240:
44:
64:
503:, the inhibition of pathogens and harmful bacteria that colonize and/or infect the gut mucosa, the modulation of local and systemic immune responses, the repression of procarcinogenic enzymatic activities within the microbiota, the production of vitamins, and the bioconversion of a number of dietary compounds into bioactive molecules. Bifidobacteria improve the gut mucosal barrier and lower levels of
4607:
316:, whereas adult-associated species use plant oligosaccharides, consistent with what they encounter in their respective environments. As breast-fed infants often harbor bifidobacteria-dominated gut consortia, numerous applications attempt to mimic the bifidogenic properties of milk oligosaccharides. These are broadly classified as plant-derived
544:
that makes up the infant gut differs from the adult gut. An infant reaches the adult stage of their microbiome at around three years of age, when their microbiome diversity increases, stabilizes, and the infant switches over to solid foods. Breast-fed infants are colonized earlier by
1836:
Albert, Arianne Y. K.; Chaban, Bonnie; Wagner, Emily C.; Schellenberg, John J.; Links, Matthew G.; Schalkwyk, Julie van; Reid, Gregor; Hemmingsen, Sean M.; Hill, Janet E.; Money, Deborah; Group, VOGUE Research (12 August 2015).
2339:
Bourlieu C, Bouzerzour K, FerretBernard S, Bourgot CL, Chever S, Menard O, Deglaire A, Cuinet I, Ruyet PL, Bonhomme C, Dupont D (2015). "Infant formula interface and fat source impact on neonatal digestion and gut microbiota".
498:
strains are considered as important probiotics and used in the food industry. Different species and/or strains of bifidobacteria may exert a range of beneficial health effects, including the regulation of intestinal microbial
532:). Therefore, when mother's milk is fermented by lactic acid bacteria (including bifidobacteria) in the infant's gastrointestinal tract, the pH may be reduced, making it more difficult for Gram-negative bacteria to grow.
2375:
Turroni F, Peano C, Pass DA, Foroni E, Severgnini M, Claesson MJ, Kerr C, Hourihane J, Murray D, Fuligni F, Gueimonde M, Margolles A, De Bellis G, O'Toole PW, van
Sinderen D, Marchesi JR, Ventura M (2012-05-11).
5137:
2541:
2581:
1940:
569:
showing natural selection . Human milk oligosaccharides are not digested by enzymes and remain whole through the digestive tract before being broken down in the colon by microbiota.
2633:
561:. Infants and children under three years old show low diversity in microbiome bacteria, but more diversity between individuals when compared to adults. Reduction of
5111:
265:
in Paris, isolated a bacterium characterised by a Y-shaped morphology ("bifid") in the intestinal microbiota of breast-fed infants and named it "bifidus". In 1907,
1839:"A Study of the Vaginal Microbiome in Healthy Canadian Women Utilizing cpn60-Based Molecular Profiling Reveals Distinct Gardnerella Subgroup Community State Types"
5150:
4497:
4006:
3437:
2999:
2775:
281:. Metchnikoff also suggested that "oral administration of cultures of fermentative bacteria would implant the beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract".
4623:
565:
and increase in diversity of the infant gut microbiome occurs with less breast-milk intake and increase of solid food intake. Mammalian milk all contain
4793:
4660:
5085:
5124:
1739:
Schell MA, Karmirantzou M, Snel B, Vilanova D, Berger B, Pessi G, Zwahlen MC, Desiere F, Bork P, Delley M, Pridmore RD, Arigoni F (October 2002).
1672:
583:
contain genes that can hydrolyze some of the human milk oligosaccharides and these are found in higher numbers in infants that are breast-fed.
2626:
2010:
1820:
1951:
540:
The human infant gut is relatively sterile up until birth, where it takes up bacteria from its surrounding environment and its mother. The
294:
2588:
2585:
2190:"The Effect of Bifidobacterium on Reducing Symptomatic Abdominal Pain in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review"
4538:
2296:
Pham VT, Lacroix C, Braegger CP, Chassard C (July 2016). "Early colonization of functional groups of microbes in the infant gut".
5173:
2671:
2619:
1573:
308:
metabolism, as these carbohydrates are available in their otherwise nutrient-limited habitats. Infant-associated bifidobacterial
212:) of mammals, including humans. Bifidobacteria are one of the major genera of bacteria that make up the gastrointestinal tract
2666:
5129:
4505:
2088:"Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease"
63:
2750:
2740:
2723:
1968:
1329:
5211:
623:
613:
428:
1369:
5206:
1613:
1553:
1471:
1451:
1389:
1207:
823:
1482:
903:
1645:
1319:
1308:
5201:
4635:
1635:
1503:
1147:
733:
313:
1593:
1583:
1543:
1379:
1247:
985:
833:
813:
5155:
3155:
1227:
1187:
1177:
1097:
1007:
954:
863:
1513:
1277:
1237:
1057:
723:
663:
653:
643:
633:
5216:
2029:
Milani C, Turroni F, Duranti S, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, Ferrario C, van
Sinderen D, Ventura M (February 2016).
1655:
1523:
1359:
1267:
1037:
1017:
996:
893:
883:
873:
773:
683:
673:
511:
245:
4022:
2474:
Turroni F, Milani C, Duranti S, Ferrario C, Lugli GA, Mancabelli L, van
Sinderen D, Ventura M (January 2018).
2031:"Genomics of the Genus Bifidobacterium Reveals Species-Specific Adaptation to the Glycan-Rich Gut Environment"
1624:
1603:
1533:
1440:
1429:
1399:
1349:
1339:
1257:
1117:
1067:
1047:
965:
913:
853:
753:
743:
239:
2249:"Bifidobacterium strains from resident infant human gastrointestinal microflora exert antimicrobial activity"
1563:
1493:
1461:
1419:
1409:
1217:
1197:
1137:
1107:
1077:
1027:
943:
933:
703:
693:
494:
has been shown to be associated with improved rates of remission and improved maintenance of remission. Some
249:
bacteria found in a sample of
Activia yogurt: The numbered ticks on the scale are 10 micrometres apart.
