.
2274:Twin towns – sister cities
2232:
2216:
2202:Historic Quarter and Souks
2160:St John the Baptist Church
2147:
2121:
2101:
2051:The Temple of the Obelisks
2043:was erected about 2700 BC.
2018:, the king's servants met
1992:World Tourism Organization
1638:
1561:
1521:Byblian royal inscriptions
1364:
1128:identified with their god
1031:
972:
871:their leader in particular
738:
710:records going back to the
532:oldest cities in the world
480:Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate
426:
333:UNESCO World Heritage Site
325:UNESCO World Heritage Site
26:
7680:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
7330:Phoenician port of Beirut
7250:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
6895:
6805:
6731:
6551:
6487:
6081:Portus Magonis (Portimão)
5645:Strato's Tower (Caesarea)
4666:
4569:
4187:
4055:Lebanon, the Cedars' Land
4012:Resources in your library
3320:. Tome I, 1937. Beyrouth.
3062:Brake, Donald L. (2008).
2774:. ABC-CLIO. p. 104.
2662:. London: Phoenix Giant.
2066:National Museum of Beirut
1592:, the king of Byblos was
1506:Third Intermediate Period
1330:Dark faced burnished ware
953:. This name was used for
867:any of the Canaanite gods
774:BC, its name appeared in
371:
323:
143:
71:
59:
52:
7861:Amarna letters locations
7050:Canalizations of Zenobia
6604:Duchy of the Archipelago
5827:Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)
4660:Neolithic Southwest Asia
3906:"Isis and Osiris Legend"
3729:"Lebanon Elections 2005"
3007:Geschichte der Karthager
2961:Wilkinson, Toby (2011).
2901:Gauthier, Henri (1928).
2091:Other historic buildings
2086:was built around AD 218.
1875:The old souk in Byblos,
1461:include 60 letters from
1068:. This was succeeded by
43:
7911:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
7235:Kouachra megalith field
7125:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
6584:Kingdom of Thessalonica
6518:Principality of Antioch
6490:List of Crusader states
4715:Pre-Pottery Neolithic C
4709:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
4703:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
4601:Jaj Cedar National Park
3677:Maurice Dunand (1973).
3566:Wilkinson, Toby, 1999,
3407:. Imprimerie Catholique
3267:. P. Geuthner. p.
3261:Montet, Pierre (1928).
2943:de Césarée, E. (1659).
2643:. London: I.B. Tauris.
2605:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2542:Byblos through the ages
2540:Jidéjian, Nina (1968).
2343:Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud
2269:International relations
2197:after he renovated it.
2112:times to current days.
1974:. Byblos was chosen by
1851:Byblos Historic Quarter
1766:Church of St. John-Mark
1660:in the area in 332 BC.
1412:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
1379:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
1288:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
1193:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
1110:the syncretising system
1028:History and archaeology
976:) and to the Romans as
959:its associated lordship
949:
610:1st Intermediate Period
134:Show map of Middle East
98:Location within Lebanon
29:Byblos (disambiguation)
7881:Roman sites in Lebanon
7735:Temple of the Obelisks
7385:Roman Forum of Berytus
7285:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
7035:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
6706:Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek
6609:Triarchy of Negroponte
6589:Principality of Achaea
6577:Duchy of Philippopolis
4618:Temple of the Obelisks
4613:Temple of Baalat Gebal
4576:
3924:"St. John-Marc Church"
3662:Renan, Ernest (1864).
3244:Moore, A.M.T. (1978).
2264:(born 1966), economist
2235:Temple of Baalat Gebal
2228:Temple of Baalat Gebal
2184:Sultan Abduljid Mosque
2179:
2058:Temple of the Obelisks
2052:
2035:
1947:
1939:
1879:
1852:
1769:
1757:
1734:early Muslim conquests
1694:period, the temple of
1687:
1679:
1554:
1533:Temple of the Obelisks
1357:
1320:
1051:
990:– to the extent that "
978:
7395:Roman temple of Bziza
6940:Akkar plain foothills
6696:Bishopric of Courland
6691:Archbishopric of Riga
5671:Cape Melqart (Cefalù)
5054:Abu Masiyad al-Sharqi
5049:Abu Masiyad al-Gharbi
4671:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
4604:Laqlouq skiing resort
4575:
4118:University of Cologne
3681:. Beirut. p. 41.
3004:Huss, Werner (1985).
2558:Thiollet, Jean-Pierre
2177:
2050:
2033:
1945:
1937:
1908:Parliament of Lebanon
1886:, with minorities of
1874:
1850:
1813:(Genoa's Cathedral).
1811:church of San Lorenzo
1763:
1755:
1685:
1670:
1552:
1355:
1311:
1151:published studies of
1049:
345:Cultural: iii, iv, vi
276: • Summer (
163:34.12361°N 35.65194°E
7876:Hellenistic colonies
6795:World Heritage Sites
6506:Kingdom of Jerusalem
6348:Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)
6186:Carthage (Cartagena)
5574:Callista (Santorini)
5512:Tipasa in Mauretania
5472:Rusippisir (Taksebt)
5280:Neolithic Revolution
4035:at Wikimedia Commons
3568:Early Dynastic Egypt
3349:and in microfilm in
3295:www.sacred-texts.com
2580:Aubet, Maria Eugenia
2241:Aram Bezikian Museum
2124:Byblos Fossil Museum
2117:Byblos Fossil Museum
1843:Contemporary history
1789:Kingdom of Jerusalem
1600:(r. 681–669 BC) and
1457:Around 1350 BC, the
1418:for many centuries.
