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229: 16:18 "Earth, don't cover my blood. Let my cry have no place to rest." in Latvian, Russian, German, and Hebrew languages. The immediate area is surrounded by 4,000 granite stones arranged in a grid of forty-five 4-by-4-metre (13 ft × 13 ft) squares, and resembles a traditional Jewish cemetery. The unique rough-hewn 0.2-to-1.5-metre (0.66 to 4.92 ft) high granite stones of black, gray, and reddish colors come from
45:
449:
397:
The architect
Sergejs Rižs says he attempted to show the idea of the memorial with a "concise language of architectural forms". His goal was to encompass the surrounding terrain in line with contemporary art. Art historian Solvita Krese called the project successful and lauded the design for avoiding
344:
and more than a dozen German cities in 1999. On May 23, 2000, 13 German city representatives and the president of German War Graves
Commission met in Berlin to form German Riga Committee. The chapter was formed to plan and build a war memorial in Biķernieki forest to commemorate the Jews deported and
299:
during years 1941–44. There are 55 marked mass burial sites in the forest. About 46,500 people were reported to have been killed there, including
Latvian and Western European Jews, Soviet prisoners of war, and Nazis' political adversaries. The exact number of victims is unknown. Although the Soviet
221:
which passes through the forest. There are two memorial territories – 6,550 and 79,630 square metres (70,500 and 857,100 sq ft) wide on both sides from the road. In addition to smaller forest pathways, there are two roads leading to the memorial's central square – a historic road
319:
In the 1960s, only a simple commemorative plaque was placed in the forest and the grave sites were marked with concrete borders. The plaque stated that 46,500 Soviet citizens had died and omitted mentioning nationalities. The location had been neglected and slowly degrading since. The
Western free
380:
Natans
Barkans, officials and ambassadors from various countries, former ghetto and concentration camp inmates, and relatives of the victims from Lithuania, Estonia, Germany, Israel, Austria, and Russia. Several research, education, and remembrance events were held after the opening ceremony. The
324:
to provide finances for development and creation of infrastructure around Biķernieki. The first plans for the Biķernieki forest grave site cleanup were formed in 1986 by a team from the Komunālprojekts
Institute. The team included Gaļina Lobaševa, Vija Jansone, Gaļina Alsina, Ineta Vītola, Māris
264:
Despite the nature of memorial, the surrounding hills are a popular summer hiking and winter sledding and skiing location. Although
Germany supplies annual funding for memorial maintenance, it is insufficient to fund regular police patrols and surveillance. The memorial and gravestones have been
398:
exaggeration of themes at hand. She also noted that the memorial fit well with the terrain. Architect Ausma Skujiņa also said the project was successful among many other less successful ones. She stressed its positive nature and how the memorial "reconciles with the pain, and evens it out."
1500:
237:. The stones are carved with European city names representing the home towns of the victims. The entrances to the memorial and other grave sites in the forest are marked with concrete pillars with symbols representing various groups of the fallen –
189:
with the help of local
Latvian organisations and several German cities. It was financed mostly by German government and organisations, Austrian State Fund, and involved city donations. It was designed by Sergejs Rižs and opened on November 30, 2001.
1508:
489:"The involved cities were Berlin, Bielefeld, Dortmund, Duesseldorf, Hamburg, Hanover, Kassel, Cologne, Leipzig, Muenster, Nuremberg, Osnabrueck, and Stuttgart; followed by Bocholt, Kiel, Luebeck, Vienna, Bremen, and Paderborn in 2001.
198:
The designer of the memorial was created by
Latvian architect Sergejs Rižs, who worked for 15 years on the design of the memorial, saying it was "his human obligation" to devote his career to this. The memorial is located in the
311:, followed by those from the camp itself unable to work in 1944. In 1943 and onwards Nazis dug up graves and burned the bodies to hide the evidence. It is estimated that there are now around 20,000 victims buried in the forest.
346:
429:
417:
1277:
877:
515:
44:
353:, and donations from several German town municipalities. The work was carried out by The German Commission, Latvian Fraternal Cemeteries Commission, and the Riga City Council. The projected cost was
303:
The first victims were a few thousand men arrested in July 1941 and brought from Riga
Central Prison. In 1942 another 12,000 Jews were brought from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. In 1943,
330:
182:
1300:
1223:
1084:
372:, who in her speech noted the importance of raising people's awareness about the events that took place there. The event was well attended, including the Latvian Prime Minister
929:
300:
Nazi War Crime Research Committee declared over 46,000 murders, later excavations did not confirm this number. The number of victims is speculated to be closer to 30,000.