4942:
4877:
4474:
4318:
4114:
2755:
2594:
1297:
1167:
1127:
1087:
975:
923:
763:
475:
278:
208:
149:
3386:
1287:
843:
783:
4999:
4299:
3506:
3486:
2970:
2436:
2002:
1812:
1157:
793:
713:
575:
522:
321:
199:
3938:
3839:
4932:
4531:
3832:
3813:
3640:
3560:
3339:
2718:
1890:
1687:
803:
579:
317:
132:
4400:
4226:
4202:
4173:
4060:
3984:
3868:
3846:
3087:
1919:
4106:
3950:
3572:
3535:
3513:
3422:
3410:
474:
of this genus, revealed that 13.7% of the identified bifidobacterial genes encode enzymes involved in
43:
5178:
5165:
5059:
5037:
4977:
4836:
4615:
4369:
4306:
4188:
4082:
3398:
3327:
3304:
2921:
2884:
2832:
2389:
2305:
2042:
1850:
1756:
3972:
3801:
3591:
3553:
4481:
4375:
4130:
3923:
3853:
3465:
3309:
388:. The primary factor responsible for aerobic growth inhibition is proposed to be the production of
266:
254:
4902:
4462:
4388:
3820:
344:
generally limits probiotic activity to anaerobic habitats. Recent research has reported that some
4424:
4214:
3911:
3603:
3453:
2735:
2713:
2701:
2676:
2513:
504:
491:
460:
192:
115:
105:
58:
4972:
5116:
5046:
4161:
3722:
3628:
2745:
2708:
2696:
2686:
2505:
2456:
2417:
2357:
2321:
2278:
2229:
2211:
2170:
2119:
2068:
2006:
1878:
1816:
1784:
389:
262:
3164:
4524:
4380:
4138:
4093:
4046:
3884:
3050:
2660:
2495:
2487:
2448:
2407:
2397:
2349:
2313:
2268:
2260:
2247:
Liévin V, Peiffer I, Hudault S, Rochat F, Brassart D, Neeser JR, Servin AL (November 2000).
2219:
2201:
2160:
2150:
2109:
2099:
2058:
2050:
1868:
1858:
1774:
1764:
1719:
528:
A mother's milk contains high concentrations of lactose and lower quantities of phosphate (
4718:
4596:
4431:
4335:
4148:
4143:
3897:
3699:
3677:
3492:
3205:
3176:
3126:
2961:
2856:
2824:
2566:
1902:
566:
385:
305:
4678:
2500:
2475:
2393:
2309:
2046:
1948:
Communicating
Current Research and Educational Topics and Trends in Applied Microbiology
1854:
1760:
4897:
4688:
4411:
4350:
4341:
4238:
4194:
4002:
3965:
3879:
3771:
3712:
3215:
3192:
2895:
2808:
2795:
2790:
2691:
2611:
2606:
2412:
2377:
2273:
2248:
2224:
2189:
2165:
2138:
2114:
2087:
2063:
2030:
1873:
1838:
553:
is the most common bacteria in the infant gut microbiome. There is more variability in
85:
2086:
Ghouri YA, Richards DM, Rahimi EF, Krill JT, Jelinek KA, DuPont AW (9 December 2014).
1779:
1740:
5195:
4642:
4576:
4417:
4071:
3790:
3730:
3707:
3646:
3433:
3316:
3294:
3263:
3237:
3138:
2952:
2843:
2819:
2800:
2771:
2476:"Bifidobacteria and the infant gut: an example of co-evolution and natural selection"
1920:"Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system"
1682:
258:
184:
95:
2517:
5051:
4801:
4698:
4693:
4561:
4277:
4267:
3991:
3783:
3755:
3664:
3584:
3520:
3375:
3350:
3273:
2869:
2851:
2435:
Matamoros S, Gras-Leguen C, Le Vacon F, Potel G, de La
Cochetiere MF (April 2013).
298:
141:
2402:
1863:
5098:
5031:
4952:
4907:
4768:
4753:
4703:
4249:
4153:
3760:
3687:
592:
500:
270:
5142:
2532:
2206:
1749:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4947:
4887:
4743:
4362:
4254:
4033:
3765:
3692:
3029:
2995:
2875:
2642:
2491:
2452:
1999:
Lactic Acid
Bacteria and Bifidobacteria: Current Progress in Advanced Research
1976:
541:
471:
325:
324:, which are differentially metabolized and distinct from milk oligosaccharide
213:
5022:
2361:
2215:
5072:
4856:
4763:
4713:
4708:
3745:
3011:
2317:
1724:
1707:
1677:
529:
309:
274:
217:
4606:
2509:
2460:
2421:
2353:
2325:
2282:
2233:
2174:
2123:
2072:
1882:
1788:
1769:
587:
that are produced by the humans are converted into food and energy for the
2437:"Development of intestinal microbiota in infants and its impact on health"
2155:
5016:
4861:
4778:
4683:
2730:
2646:
2264:
2054:
554:
431:. The kinetic parameters suggested that the enzyme could be involved in H
195:
188:
75:
1941:"Probiotics: 100 years (1907–2007) after Elie Metchnikoff's Observation"
5090:
4912:
4846:
4773:
4748:
4586:
4581:
3017:
2104:
412:
273:
bacteria are beneficial to human health. Metchnikoff observed that the
269:, deputy director at the Pasteur Institute, propounded the theory that
17:
5103:
4967:
4957:
4927:
4892:
4851:
4841:
4821:
4783:
4728:
4673:
4668:
4566:
4547:
584:
203:
4993:
557:
over time in infants, making them less stable compared to the adult
349:
5077:
4962:
4922:
4917:
4882:
4831:
4826:
4811:
4806:
4758:
4738:
4733:
4723:
4591:
2137:
Pinzone MR, Celesia BM, Di Rosa M, Cacopardo B, Nunnari G (2012).
688:(Mitsuoka 1969) Scardovi and Trovatelli 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)
238:
180:
2570:
4982:
4937:
4816:
4571:
510:
Bifidobacteria may also improve abdominal pain in patients with
409:
4997:
4520:
2615:
2575:
459:), corresponding to 1,352 and 2,557 predicted protein-encoding
5064:
2378:"Diversity of bifidobacteria within the infant gut microbiota"
1914:
1912:
1745:
reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract"
4516:
304:
Much metabolic research on bifidobacteria has focused on
549:
when compared to babies that are primarily formula-fed.
2542:
List of
Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
364:
strains. Based on the growth profiles under different O
1710:[Classification of the lactic acid bacteria].
2188:
Pratt, Charlotte; Campbell, Matthew D. (2019-11-18).
768:(Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924 (Approved Lists 1980)
514:(IBS) though studies to date have been inconclusive.
