625:
American and a black man, set out from the fortified Wallis house near modern Muncy to look for stolen horses. Robert
Covenhoven, a guide and former soldier, was sent as a messenger to order the party's return. When the party's commander, Captain Berry, refused to turn back, Covenhoven joined the party as a guide and scout. No horses were found, and returning via the same route they had taken earlier (against the advice of Covenhoven) the party was ambushed. Some were killed immediately, six were captured (including the black man, who was burned at the stake), and Covenhoven and a few others escaped. Meanwhile, a second party of three men had set out the same day from the Wallis house to retrieve cattle from the Thomson farm. They were ambushed there by a group of Native Americans and at least one Tory, with two settlers killed and the third wounded and taken prisoner. Yet another party was bringing supplies to the westernmost forts, heard the shots of this attack, but were too late to help.
39:
134:
95:
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Sullivan or even attack him from behind. Their attacking force was discovered as it descended the
Sheshequin Path along Lycoming Creek by Robert Covenhoven, sent as a scout again. The authorities ordered a second evacuation, so that those settlers who had returned did so only to flee a second time in the summer of 1779, in what became known as the "Little Runaway". The second force was about 200 Native Americans and 100 British and Tory soldiers and attacked the valley again. While the evacuation was less panicked this time, Fort Freeland (near modern Turbotville and
742:) did not evacuate. It is unclear if they failed to receive the order to evacuate or ignored it, but over half of the settlers who had fled there were killed, with most of the rest taken prisoner. In any case, Sullivan's expedition and the harsh winter that followed it helped reduce attacks, stabilized the area, and encouraged resettlement. The Little Runaway and Sullivan's Expedition also led to an increased commitment by the government to the security of the frontier.
636:, including two women and six children. Two girls were taken prisoner, and a boy and a girl escaped and made it to settlements on Lycoming Creek. They were so frightened by the attack that they were unable to communicate clearly where it occurred. Later search parties found all the victims of the three attacks. It was thought that all the attacks were the work of one group of Native Americans and Tories that had come south along Lycoming Creek on the
567:, and three men, seven women, and several children were captured by Native Americans in two attacks over the next four days. Later in May, three settler families on Loyalsock Creek were wiped out: their cabins were burnt, two were killed, and fourteen disappeared, presumed captured by Native Americans. In separate incidents in late May, three settlers (a man, woman and boy) were taken prisoner near modern Linden in
705:(made of hard-to-burn peeled oak logs) and the stone Wallis House survived the flames. The property losses were estimated at £40,000, and there were deaths among the settlers. Colonel Samuel Hunter, the commander of Fort Augusta, was roundly criticized for ordering the evacuation. Many at the time felt that military assistance would have allowed the settlers to withstand the attackers.
649:
575:
407:
698:. Women and children rode on the rafts, while the men walked on the river bank to protect them and to drive along the livestock they had been able to save. Their abandoned property was burnt by the attackers. Some settlers reported fleeing at night with the glow of their burning settlements lighting the sky behind them.