2328:
847:
178:
with two memorial territories spanning over 80,000 square metres (860,000 sq ft) with 55 marked burial sites with around 20,000 victims still buried in total.
1040:
900:"Books and Publications: Wolfgang Scheffler and Diana Schulle, 'Book of Remembrance: The German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews deported to the Baltic States', 2003"
373:
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describes it as the "first of its kind in Eastern Europe". Historian Andrievs Ezergailis says Rižs successfully adapted and improved on the memorial concept of
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1016:
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press and radio exerted pressure on USSR about how memorials and mass grave sites in USSR were left abandoned. This prompted the Riga government headed by
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2024:
1754:
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The project was revived in 1993–94 by the initiative of Eric Herzl, an expert from Austrian Society of Memorials, who obtained the permission from
1600:
1114:
333:. The work halted at around a fifth of the completion with only the surrounding terrain cleared and central and entrance memorial signs erected.
1128:
2583:
1713:
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used to bring the victims and the main central road paved with concrete slabs and marked with a concrete arc exiting to Biķernieku Street.
799:[60 years later: Inauguration of the Riga-Bikernieki memorial – memory of the murdered gets a place and a face] (in German).
1242:
1092:
1774:
1749:
992:
961:
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602:
350:
2500:
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1426:
1368:[The speech of president of Latvia at the opening of Bikernieki Memorial on 30 November 2001] (in Latvian). Archived from
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254:
839:
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2105:
2017:
1744:
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903:
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opening and the following events received local and foreign media coverage. The opening ceremony ended with a Jewish prayer
74:
710:[Memorial to the victims of Nazi terror in Bikernieki is being built by Germans] (in Russian). Riga, Latvia: Час .
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The memorial was opened on November 30, 2001, 60 years after the start of the deportations. The event was opened by the
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186:
36:
1303:[Holocaust memorials were created by the USSR due to Western pressure. A conversation about Jewish memorials].
554:
2568:
2482:
1924:
1841:
797:"60 Jahre danach: Einweihung der Gedenkstätte Riga-Bikernieki – Erinnerung an Ermordete bekommt Ort und Gesicht"
406:, however criticises that the architect implied deaths of Russian prisoners that Ezergailis describes as inaccurate.
2313:
2069:
1914:
1361:
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1008:
2010:
329:'s approval and state funding and the works continued until 1991 when the current government was dissolved after
266:
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2089:
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1800:
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vandalised several times, each time attracting media attention. In 2011, two people, including a member of the
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2252:
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2074:
2033:
1939:
1898:
1535:
286:
175:
1795:
1769:
1117:[Socialists expel the memorial vandalizer from the party] (in Latvian). Delfi. September 26, 2011.
250:
2110:
1326:
660:[Memorial in the Bikernieki forestt]. Council of the Jewish Communities of Latvia. Archived from
467:
2192:
1672:
1445:
1662:
257:, and historians from the member cities have documented the names of over 31,000 victims, published in
211:
200:
156:
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and text in Latvian on the entrance arc on May 8. In February 2023, unknown vandals spray-painted the
2462:
2222:
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1867:
1815:
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1981:
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1986:
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1610:
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259:
Book of Remembrance: The German, Austrian and Czechoslovakian Jews deported to the Baltic States
225:
The centre of assembly houses a black granite cube – a symbolic altar with engraving from
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1615:
1605:
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killed at the start of the 1940s. The project was funded by German War Graves Commission, the
337:
326:
321:
1301:"Holokausta piemiņas vietas PSRS radīja Rietumu spiediena dēļ. Saruna par ebreju memoriāliem"
951:
2373:
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2257:
2156:
2125:
1810:
1703:
1677:
216:
136:
1991:
749:
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592:
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The memorial was initially planned and construction started in 1986, but was delayed after
2425:
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2202:
2151:
1872:
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1429:(18). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia. December 2001. Archived from
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to continue the construction work. Austria brought the project to the attention of the
269:(who was immediately expelled), were caught after spraying a stylized image of a Nazi,
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1231:. Vol. 18. Riga, Latvia: Latvijas vēstures institūta apgāds. pp. 43–44.
1195:[About the Riga Bikernieki forest memorial to the Nazism terror victims].
2404:
2187:
2166:
1944:
1575:
1366:"Valsts prezidentes runa Biķernieku memoriāla atklāšanā 2001. gada 30. novembrī"
1272:[Eulogy at the memorial ceremony in the Bikernieki forest] (in German).
377:
304:
226:
1200:
899:
2467:
2217:
1567:
444:
1477:
902:. The Central Registry of Information on Looted Cultural Property 1935–1945.