360:
can have a stimulatory effect on the growth of these
277:
of
Bulgarians was the result of their consumption of
155:(Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924 (Approved Lists 1980)
5006:
4870:
4792:
4659:
4614:
4554:
4454:
4328:
4129:
4014:
4001:
3744:
3676:
3618:
3545:
3445:
3432:
3368:
3287:
3256:
3249:
3154:
2994:
2942:
2783:
2770:
2139:"Microbial translocation in chronic liver diseases"
1112:Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)
738:Scardovi and Trovatelli 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)
2342:European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology
980:Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)
868:Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)
678:Scardovi and Crociani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)
2582:Comparative Analysis of Bifidobacterium Genomes
1809:Bifidobacteria: Genomics and Molecular Aspects
312:appear to have evolved the ability to ferment
4532:
2627:
2578:contains many Bifidobacterium genome projects
2024:
2022:
1072:(ex Scardovi et al. 1969) Biavati et al. 1982
8:
1404:Trovatelli et al. 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)
1172:Scardovi and Zani 1974 (Approved Lists 1980)
490:as a probiotic to conventional treatment of
372:species were classified into four classes: O
216:in mammals. Some bifidobacteria are used as
1588:corrig. Mitsuoka 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)
439:production in highly aerated environments.
202:though strains have been isolated from the
4994:
4539:
4525:
4517:
4011:
3442:
3253:
2780:
2634:
2620:
2612:
2092:Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology
1374:Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)
970:Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)
898:Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)
798:Scardovi et al. 1979 (Approved Lists 1980)
198:. They are ubiquitous inhabitants of the
42:
31:
2499:
2411:
2401:
2272:
2223:
2205:
2164:
2154:
2113:
2103:
2062:
1872:
1862:
1778:
1768:
1723:
227:species were collectively referred to as
1708:"Classification des bactéries lactiques"
336:The sensitivity of members of the genus
2602:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
1802:
1800:
1798:
1698:
2035:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1898:
1888:
1673:List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota
2194:Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins
2143:International Journal of Microbiology
1807:Mayo B, van Sinderen D, eds. (2010).
1354:(Zhu et al. 2003) Nouioui et al. 2018
451:have genome sizes ranging from 1.73 (
7:
5166:06a85664-a237-4f9b-83e8-44a3f6ff9a78
2480:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
295:fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase
1997:Sonomoto K, Yokota A, eds. (2011).
1384:Mitsuoka 1969 (Approved Lists 1980)
521:spp. may discourage the growth of
25:
1162:Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)
808:Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)
628:Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980)
607:comprises the following species:
536:Bifidobacteria and the infant gut
348:strains exhibit various types of
4605:
1927:African Journal of Biotechnology
62:
1975:. February 2012. Archived from
1950:. February 2007. Archived from
352:growth. Low concentrations of O
1973:European Probiotic Association
1:
1608:corrig. Michelini et al. 2016
466:Functional classification of
2403:10.1371/journal.pone.0036957
1864:10.1371/journal.pone.0135620
429:dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
297:pathway employed to ferment
52:Bifidobacterium adolescentis
2607:Spotlight on Bifidobacteria
1456:Biavati and Mattarelli 1991
1292:Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
1282:Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
1272:Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
1242:Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
1192:Biavati and Mattarelli 1991
1012:Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2021
848:Neuzil-Bunesova et al. 2020
400:) in the growth medium. A H
5233:
4636:Streptococcus thermophilus
2298:Environmental Microbiology
2207:10.1007/s12602-019-09609-7
135:1924 (Approved Lists 1980)
4625:Lactobacillus delbrueckii
4603:
4491:
4028:"Acidulodesulfobacteriia"
2654:
2492:10.1007/s00018-017-2672-0
2453:10.1016/j.tim.2012.12.001
165:
160:
147:
140:
59:Scientific classification
57:
50:
41:
34:
4285:"Thermodesulfovibrionia"
4023:Acidulodesulfobacteriota
3038:"Thermosediminibacteria"
2976:"Marinamargulisbacteria"
1969:"Pioneers of Probiotics"
1741:"The genome sequence of
512:irritable bowel syndrome
457:Bifidobacterium biavatii
423:and was identified as a
246:Bifidobacterium animalis
4878:Fermented milk products
4319:Thermodesulfobacteriota
4120:"Thermosulfidibacteria"
2979:"Riflemargulisbacteria"
2576:Genomes Online Database
2318:10.1111/1462-2920.13316
1706:Orla-Jensen S. (1924).
960:Delcenserie et al. 2007
476:carbohydrate metabolism
453:Bifidobacterium indicum
421:Bifidobacterium bifidum
322:galactooligosaccharides
279:fermented milk products
150:Bifidobacterium bifidum
4475:Salinosulfoleibacteria
4293:"Lambdaproteobacteria"
4115:Thermosulfidibacterota
3392:"Macinerneyibacteriia"
3035:"Thermoanaerobacteria"
2962:Vampirovibrionophyceae
2441:Trends in Microbiology
2354:10.1002/ejlt.201500025
2003:Caister Academic Press
1813:Caister Academic Press
1770:10.1073/pnas.212527599
1743:Bifidobacterium longum
1330:B. polysaccharolyticum
591:showing an example of
525:pathogens in infants.
318:fructooligosaccharides
250:
200:gastrointestinal tract
3387:Macinerneyibacteriota
2531:Euzéby JP, Parte AC.