589:
more assistance, the colonial government did not send help initially, but as the West Branch
Susquehanna valley became a new theater of the war, the council reconsidered the matter. On May 21, 1778, it pledged to send the settlers "one hundred fire arms of which thirty-one are rifles" from Harris's Ferry (modern
737:
that went up the North Branch of the
Susquehanna and destroyed at least forty Native American villages in New York and Pennsylvania in a scorched earth campaign. The Native Americans were aware of Sullivan's plans and launched their own attack on the West Branch of the Susquehanna, hoping to draw off
588:
The local militias were short of men (as many had joined the army), weapons, and supplies. The
Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania was focused on supplying the army and levied taxes, which were in some cases more than the net worth of the individual settlers. Despite pleas from the settlers for
725:
on
Lycoming Creek to the North Branch of the Susquehanna to strike back against the Iroquois. Hartley's expedition covered about 300 miles (500 km) in two weeks, defeated several bands of Iroquois and destroyed a few native villages. This proved the feasibility of operating in the Iroquois
693:
Most settlers had already gathered at the small forts and fortified houses for safety, but now the forts and the settlers' homes and fields were abandoned, with livestock driven along and a few possessions floated on rafts on the river east to what is now Muncy, then further south to Fort
Augusta at
538:
planned operations for the 1778 campaign season. These allies could not immediately agree on actions to take, but in a
December 1777 meeting the Iroquois expressed a desire to launch "a very formidable irruption with their whole collected force" against the frontier. The Seneca leaders in particular
656:
All of these attacks and the lack of military help from the
Pennsylvania government disheartened the settlers along the West Branch of the Susquehanna. In the early summer of 1778 news came of a group of Native American warriors, perhaps accompanied by Loyalist and British soldiers, heading for the
464:
There had always been tensions between the settlers and natives, with some attacks, especially in the "Fair Play" area. This became more serious in the winter of 1777–78, when two settlers were killed by Native
Americans in separate incidents, and then two Native Americans in a party of nine were
1088:
History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania: including its aboriginal history; the colonial and revolutionary periods; early settlement and subsequent growth; organization and civil administration; the legal and medical professions; internal improvement; past and present history of Williamsport;
624:
June 10, 1778, has been called the "bloodiest day" in the history of Lycoming County, with three separate attacks on parties of settlers. Two of these attacks were along Loyalsock Creek and the third was near Lycoming Creek. In the first incident a party of twelve, including a friendly Native
600:
Primitive forts and smaller fortified houses gave the settlers some protection. From west to east, these included Fort Reed (at modern-day Lock Haven), Fort Horn (at the mouth of Pine Creek), Antes Fort (opposite modern Jersey Shore), a fortified house near the mouth of Lycoming Creek (modern
38:
657:
West Branch Susquehanna River valley to destroy all the settlements there. This news was provided by a friendly Native American named Job Chiiloway at Fort Reed (modern Lock Haven), who was then murdered as he slept, by a drunk settler engaged in target shooting. The
505:
had previously restricted their use in Quebec territory (which at that time encompassed the Iroquois lands now in Pennsylvania) and specifically refused to release supplies for expeditions beyond the treaty line. Carleton was, however, ordered by Secretary of State
571:, and three Fair Play men were killed (while one escaped) as they tried to get a boat to evacuate their families to Fort Horn at the mouth of Pine Creek. Near modern Lock Haven a skirmish led to the wounding of one Native American and one Fair Play man.
680:
and warned settlers, who fled to the safety of Fort Muncy. Her own family's cabin was later burnt to the ground. Robert Covenhoven, who had served under George Washington in the Continental Army and survived the attacks of June 10, rode west along the
1089:
manufacturing and lumber interests; religious, educational, and social development; geology and agriculture; military record; sketches of boroughs, townships, and villages; portraits and biographies of pioneers and representative citizens, etc. etc
180:
422:(further east). The colonial government recognized Lycoming Creek as the boundary, so settlements made to its west violated the treaty. Despite this, there were settlers west of Lycoming Creek and west of Pine Creek about to modern-day
1271:
383:, in which the boundary between colonial and Iroquois lands was adjusted in the colony's favor in exchange for some financial considerations and other guarantees. Settlers soon began arriving in the area (known as the "
593:), plus another "seventy rifles had been obtained from the Continental store", as well as allocating 500 pounds of lead (for bullets) and 250 pounds of gunpowder to the settlers. They also asked that General
689:
to warn settlers at Fort Antes (opposite what is now Jersey Shore) and the western part of the valley. Covenhoven is listed as a Fair Play Man and one of the signers of the Tiadaghton Declaration of Independence.
621:). As the situation worsened, more settlers moved temporarily to the forts and fortified houses. They were still vulnerable when they had to return to their homes and farms to tend to their crops and livestock.
173:
362:
190:
717:, fleeing the war there. Many of those had been poorly equipped and were ill-equipped to withstand attacks, and simply returned to New Jersey. The government of Pennsylvania sent military aid. Colonel
166:
426:. Because they fell outside the colony's bounds, the settlers in this area received no protection or government from the colony, so they formed their own system of self-rule, known as the
1251:
665:, triggered false rumours of a widespread massacre of women and children. This news caused the local authorities to order the evacuation of the whole West Branch valley.
