205:(the SS), the latter with the aim of using it as a source of information on their perceived enemy. As no records for the first transport of the loot are known to have survived, there is no certainty which of the two organisations received the two rail cars from October 1943. The commission's research in Russia was also hampered by the fact that certain archives were closed to it, such as the archive of the Russian
115:. The libraries of the Jewish community in Rome soon attracted German attention. According to an eyewitness, two uniformed men visited the Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica and the Italian Rabbinical College library, located in the same building, on 30 September and 1 October 1943. One of the two introduced himself as a teacher of Hebrew at an institute in
217:
in New York, both of which were listed in the catalogue Sonne compiled in the 1930s. It is unclear how the manuscripts reached the United States and at what point after their cataloguing by Sonne in 1935 they were removed from the library. No details on the history of the two manuscripts between 1935
168:
The most likely theory as to the fate of the library contents is that they were stored during the war in an area that became part of the postwar
Occupation Zone of the Soviet Union. From there the contents were taken to the Soviet Union and could now possibly be located within the Russian Federation.
66:
The
Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica contained many rare or unique books and manuscripts, dating back to at least the 16th century. No complete catalogue exists, but visiting scholars compiled some specific lists during visits before the war. It is estimated that the library contained a quarter
133:
On 14 October 1943, two days before the raid on the Roman Ghetto, the contents of the
Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica and parts of the contents of the Rabbinical College library were taken away. The remainder of the contents of the Rabbinical College library were taken on 23 and 24 December
172:
In 2002, the
Italian government established a special commission to pursue the recovery of the contents of the library, carrying out research in a number of European countries. The commission looked into the possibility that the missing contents either went to Frankfurt, Berlin, or Frankfurt via
152:
The records of the correspondence of the ERR were destroyed by a bombing raid on Berlin in
November 1943. The Italian commission trying to locate the library contents came to the conclusion that the first train in October did not go to Frankfurt but to Berlin, which would explain why some of the
91:
in 1935, who classified the contents into texts printed by the
Soncinos, manuscripts, incunabula, 16th-century oriental copies printed in Constantinople, and special specimens. Sonne, however, complained that he was allowed to see only the second-best items in the library. The lack of a proper
181:, had fallen into the hands of American forces after the war and been returned, including prints from the Rabbinical College. It is estimated that Nazi Germany looted up to 3 million books during World War II, of which 1.2 million were found at the end of the war at Hungen alone.
59:. Its contents consisted of publications that had previously been held at one of the five synagogues of the Roman Ghetto or other locations in the Jewish community of Rome. The library of the Italian Rabbinical College, housed in the same building, had been transferred from
688:
212:
The lack of a proper catalogue has greatly hampered the recovery of the contents, as it is almost impossible to know what the library actually contained. In 1965, two Hebrew manuscripts with the stamp of the library were acquired by the
805:
1301:
169:
Theories that the contents of the library were either destroyed during a bombing raid on the train transporting it to
Germany, or in Germany itself, have been considered but discounted as less likely.
137:
Under the control of the German military administration, the contents of the library were loaded onto two railway cars by an
Italian company and sent to Germany via Switzerland. A letter by the
195:
The commission's research was complicated by the fact that two competing organisations existed in Nazi
Germany which acquired looted Jewish publications with the aim of creating a library, the
92:
catalogue may have been inspired in part by a desire to protect the contents from destruction by the
Catholic church which, historically, had done so before to Jewish publications.
832:
31:, Italy. Established in the early 20th century, it housed approximately 7,000 rare or unique books and manuscripts dating back to at least the 16th century. According to the
1753:
495:
221:
The ultimate fate of the library's contents remain a mystery, however, as all investigations, including that of the Italian government commission, have been inconclusive.
35:, it was the most important Jewish library in Italy and one of the most important in the world. The contents of the library were looted by Nazi Germany shortly after the
312:
512:
991:
99:
quoted an expert, Attilio Milano, who stated in a letter that "no other Italian Jewish library had so many priceless books and very few outside Italy exceeded it".
