37:
154:
547:
1518:
169:
127:
1690:
1681:
Industrial action and rural unrest increased significantly: there were 1,663 industrial strikes in 1919, compared to 810 in 1913. More than one million industrial workers were involved in 1919, three times the 1913 figure. The trend continued in 1920, which saw 1,881 industrial strikes. Rural strikes
1748:
imposed from 1922 to 1928 resulted in workers' gross wage share tumbling back to 1913 levels by 1929, reversing the gains made during 1919–1920, when, according to political economist Clara Mattei, "average
Italian nominal daily industrial wages quintupled (around a 400 percent increase) compared to
1710:
The PSI and CGL failed to see the revolutionary potential of the movement; had it been maximized and expanded to the rest of Italy, a revolutionary transformation might have been possible. Most
Socialist leaders were pleased with the struggles in the North, but did little to capitalize on the impact
1594:
The
Biennio Rosso took place in a context of economic crisis at the end of the war, with high unemployment and political instability. It was characterized by strikes and mass worker demonstrations, as well as self-management experiments through land and factory occupations. Tension had been rising
1701:
plants, went on strike demanding recognition for their 'factory councils', a demand the PSI and CGL did not support. The factory councils more and more saw themselves as the models for a new democratically controlled economy running industrial plants, instead of purely as a bargaining tool with
1719:
By 1921, the movement was declining due to an industrial crisis that resulted in massive layoffs and wage cuts. In contrast to the passive demeanor of the PSI and CGL, employers and the upcoming fascist did react. The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the
1755:
lauded the imposition of austerity: "the development of the last two years have seen the absorption of a greater proportion of profits by capital, and this, by stimulating business enterprise, has most certainly been advantageous to the country as a whole."
1706:
by the employers. Factory occupations swept the "industrial triangle" of north-western Italy. Some 400,000 metal-workers and 100,000 others took part. On
September 3, 185 metal-working factories in Turin had been occupied.
209:
2566:
1598:
The population was confronted with rising inflation and a significant increase in the price of basic goods, in a period when extensive unemployment was aggravated by mass demobilization of the
2408:
1788:
1253:
331:
259:
202:
1759:
A quantitative sociological study of the period by analyzing newspaper news in the period clearly demonstrates the evolution of violence acts between the social groups involved.
1682:
also increased substantially, from 97 in 1913 to 189 by 1920, with over a million peasants taking action. On July 20–21, 1919, a general strike was called in solidarity with the
195:
2022:
1922:
1248:
1926:
1918:
2376:
3089:
1546:
819:
2484:
3074:
2490:
824:
36:
2840:
3069:
3064:
361:
1185:
286:
1630:, USI) reached between 300,000 and 500,000 affiliates. The anarchist movement was boosted by the return from exile of its prominent propagandist
1310:
3084:
1702:
employers. The movement peaked in August and
September 1920. Armed metal workers in Milan and Turin occupied their factories in response to a
2812:
2252:
2190:
2070:
1967:
274:
2879:
1873:
1595:
since the final years of the war, and some contemporary observers considered Italy to be on the brink of a revolution by the end of 1918.
3044:
1215:
1190:
326:
316:
2770:
1894:
1615:
1273:
891:
2478:
2369:
2227:
2205:
Quantitative
Narrative Analysis (Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences). Roberto Franzosi, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 2010.
1859:
836:
2235:
Italy: school for awakening countries - The
Italian labor movement in its political, social, and economic setting from 1800 to 1960
3079:
2775:
2723:
1539:
1317:
1290:
1233:
1210:
856:
2850:
2288:
2701:
1729:
1327:
1243:
886:
2525:
1180:
264:
2553:
2718:
291:
1563:(English: "Red Biennium" or "Two Red Years") was a two-year period, between 1919 and 1920, of intense social conflict in
219:
3094:
2520:
2362:
1175:
1158:
1098:
467:
2845:
2418:
1864:
1711:
of the occupations and uprisings. Without the support and quarantined, the movement for social change gradually waned.
1678:
and were accompanied by peasant strikes, rural unrests, and armed conflicts between left-wing and right-wing militias.