1725:10.1051/lait:19243627
1414:Michelini et al. 2017
1262:Michelini et al. 2016
1092:Michelini et al. 2016
1022:Michelini et al. 2016
748:Michelini et al. 2019
648:Michelini et al. 2017
614:B. actinocoloniiforme
470:genes, including the
447:Members of the genus
314:milk oligosaccharides
242:
229:Lactobacillus bifidus
5143:bifidobacterium.html
4370:Polarisedimenticolia
4358:"Guanabaribacteriia"
4300:Schekmaniibacteriota
4041:"Desulfurobacteriia"
3956:"Handelsmanbacteria"
3944:"Krumholzibacteriia"
3507:Firestoneibacteriota
3487:Desantisiibacteriota
3305:Coprothermobacterota
3185:"Absconditabacteria"
3102:"Desulfitobacteriia"
2971:Margulisiibacteriota
2265:10.1136/gut.47.5.646
2055:10.1128/AEM.03500-15
1660:Alberoni et al. 2019
1446:Scardovi et al. 1969
1370:B. pseudocatenulatum
1252:Tsuchida et al. 2014
1232:Watanabe et al. 2009
638:Alberoni et al. 2019
517:Naturally occurring
368:concentrations, the
5212:Bacterial vaginosis
4504:Alternative views:
4376:Thermoanaerobaculia
4179:"Anaeroferrophilia"
4131:Deltaproteobacteria
4103:Desulfobacterota G
3966:Neomarinimicrobiota
3939:Krumholzibacteriota
3840:Edwardsiibacteriota
3566:"Hinthialibacteria"
3345:"Thermodesulfobiia"
3310:Coprothermobacteria
3122:"Halanaerobiaeota"
3070:"Thermaerobacteria"
2957:"Sericytochromatia"
2394:2012PLoSO...736957T
2310:2016EnvMi..18.2246P
2156:10.1155/2012/694629
2047:2016ApEnM..82..980M
1855:2015PLoSO..1035620A
1761:2002PNAS...9914422S
1650:Modesto et al. 2021
1640:Duranti et al. 2017
1618:Okamoto et al. 2008
1574:B. thermacidophilum
1568:Biavati et al. 1982
1554:B. stellenboschense
1538:Modesto et al. 2020
1518:Modesto et al. 2020
1498:Duranti et al. 2019
1488:Modesto et al. 2020
1472:B. saguinibicoloris
1434:Modesto et al. 2021
1394:Simpson et al. 2004
1390:B. psychraerophilum
1364:Modesto et al. 2020
1314:Modesto et al. 2020
1222:Biavati et al. 1982
1208:B. miconisargentati
1152:Duranti et al. 2020
1142:Modesto et al. 2015
1132:Modesto et al. 2019
1082:Duranti et al. 2019
1042:Modesto et al. 2020
990:Duranti et al. 2019
918:Modesto et al. 2020
888:Duranti et al. 2020
878:Modesto et al. 2018
858:Duranti et al. 2019
828:Modesto et al. 2018
824:B. callitrichidarum
818:Duranti et al. 2019
728:Laureys et al. 2016
658:Modesto et al. 2014
573:species genomes of
461:open reading frames
415:was purified from O
293:possesses a unique
5207:Gut flora bacteria
4232:"Methylomirabilia"
4182:"Deferrimicrobiia"
4066:"Calescibacteriia"
3892:"Raymondbacteriia"
3874:"Fermentibacteria"
3833:Delongiibacteriota
3814:Coatesiibacteriota
3641:Lindowiibacteriota
3561:Hinthialibacterota
3340:Thermodesulfobiota
3188:"Andersenbacteria"
3114:"Syntrophomonadia"
3105:"Desulfotomaculia"
3096:"Carboxydothermia"
2927:"Eudoremicrobiia"
2912:"Heboniibacteriia"
2105:10.2147/CEG.S27530
1901:has generic name (
1528:Hoyles et al. 2002
1483:B. saimiriisciurei
1062:Watabe et al. 1983
904:B.choladohabitans
788:Killer et al. 2009
778:Killer et al. 2011
718:Pechar et al. 2017
618:Killer et al. 2011
507:in the intestine.
505:lipopolysaccharide
492:ulcerative colitis
376:-hypersensitive, O
332:Response to oxygen
251:
223:Before the 1960s,
116:Bifidobacteriaceae
5202:Bifidobacteriales
5189:
5188:
5000:Taxon identifiers
4991:
4990:
4514:
4513:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4401:Leptospirillaeota
4355:"Fischerbacteria"
4227:Methylomirabilota
4203:Desulfuromonadota
4174:Deferrimicrobiota
4098:"Deferribacteria"
4061:Calescibacteriota
4051:"Campylobacteria"
3985:Tianyaibacteriota
3959:"Latescibacteria"
3869:Fermentibacterota
3847:Eiseniibacteriota
3749:(Sphingobacteria)
3723:Verrucomicrobiota
3681:(Planctobacteria)
3578:"Hydrogenedentia"
3480:"Tritonobacteria"
3364:
3363:
3230:"Saccharimonadia"
3211:"Howlettbacteria"
3150:
3149:
3134:"Selenobacteria"
3099:"Dehalobacteriia"
3093:"Carboxydocellia"
3088:Desulfotomaculota
3078:"Hydrogenisporia"
3067:"Symbiobacteriia"
3056:"Proteinivoracia"
2900:"Abditibacteriia"
2813:"Geothermincolia"
2348:(10): 1500–1512.
2012:978-1-904455-82-0
1822:978-1-904455-68-4
1661:
1651:
1646:B. vespertilionis
1641:
1631:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1598:Eckel et al. 2020
1589:
1579:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1548:Lugli et al. 2021
1539:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1508:Lugli et al. 2021
1499:
1489:
1477:
1476:Lugli et al. 2021
1467:
1457:
1447:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1395:
1385:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1344:Lugli et al. 2021
1335:
1325:
1324:Lugli et al. 2021
1320:B. pluvialisilvae
1315:
1309:B. platyrrhinorum
1303:
1302:Lugli et al. 2018
1293:
1283:
1273:
1263:
1253:
1243:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1212:Lugli et al. 2021
1203:
1202:Lugli et al. 2021
1193:
1183:
1182:Lugli et al. 2018
1173:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1133:
1123:
1122:Lugli et al. 2018
1113:
1103:
1102:Lugli et al. 2018
1093:
1083:
1073:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1013:
1003:
991:
981:
971:
961:
949:
948:Lugli et al. 2018
939:
938:Praet et al. 2015
929:
928:Lugli et al. 2021
919:
909:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
849:
839:
829:
819:
809:
799:
789:
779:
769:
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
709:
699:
698:Lugli et al. 2018
689:
679:
669:
668:Lugli et al. 2021
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
390:hydrogen peroxide
320:or dairy-derived
263:Pasteur Institute
191:, often branched
172:
171:
136:
106:Bifidobacteriales
27:Genus of bacteria
16:(Redirected from
5224:
5182:
5181:
5169:
5168:
5159:
5158:
5146:
5145:
5133:
5132:
5120:
5119:
5107:
5106:
5094:
5093:
5081:
5080:
5068:
5067:
5055:
5054:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5027:
5026:
5025:
4995:
4609:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4518:
4406:"Leptospirillia"
4381:Vicinamibacteria
4312:"Entotheonellia"
4208:Desulfuromonadia
4139:Bdellovibrionota
4107:Syntrophorhabdia
4094:Deferribacterota
4047:Campylobacterota
4012:
3951:Latescibacterota
3885:Chitinivibrionia
3862:"Tariuqbacteria"
3735:Verrucomicrobiia
3573:Hydrogenedentota
3536:Ratteibacteriota
3529:"Velamenicoccia"
3514:Goldiibacteriota
3477:"Erginobacteria"
3471:"Ancaeobacteria"
3443:
3423:Walliibacteriota
3411:Rifleibacteriota
3404:"Muiribacteriia"
3333:"Lithacetigenia"
3254:
3224:"Microgenomatia"
3201:"Doudnabacteria"
3046:"Dethiobacteria"
3005:
2985:"Termititenacia"
2949:Cyanobacteriota
2933:"Eremiobacteria"
2864:"Limnocylindria"
2838:"Bipolaricaulia"
2781:
2683:
2663:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2613:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2535:Actinomycetaceae
2528:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2415:
2405:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2209:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2107:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2026:
2017:
2016:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1945:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1929:. February 2005.