1408:Old Kingdom of Egypt
1387:New Kingdom of Egypt
1371:Old Kingdom of Egypt
1161:Henri Victor Vallois
131:Byblos (Middle East)
27:For other uses, see
7650:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
6701:Bishopric of Dorpat
6632:Knights Hospitaller
6085:Olissipona (Lisbon)
5239:Teleilat el Ghassul
5144:Khabrat Abu Hussein
4091:"Byblos in Belarus"
3928:jbail-byblos.gov.lb
3706:Dr. Lina G. Tahan.
3664:Mission de Phénicie
2907:. pp. 197–198.
2562:Je m'appelle Byblos
2034:The L-shaped Temple
1976:Condé Nast Traveler
1938:Byblos public beach
1803:Lordship of Gibelet
1782:largely independent
1658:Alexander the Great
1635:Classical antiquity
1582:Tiglath-Pileser III
1568:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1544:Alexander the Great
1535:, dedicated to the
1525:Phoenician alphabet
1516:instead of Byblos.
1210:(Jericho) IX (also
1008:('Βύblos / Byblos')
678:(2055–1650 BC)
614:(2181–2055 BC)
546:Phoenician alphabet
539:World Heritage Site
159: /
101:Show map of Lebanon
7901:Tourism in Lebanon
7690:Tell Sultan Yakoub
7640:Tell Neba'a Litani
7635:Tell Neba'a Chaate
7000:Baidar ech Chamout
6831:(Horsh Arz el-Rab)
6741:Crusading movement
6637:Hospitaller Rhodes
6599:Duchy of Neopatras
6257:Balanaea (Baniyas)
5487:Rusuccuru (Dellys)
4933:Tell Qarassa North
4577:
4212:Almat el-Jnoubiyeh
4209:Almat el-Chmaliyeh
4200:Towns and villages
3910:www.phoenician.org
3822:The New York Times
2879:www.britannica.com
2180:
2133:Medieval city wall
2053:
2036:
1982:for 2012, beating
1948:
1940:
1888:Armenian Apostolic
1880:
1853:
1780:connected to, but
1770:
1758:
1688:
1680:
1555:
1529:Ahiram sarcophagus
1465:and his successor
1401:Byblos combed ware
1358:
1321:
1183:to correlate with
1169:Henri de Contenson
1052:
475:[ʒ(ə)beːl]
226: • Metro
168:34.12361; 35.65194
7921:Yarmukian culture
7866:Phoenician cities
7798:
7797:
7730:Temple of Jupiter
7720:Temple of Bacchus
7480:Tell Ain Ghessali
7475:Tell Ain el Meten
7405:Saraain El Faouqa
6848:
6847:
6756:
6755:
6723:Free City of Riga
6545:Kingdom of Cyprus
6535:County of Tripoli
6447:
6446:
6077:Portus Hannibalis
5966:Arambys (Mogador)
5851:Ushu (Palaetyrus)
5832:Porphyreon (Jieh)
5701:Kapara (Soluntum)
5517:Tipasa in Numidia
5467:Rusicade (Skikda)
5309:
5308:
5296:Neolithic decline
5267:
5266:
5169:Khirbet al-Dharih
5124:Jebel Abu Thawwab
4943:Tepe Abdul Hosein
4872:Dja'de el Mughara
4781:
4780:
4626:
4625:
4424:Jouret el-Qattine
4031:Media related to
3993:Library resources
3954:978-1-4744-4379-1
3623:978-0-300-24813-5
3601:978-0-19-280458-7
3537:978-88-88438-06-1
3220:978-0-86554-373-7
3106:978-0-8389-1090-0
3079:978-0-8010-1316-4
2823:978-88-88438-06-1
2744:978-1-84217-132-5
2612:978-90-04-06369-3
2104:Byblos Wax Museum
2097:Byblos Wax Museum
1946:The King's Spring
1807:Republic of Genoa
1774:County of Tripoli
1764:The Crusades-era
1617:Achaemenid Empire
1537:Canaanite war god
1274:, represented by
1263:, represented by
1226:and small points;
691:
690:
679:
654:
653:
650:
649:
627:
626:
615:
590:
589:
586:
585:
467:
456:
430:), also known as
375:
374:
239: • City
218: • City
16:(Redirected from
7928:
7891:Crusader castles
7886:Coloniae (Roman)
7725:Temple of Eshmun
7335:Plain of Zgharta
7275:Maronite mummies
7230:Khirbet El-Knese
7185:Kamouh el Hermel
7115:Haret ech Cheikh
7085:Douris (Baalbek)
7065:Deir El Aachayer
6887:
6886:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6852:
6793:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6760:
6716:Order of Dobrzyń
6644:Genoese colonies
6557:
6523:County of Edessa
6474:
6467:
6460:
6451:
6216:Tagilit (Tíjola)
5991:Shalat (Chellah)
5961:Azama (Azemmour)
5346:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5313:
5179:Mugharat al-Jawa
4963:Nahal Hemar Cave
4917:Tell Abu Hureyra
4822:Bawwab al-Ghazal
4792:
4721:Zagros Neolithic
4693:
4673:(10,500–7500 BP)
4653:
4646:
4639:
4630:
4489:Mazraat es-Siyad
4283:Bichtlida -Fidar
4242:Ain el-Ghouaybeh
4175:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4142:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4120:. Archived from
4109:
4107:
4106:
4097:. Archived from
4086:
4081:. Archived from
4070:
4058:
4042:
4030:
3982:
3978:Historia Numorum
3959:
3958:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3892:www.obelisks.org
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3758:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3712:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3690:
3682:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3609:
3603:
3593:
3587:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3467:
3461:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3398:
3389:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3343:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3287:
3281:
3272:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3121:Beekes, R. S. P.