3049:
3039:
2835:
2454:
2413:
2182:
1532:
1305:
1300:
1143:
1133:
1114:
851:
841:
526:
418:
1768:
1280:
1205:
28:
771:
2571:
3009:
2576:
1623:
1200:
956:
388:
346:
249:
3016:
2795:
2780:
2760:
1773:
1163:
846:
477:
341:
71:
2950:
2765:
2403:
1603:
1362:
1268:
1153:
1148:
691:
383:
378:
2800:
2732:
1614:
increased substantially. The PSI increased its membership to 250,000, the major socialist trade union, the
3059:
3054:
2873:
2785:
2510:
351:
336:
321:
2994:
2790:
2515:
2213:
1322:
1195:
871:
546:
433:
2957:
2614:
2176:
2007:
971:
831:
2425:
2987:
2807:
2534:
2437:
1460:
1387:
866:
611:
408:
2459:
2907:
2744:
2737:
2658:
2646:
2609:
2593:
2497:
2471:
1671:
1667:
1455:
1392:
941:
926:
908:
896:
666:
631:
509:
413:
398:
135:
83:
1887:
The knights errant of anarchy : London and diaspora of
Italian anarchist diaspora (1880-1917)
1817:
Composizione di classe, rivendicazioni e professionalitĂ nelle lotte del "biennio rosso" a
Bologna
2965:
2706:
2154:
2107:
1912:
1703:
1683:
1611:
1599:
1497:
1480:
1435:
1093:
1088:
776:
686:
576:
494:
403:
311:
239:
140:
2928:
2273:
2943:
2712:
2641:
2631:
2505:
2248:
2223:
2186:
2146:
2099:
2066:
1963:
1957:
1900:
1890:
1869:
1848:
1485:
1238:
1066:
946:
751:
726:
671:
616:
606:
455:
296:
269:
254:
3001:
2039:
1944:
2857:
2626:
2449:
2138:
2058:
1783:
1738:
1663:
1651:
1631:
1583:
1564:
1522:
1491:
1475:
1470:
1295:
1051:
1041:
998:
988:
903:
746:
736:
721:
711:
696:
656:
646:
641:
571:
504:
356:
159:
105:
82:
Mass strikes, worker manifestations as well as self-management experiments through land and
2619:
1982:
2914:
2885:
2670:
2329:
1659:
1465:
1170:
1071:
1018:
881:
861:
809:
791:
741:
601:
591:
393:
2980:
2430:
1959:
Warfare and
Welfare: Military Conflict and Welfare State Development in Western Countries
2683:
2678:
2539:
2442:
2234:
1793:
1450:
1440:
1397:
1382:
1344:
1285:
1078:
1061:
1056:
961:
936:
766:
756:
716:
681:
621:
596:
586:
581:
561:
499:
482:
301:
3033:
2636:
2464:
2127:"Storia delle Origini del Fascismo: L'Italia dalla grande guerra alla marcia su Roma"
1778:
1734:
1579:
1338:
1258:
951:
786:
781:
731:
706:
626:
566:
445:
101:
2921:
1412:
2663:
2651:
2322:
Le origini della guerra civile. L'Italia dalla Grande Guerra al fascismo. 1918-1921
2299:
1733:) with the support of Italian industrialists and landowners. And eventually by the
1367:
1332:
1046:
1008:
701:
676:
661:
472:
450:
423:
244:
2354:
2243:
2218:
2178:
The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism
1724:
1675:
1575:
1568:
1377:
1263:
1003:
993:
761:
651:
636:
306:
173:
97:
2972:
2588:
2561:
2349:
2238:, New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University.
2052:
1445:
1407:
1138:
1108:
1103:
1013:
931:
876:
428:
2150:
2103:
2062:
1904:
1751:
1745:
1417:
1402:
1372:
1023:
981:
534:
2935:
2298:, a cura di Eliana Bouchard, Rina Gagliardi, Gabriele Polo, supplemento a "
1689:
187:
1083:
966:
2342:
2314:
2269:
2158:
2111:
2087:
1721:
1655:
1572:
1571:. The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the
1502:
94:
2325:
2126:
976:
93:
The revolutionary period was followed by the violent reaction of the
2142:
2088:"Who Benefited from Italian Fascism: A Look at Parma's Landowners"
1688:
1647:
1643:
538:
59:
1956:
Obinger, Herbert; Petersen, Klaus; Starke, Peter (21 June 2018).