1924:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1804:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1703:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1636:B. vansinderenii
1630:Hojo et al. 2007
1629:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1578:Dong et al. 2000
1577:
1567:
1558:Endo et al. 2012
1557:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1504:B. santillanense
1497:
1487:
1475:
1466:Endo et al. 2012
1465:
1455:
1445:
1433:
1424:Endo et al. 2012
1423:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1334:Chen et al. 2022
1333:
1323:
1313:
1301:
1291:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1148:B. leontopitheci
1141:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1032:Choi et al. 2014
1031:
1021:
1011:
1002:Cato et al. 1970
1001:
989:
979:
969:
959:
947:
937:
927:
917:
908:Chen et al. 2022
907:
897:
887:
877:
867:
857:
847:
838:Endo et al. 2012
837:
827:
817:
807:
797:
787:
777:
767:
758:Endo et al. 2012
757:
747:
737:
727:
717:
708:Chen et al. 2022
707:
697:
687:
677:
667:
657:
647:
637:
627:
617:
567:oligosaccharides
463:, respectively.
267:Élie Metchnikoff
131:
67:
66:
46:
32:
21:
5232:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5217:Bacteria genera
5192:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5177:
5172:
5164:
5162:
5154:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5128:
5123:
5115:
5110:
5102:
5097:
5089:
5084:
5076:
5071:
5063:
5058:
5050:
5045:
5038:Bifidobacterium
5036:
5035:
5030:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5008:Bifidobacterium
5002:
4992:
4987:
4866:
4788:
4719:Dahibara Aludam
4655:
4650:Bifidobacterium
4610:
4601:
4550:
4545:
4515:
4510:
4498:Bergey's Manual
4487:
4442:
4437:"Pseudomonadia"
4347:"Aminicenantia"
4336:Acidobacteriota
4324:
4307:Tectimicrobiota
4189:Deferrisomatota
4149:Bdellovibrionia
4144:Bacteriovoracia
4125:
4083:Dadaibacteriota
4005:
3997:
3992:Zixiibacteriota
3978:"Marinisomatia"
3932:"Stahlbacteria"
3905:"Glassbacteria"
3898:Gemmatimonadota
3807:"Cloacimonadia"
3772:Ignavibacteriia
3748:
3740:
3727:Kiritimatiellia
3717:"Uabimicrobiia"
3700:Planctomycetota
3680:
3672:
3621:bacteriobiontes
3620:
3614:
3597:"Saltatorellae"
3541:
3493:Elusimicrobiota
3436:
3428:
3416:"Ozemibacteria"
3399:Muiribacteriota
3360:
3328:Lithacetigenota
3317:Dictyoglomerota
3283:
3245:
3233:"Torokbacteria"
3227:"Paceibacteria"
3221:"Kazanbacteria"
3206:Gracilibacteria
3198:"Dojkabacteria"
3177:Patescibacteria
3170:"Elulimicrobia"
3146:
3064:"Sulfobacillia"
3003:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2982:"Saganbacteria"
2943:Cyanoprokaryota
2938:
2922:Eremiobacterota
2890:"Dormibacteria"
2885:Dormiibacterota
2861:Ktedonobacteria
2857:Dehalococcoidia
2833:Bipolaricaulota
2825:Thermoleophilia
2816:"Humimicrobiia"
2774:
2766:
2765:
2681:
2659:
2650:
2640:
2596:Bifidobacterium
2567:Bifidobacterium
2563:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2013:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1982:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1897:
1887:
1849:(8): e0135620.
1835:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1806:
1805:
1796:
1755:(22): 14422–7.
1738:
1737:
1733:
1718:(36): 468–474.
1705:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1669:
1664:
1594:B. tibiigranuli
1584:B. thermophilum
1544:B. simiiventris
1380:B. pseudolongum
1248:B. moukalabense
986:B. dolichotidis
834:B. callitrichos
814:B. callimiconis
624:B. adolescentis
605:Bifidobacterium
601:
571:Bifidobacterium
563:Bifidobacterium
559:Bifidobacterium
551:Bifidobacterium
547:Bifidobacterium
538:
519:Bifidobacterium
496:Bifidobacterium
488:Bifidobacterium
484:
468:Bifidobacterium
449:Bifidobacterium
445:
438:
434:
418:
407:
403:
399:
395:
386:microaerophilic
384:-tolerant, and
383:
379:
375:
370:Bifidobacterium
367:
362:Bifidobacterium
359:
355:
346:Bifidobacterium
343:
338:Bifidobacterium
334:
306:oligosaccharide
291:Bifidobacterium
287:
237:
225:Bifidobacterium
176:Bifidobacterium
156:
153:
130:
127:Bifidobacterium
61:
36:Bifidobacterium
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5230:
5228:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5194:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5170:
5160:
5147:
5134:
5121:
5108:
5095:
5082:
5069:
5056:
5043:
5028:
5012:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4689:Cucumber raita
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4646:
4639:
4632:
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4604:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4412:Pseudomonadota
4409:
4408:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4356:
4353:
4351:Blastocatellia
4348:
4345:
4342:Acidobacteriia
4332:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:"Bradymonadia"
4257:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4244:"Moduliflexia"
4235:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4195:Deferrisomatia
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4088:"Dadabacteria"
4079:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4018:
4016:
4009:
4003:Proteobacteria
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3973:Marinisomatota
3969:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:"Hydrothermia"
3920:
3919:
3918:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3902:Gemmatimonadia
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3880:Fibrobacterota
3877:
3876:
3875:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3859:"Electryoneia"
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3826:"Cosmopolitia"
3817:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3802:Cloacimonadota
3798:
3797:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3777:"Kapabacteria"
3775:
3768:
3763:
3752:
3750:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:Planctomycetia
3710:
3705:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3684:
3682:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3654:"Brachyspirae"
3652:
3651:"Brevinematia"
3644:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3624:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3592:Saltatorellota
3588:
3585:Poribacteriota
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3554:Abyssubacteria
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:Elusimicrobiia
3490:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:"Auribacteria"
3472:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3447:
3440:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:Fusobacteriota
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3321:Dictyoglomeria
3314:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:Katanobacteria
3212:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:Berkelbacteria
3189:
3186:
3183:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3117:"Thermincolia"
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3051:Natranaerobiia
3047:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3023:
3022:
3021:
3008:
3006:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2925:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2909:Fimbriimonadia
2907:
2906:Chthonomonadia
2904:
2901:
2896:Armatimonadota
2893:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:Coriobacteriia
2806:
2805:"Aquicultoria"
2803:
2798:
2796:Acidimicrobiia
2791:Actinomycetota
2787:
2785:
2778:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:Mesomycetozoea
2753:
2748:
2738:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2692:Diaphoretickes
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:classification
2641:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2592:
2579:
2573:
2562:
2561:External links
2559:
2557:
2556:
2523:
2486:(1): 103–118.