3117:
3111:
3110:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3001:
2995:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2728:
2703:Byblos syllabary
2692:
2673:
2654:
2635:
2616:
2597:
2575:
2553:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2421:
2420:
2405:
2404:
2389:
2388:
2373:
2372:
2357:
2356:
2341:
2340:
2325:
2324:
2309:
2308:
2293:
2292:
2073:royal necropolis
1861:2006 Lebanon War
1342:Canaanite blades
981:
975:
974:
969:
952:
938:
918:
917:
912:
911:
891:
890:
885:
860:
859:
854:
853:
844:
843:
838:
837:
832:
831:
826:
825:
816:
815:
799:
798:
793:
792:
787:
782:inscriptions as
773:
769:
761:
741:
740:
735:
729:
726:
723:
677:
637:
633:
629:
628:
613:
572:
568:
564:
563:
493:
489:
477:
472:
463:
461:
451:
449:
429:
428:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
388:
319:
316:
314:
312:
281:
174:
173:
171:
170:
169:
164:
160:
157:
156:
155:
152:
135:
121:
120:
114:
102:
88:
87:
81:
64:
37:
21:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7916:Former kingdoms
7801:
7800:
7799:
7794:
7750:Tyre Necropolis
7645:Tell Qasr Labwe
7595:Tell Kabb Elias
7565:Tell Hoch Rafqa
7545:Tell El Ghassil
7515:Tell Bir Dakoue
7490:Tell Ain Saouda
7485:Tell Ain Nfaikh
7435:Tahun ben Aissa
7400:Sands of Beirut
7140:Jabal es Saaïdé
7090:Elaea (Lebanon)
7075:Deir Mar Maroun
6891:
6881:
6879:
6849:
6844:
6801:
6787:
6757:
6752:
6736:Military orders
6727:
6656:
6648:
6594:Duchy of Athens
6558:
6549:
6492:
6483:
6481:Crusader states
6478:
6448:
6443:
6412:
6303:Aspis (Kelibia)
6291:
6235:
6104:
6090:Ossonoba (Faro)
6065:
5949:
5896:
5860:
5797:Athar (Tripoli)
5770:
5649:
5593:
5562:
5526:
5402:Iol (Cherchell)
5350:
5340:
5310:
5305:
5263:
5214:Tell Abu Suwwan
5209:Tabaqat al-Bûma
5032:
4777:
4725:
4682:
4662:
4657:
4627:
4622:
4578:
4567:
4195:
4183:
4177:Byblos District
4169:
4127:
4125:
4112:
4104:
4102:
4089:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3683:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3642:www.treccani.it
3636:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3594:
3590:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3504:
3500:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3420:
3410:
3408:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3386:Waterbolk, H.T.
3383:
3379:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3344:
3337:
3328:
3324:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3243:
3242:
3235:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2824:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2767:
2766:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2737:. Oxbow Books.
2730:
2729:
2720:
2716:
2699:
2689:
2676:
2670:
2657:
2651:
2638:
2632:
2619:
2613:
2600:
2594:
2578:
2572:
2556:
2539:
2536:
2534:Further reading
2529:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2436:
2431:
2415:
2399:
2383:
2367:
2351:
2335:
2319:
2303:
2287:
2271:
2252:
2237:
2221:
2152:
2126:
2106:
2093:
2041:L-shaped Temple
2000:
1932:
1916:
1896:Greek Catholics
1869:
1845:
1799:Embriaco family
1750:
1651:
1645:Seleucid Empire
1639:Main articles:
1637:
1570:
1564:Kings of Byblos
1562:Main articles:
1560:
1452:
1440:
1393:
1367:Kings of Byblos
1365:Main articles:
1363:
1181:Yosef Garfinkel
1177:
1142:
1114:Philo of Byblos
1044:
1042:Kings of Byblos
1032:Main articles:
1030:
924:
915:
914:
909:
908:
906:triliteral root
851:
850:
835:
834:
823:
822:
796:
795:
771:
767:
757:
727:
724:
676:
660:
645:
612:
596:
581:
576:
562:
491:
487:
414:
385:
381:
335:
326:
309:
275:
167:
165:
161:
158:
153:
150:
148:
146:
145:
139:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
129:
128:
127:
126:
122:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
89:
67:
66:Byblos Old Town
55:
48:
45:
42:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7934:
7932:
7924:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7803:
7802:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7715:Temnin el-Foka
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7695:Tell Taalabaya
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7630:Tell Nahariyah
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7600:Tell Majdaloun
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7557:
7552:
7550:Tell El Hadeth
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7530:Tell Derzenoun
7527:
7525:Tell Delhamieh
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7505:Tell Bar Elias
7502:
7497:
7495:Tell Ain Sofar
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7470:Tell Ain Cerif
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7350:Qalaat Tannour
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7310:Nahle, Lebanon
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7220:Khallet Michte
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6960:Anjar, Lebanon
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6855:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6763:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6738:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6725:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6678:Livonian Order
6675:
6673:Teutonic Order
6663:
6661:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6640:
6639:
6629:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6579:
6568:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6520:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6502:
6500:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6420:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6395:
6390:
6380:
6375:
6373:Sicca (El Kef)
6370:
6365:
6360:
6350:
6345:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6218:
6213:
6203:
6198:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6168:
6163:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6133:
6123:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6067:
6066:
6064:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6008:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5950:
5948:
5947:
5942:
5940:Ras il-Wardija
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5912:
5904:
5902:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5879:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5822:Gebal (Byblos)
5819:
5817:Botrys (Teros)
5814:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5703:
5698:
5696:Heraclea Minoa
5693:
5683:
5673:
5668:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5540:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5499:
5489:
5484:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5454:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5427:Kissi (Djinet)
5424:
5414:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5379:
5374:
5364:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5331:
5324:
5316:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5301:Vavilov centre
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5244:Umm Dabaghiyah
5241:
5236:
5234:Tell es-Sawwan
5231:
5229:Tell Shemshara
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5204:Sha'ar HaGolan
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5164:Khirbet Hammam
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5013:Wadi Faynan 16
5010:
5005:
5003:Shkarat Msaeid
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4922:Tell es-Sultan
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4842:Boncuklu Tarla
4839:
4837:Boncuklu Höyük
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4789:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4699:
4697:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4679:(8000–6100 BP)
4677:Late Neolithic
4674:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4554:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4336:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4133:
4110:
4087:
4085:on 2006-10-10.