1722:
1659:
273:
130:
Attempts were made to receive support from the Fascist Italian government to retain the contents of the libraries in Italy, but these received no sympathy there.
43:, the Italian Rabbinical College's library located in the same building, were also looted; only part of the contents of the latter library have been recovered.
1688:
120:
145:. The priceless contents of the community library were of special interest to the Rosenberg organisation, and it had set up a special organisation, the
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1351:
864:
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909:
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263:
Activity Report on the activities of the commission for the recovery of the bibliographic patrimony of the Jewish community in Rome stolen in 1943
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488:
214:
173:
Berlin. The Frankfurt option was seen as the less likely one as much of the looted books that had been stored there or at another deposit, at
1604:
1533:
1296:
1274:
1238:
464:
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1943. A few isolated books and prints survived the looting either by being hidden by members of the community or overlooked by the Germans.
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964:
959:
954:
949:
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96:
32:
87:, and Nicollet. The library contained approximately 7,000 volumes in all. A partial catalogue was compiled by Jewish Italian historian
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141:(ERR) from 21 January 1944, most likely referring to the second load of loot, stated that it had been delivered to an institute in
356:"Activity Report of the Commission for the Recovery of the Bibliographic Heritage of the Jewish Community in Rome, looted in 1943"
1001:
996:
986:
138:
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1727:
1100:
1095:
567:
320:
592:
1090:
827:
1798:
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1344:
1033:
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1151:
721:
627:
642:
637:
153:
contents of the second train were found after the war. None of the contents of the first train were ever recovered.
667:
184:
The more likely option was that the contents went to Berlin and either remained there or were evacuated to Ratibor,
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36:
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201:
68:
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56:
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52:
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108:
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456:
The Book Thieves: The Nazi Looting of Europe's Libraries and the Race to Return a Literary Inheritance
192:, Poland), where, at either place, they would eventually have come under control of the Soviet Union.
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542:
84:
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Only part of the contents of the Rabbinical College library was recovered in 1947, consisting of 20
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1633:
1120:
647:
269:
51:
The Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica was set up in the early 20th century in rooms above the
1548:
1402:
1191:
771:
572:
111:
on 8 September 1943, Germany occupied northern and central Italy, including the Italian capital,
165:. None of the material taken from the Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica was ever recovered.
1494:
1469:
1291:
736:
711:
582:
460:
454:
316:
142:
1681:
1617:
706:
537:
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731:
392:
1085:
786:
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632:
527:
80:
76:
39:
in October 1943, and have never been recovered. Two months later, the contents of the
1742:
1499:
1489:
1438:
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1376:
1211:
766:
751:
716:
1612:
1558:
1538:
1258:
1243:
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756:
88:
24:
63:
to Rome in the 1930s. The latter was a teaching library of almost 10,000 volumes.
229:
The Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica features prominently in the 2023 novel
189:
1509:
1428:
1206:
1479:
978:
814:
781:
726:
162:
124:
473:
1329:
355:
72:
60:
185:
174:
116:
71:, Jewish Italian printers from the 16th century who later worked in
178:
358:. The Central Register of Information on Looted Cultural Property
112:
28:
1333:
477:
123:, who had fulfilled a similar role at the Jewish libraries in
375:
373:
1705:
1673:
1652:
1626:
1603:
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1024:
977:
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813:
804:
687:
680:
660:
560:
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313:"The Mystery of the Missing Jewish Books of Rome"
1723:Pope Pius XII and the raid on the Roman ghetto
1660:Centro di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea
1345:
489:
8:
1352:
1338:
1330:
1171:
1141:
1110:
1068:
1021:
974:
842:
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684:
657:
557:
517:
496:
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257:
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121:Institute for Study of the Jewish Question
1754:Art theft and looting during World War II
306:
304:
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300:
298:
296:
294:
292:
290:
395:(in German). Gedenkorte Europa 1939–1945
350:
348:
346:
344:
342:
340:
338:
1696:My Italian Secret: The Forgotten Heroes
241:
149:, for their activities in the country.