2466:
2427:
2367:
2331:
2304:(7): 2246–58.
2288:
2239:
2200:(3): 834–839.
2180:
2129:
2078:
2041:(4): 980–991.
2018:
2011:
1989:
1960:
1957:on 2012-10-04.
1932:
1908:
1828:
1821:
1794:
1731:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1620:
1614:B. tsurumiense
1610:
1600:
1590:
1580:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1540:
1530:
1520:
1510:
1500:
1490:
1478:
1468:
1458:
1452:B. ruminantium
1448:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1346:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1274:
1264:
1254:
1244:
1234:
1228:B. mongoliense
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1178:B.margollesii
1174:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1104:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1008:B. erythrocebi
1004:
992:
982:
972:
962:
955:B. crudilactis
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
864:B. catenulatum
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
800:
790:
780:
770:
760:
750:
740:
730:
720:
710:
700:
690:
680:
670:
660:
650:
640:
630:
620:
609:
600:
597:
578:, B. bifidum,
537:
534:
483:
480:
455:) to 3.25 Mb (
444:
441:
436:
432:
416:
405:
401:
397:
393:
381:
377:
373:
365:
357:
353:
341:
333:
330:
286:
283:
236:
233:
170:
169:
163:
162:
158:
157:
154:
145:
144:
138:
137:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
86:Actinomycetota
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
55:
54:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5229:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4996:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4903:Crème fraîche
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4643:Lactobacillus
4640:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4507:
4503:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4490:
4483:
4482:Teskebacteria
4479:
4476:
4472:
4468:"Qinglongiia"
4467:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4436:
4433:
4432:Magnetococcia
4429:
4426:
4425:Mariprofundia
4422:
4419:
4418:Caulobacteria
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:"Canglongiia"
4393:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:Moduliflexota
4236:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4072:Chrysiogenota
4070:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4054:Desulfurellia
4053:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:Hydrothermota
3921:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3889:Fibrobacteria
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:Electryoneota
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:Calditrichota
3789:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3731:Lentisphaeria
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3708:Phycisphaeria
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3666:
3662:
3660:"Leptospiria"
3659:
3657:"Exilispiria"
3656:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:Spirochaetota
3645:
3642:
3638:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3526:"Omnitrophia"
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:Endomicrobiia
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:Auribacterota
3463:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:Hydrobacteria
3431:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3380:Fusobacteriia
3379:
3378:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:Fusobacterida
3367:
3355:"Thermotogia"
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3295:Caldisericota
3293:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:Atribacterota
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:Synergistetes
3255:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3238:Wirthbacteria
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3140:
3139:Selenomonadia
3136:
3135:
3133:
3128:
3127:Halanaerobiia
3124:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3111:"Peptococcia"
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Cyanobacteria
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:Armatimonadia
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:"Caldilineia"
2847:
2846:
2845:
2844:Chloroflexota
2842:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Rubrobacteria
2818:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Actinomycetia
2799:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:BV1, BV3, BV5
2773:
2772:Terrabacteria
2769:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Stramenopiles
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2682:(major groups
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2545:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:(4): 167–73.
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2388:(5): e36957.
2387:
2383:
2379:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:(5): 646–52.
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1979:on 2013-07-22
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1899:|last11=
1892:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:Proteobiotics
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1514:B. scaligerum
1511:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1278:B. olomucense
1275:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:B. moraviense
1235:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:B. gallinarum
1055:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1005:
999:
998:
993:
988:
987:
983:
978:
977:
973:
968:
967:
963:
957:
956:
951:
946:
945:
941:
936:
935:
931:
926:
925:
921:
916:
915:
911:
906:
905:
901:
896:
895:
891:
886:
885:
881:
876:
875:
871:
866:
865:
861:
856:
855:
851:
846:
845:
841:
836:
835:
831:
826:
825:
821:
816:
815:
811:
806:
805:
801:
796:
795:
791:
786:
785:
781:
776:
775:
771:
766:
765:
761:
756:
755:
751:
746:
745:
741:
736:
735:
734:B. asteroides
731:
726:
725:
724:B. aquikefiri
721:
716:
715:
711:
706:
705:
701:
696:
695:
691:
686:
685:
681:
676:
675:
671:
666:
665:
664:B. amazonense
661:
656:
655:
654:B. aesculapii
651:
646:
645:
644:B. aerophilum
641:
636:
635:
634:B. aemilianum
631:
626:
625:
621:
616:
615:
611:
610:
608:
606:
598:
596:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
535:
533:
531:
526:
524:
523:Gram-negative
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
482:Clinical uses
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
442:
440:
430:
426:
422:
414:
411:
391:
387:
380:-sensitive, O
371:
363:
351:
347:
339:
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
299:carbohydrates
296:
292:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:Henri Tissier
248:
247:
241:
234:
232:
230:
226:
221:
219:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
185:gram-positive
182:
178:
177:
168:
164:
159:
152:
151:
146:
143:
139:
134:
129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:Actinomycetia
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
65:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
5007:
4973:Yayık ayranı
4802:Acidophiline
4699:Dahi baigana
4694:Dahi chutney
4649:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4628:
4624:
4496:
4463:Qinglongiota
4389:Canglongiota
4278:Nitrospirota
4268:Nitrospinota
4220:"Lernaellia"
4076:Chrysiogenia
3917:"Heilongiia"
3821:Cosmopoliota
3795:Calditrichia
3784:Rhodothermia
3780:"Kryptoniia"
3756:Bacteroidota
3665:Spirochaetia
3609:"Sumerlaeia"
3521:Omnitrophota
3459:"Aerophobia"
3351:Thermotogota
3299:Caldisericia
3274:Synergistota
3268:Atribacteria
3250:Thermotogida
3081:Limnochordia
3075:Bacillota G
3061:Bacillota E
3043:Bacillota D
3025:Bacillota A
2915:"Zipacnadia"
2870:Deinococcota
2852:Chloroflexia
2741:Opisthokonta
2599:
2595:
2571:Microbe Wiki
2547:. Retrieved
2540:
2534:
2526:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2385:
2381:
2370:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2038:
2034:
1998:
1992:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1972:
1963:
1952:the original
1947:
1935:
1926:
1891:cite journal
1846:
1842:
1831:
1808:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1734:
1715:
1711:
1701:
1656:B. xylocopae
1654:
1644:
1634:
1623:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1524:B. scardovii
1522:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1481:
1470:
1460:
1450:
1439:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1360:B. primatium
1358:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1318:
1307:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1268:B. oedipodis
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1196:
1188:B. merycicum
1186:
1176:
1166:
1156:
1146:
1136:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1056:
1046:
1038:B. felsineum
1036:
1026:
1018:B. eulemuris
1016:
1006:
997:B. eriksonii
995:
984:
974:
964:
953:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
894:B. choerinum
892:
884:B. cebidarum
882:
874:B. catulorum
872:
862:
852:
842:
832:
822:
812:
802:
792:
782:
774:B. bohemicum
772:
762:
752:
742:
732:
722:
712:
702:
692:
682:
674:B. angulatum
672:
662:
652:
642:
632:
622:
612:
604:
602:
588:
574:
570:
562:
558:
550:
546:
539:
527:
518:
516:
509:
495:
487:
485:
467:
465:
456:
452:
448:
446:
424:
420:
369:
361:
345:
337:
335:
303:
290:
288:
259:pediatrician
252:
244:
243:Some of the
228:
224:
222:
207:
175:
174:
173:
166:
148:
142:Type species
126:
125:
51:
35:
29:
5099:iNaturalist
5032:Wikispecies
4953:Soured milk
4754:Papri chaat
4704:Dahi machha
4506:Wikispecies
4501:(2001–2012)
4282:Nitrospiria
4272:Nitrospinia
4250:Myxococcota
4215:Lernaellota
4154:Oligoflexia
3912:Heilongiota
3761:Bacteroidia
3704:"Brocadiia"
3688:Chlamydiota
3619:Spirochaeto
3604:Sumerlaeota
3454:Aerophobota
3288:Thermocalda
3278:Synergistia
3108:"Moorellia"
3030:Clostridiia
2876:Deinococcia
2643:Prokaryotes
1625:B. urinalis
1604:B. tissieri
1534:B. simiarum
1441:B. ruminale
1430:B. rousetti
1400:B. pullorum
1350:B. porcinum
1340:B. pongonis
1258:B. myosotis
1118:B. italicum
1068:B. globosum
1048:B. gallicum
966:B.cuniculi
914:B. choloepi
854:B. castoris
754:B. biavatii
744:B. avesanii
684:B. animalis
593:coevolution
589:B. bifidum.
501:homeostasis
419:-sensitive
271:lactic acid
257:, a French
206:and mouth (
133:Orla-Jensen
5196:Categories
4948:Sour cream
4888:Buttermilk
4744:Mitha dahi
4629:bulgaricus
4363:Holophagia
4262:Polyangiia
4255:Myxococcia
4034:Aquificota
4015:Aquificida
3766:Chlorobiia
3693:Chlamydiia
3634:"Babeliae"
2996:Firmicutes
2930:"Xenobiia"
2589:IMG system
2149:: 694629.
2098:: 473–87.
1983:2013-07-01
1694:References
1688:Prebiotics
1564:B. subtile
1494:B. samirii
1462:B. saguini
1420:B. reuteri
1410:B. ramosum
1218:B. minimum
1198:B. miconis
1138:B. lemurum
1108:B. indicum
1078:B. goeldii
1052:Lauer 1990
1028:B. faecale
976:B. dentium
944:B. criceti
934:B. commune
764:B. bifidum
704:B. apousia
694:B. anseris
603:The genus
542:microbiota
472:pan-genome
326:catabolism
310:phylotypes
289:The genus
285:Metabolism
218:probiotics
214:microbiota
209:B. dentium
167:See text.
4857:Ryazhenka
4764:Shrikhand
4714:Dahi vada
4709:Dahi puri
4555:Varieties
4167:"Binatia"
4038:Aquificia
3746:FCB group
3678:PVC group
3156:CPR group
3012:Bacillota
2736:Amoebozoa
2714:Alveolata
2702:Cryptista
2677:Eukaryota
2362:1438-9312
2216:1867-1306
1678:Probiotic
1298:B. parmae
1168:B. magnum
1158:B. longum
1128:B. jacchi
1088:B. hapali
924:B. colobi
576:B. longum
555:genotypes
530:pH buffer
408:-forming
275:longevity
253:In 1899,
193:anaerobic
189:nonmotile
5017:Wikidata
4908:Filmjölk
4862:Varenets
4779:Tzatziki
4684:Chukauni
4616:Cultures
4597:Strained
4495:Source:
4162:Binatota
3629:Babelota
3438:BV2, BV4
3018:Bacillia
2731:Amorphea
2709:Rhizaria
2697:Hacrobia
2687:Excavata
2672:Bacteria
2647:Bacteria
2549:June 17,
2518:24103287
2510:28983638
2501:11105234
2461:23332725
2422:22606315
2382:PLOS ONE
2326:27059115
2283:11034580
2234:31741311
2175:22848224
2124:25525379
2073:26590291
1883:26266808
1843:PLOS ONE
1789:12381787
1667:See also
1288:B. panos
844:B. canis
804:B. breve
784:B. bombi
580:B. breve
196:bacteria
161:Species
112:Family:
82:Phylum:
76:Bacteria
72:Domain:
5117:1062625
5091:3223496
5023:Q132656
4943:Smetana
4913:Jocoque
4898:Clabber
4871:Related
4847:Nai lao
4774:Tarator
4749:Parfait
4627:subsp.