4071:
4067:middleeast.com
4059:
4047:
4036:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:External links
3985:
3984:
3983:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3933:
3915:
3897:
3879:
3858:
3833:
3805:
3780:
3745:
3720:
3698:
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3629:
3622:
3604:
3588:
3572:
3559:
3550:
3536:
3511:
3498:
3485:
3475:
3462:
3449:
3440:
3431:
3418:
3390:
3377:
3364:
3355:
3353:Library) 1960.
3335:
3322:
3309:
3300:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3253:
3233:
3219:
3196:
3178:
3154:
3130:
3112:
3105:
3085:
3078:
3054:
3040:
3028:
3020:
2996:
2994:, p. 791.
2980:
2974:978-0553384901
2973:
2953:
2935:
2910:
2890:
2866:
2841:
2822:
2797:
2780:
2757:
2743:
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2712:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2674:
2668:
2655:
2650:978-1780767796
2649:
2636:
2631:978-1575063041
2630:
2617:
2611:
2598:
2593:978-0521795432
2592:
2576:
2570:
2554:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2523:
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2514:
2512:
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2503:
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2432:
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2413:
2397:
2381:
2365:
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2333:
2317:
2301:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2250:Notable people
2248:
2244:
2243:
2233:Main article:
2231:
2230:
2217:Main article:
2215:
2214:
2205:
2204:
2187:
2186:
2164:
2163:
2148:Main article:
2146:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2122:Main article:
2120:
2119:
2102:Main article:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2069:
2045:
2044:
2028:
2027:
1999:
1996:
1931:
1928:
1915:
1912:
1892:Greek Orthodox
1868:
1865:
1857:French Mandate
1844:
1841:
1837:Ottoman Empire
1778:Crusader state
1749:
1746:
1686:Ruins at port.
1673:late antiquity
1636:
1633:
1588:conquered all
1559:
1556:
1459:Amarna letters
1451:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1428:Second dynasty
1362:
1359:
1284:
1283:
1268:
1257:
1238:
1235:Tell es-Sultan
1227:
1208:Tell es-Sultan
1200:
1185:Tell es-Sultan
1176:
1173:
1165:Maurice Chehab
1149:Jacques Cauvin
1141:
1138:
1074:Maurice Dunand
1029:
1026:
750:Amarna letters
689:
688:
685:
684:
681:
680:
674:Middle Kingdom
666:
665:
656:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
642:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
602:
601:
592:
591:
588:
587:
584:
583:
578:
561:
558:
373:
372:
369:
368:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:
343:
337:
336:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
320:
307:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
282:
272:
271:
261:
255:
254:
251:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
223:
222:
219:
215:
214:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
195:Keserwan-Jbeil
192:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
141:
140:
130:
124:
123:
116:
115:
109:
108:
107:
106:
97:
91:
90:
83:
82:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
46:
40:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7933:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7685:Tell Shamsine
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7620:Tell Mureibit
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7575:Tell Khardane
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7553:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7540:Tell el-Burak
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7365:Ras Baalbek I
7363:
7361:
7360:Qasr el Banat
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7345:Qal'at Bustra
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7130:Hermel plains
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:Deir Al-Ahmar
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7055:Dahr El Ahmar
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6990:Augusti Pagus
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6965:Antelias cave
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6890:
6885:
6876:
6871:
6869:
6864:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6829:Cedars of God
6826:
6825:Ouadi Qadisha
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6784:
6779:
6777:
6772:
6770:
6765:
6764:
6761:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6730:
6724:
6721:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6556:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6486:
6482:
6475:
6470:
6468:
6463:
6461:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6252:Marat (Amrit)
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6146:Gadir (Cadiz)
6144:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5971:Caricus Murus
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5925:Gaulos (Gozo)
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5766:Ṣiṣ (Palermo)
5764:
5762:
5759:
5756:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5548:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5332:
5330:
5325:
5323:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5286:Founder crops
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:Tell Ghoraifé
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Khallat Anaza
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5139:Kfar HaHoresh
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Jabal Quweisa
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4998:Sheikh e-Abad
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4902:Jerf el Ahmar
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4597:Byblos Castle
4595:
4593:
4592:Abraham River
4590:
4589:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4445:Kfar Masshoun
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:Hay el-Arabeh
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:Birket Hjoula
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:Ain ed-Delbeh
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4166:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4124:on 2011-08-13
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4101:on 2020-01-22
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4063:"Byblos info"
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3848:on 2013-05-15
3847:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3770:on 2015-07-24
3766:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3735:on 2012-12-01
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3680:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3585:0-85229-553-7
3582:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3539:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3520:Lorenzo Nigro
3515:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3406:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3021:9783406306549
3017:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2880:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2806:Lorenzo Nigro
2801:
2798:
2794:
2783:
2781:1-57607-919-8
2777:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2669:9780753807460
2665:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2571:9782914266048
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