1246:
1256:
908:
568:
564:
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668:
At least two riders braved attacks to warn their fellow settlers. Rachel Silverthorn volunteered (when no man would) to leave the relative safety of Fort Muncy (in
843:
466:
307:
1103:
366:
652:
The stone Wallis House (seen here in 1984) was one of only two structures to survive the attacks, and is now the oldest building in Lycoming County
414:
The New Purchase territory extended as far west as "Tiadaghton Creek". The identity of this creek was disputed, with the colonists claiming it was
337:
Some settlers returned soon after, but the Loyalist and Indians renewed their raids in the following year, leading to a second evacuation known as
1276:
507:
1236:
980:
941:
311:
1261:
763:
410:
Map of fortifications and streams in north-central Pennsylvania during the Big Runaway. Modern county borders are shown for orientation.
388:
1018:
597:
send 250 riflemen from the army to assist the defense of the frontier. However, none of this aid arrived in time to help the settlers.
1226:
713:
Some settlers soon returned, a few while the ruins of their homes still smoldered. Many of those who fled were recent immigrants from
502:
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963:
330:
of the northern and western branches of the Susquehanna River, while their abandoned houses and farms were all burnt as part of a
881:
454:
465:
killed by Colonel John Henry Antes and his men in a skirmish. Later a party of Native American raiders who had plundered along
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219:
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396:
315:
299:
224:
1024:
916:
899:
669:
400:
610:
449:, but the West Branch of the Susquehanna valley soon became a front in the war as well. According to tradition, the
1231:
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885:
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recruited large numbers of Native Americans, some of whom participated in Burgoyne's campaign. Quebec's Governor
415:
1195:
912:
739:
590:
539:
sought to target the Susquehanna's west branch, since it provided access to their lands in what is now western
423:
100:
1086:
958:
Myers, Paul W., Frontier Rangers from Northumberland County, PA, 1778-1783 (Apollo, PA: Closson Press, 1988).
877:
721:
built Fort Muncy to protect returning settlers. On September 24, 1778, he led a force of about 200 men up the
346:
1115:(Note: ISBN refers to Heritage Books July 1996 reprint. URL is to scan of 1892 version with some OCR typos).
730:
470:
628:
Later that same day, a party of sixteen settlers on its way to Lycoming Creek were attacked in what is now
755:
380:
372:
327:
254:
234:
821:
695:
511:
323:
856:
777:
726:
territory and preceded the Continental Army's major expedition into Iroquois territory the next year.
387:") and increased settlements along the West Branch of the Susquehanna helped lead to the formation of
458:
204:
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808:
785:
734:
686:
614:
384:
269:
244:
1046:
771:
239:
835:
701:
Fort Horn and the other Fair Play Men settlements were all destroyed. In the New Purchase, only
229:
904:
891:
1093:
986:
976:
959:
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937:
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303:
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249:
209:
1028:
799:
540:
446:
342:
850:
722:
637:
632:. In what became known as the "Plum Tree Massacre", twelve of the sixteen were killed and
606:
1027:(First ed.). The Commissioners of Lycoming County Pennsylvania. 1939. Archived from
298:. It was precipitated by a series of raids against local settlements on the northern and
931:
864:
718:
677:
535:
419:
391:
in 1772. The settlements along the river were in what are now parts of Northumberland,
331:
453:
made their own Declaration of Independence from Britain at the mouth of Pine Creek on
445:
cause. About 75 soldiers from the territory that became Lycoming County served in the
1220:
970:
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319:
62:
563:
On May 16, 1778, three settlers were killed by Native Americans near the mouth of
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582:
531:
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broke out in 1775, most of the settlers in that area favored independence from
318:
militia commanderes to order the evacuation. Most of the settlers relocated to
158:
873:
817:
714:
702:
510:
to expand recruitment in May 1777. This Carleton did, encouraging and funding
418:(further west, giving them more territory), while the Iroquois claimed it was
406:
951:
341:. These attacks on the Pennsylvania frontier led to retaliatory raids by the
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781:
648:
860:
633:
376:
350:
105:
574:
767:
286:
was a mass evacuation in June and July 1778 of white settlers from the
1023:. The Lycoming County Unit of the Pennsylvania Writers Project of the
552:
126:
972:
Seeds of Empire: The American Revolutionary Conquest of the Iroquois
647:
573:
1272:
Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga
363:
Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga
162:
613:), Fort Muncy and the fortified Brady House (both near modern
933:
Unconquered: the Iroquois League at War in Colonial America
1092:(1st ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Brown, Runk & Co.