1307:Jurisdictional Immunities of the State
437:
425:
413:
379:
274:Presidency of the Council of Ministers
1568:Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica
1297:Palazzo Cesi-Gaddi war crimes archive
1275:Kunsthistorisches Institut in Florenz
1268:Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica
119:, most likely Johannes Pohl from the
21:Biblioteca della Comunità Israelitica
7:
1034:SS Police Regiment Alpine Foothills
215:Jewish Theological Seminary Library
79:, as well as 16th-century works by
14:
1302:Bilateral Compensation Agreement
833:SS Volunteer Karstwehr Battalion
139:Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce
1728:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust
568:Monchio, Susano and Costrignano
218:and 1965 could be established.
992:1st Fallschirm-Panzer Division
97:Central Registry of Looted Art
33:Central Registry of Looted Art
1:
1044:SS Police Regiment Schlanders
1012:20th Luftwaffe Field Division
1007:19th Luftwaffe Field Division
910:90th Panzergrenadier Division
880:29th Panzergrenadier Division
865:15th Panzergrenadier Division
16:Jewish library in Rome, Italy
1713:History of the Jews in Italy
855:3rd Panzergrenadier Division
1789:Jewish Roman (city) history
828:SS Division Reichsführer-SS
41:Collegio Rabbinico Italiano
1815:
1162:Italian military internees
37:Raid of the Ghetto of Rome
1367:
1315:
823:SS Division Leibstandarte
202:Reichssicherheitshauptamt
1769:Unsolved crimes in Italy
1764:Nazi war crimes in Italy
1718:Axis war crimes in Italy
1101:4th Division "Monterosa"
1096:3rd Division "San Marco"
1039:SS Police Regiment Bozen
505:Nazi war crimes in Italy
207:Federal Security Service
1585:Italian Social Republic
1091:2nd Division "Littorio"
1081:Republican Police Corps
1059:20th SS Police Regiment
1054:15th SS Police Regiment
1049:12th SS Police Regiment
965:362nd Infantry Division
960:356th Infantry Division
955:334th Infantry Division
950:305th Infantry Division
945:278th Infantry Division
940:232nd Infantry Division
935:162nd Turkoman Division
930:148th Infantry Division
638:San Leonardo al Frigido
453:Rydell, Anders (2017).
67:of all the work of the
53:Great Synagogue of Rome
23:was the library of the
1759:The Holocaust in Italy
1674:Publications and films
1644:RSI Police Order No. 5
1386:Massacres and roundups
1361:The Holocaust in Italy
1321:The Holocaust in Italy
1086:Italian Black Brigades
1002:4th Parachute Division
997:2nd Parachute Division
987:1st Parachute Division
920:94th Infantry Division
915:92nd Infantry Division
905:71st Infantry Division
900:65th Infantry Division
895:44th Infantry Division
885:34th Infantry Division
742:Eberhard von Mackensen
231:The Testament of Elias
147:Sonderkommando Italien
1665:Memoriale della Shoah
1419:Leonardo de Benedetti
1412:Victims and survivors
1202:Roderick Stephen Hall
1182:Leonardo de Benedetti
860:5th Mountain Division
668:San Martino di Lupari
618:Sant'Anna di Stazzema
57:Lungotevere De' Cenci
1799:Attacks on libraries
1774:1943 crimes in Italy
1544:Risiera di San Sabba
1249:Risiera di San Sabba
925:114th Jäger Division
875:26th Panzer Division
870:16th Panzer-Division
697:Heinrich Andergassen
157:Fate of the contents
1639:Manifesto of Verona
1634:Italian Racial Laws
1460:Friedrich Boßhammer
890:42nd Jäger Division
702:Friedrich Boßhammer
628:Padule di Fucecchio
270:Government of Italy
233:, by W. S. Mahler.