2583:
2310:
2284:
1698:
1674:. The agitations also extended to the agricultural areas of the
1670:
took place under the leadership of revolutionary socialists and
2358:
2266:
Il biennio rosso. Autonomia e spontaneitĂ operaia nel 1919-1920
2023:
A Marxist History of the World part 76: Italy’s 'Two Red Years'
1985:, by Megan Trudell, International Socialism No. 114, April 2007
191:
2281:
La crisi italiana del primo dopoguerra. La storia e la critica
2008:
1918-1921: The Italian factory occupations and Biennio Rosso
1602:
at the end of the war. Association to the trade unions, the
2057:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 122–125.
1823:, a cura di Luciano Casali, Cappelli, Bologna 1982, p. 179.
1749:
their prewar levels" by 1921. A 1924 article published in
41:
Armed workers occupying factories in Milan, September 1920
1697:
In April 1920, Turin metal-workers, in particular at the
1622:, CGL), reached two million members, while the anarchist
2567:
Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (1926–1943)
1865:
The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
260:
Conscription disturbance at the Brisbane School of Arts
2409:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)
1789:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919–1926)
2222:, Manchester/New York: Manchester University Press,
1662:
considered to be the Italian equivalent of Russia's
1254:
Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist) Red Line
2899:
2866:
2828:
2821:
2753:
2694:
2602:
2551:
2390:
112:
89:
78:
66:
54:
46:
21:
2244:Against Capitalism: The European Left on the March
74:, with high unemployment and political instability
2125:Adamson, Walter L.; Vivarelli, Roberto (1992).
2018:
2016:
2370:
2170:
2168:
1540:
203:
8:
1885:Di Paola, Pietro, 1966- (4 September 2013).
2485:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
2054:The Fascist Revolution in Tuscany 1919–1922
1921:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1811:
1809:
1249:Communist Party of Italy (Marxist–Leninist)
2825:
2491:Assassination attempts on Benito Mussolini
2377:
2363:
2355:
1925:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1917:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1693:Factories manned by the Red Guards in 1920
1547:
1533:
521:
210:
196:
188:
35:
18:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
332:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary
16:Revolutionary period in Italy, 1919–1920
1805:
1186:Italian General Confederation of Labour
533:
1910:
1996:Italy: school for awakening countries
1821:Bologna 1920; le origini del fascismo
7:
2880:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
2719:Legione Proletaria Filippo Corridoni
2307:Pace, pane, terra. Il 1919 in Italia
3090:Subsidiary conflicts of World War I
2771:Maximalist Italian Socialist Party
1620:Confederazione Generale del Lavoro
14:
3075:Riots and civil disorder in Italy
2846:Alleanza Nazionale per la LibertĂ
2603:Antifascist martyrs and prisoners
2296:Le rivoluzioni sconfitte, 1919/20
2279:Giovanni Sabbatucci (a cura di),
1516:
1291:Movement of Unitarian Communists
1234:Armed Proletarians for Communism
1211:Unified Communist Party of Italy
857:Portella della Ginestra massacre
545:
167:
152:
125:
3070:1920 labor disputes and strikes
3065:1919 labor disputes and strikes
2702:Formazioni di difesa proletaria
2385:Italian antifascism (1919–1943)
1730:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
1616:General Confederation of Labour
1244:Communist Party of Italy (2014)
887:Assassination of Sergio Ramelli
2414:Massacre of Palazzo d'Accursio
2216:& Darrow Schecter (1993).
2131:The American Historical Review
1578:militia and eventually by the
1191:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party
1181:Italian Communist Party (2016)
100:militia and eventually by the
1:
2219:Gramsci and the Italian State
2036:Gramsci and the Italian State
1941:Gramsci and the Italian State
2572:Casellario politico centrale
2232:Neufeld, Maurice F. (1961).