555:
warriors began moving into the upper Susquehanna valley.
543:. After first campaigning further south (in what is now
518:
for the purpose. During the winter of 1777–78, Butler,
547:and southwestern Pennsylvania), parties of Seneca,
849:Harris House - a fortified home near the mouth of
477:in Lycoming County and their booty was recovered.
353:villages and killed thousands of non-combatants.
774:. The settlers fled here during the Big Runaway.
605:), the fortified Harris house near the mouth of
876:- a stockade surrounding the fortified home of
23:
1252:History of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
811:- in north central Northumberland County near
766:. This stronghold was the headquarters of the
174:
8:
73:British victory, American evacuation of the
473:in Union County, were stopped near modern
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20:
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1072:
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1007:
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1247:History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
405:
367:History of Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
345:against the Native Americans, including
1257:Pennsylvania in the American Revolution
999:
975:. New York: New York University Press.
1242:Forced migrations in the United States
1044:
7:
863:was never completed. It was along
661:on July 3, 1778, near what is now
617:), and Fort Freeland (near modern
14:
1085:Meginness, John Franklin (1892).
846:just a few miles from Fort Brady.
132:
93:
37:
1106:from the original on 6 May 2007
729:In the summer of 1779, General
349:, which destroyed more than 40
1277:Battles involving the Iroquois
75:West Branch Susquehanna Valley
1:
1194:. Originally appeared in the
1237:Clinton County, Pennsylvania
1025:Work Projects Administration
1020:A Picture of Lycoming County
917:Clinton County, Pennsylvania
1293:
1262:Union County, Pennsylvania
435:American Revolutionary War
360:
296:American Revolutionary War
292:North Central Pennsylvania
31:American Revolutionary War
16:June-July 1778 mass exodus
1227:1778 in the United States
936:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
481:British-Iroquois planning
200:
145:
84:
45:
36:
28:
1196:Williamsport Sun Gazette
878:Colonel John Henry Antes
853:also in Lycoming County.
838:- the fortified home of
828:in what is now southern
820:- the fortified home of
379:Confederacy signed the
1051:: CS1 maint: others (
653:
585:
411:
381:Treaty of Fort Stanwix
373:Colony of Pennsylvania
146:Commanders and leaders
930:Barr, Daniel (2006).
764:Northumberland County
651:
577:
409:
389:Northumberland County
347:Sullivan's Expedition
324:Sunbury, Pennsylvania
225:Unadilla and Onaquaga
1267:1778 in Pennsylvania
798:- near the mouth of
459:Continental Congress
106:Iroquois Confederacy
969:Mintz, Max (1999).
867:in the west end of
687:Bald Eagle Mountain
485:As part of General
310:and British-allied
245:Sullivan Expedition
907:- at the mouth of
894:- at the mouth of
882:Nippenose Township
822:Captain John Brady
772:Susquehanna Valley
672:). She rode along
654:
586:
441:and supported the
412:
339:The Little Runaway
191:Northern frontier
1232:Conflicts in 1778
1190:Robin Van Auken.
1162:Barr, pp. 147–148
1126:Barr, pp. 142–144
982:978-0-8147-5622-5
943:978-0-275-98466-3
760:Susquehanna River
659:Battle of Wyoming
595:George Washington
569:Woodward Township
497:, the British in
457:, unaware of the
314:, which prompted
304:Susquehanna River
278:
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157:
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1208:
1207:
1198:. Archived from
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1135:Mintz, pp. 17–20
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911:near modern-day
909:Bald Eagle Creek
884:south of modern
857:Stockade Started
800:White Deer Creek
788:, the cousin of
565:Bald Eagle Creek
559:Raiding campaign
447:Continental Army
428:Fair Play system
343:Continental Army
322:near modern-day
302:branches of the
288:frontier regions
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1017:
1016:
1001:
983:
968:
944:
929:
926:
851:Loyalsock Creek
842:in what is now
830:Lycoming County
802:in what is now
748:
723:Sheshequin Path
711:
646:
644:Mass evacuation
638:Sheshequin Path
607:Loyalsock Creek
561:
489:'s failed 1777
483:
461:' declaration.