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2482:
2477:
2473:
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2459:
2455:
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2446:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2428:
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2414:
2412:
2408:
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2398:
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2355:
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2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2285:
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2281:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:Byblos Castle
2144:
2143:Byblos Castle
2141:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2084:Roman theater
2081:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:King's Spring
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1990:, and by the
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:Frank Sinatra
1961:
1960:Marlon Brando
1957:
1953:
1944:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:Shi`i Muslims
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Byblos Castle
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1762:
1756:Crusader Fort
1754:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1742:First Crusade
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1677:Peutinger map
1674:
1671:Phoenicia in
1669:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
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1575:
1569:
1565:
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1551:
1547:
1545:
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1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1438:Middle Bronze
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:First Dynasty
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:Lorenzo Nigro
1395:According to
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1280:cylinder seal
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:chamber tombs
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:Sanchuniathon
1088:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1070:Pierre Montet
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
988:Ancient Egypt
985:
980:
968:
962:
960:
956:
955:Byblos Castle
951:
946:
942:
936:
932:
928:
922:
907:
903:
899:
895:
884:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
848:
820:
810:
806:
803:
786:
781:
777:
765:
760:
759:Amenhotep III
755:
751:
748:
745:
734:
719:
716:
713:
709:
706:
702:
698:
697:
687:
686:
683:
682:
675:
671:
668:
667:
664:
658:
657:
643:
639:
638:
635:
634:
631:
630:
623:
622:
619:
618:
611:
607:
604:
603:
600:
594:
593:
579:
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
565:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
485:
481:
476:
471:
466:
460:
454:
445:
441:
437:
433:
423:
419:
418:
409:
379:
370:
366:
362:
355:
352:
344:
342:
334:
322:
318:
313:.jbail-byblos
308:
300:
298:
290:
286:
283:
279:
269:
265:
262:
260:
252:
250:
247: •
241:
228:
220:
208:
205:
203:
196:
193:
191:
184:
181:
172:
144:Coordinates:
113:
80:
63:
51:
38:
30:
19:
7710:Tell Zeitoun
7700:Tell Wardeen
7670:Tell Saoudhi
7665:Tell Safiyeh
7660:Tell Saatiya
7625:Tell Murtafa
7615:Tell Meouchi
7610:Tell Mekhada
7585:Tell Jezireh
7570:Tell Karmita
7560:Tell Hazzine
7535:Tell Dibbine
7510:Tell Beshara
7315:Neba'a Faour
7265:Majdal Anjar
7180:Kamid el-Loz
7165:Joub Jannine
7160:Jeita Grotto
7155:Jebel Aabeby
7110:Hadeth south
7044:
7040:Bustan Birke
7030:Belat temple
6819:
6711:Dobrzyń Land
6627:Stato da Màr
6056:Thymiaterium
5930:Għajn Qajjet
5821:
5755:Sant'Antioco
5377:Hippo Regius
5278:
5254:Wadi Shuʿeib
5249:Wadi Jilat 7
5224:Tell Hassuna
5109:Ibn el Ghazi
5073:
5018:Wadi Shuʿeib
4973:Netiv HaGdud
4928:Tell Qaramel
4907:Karahan Tepe
4892:Iraq ed-Dubb
4887:Göbekli Tepe
4754:(Jericho XI)
4514:Nahr Ibrahim
4306:
4191:
4190:
4126:. Retrieved
4122:the original
4117:
4103:. Retrieved
4099:the original
4094:
4083:the original
4078:
4066:
4054:
4007:Online books
3997:
3977:
3943:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3891:
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3861:
3850:. Retrieved
3846:the original
3836:
3825:. Retrieved
3821:
3797:. Retrieved
3795:. 2016-02-29
3792:
3783:
3772:. Retrieved
3765:the original
3760:
3748:
3737:. Retrieved
3733:the original
3723:
3701:
3678:
3672:
3663:
3657:
3646:. Retrieved
3644:(in Italian)
3641:
3632:
3613:
3607:
3591:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3527:
3514:
3506:
3501:
3493:
3488:
3478:
3470:
3465:
3457:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3426:
3421:
3409:. Retrieved
3403:
3384:Vogel, J.C.
3380:
3372:
3367:
3358:
3330:
3325:
3317:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3285:
3263:
3256:
3246:
3224:. Retrieved
3209:
3191:biblehub.com
3190:
3181:
3170:. Retrieved
3167:biblehub.com
3166:
3157:
3146:. Retrieved
3143:biblehub.com
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3095:
3088:
3064:
3057:
3043:
3031:
3006:
2999:
2989:
2983:
2963:
2956:
2945:
2938:
2920:
2913:
2903:
2882:. Retrieved
2878:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2853:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2813:
2800:
2792:
2785:. Retrieved
2770:
2748:. Retrieved
2733:
2678:
2659:
2640:
2621:
2602:
2583:
2561:
2541:
2439:Byblos views
2277:
2256:Majdi Allawi
2245:
2240:
2227:
2222:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:Abdulmejid I
2188:
2183:
2169:Yusuf Shihab
2165:
2158:
2153:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2116:
2107:
2096:
2040:
2007:
2004:Ain el-Malik
2003:
1968:Grand Serail
1949:
1917:
1881:
1867:Demographics
1854:
1830:
1815:
1793:
1771:
1722:Christianity
1715:
1704:
1689:
1652:
1614:
1602:Ashurbanipal
1571:
1518:
1482:19th dynasty
1479:
1456:
1453:
1444:Neferhotep I
1441:
1405:
1394:
1361:Early Bronze
1338:
1334:
1328:was usually
1322:
1295:Beqaa Valley
1292:
1285:
1276:architecture
1242:Chalcolithic
1178:
1157:Chalcolithic
1143:
1078:
1063:
1060:Ernest Renan
1053:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
999:
991:
963:
944:
934:
930:
926:
901:
897:
893:
876:Its present
875:
808:
766:. In the 1st
754:18th-dynasty
708:hieroglyphic
700:
695:
692:
543:
439:
435:
431:
377:
376:
297:Dialing code
7770:Wadi Yaroun
7760:Umm al-Amad
7705:Tell Zenoub
7675:Tell Serhan
7605:Tell Masoud
7555:Tell Fadous
7375:Ras El Kelb
7305:Nachcharini
7205:Kafr Tebnit
6955:Amlaq Qatih
6308:Bulla Regia
5856:Umm al-Amad
5741:Pantelleria
5610:Akka (Acre)
5496:Aïn Oulmene
5477:Rusubbicari
5461:Tamentfoust
5421:Constantine
5259:Zumlat Arus
5194:Mushash 163
5134:Jebel Subhi
5129:Jebel Qurma
5114:Jabal Na'ja
5099:Hallan Çemi
5028:Zumlat Arus
4988:Qermez Dere
4983:Nachcharini
4978:Nevalı Çori
4912:Tell 'Abr 3
4807:ʿAin Ghazal
4795:Pre-Pottery
4696:Pre-Pottery
4441:Kfar Kiddeh
4258:Beer el-Hit
3973:"Phoenicia"
3543:17 February
2926:John Murray
2834:17 February
2262:Jihad Azour
2016:Osiris myth
1980:Middle East
1692:Greco-Roman
1690:During the
1675:, from the
1654:Hellenistic
1649:Roman Syria
1586:Sennacherib
1578:Sibittibaal
1494:New Kingdom
1450:Late Bronze
1432:Khasekhemwy
1265:jar burials
1187:(Jericho):
1153:flint tools
1106:Baal Hammon
937:in English.