715:
89:
76:
2537:
558:
1087:[Criminal investigation started on damage to Bikernieki memorial].
2002:
16:
War memorial to the Holocaust victims of World War II in Biķernieki forest
1929:
270:
1965:
977:
Rimington, Stella (2004). Fraisl, Bettina; Stromberger, Monika (eds.).
382:
234:
1395:"Jewish deportations commemorated in Latvia with new memorial opening"
1033:[Bikernieki memorial to victims of Nazism has been damaged].
386:
171:
924:[With sleds and skis in the Bikernieki Holocaust Memorial].
1222:
Ezergailis, Andrievs (2006). "Knowledge of the Holocaust in 1941".
1331:
872:[Memory of the massacre in Riga, Bikernieki] (in German).
597:
1527:
1558:
1035:
325:
Galarovskis, and Sergejs Rižs in the lead. The project received
167:
2006:
1531:
1329:[There will be a memorial for the Jews in Bikernieki].
707:Мемориал жертвам нацистского террора в Бикерниеки строят немцы
291:
Biķernieki forest is Latvia's biggest mass murder site during
1129:"Biķernieki Holocaust memorial vandalism under investigation"
557:[Praying in Bikernieki] (in Latvian). Archived from
1193:"Par memoriālu nacisma terora upuriem Biķernieku mežā Rīgā"
174:. Biķernieki forest is the biggest mass murder site during
953:
The murder of the Jews in Latvia: 1941–1945 (Jewish Lives)
1476:[Remaining vigilant] (in Latvian). Archived from
1154:
Freidenfelds, Dāvids; Anstrate, Vita (28 February 2023).
1115:"'Sociālisti' memoriāla apķēpātāju izslēguši no partijas"
758:(in Russian). Vol. 283, no. 721. Riga, Latvia.
1270:"Gedenkrede bei der Gedenkstunde im Wald von Bikernieki"
277:
on the Bikernieki Memorial twice in the span of a week.
1225:
Symposium of the Commission of the Historians of Latvia
1085:"Sāk kriminālprocesu par Biķernieku memoriāla bojāšanu"
307:
prisoners were brought here who were unable to work at
1503:[How to Teach The History of The Holocaust?].
1091:(in Latvian). TVNet. December 22, 2011. Archived from
922:"Ar ragavām un slēpēm Biķernieku Holokausta memoriālā"
512:
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia
1427:"Latvia's History: Education, Remembrance, Research"
1011:[Jewish cemetery desecrated in Bikernieki].
253: – Centrum Judaicum, educational establishment
2525:
2509:
2481:
2455:
2439:
2418:
2382:
2327:
2301:
2175:
2139:
2098:
1974:
1958:
1907:
1891:
1855:
1824:
1783:
1732:
1696:
1655:
1634:
1566:
113:
105:
68:
60:
23:
980:Stadt und Trauma: Annäherungen, Konzepte, Analysen
870:"Erinnerung an den Massenmord in Riga-Bikernieki"
185:in 1991. The construction was revived in 2000 by
1320:
1318:
1316:
987:]. Königshausen & Neumann. p. 155.
985:City and Trauma: Approaches, Concepts, Analysis
748:Элкин, Абик; Мейден, Игорь (December 1, 2001).
357:900,000 and the actual project cost DEM 1M (or
2018:
1543:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1031:"Bojāts Biķernieku memoriāls nacisma upuriem"
956:. Northwestern University Press. p. 50.
8:
1740:Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation
1356:
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945:
943:
941:
939:
915:
913:
548:
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249:representing civilians. Historians from the
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1176:
1059:Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS
834:
832:
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826:
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818:
586:
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576:
435:One of many gravesites in Bikernieki Forest
423:One of many gravesites in Bikernieki Forest
2025:
2011:
2003:
1755:The Ethnographic Open-Air Museum of Latvia
1550:
1536:
1528:
1389:
1387:
1199:(in Latvian). Riga, Latvia. Archived from
1156:"Rīga Holocaust memorial vandalized again"
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
20:
1191:Vestermanis, Marģers (December 4, 2001).
1055:"Holocaust Memorial Desecrated in Latvia"
1039:(in Latvian). TVNET. September 12, 2005.
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
1507:(in Latvian). No. 4. Archived from
1043:from the original on September 30, 2011.
1019:from the original on September 30, 2011.
932:from the original on September 30, 2011.