1654:– which the leading Italian
1159:Communist Refoundation Party
1099:Proletarian internationalism
2836:Italian resistance movement
2822:Organizations and movements
2521:1940 San Mauro Forte revolt
2455:1922 Italian general strike
2185:. pp. 79–80, 275–277.
2183:University of Chicago Press
2025:, Counterfire, May 20, 2012
1962:. Oxford University Press.
1862:in: Ness, Immanuel (2009).
1608:Partito Socialista Italiano
1306:Party of Italian Communists
1301:Party of the Christian Left
1144:Communist Alternative Party
852:Third De Gasperi government
419:Turkish War of Independence
70:The economic crisis in the
3111:
3045:Political history of Italy
2594:Italian fascist censorship
1889:. Liverpool. p. 203.
1206:Trotskyist League of Italy
2241:Pelz, William A. (2007).
2175:Mattei, Clara E. (2022).
2086:Squeri, Lawrence (1990).
1860:Biennio Rosso (1919–1920)
1628:Unione Sindacale Italiana
1624:Italian Syndicalist Union
957:Italian road to socialism
389:Irish War of Independence
265:Australian general strike
229:
117:
34:
26:
3085:Revolutions of 1917–1923
2781:Communist Party of Italy
2761:Italian Republican Party
2504:Italian antifascists in
2247:, New York: Peter Lang,
2063:10.1017/cbo9780511599590
2034:Bellamy & Schecter,
1983:Gramsci: the Turin years
1939:Bellamy & Schecter,
1868:, Blackwell Publishing,
1774:Aftermath of World War I
1318:Popular Democratic Front
1216:Workers' Communist Party
847:Red Republic of Caulonia
820:XVII Congress of the PSI
478:Uprising in West Hungary
292:German strike of January
72:Aftermath of World War I
3080:Labor disputes in Italy
2951:La Rivoluzione liberale
2813:Unitary Socialist Party
2766:Italian Socialist Party
2404:Bloody Christmas (1920)
2302:", Roma, s.d. (ma 1993)
2051:Snowden, Frank (1989).
1666:– were formed and many
1604:Italian Socialist Party
1328:Proletarian Unity Party
1269:Italian Communist Party
825:I Congress of the PCd'I
692:Giangiacomo Feltrinelli
362:Greater Poland uprising
287:Austro-Hungarian strike
2786:Sardinian Action Party
2776:Italian People's Party
2511:International Brigades
1769:Revolutions of 1917–23
1694:
1281:The Left – The Rainbow
352:1918 protest in Zagreb
322:Canadian Labour Revolt
317:British police strikes
275:Brazil strike movement
29:Revolutions of 1917–23
2791:Italian Liberal Party
2516:Battle of Guadalajara
2214:Bellamy, Richard Paul
1815:Brunella Dalla Casa,
1692:
1323:Proletarian Democracy
1228:Defunct organisations
1196:Network of Communists
1128:Current organisations
434:Luton Peace Day Riots
2092:Agricultural History
1672:anarcho-syndicalists
1523:Communism portal
1461:Democratic socialism
867:Manifesto of the 101
612:Giuseppe Di Vittorio
468:Mongolian Revolution
409:March First Movement
347:Swiss general strike
250:French Army mutinies
3095:Anarchist uprisings
2874:Giustizia e LibertĂ
2745:Garibaldi Battalion
2733:Matteotti Battalion
2610:Ferruccio Ghinaglia
2498:Non abbiamo bisogno
2472:1922 Turin massacre
2426:Massacre of Sarzana
1668:factory occupations
1456:Christian socialism
1393:Quaderni piacentini
1134:Anticapitalist Left
942:Christian communism
927:Anarchist communism
909:Historic Compromise
897:Mitterrand doctrine
667:Pier Paolo Pasolini
632:Galvano Della Volpe
414:May Fourth Movement
399:La Canadenca strike
342:Egyptian Revolution
84:factory occupations
3050:Anarchism in Italy
3040:Communism in Italy
2675:Rosselli brothers
2479:Aventine Secession
2438:Massacre of Empoli
1845:Against Capitalism
1695:
1684:Russian Revolution
1634:in December 1919.