919:, meaning "
730:BC) and as
725: 2600
712:4th-dynasty
696:Onomasticon
663:hieroglyphs
599:hieroglyphs
512:Hellenistic
360:Inscription
190:Governorate
166: /
7805:Categories
7785:Ain W Zain
7765:Wadi Koura
7655:Tell Rayak
7580:Tell Kirri
7500:Tell Ayoub
7460:Tell Addus
7455:Tell Ablah
7450:Tell Aalaq
7420:Sin el Fil
7370:Ras Beirut
7270:Mansourieh
7260:Lion Tower
7175:Kafr Zabad
7100:Fadous Sud
7005:Batroumine
6980:Ard Tlaili
6975:Ard Saouda
6930:Ain Harcha
6925:Ain Choaab
6318:Hadrumetum
6136:Akra Leuka
6015:Casablanca
5847:Sur (Tyre)
5059:Ayn Jammam
5008:Shubayqa 6
4948:Tepe Asiab
4877:Ganj Dareh
4802:Abu Hudhud
4768:Wadi Rabah
4448:Kfar Qouas
4436:Kfar Hitta
4278:Beithabbak
4128:2011-05-04
4105:2021-06-15
3965:References
3852:2013-03-26
3827:2010-04-27
3799:2020-09-22
3774:2016-02-12
3739:2012-10-31
3648:2020-12-15
3172:2024-08-26
3148:2024-08-26
2947:& Ruth
2928:. p.
2884:2022-11-11
2750:18 January
2688:0951070401
2278:Byblos is
2110:Phoenician
1956:Phoenician
1904:Bint Jbeil
1784:from, the
1610:Yehawmelek
1606:Milkiasaph
1598:Esarhaddon
1303:Ard Tlaili
1272:Bronze Age
1261:Ghassulian
1246:Beth Shean
1124:(whom the
1084:Phoenician
817:); and in
800:); in the
776:Phoenician
770:millennium
694:Eusebius'
534:. It is a
500:Phoenician
363:1984 (8th
234:Population
154:35°39′07″E
151:34°07′25″N
7590:Tell Jisr
7520:Tell Deir
7465:Tell Ahle
7325:Hosn Niha
7320:Nebi Safa
7300:Nabi Zair
7290:Moukhtara
7240:Ksar Akil
7210:Kfar Qouq
7190:Karak Nuh
7105:Hebbariye
7025:Beit Mery
7015:Bechamoun
6439:Tahpanhes
6434:Gibraltar
6429:Phoenicus
6424:Myriandus
6333:Kerkouane
6210:Almunecar
6021:Volubilis
5892:Tsabratan
5746:Selinunte
5716:Lilybaeum
5483:El Bahri)
5457:Rusguniae
5432:Macomades
5367:Cartennae
5154:Kharaysin
5089:Ghuwayr 1
5084:El-Hemmeh
5069:Bestansur
5064:Ayn Rahub
5044:Abu Hamid
4924:(Jericho)
4862:Chia Sabz
4857:Chia Jani
4832:Beisamoun
4773:Yarmukian
4584:Landmarks
4556:Tourzaiya
4531:Qorqraiya
4528:Qartaboun
4504:Mish Mish
4431:Kfar Baal
4246:Ain Jrain
4189:Capital:
4095:byblos.by
3761:Localiban
3687:cite book
1914:Education
1768:in Byblos
1726:bishopric
1590:Phoenicia
1471:Akhenaten
1467:Ili-Rapih
1463:Rib-Hadda
1224:figurines
1212:Yarmukian
1197:naviforme
1171:in 1964.