1689:The Periodic Table
1534:Borgo San Dalmazzo
1453:Major perpetrators
1239:Borgo San Dalmazzo
1192:Giovanni Fornasini
772:Josef Scheungraber
643:Certosa di Farneta
225:In popular culture
199:(the ERR) and the
109:surrender of Italy
1794:Defunct libraries
1784:Libraries in Rome
1736:
1735:
1627:Anti-Semitic laws
1495:Martin Sandberger
1470:Theodor Dannecker
1327:
1326:
1292:Togliatti amnesty
1220:
1219:
1170:
1169:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1109:
1108:
1067:
1066:
1020:
1019:
973:
972:
841:
840:
800:
799:
737:Albert Kesselring
712:Theodor Dannecker
676:
675:
656:
655:
623:San Terenzo Monti
556:
555:
466:978-0-7352-2124-6
323:on 3 October 2018
143:Frankfurt am Main
1806:
1779:Jewish libraries
1749:Looting in Italy
1706:Related articles
1682:If This Is a Man
1618:Giorgio Perlasca
1595:Adriatic Littora
1590:Alpine Foothills
1373:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1172:
1142:
1121:Bandenbekämpfung
1111:
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843:
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707:Eduard Crasemann
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319:. Archived from
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25:Jewish community
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1485:Herbert Kappler
1475:Odilo Globocnik
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1444:Piero Terracina
1424:Einstein family
1407:
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1187:Einstein family
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1398:Ghetto of Rome
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787:Gerhard Sommer
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440:, p. 172.
430:
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418:
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384:
382:, p. 168.
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81:Daniel Bomberg
77:Constantinople
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1653:Commemoration
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1500:Theo Saevecke
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1490:Erich Priebke
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1439:Liliana Segre
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1434:Ettore Ovazza
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1393:Lake Maggiore
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1613:Gino Bartali
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1465:Karl Brunner
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1152:Italian Jews
762:Walter Reder
757:Walter Rauff
681:Perpetrators
608:Piazza Tasso
603:Guardistallo
548:Pietransieri
455:
447:Bibliography
433:
421:
409:
399:30 September
397:. Retrieved
393:"Ghetto Rom"
387:
362:30 September
360:. Retrieved
325:. Retrieved
321:the original
277:. Retrieved
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89:Isaiah Sonne
65:
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20:
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1549:San Vittore
1522:and prisons
1175:Individuals
1157:Libyan Jews
747:Kurt Mälzer
689:Individuals
598:Capistrello
588:Vallucciole
459:. Penguin.
438:Rydell 2017
426:Rydell 2017
414:Rydell 2017
380:Rydell 2017
1743:Categories
1510:Karl Wolff
1505:Karl Titho
1429:Primo Levi
1207:Primo Levi
792:Karl Titho
648:Marzabotto
268:(Report).
237:References
177:, also in
163:incunabula
1480:Karl Hass
1403:Ardeatine
1318:See also:
1026:SS Police
979:Luftwaffe
815:Waffen-SS
782:Max Simon
727:Karl Hass
573:Ardeatine
513:Massacres
327:3 October
279:3 October
125:Amsterdam
107:With the
1605:Rescuers
1285:Post-war
1114:Doctrine
583:Fragheto
190:Racibórz
73:Salonica
69:Soncinos
61:Florence
47:Contents
1559:Looting
1539:Fossoli
1529:Bolzano
1372:Part of
1259:Looting
1244:Fossoli
1234:Bolzano
1138:Victims
1073:Italian
613:Piavola
578:Ameglia
538:Caiazzo
186:Silesia
103:Looting
1145:Groups
543:Pisino
463:
317:Tablet
175:Hungen
117:Berlin
1520:Camps
1226:Camps
806:Units
633:Vinca
528:Boves
266:(PDF)
188:(now
179:Hesse
1578:Area
847:Army
661:1945
593:Lipa
561:1944
521:1943
461:ISBN
401:2018
364:2018
329:2018
281:2018
113:Rome
95:The
75:and
29:Rome
19:The
55:at
27:of
1745::
372:^
337:^
315:.
289:^
272:–
244:^
209:.
127:.
83:,
1353:e
1346:t
1339:v
497:e
490:t
483:v
469:.
403:.
366:.
331:.
283:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.