4587:Nai lao
4582:Matzoon
4290:SAR324
3546:Clade 2
3446:Clade 1
3165:Elulota
2746:Animals
2667:Archaea
2413:3350489
2390:Bibcode
2306:Bibcode
2274:1728100
2225:7456408
2166:3405644
2115:4266241
2064:4751850
2043:Bibcode
1874:4534464
1851:Bibcode
1757:Bibcode
1712:Le Lait
794:B. boum
714:B. apri
599:Species
585:Glycans
486:Adding
443:Genomes
413:oxidase
261:at the
235:History
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
18:Bifidus
5179:559796
5163:NZOR:
5130:956829
5104:357120
5078:1BIFIG
4968:Yakult
4958:Suorat
4928:Mursik
4893:Calpis
4852:Omaere
4842:Mattha
4822:Chalap
4794:Drinks
4784:Zhoixo
4729:Jameed
4679:Çılbır
4674:Churri
4669:Borani
4661:Dishes
4577:Frozen
4567:Dadiah
4548:Yogurt
4455:others
4329:others
3004:Low GC
2784:others
2724:Plants
2661:Domain
2598:at Bac
2544:(LPSN)
2516:
2508:
2498:
2459:
2420:
2410:
2360:
2324:
2281:
2271:
2232:
2222:
2214:
2173:
2163:
2122:
2112:
2071:
2061:
2009:
1881:
1871:
1819:
1787:
1780:137899
1777:
427:-type
356:and CO
204:vagina
5174:WoRMS
5112:IRMNG
5065:83443
5052:62FVD
4963:Viili
4933:Quark
4923:Kumis
4918:Kefir
4883:Amasi
4837:Leben
4832:Lassi
4827:Doogh
4812:Chaas
4807:Ayran
4759:Raita
4739:Kashk
4734:Kadhi
4724:Dovga
4592:Qatiq
2751:Fungi
2586:DOE's
2514:S2CID
1955:(PDF)
1944:(PDF)
1923:(PDF)
181:genus
179:is a
5156:1678
5151:NCBI
5138:LPSN
5125:ITIS
5086:GBIF
5073:EPPO
4983:Whey
4978:Ymer
4938:Skyr
4817:Chal
4769:Spas
4572:Dhau
4562:Curd
3182:ABY1
2600:Dive
2584:(at
2551:2021
2506:PMID
2457:PMID
2418:PMID
2358:ISSN
2322:PMID
2279:PMID
2230:PMID
2212:ISSN
2171:PMID
2147:2012
2120:PMID
2069:PMID
2007:ISBN
1903:help
1879:PMID
1817:ISBN
1785:PMID
410:NADH
350:oxic
340:to O
5060:EoL
5047:CoL
4007:BV2
3000:BV3
2569:at
2496:PMC
2488:doi
2449:doi
2408:PMC
2398:doi
2350:doi
2346:117
2314:doi
2269:PMC
2261:doi
2253:Gut
2220:PMC
2202:doi
2161:PMC
2151:doi
2110:PMC
2100:doi
2059:PMC
2051:doi
1869:PMC
1859:doi
1775:PMC
1765:doi
1720:doi
1098:B.
183:of
5198::
5176::
5153::
5140::
5127::
5114::
5101::
5088::
5075::
5062::
5049::
5034::
5019::
4465:"
4403:"
4391:"
4309:"
4241:"
4229:"
4217:"
4205:"
4191:"
4176:"
4164:"
4117:"
4085:"
4063:"
4025:"
3975:"
3953:"
3941:"
3926:"
3914:"
3871:"
3856:"
3823:"
3804:"
3631:"
3606:"
3594:"
3575:"
3563:"
3523:"
3468:"
3456:"
3413:"
3401:"
3389:"
3342:"
3330:"
3179:"
3167:"
3090:"
2973:"
2887:"
2835:"
2645::
2539:.
2512:.
2504:.
2494:.
2484:75
2482:.
2478:.
2455:.
2445:21
2443:.
2439:.
2416:.
2406:.
2396:.
2384:.
2380:.
2356:.
2344:.
2320:.
2312:.
2302:18
2300:.
2277:.
2267:.
2257:47
2255:.
2251:.
2228:.
2218:.
2210:.
2198:12
2196:.
2192:.
2169:.
2159:.
2145:.
2141:.
2118:.
2108:.
2094:.
2090:.
2067:.
2057:.
2049:.
2039:82
2037:.
2033:.
2021:^
2005:.
2001:.
1971:.
1946:.
1925:.
1911:^
1895::
1893:}}
1889:{{
1877:.
1867:.
1857:.
1847:10
1845:.
1841:.
1815:.
1811:.
1797:^
1783:.
1773:.
1763:.
1753:99
1751:.
1747:.
1714:.
1628:"
1486:"
1444:"
1312:"
1000:"
958:"
595:.
478:.
392:(H
328:.
301:.
231:.
220:.
187:,
4540:e
4533:t
4526:v
4484:"
4480:"
4477:"
4473:"
4461:"
4434:"
4430:"
4427:"
4423:"
4420:"
4416:"
4399:"
4387:"
4372:"
4368:"
4365:"
4361:"
4344:"
4340:"
4321:"
4317:"
4305:"
4302:"
4298:"
4237:"
4225:"
4213:"
4201:"
4187:"
4172:"
4160:"
4113:"
4081:"
4059:"
4021:"
3994:"
3990:"
3987:"
3983:"
3971:"
3968:"
3964:"
3949:"
3937:"
3922:"
3910:"
3867:"
3852:"
3849:"
3845:"
3842:"
3838:"
3835:"
3831:"
3819:"
3816:"
3812:"
3800:"
3774:"
3770:"
3667:"
3663:"
3643:"
3639:"
3627:"
3602:"
3590:"
3587:"
3583:"
3571:"
3559:"
3556:"
3552:"
3538:"
3534:"
3519:"
3516:"
3512:"
3509:"
3505:"
3489:"
3485:"
3464:"
3452:"
3425:"
3421:"
3409:"
3397:"
3385:"
3338:"
3326:"
3240:"
3236:"
3218:"
3214:"
3208:"
3204:"
3195:"
3191:"
3175:"
3163:"
3141:"
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3129:"
3125:"
3086:"
3053:"
3049:"
3032:"
3028:"
3020:"
3016:"
2969:"
2964:"
2960:"
2924:"
2920:"
2883:"
2878:"
2874:"
2831:"
2758:)
2635:e
2628:t
2621:v
2591:)
2553:.
2537:"
2533:"
2520:.
2490::
2463:.
2451::
2424:.
2400::
2392::
2386:7
2364:.
2352::
2328:.
2316::
2308::
2285:.
2263::
2236:.
2204::
2177:.
2153::
2126:.
2102::
2096:7
2075:.
2053::
2045::
2015:.
1986:.
1905:)
1885:.
1861::
1853::
1825:.
1791:.
1767::
1759::
1728:.
1722::
1716:4
1622:"
1480:"
1438:"
1306:"
994:"
952:"
437:2
435:O
433:2
425:b
417:2
406:2
404:O
402:2
398:2
396:O
394:2
382:2
378:2
374:2
366:2
358:2
354:2
342:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