1145:Neolithic
1134:Canaanite
1094:Phoenicia
1038:Phoenicia
756:pharaohs
747:cuneiform
742:) in the
560:Etymology
453:romanized
350:Reference
259:Time zone
7775:Yammoune
7280:Mayrouba
7225:Kharayeb
7215:Kfarhata
7080:Dekwaneh
6945:Al-Bireh
6920:Ain Aata
6746:Crusades
6624:Venetian
6398:Thysdrus
6342:Monastir
6313:Carthage
6221:Toscanos
6201:Saguntum
6191:Rushadir
6140:Alicante
6070:Portugal
6036:Oualidia
5996:Tamusida
5945:Tas-Silġ
5909:Cospicua
5907:Maleth (
5726:Neapolis
5710:Cagliari
5676:Drepanum
5635:Shikmona
5553:Lapathus
5481:Zemmouri
5451:Azeffoun
5442:Rachgoun
5392:Igilgili
5362:Camarata
5272:Concepts
5189:Muraybet
5174:Matarrah
5104:Hibabiya
5079:Dhuweila
5023:Yiftahel
4968:Nemrik 9
4958:Mureybet
4953:M'lefaat
4882:Gilgal I
4867:Dhuweila
4758:Nizzanim
4737:Amuq A-B
4688:Cultures
4545:Seraaita
4538:Ras Osta
4499:Mghayreh
4414:Jeddayel
4391:Hosrayel
4357:Ghorfine
4354:Gharzouz
4351:Ghalboun
4314:Chikhane
4261:Behdidat
4255:Bchilleh
4249:Ain Kfaa
4206:Aabaydat
4051:"Byblos"
3522:(2007).
3123:(2009).
2992:. (1911)
2859:14 March
2850:"Byblos"
2828:Archived
2808:(2007).
2697:See also
2582:(2001).
2560:(2005).
2391:Valletta
2012:Plutarch
1984:Tel Aviv
1884:Maronite
1786:Crusader
1730:Sasanian
1594:Urumilki
1576:period,
1574:Assyrian
1558:Iron Age
1424:Egyptian
1297:such as
1222:blades,
1118:Eusebius
941:Crusades
921:mountain
744:Akkadian
705:Egyptian
504:Assyrian
496:Egyptian
341:Criteria
202:District
7425:Sarepta
7380:Rashaya
7355:Qaraoun
7295:Mtaileb
7255:Libbaya
7200:Kefraya
7195:Kaukaba
7150:Jdeideh
7120:Hashbai
7010:Batroun
6995:Baalbek
6935:Akbiyeh
6900:Aadloun
6815:Baalbek
6799:Lebanon
6659:Livonia
6654:Prussia
6511:vassals
6402:El Djem
6393:Thapsus
6383:Tayinat
6378:Tabarka
6368:Ruspina
6296:Tunisia
6231:Tyreche
6195:Melilla
6156:Iboshim
6061:Rusibis
6031:Rusadir
6026:Mogador
6005:Tangier
5985:Larache
5954:Morocco
5886:Tripoli
5837:Sarepta
5802:Baalbek
5775:Lebanon
5761:Tharros
5680:Trapani
5547:Larnaca
5502:Thagora
5447:Rusazus
5411:Tigzirt
5407:Iomnium
5386:Algiers
5382:Icosium
5355:Algeria
5184:Munhata
5159:Kaukaba
4993:Sabra 1
4847:Bouqras
4763:Samarra
4747:Jarmoan
4742:Hassuna
4564:Zebdine
4548:Souaneh
4542:Rihaneh
4524:Qartaba
4509:Mounsef
4494:Mechane
4484:Mayfouq
4480:Mastita
4455:Laqlouq
4421:Jlisseh
4382:Hdayneh
4375:Hbaline
4311:Chatine
4300:Boulhos
4288:Bentaël
4273:Berbara
4269:Bekhaaz
4252:Bazyoun
4216:Amsheet
3872:20 June
3411:21 July
3351:Harvard
3036:Ezekiel
2787:22 July
2434:Gallery
2379:Lebanon
2375:Tripoli
2311:Tripoli
2280:twinned
1930:Tourism
1877:Lebanon
1833:Baybars
1826:Baibars
1822:Saladin
1796:Genoese
1718:theatre
1696:Resheph
1662:Coinage
1615:In the
1572:In the
1540:Resheph
1326:pottery
1216:pottery
1081:Homeric
996:English
986:out of
984:papyrus
945:Gibelet
849:") and
752:to the
718:Sneferu
715:pharaoh
528:Ottoman
520:Genoese
508:Persian
484:Lebanon
465:locally
455::
448:جُبَيْل
365:Session
306:Website
253:100,000
183:Lebanon
179:Country
44:جُبَيْل
7811:Byblos
7445:Tayibe
7410:Shheem
7245:Labweh
7095:Flaoui
7060:Dakoue
7045:Byblos
7020:Beirut
6970:Apheca
6950:Amioun
6910:Aammiq
6820:Byblos
6564:Greece
6528:Marash
6498:Levant
6357:Djerba
6353:Meninx
6338:Lepcis
6322:Sousse
6287:Ugarit
6277:Shuksi
6272:Safita
6267:Paltus
6175:Málaga
6171:Malake
6116:Abdera
6099:Tavira
5981:Likush
5935:Mtarfa
5872:Lepcis
5811:Beirut
5706:Karaly
5630:Reshef
5620:Michal
5605:Achzib
5598:Israel
5584:Rhodes
5567:Greece
5558:Marion
5543:Kition
5531:Cyprus
5522:Timici
5506:Taoura
5437:Malaca
5199:Sayyeh
5094:Ginnig
5074:Byblos
4938:Tayibe
4852:Çayönü
4827:Beidha
4752:Lodian
4717:(PPNC)
4711:(PPNB)
4705:(PPNA)
4560:Yanouh
4552:Tartej
4519:Qahmez
4473:Majdel
4465:Lehfed
4418:Jenjol
4410:Janneh
4396:Hsarat
4386:Hjoula
4347:Ghabat
4335:Ferhet
4331:Fatreh
4317:Chmout
4307:Byblos
4265:Bejjeh
4229:Adonis
4224:Aqoura
4220:Annaya
4192:Byblos
4079:Byblos
4044:Byblos
4033:Byblos
3998:Byblos
3995:about
3951:
3715:ICOMOS
3620:
3599:
3583:
3570:p. 78.