1612:anarchist movement
1600:Royal Italian Army
1498:Socialism in Italy
1481:Italian neorealism
1436:Anarchism in Italy
1171:Communist Struggle
1094:Passive revolution
1089:Organic centralism
842:Italian Resistance
837:Aventine Secession
832:Proština rebellion
777:Oliviero Diliberto
687:Giorgio Napolitano
577:Costantino Lazzari
495:September Uprising
404:Kinmel Park mutiny
384:Southampton mutiny
240:Russian Revolution
3027:
3026:
2900:Antifascist press
2895:
2894:
2754:Political parties
2713:Arditi del Popolo
2642:Giovanni Amendola
2632:Giacomo Matteotti
2615:Giuseppe Di Vagno
2506:Spanish Civil War
2460:Massacre of Parma
2391:Historical events
2305:Roberto Bianchi,
2264:Giuseppe Maione,
2253:978-0-8204-6776-4
2192:978-0-226-81839-9
2072:978-0-511-59959-0
1969:978-0-19-108509-3
1741:in October 1922.
1557:
1556:
1486:Politics of Italy
1239:Autonomia Operaia
1067:Cultural hegemony
947:Council communism
752:Ernesto Screpanti
727:Fausto Bertinotti
672:Enrico Berlinguer
617:Palmiro Togliatti
607:Bruno Fortichiari
519:
518:
456:Patagonia Rebelde
327:German Revolution
297:Finnish Civil War
186:
185:
182:
181:
136:Workers' councils
3102:
3020:
3005:
2976:
2961:
2939:
2858:Azione Cattolica
2854:
2826:
2804:
2796:Unione Nazionale
2741:
2727:
2667:
2655:
2627:Giovanni Minzoni
2623:
2580:
2543:
2535:Massacre of Bari
2529:
2468:
2450:Parma Barricades
2446:
2434:
2422:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2048:
2042:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1953:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1916:
1908:
1882:
1876:
1874:978-1-405-184649
1857:
1851:
1841:
1824:
1813:
1784:Benito Mussolini
1739:Benito Mussolini
1652:factory councils
1632:Errico Malatesta
1610:, PSI), and the
1584:Benito Mussolini
1567:, following the
1549:
1542:
1535:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1492:Prison Notebooks
1476:History of Italy
1471:Fischia il vento
1296:October 22 Group
1052:Anti-imperialism
1042:Anti-clericalism
999:Neo-Gramscianism
989:Marxist humanism
972:Marxism–Leninism
904:Movement of 1977
747:Margherita Cagol
737:Domenico Losurdo
722:Achille Occhetto
712:Giovanni Scuderi
697:Armando Cossutta
657:Raniero Panzieri
647:Alessandro Natta
642:Altiero Spinelli
572:Errico Malatesta
549:
522:
505:Hamburg Uprising
357:Darwin rebellion
224:
212:
205:
198:
189:
172:
171:
170:
162:
158:
156:
155:
131:Revolutionaries
130:
129:
128:
119:
118:
106:Benito Mussolini
39:
19:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3010:Il Quarto Stato
2999:
2995:L'Italia libera
2970:
2955:
2933:
2915:Critica Sociale
2891:
2886:Mazzini Society
2862:
2848:
2817:
2798:
2749:
2735:
2721:
2690:
2671:Antonio Gramsci
2661:
2649:
2617:
2598:
2574:
2547:
2537:
2523:
2462:
2440:
2428:
2416:
2386:
2383:
2339:
2261:
2259:Further reading
2210:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2143:10.2307/2165821
2124:
2123:
2119:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1909:
1897:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1858:
1854:
1842:
1827:
1814:
1807:
1802:
1765:
1717:
1660:Antonio Gramsci
1640:
1592:
1569:First World War
1553:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1466:Fasci Siciliani
1431:
1423:
1422:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1154:Communist Party
1149:Communist Front
1129:
1121:
1120:
1072:Counterhegemony
1037:
1029:
1028:
1019:Western Marxism
922:
914:
913:
882:Primavalle fire
862:May 1947 crises
810:Fasci Siciliani
805:
797:
796:
792:Alberto Toscano
772:Cesare Battisti
742:Silvia Federici
602:Antonio Gramsci
592:Nicola Bombacci
557:
520:
515:
514:
394:First Red Scare
225:
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62:
42:
17:
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2944:L'Ordine Nuovo
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2695:Military units
2692:
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2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2552:Repression in
2549:
2548:
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2532:
2531:
2530:
2518:
2513:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2482:
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2337:External links
2335:
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2320:Fabio Fabbri,
2318:
2317:Edizioni, 2006
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1819:, in: AA. VV,
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1794:Labin Republic
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1451:Christian left
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1441:Bandiera Rossa
1438:
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1430:Related topics
1429:
1428:
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1398:Quaderni Rossi
1395:
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1355:
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1345:Workers' Power
1342:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
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1286:Lotta Continua
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1261:
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1059:
1057:Antimilitarism
1054:
1049:
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1038:
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1016:
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962:Left communism
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954:
949:
944:
939:
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767:Marco Ferrando
764:
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729:
724:
719:
717:Gianni Vattimo
714:
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694:
689:
684:
682:Lucio Colletti
679:
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629:
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622:Ruggero Grieco
619:
614:
609:
604:
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597:Amadeo Bordiga
594:
589:
587:Egidio Gennari
584:
582:Luigi Galleani
579:
574:
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562:Emilio Covelli
558:
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3060:1920 in Italy
3058:
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3055:1919 in Italy
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2660:
2659:Gastone Sozzi
2657:
2653:
2648:
2647:Anselmo Cessi
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Piero Gobetti
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
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2554:Fascist Italy
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2399:
2398:Biennio Rosso
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2351:
2347:
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2344:Biennio rosso
2341:
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1779:March on Rome
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1735:March on Rome
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1727:militia (the
1726:
1723:
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1658:theoretician
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1580:March on Rome
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:Biennio Rosso
1550:
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1259:Critical Left
1257:
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952:Eurocommunism
950:
948:
945:
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938:
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928:
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918:
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895:
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872:Years of Lead
870:
868:
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860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
816:
815:Biennio Rosso
813:
811:
808:
807:
801:
800:
793:
790:
788:
787:Paolo Ferrero
785:
783:
782:Nichi Vendola
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
732:Renato Curcio
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:Antonio Negri
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
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670:
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663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
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635:
633:
630:
628:
627:Onorato Damen
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
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568:
567:Carlo Cafiero
565:
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560:
559:
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532:
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523:
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481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
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460:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
446:Ruhr uprising
444:
443:
439:
438:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
374:Biennio Rosso
372:
371:
367:
366:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
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147:
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107:
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102:March on Rome
99:
96:
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88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
38:
33:
30:
25:
22:Biennio Rosso
20:
3008:
2993:
2986:
2981:UmanitĂ Nova
2979:
2964:
2949:
2942:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2808:Action Party
2711:
2496:
2397:
2343:
2321:
2306:
2300:il manifesto
2295:
2280:
2265:
2242:
2233:
2217:
2201:
2177:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2098:(1): 18–38.