369:
361:Main articles:
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308:Loyalist troops
284:The Big Runaway
281:
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255:Boyd and Parker
230:Carleton's Raid
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24:The Big Runaway
17:
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1192:"A Heroic Duo"
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998:
997:
996:
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925:
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921:
920:
902:
900:Clinton County
889:
871:
865:Lycoming Creek
854:
847:
844:Muncy Township
833:
815:
806:
796:Fort Menninger
793:
780:- a stockaded
775:
747:
746:Fortifications
744:
719:Thomas Hartley
710:
707:
678:Wyalusing Path
670:Muncy Township
645:
642:
560:
557:
536:Sayenqueraghta
508:George Germain
482:
479:
420:Lycoming Creek
358:
355:
332:scorched earth
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1202:on 2012-02-09
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1034:on 2009-04-21
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735:an expedition
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731:John Sullivan
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487:John Burgoyne
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467:Buffalo Creek
462:
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451:Fair Play Men
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371:In 1768, the
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235:Cherry Valley
233:
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220:German Flatts
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153:Samuel Hunter
152:
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144:
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140:United States
130:
128:
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110:
109:
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101:Great Britain
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52:
49:
48:
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22:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:the original
1185:
1180:Mintz, p. 49
1176:
1171:Barr, p. 148
1167:
1158:
1153:Mintz, p. 48
1149:
1144:Barr, p. 147
1140:
1131:
1122:
1114:
1108:. Retrieved
1087:
1036:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1019:
971:
932:
886:Jersey Shore
869:Williamsport
804:Union County
790:Daniel Boone
778:Boone's Fort
752:Fort Augusta
728:
712:
700:
694:what is now
692:
667:
663:Wilkes-Barre
655:
630:Williamsport
627:
623:
603:Williamsport
599:
587:
562:
524:Joseph Brant
516:Fort Niagara
503:Guy Carleton
495:Hudson River
484:
475:Jersey Shore
463:
455:July 4, 1776
432:
413:
385:New Purchase
370:
338:
336:
320:Fort Augusta
283:
282:
214:
90:
85:Belligerents
63:Pennsylvania
29:Part of the
898:in eastern
813:Turbotville
674:Muncy Creek
619:Turbotville
583:Cornplanter
532:Cornplanter
512:John Butler
294:during the
215:Big Runaway
1221:Categories
1206:2012-02-15
1110:2007-04-19
1038:2007-04-19
924:References
913:Lock Haven
896:Pine Creek
874:Fort Antes
836:Fort Muncy
818:Fort Brady
756:confluence
740:Watsontown
715:New Jersey
703:Fort Antes
591:Harrisburg
581:war chief
424:Lock Haven
416:Pine Creek
403:Counties.
357:Background
328:confluence
205:Cobleskill
193:after 1777
1047:cite book
952:260132653
905:Fort Reid
892:Fort Horn
784:owned by
782:gristmill
754:- at the
709:Aftermath
471:Lewisburg
433:When the
270:Johnstown
53:July 1778
1104:Archived
991:40632646
861:stockade
676:and the
609:(modern
541:New York
530:leaders
493:for the
491:campaign
397:Lycoming
377:Iroquois
375:and the
351:Iroquois
334:policy.
240:Minisink
58:Location
859:- this
770:in the
768:militia
758:of the
696:Sunbury
634:scalped
522:leader
469:, near
443:Patriot
401:Clinton
326:at the
316:Patriot
312:Indians
300:western
250:Newtown
1096:
989:
979:
962:
950:
940:
579:Seneca
553:Lenape
551:, and
549:Cayuga
528:Seneca
526:, and
520:Mohawk
499:Quebec
399:, and
137:
127:Lenape
122:Cayuga
117:Seneca
112:Mohawk
98:
70:Result
1032:(PDF)
826:Muncy
824:near
683:ridge
615:Muncy
393:Union
1094:ISBN
1053:link
987:OCLC
977:ISBN
960:ISBN
948:OCLC
938:ISBN
733:led
534:and
365:and
50:Date
915:in
880:in
762:in
685:of
514:at
306:by
290:of
1223::
1113:.
1102:.
1061:^
1049:}}
1045:{{
1002:^
985:.
946:.
640:.
430:.
395:,
1209:.
1055:)
1041:.
993:.
954:.
919:.
888:.
832:.
792:.
182:e
175:t
168:v
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