3534:
3226:8 July
3217:
3103:
3076:
3018:
2988:Head,
2971:
2854:UNESCO
2820:
2778:
2741:
2685:
2666:
2647:
2628:
2609:
2590:
2568:
2548:
2427:Turkey
2363:France
2359:Orange
2347:France
2331:Greece
2327:Sparta
2315:Greece
2299:Greece
2295:Patras
2282:with:
2191:Mamluk
2077:Ahiram
2024:Osiris
1972:Beirut
1894:, and
1738:Europe
1711:Judaea
1700:Adonis
1647:, and
1627:, and
1475:Habiru
1430:ruler
1389:, and
1356:Byblos
1346:copper
1299:Labweh
1220:sickle
1130:Cronus
1126:Greeks
1098:Cronus
1087:priest
1056:Beirut
1040:, and
1034:Canaan
1006:Βύβλος
998:word "
992:Byblos
979:Byblus
973:Βύβλος
967:Býblos
950:Giblet
883:Jubayl
878:Arabic
869:or to
819:Syriac
802:Hebrew
791:𐤂𐤁𐤋
772:
768:
728:
536:UNESCO
524:Mamluk
492:
488:
459:Jubayl
444:Arabic
440:Jubayl
432:Jebeil
427:Βύβλος
378:Byblos
242:40,000
207:Byblos
125:Byblos
92:Byblos
47:Jebeil
41:Byblos
18:Biblía
7790:Zahlé
7780:Yanta
7740:Toron
7440:Taire
7415:Sidon
6915:Aaqbe
6905:Aaiha
6810:Anjar
6417:Other
6408:Utica
6387:Thyna
6363:Ruspe
6282:Sumur
6262:Carne
6247:Arwad
6240:Syria
6225:Velez
6181:Onoba
6166:Mahón
6160:Ibiza
6151:Herna
6130:Ceuta
6126:Abyla
6109:Spain
6095:Balsa
6046:Gadir
6041:Zilil
6001:Tinga
5919:Mdina
5901:Malta
5876:Khoms
5865:Libya
5842:Sidon
5807:Birut
5751:Sulci
5736:Olbia
5721:Motya
5690:Erice
5661:Bitan
5654:Italy
5639:Haifa
5625:Jaffa
5589:Delos
5538:Dhali
5492:Sarai
5417:Cirta
5396:Jijel
5371:Tenes
4897:Jarmo
4817:Basta
4812:Ba'ja
4787:Sites
4460:Lassa
4451:Kfoun
4401:Hsoun
4379:Hboub
4368:Haqel
4364:Halat
4360:Habil
4343:Fghal
4339:Fidar
4326:Ehmej
4303:Brayj
3793:AAICU
3768:(PDF)
3757:(PDF)
3711:(PDF)
3483:1951.
3038:27:9.
2990:et al
2714:Notes
2423:İzmir
2411:Spain
2407:Cádiz
2395:Malta
1988:Dubai
1707:Herod
1705:King
1629:Arwad
1621:Sidon
1514:Sidon
1416:Egypt
1318:Syria
1316:, in
1250:silos
1001:Bible
935:Jbayl
933:, or
931:Jbail
927:Jbeil
892:) or
880:name
809:Geval
805:Bible
785:Gebal
780:Punic
733:Gubla
701:Kebny
554:Latin
550:Greek
516:Roman
470:Jbeil
436:Jbeil
422:Greek
417:-loss
285:UTC+3
264:UTC+2
249:Metro
7755:Tyre
7170:Jieh
7145:Jbaa
7135:Iaat
6985:Arqa
6840:Tyre
6657:and
6206:Sexi
6120:Adra
6051:Sala
6011:Anfa
5882:Oyat
5792:Arqa
5787:Ampi
5782:Amia
5731:Nora
5686:Eryx
5665:Chia
5615:Dora
5579:Paxi
5037:Late
4730:Late
4477:Marj
4469:Maad
4427:Kafr
4321:Edde
4296:Blat
4234:Afqa
3949:ISBN
3874:2013
3693:link
3618:ISBN
3597:ISBN
3581:ISBN
3545:2017
3532:ISBN
3413:2011
3228:2011
3215:ISBN
3101:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3016:ISBN
2969:ISBN
2930:1047
2861:2018
2836:2017
2818:ISBN
2789:2009
2776:ISBN
2752:2012
2739:ISBN
2683:ISBN
2664:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2607:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2550:7630
2546:OCLC
2082:The
2071:The
2056:The
2039:The
2020:Isis
1986:and
1962:and
1952:port
1776:, a
1724:, a
1608:and
1566:and
1512:and
1510:Tyre
1502:23rd
1500:and
1498:22nd
1490:21st
1488:and
1486:20th
1410:and
1314:Shir
1301:and
1278:and
1102:Baal
957:and
902:beil
889:جبيل
858:𐤀𐤋
847:well
842:𐤂𐤁
778:and
762:and
739:𒁺𒆷
595:kbnj
526:and
315:.gov
301:+961
289:EEST
213:Area
54:City
7340:Qaa
6797:in
5915:Ann
4534:Ram
4406:Jaj
3012:561
2006:or
1970:in
1709:of
1625:Tyr
1244:of
1233:of
1231:PNB
1206:of
1204:PNA
1108:in
947:or
923:".
916:JBL
913:or
910:GBL
863:god
861:, "
845:, "
830:ܓܒܠ
824:GBL
821:as
814:גבל
807:as
797:GBL
722:fl.
703:in
670:Era
661:in
659:kbn
606:Era
597:in
482:of
438:or
415:BIB
354:295
317:.lb
311:www
278:DST
268:EET
7807::
6669:*
5849:,
4179:,
4116:.
4093:.
4077:.
4065:.
4053:.
3975:,
3926:.
3908:.
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