2095:
2091:
2081:
2053:
2046:
2035:
2030:
2003:
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1990:
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1958:
1951:
1940:
1935:
1886:
1880:
1863:
1855:
1844:
1820:
1816:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1728:
1718:
1709:
1696:
1680:
1641:
1627:
1619:
1607:
1597:
1593:
1560:
1558:
1490:
1368:il manifesto
1337:
1333:Red Brigades
1113:
1047:Anti-fascism
1009:Post-Marxism
814:
702:Mario Tronti
677:Livio Maitan
662:Luciano Lama
473:March Action
451:Iraqi Revolt
424:Sette Giugno
373:
255:Potato riots
245:Pistolerismo
149:
123:
27:Part of the
3015: [
3000: [
2971: [
2966:Non Mollare
2956: [
2934: [
2849: [
2799: [
2736: [
2722: [
2662: [
2650: [
2618: [
2575: [
2538: [
2524: [
2493:(1925–1932)
2463: [
2441: [
2429: [
2417: [
2400:(1919–1920)
1725:blackshirts
1676:Padan plain
1576:blackshirts
1378:Il Pioniere
1363:Liberazione
1004:Neo-Marxism
994:Migliorismo
762:Paolo Virno
652:Nilde Iotti
637:Luigi Longo
510:KrakĂłw riot
379:Tragic Week
307:Arab Revolt
174:Blackshirts
98:blackshirts
90:Resulted in
3034:Categories
2707:Red Guards
2589:Internment
2562:Squadrismo
2350:Libcom.org
1849:pp. 126-28
1800:References
1590:Background
1446:Bella ciao
1264:Front Line
1139:CARC Party
1115:Subalterns
1109:Solidarity
1104:Secularism
1036:Principles
1014:Trotskyism
932:Autonomism
921:Ideologies
877:Hot Autumn
429:Epsom riot
312:Rice riots
141:Red Guards
2929:Il Popolo
2294:AA. VV.,
2274:Il Mulino
2151:0002-8762
2104:0002-1482
2040:pp. 51-52
1994:Neufeld,
1913:cite book
1905:864395167
1752:The Times
1746:austerity
1715:Aftermath
1586:in 1922.
1418:Vie Nuove
1403:Rinascita
1373:Pattuglia
1024:Workerism
982:Stalinism
937:Bordigism
892:Moro case
535:Communism
222:1917–1923
67:Caused by
50:1919–1920
2988:Il Mondo
2882:(France)
2876:(France)
2867:In exile
2829:In Italy
1998:, p. 547
1763:See also
1744:Fascist
1388:La Plebe
1084:Feminism
967:Leninism
527:a series
525:Part of
337:Red Week
108:in 1922.
55:Location
3012:
2997:
2968:
2953:
2931:
2922:L'UnitĂ
2908:Avanti!
2332:, 2009.
2315:Odradek
2289:Laterza
2270:Bologna
2159:2165821
2112:3743180
1722:Fascist
1704:lockout
1664:soviets
1656:Marxist
1573:fascist
1503:Craxism
1413:l'UnitĂ
1408:SocietĂ
804:History
113:Parties
95:fascist
79:Methods
2544:(1940)
2501:(1931)
2487:(1925)
2481:(1924)
2326:Torino
2291:, 1976
2276:, 1975
2251:
2226:
2189:
2157:
2149:
2110:
2102:
2069:
1966:
1903:
1893:
1872:
1843:Pelz,
1638:Events
977:Maoism
556:People
157:
3019:]
3004:]
2975:]
2960:]
2938:]
2888:(USA)
2853:]
2803:]
2740:]
2726:]
2684:Nello
2679:Carlo
2666:]
2654:]
2622:]
2579:]
2542:]
2528:]
2467:]
2445:]
2433:]
2421:]
2346:texts
2155:JSTOR
2137:(2).
2108:JSTOR
1945:p. 29
1648:Milan
1644:Turin
1565:Italy
1357:Media
539:Italy
160:Italy
60:Italy
2584:OVRA
2330:UTET
2311:Rome
2285:Bari
2249:ISBN
2224:ISBN
2187:ISBN
2147:ISSN
2100:ISSN
2067:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1927:link
1923:link
1919:link
1901:OCLC
1891:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1699:Fiat
1646:and
1559:The
1311:FGCI
1274:FGCI
489:1923
462:1921
440:1920
368:1919
281:1918
234:1917
47:Date
2348:at
2139:doi
2059:doi
1737:of
1642:In
1582:of
537:in
104:of
3036::
3017:it
3002:it
2973:it
2958:it
2936:it
2851:it
2801:it
2738:it
2724:it
2664:it
2652:it
2620:it
2577:it
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2443:it
2431:it
2419:it
2328:,
2324:,
2313:,
2309:,
2287:,
2283:,
2272:,
2268:,
2181:.
2167:^
2153:.
2145:.
2135:97
2133:.
2129:.
2106:.
2096:64
2094:.
2090:.
2065:.
2038:,
2015:^
1943:,
1915:}}
1911:{{
1899:.
1847:,
1828:^
1808:^
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1929:)
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197:v
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