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
347:National Fund of the Republic of Austria
2473:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
1601:House of the Livonian Noble Corporation
1280:from the original on September 27, 2011
1264:
1262:
880:from the original on September 27, 2011
850:from the original on September 27, 2011
803:from the original on September 29, 2011
762:from the original on September 29, 2011
743:
741:
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413:
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1443:
697:
695:
693:
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685:
683:
681:
679:
553:Rupenheite, Ieva (November 29, 2001).
1714:University of Latvia Botanical Garden
1499:Ezergailis, Andrievs (January 2002).
7:
2543:Occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany
2456:War crimes investigations and trials
1816:Mikhail Chekhov Riga Russian Theatre
1327:"Biķerniekos būs memoriāls ebrejiem"
1061:. September 12, 2005. Archived from
508:"[LH] No. 18, December 2001"
1401:. November 30, 2001. Archived from
1339:from the original on March 29, 2012
1299:Austers, Ivars (November 1, 2020).
920:Rācenis, Uldis (January 12, 2006).
605:from the original on March 29, 2012
591:Nagle, Gunita (November 30, 2001).
1750:Museum of the Occupation of Latvia
1325:J. Rozītis, Ojārs (May 23, 2000).
1015:(in Latvian). September 13, 2003.
1009:"Biķerniekos apgānīti ebreju kapi"
704:Ватолин, Игорь (August 14, 2000).
351:Central Council of Jews in Germany
349:, the German government including
14:
2564:Monuments and memorials in Latvia
2501:Roberts Seduls and Johanna Sedule
2302:Nazi occupation and organizations
125:Let my cry have no place to rest.
2574:Military monuments and memorials
1472:Arāja, Dita (December 1, 2001).
906:from the original on 2011-07-20.
754:[Remember their names].
447:
428:
416:
331:Latvia regained its independence
245:representing war prisoners, and
43:
518:from the original on 2016-05-06
255:House of the Wannsee Conference
104:
2395:Jungfernhof concentration camp
2106:Burning of the Riga synagogues
1501:"Kā Mācīt Holokausta Vēsturi?"
1:
2584:2001 establishments in Latvia
2400:Kaiserwald concentration camp
1306:Public Broadcasting of Latvia
1160:Public Broadcasting of Latvia
1133:Public Broadcasting of Latvia
309:Kaiserwald concentration camp
2410:Salaspils concentration camp
1335:(in Latvian). Riga, Latvia.
1274:German War Graves Commission
874:German War Graves Commission
844:German War Graves Commission
601:(in Latvian). Riga, Latvia.
595:[Human obligation].
463:List of cemeteries in Latvia
342:German War Graves Commission
187:German War Graves Commission
183:Latvia declared independence
123:Earth, don't cover my blood.
37:German War Graves Commission
2483:Righteous Among the Nations
2055:Related articles by country
1925:Latvian Academy of Sciences
658:"Memoriāls Biķernieku mežā"
2610:
2314:Reichskommissariat Ostland
1915:National Library of Latvia
1775:Museum of National History
284:
2040:
1935:Mežaparks Great Bandstand
1760:Museum of Natural History
1656:Monuments & memorials
385:by Riga Jewish community
315:Planning and construction
267:Socialist Party of Latvia
121:
51:
42:
35:
28:
2369:Latvian Auxiliary Police
1801:Latvian National Theatre
950:Press, Bernhard (2000).
750:
706:
2579:The Holocaust in Latvia
2288:Franz Walter Stahlecker
2198:Otto-Heinrich Drechsler
2147:Jewish people of Latvia
2034:The Holocaust in Latvia
1733:Museums & galleries
1596:House of the Blackheads
1408:(subscription required)
840:"German Riga Committee"
287:The Holocaust in Latvia
176:the Holocaust in Latvia
1796:Latvian National Opera
1770:Art Museum Riga Bourse
1745:National Museum of Art
1453:Cite journal requires
593:"Cilvēcisks pienākums"
555:"Lūgšanas Biķerniekos"
140:
1847:St. James's Cathedral
1364:(November 30, 2011).
90:56.96306°N 24.21028°E
2594:Riga in World War II
2463:Einsatzgruppen trial
2253:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
1405:on October 26, 2012.
1397:. Tallinn, Estonia.
1372:on 26 September 2011
1362:Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga
370:Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga
251:New Synagogue Berlin
141:Biķernieku memoriāls
30:Biķernieku memoriāls
2589:Holocaust memorials
2517:Bikernieki Memorial
2319:Rollkommando Hamann
2283:Rudolf Joachim Seck
2248:Friedrich Panzinger
2228:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1697:Parks & gardens
1668:Bikernieki Memorial
1399:Baltic News Service
366:President of Latvia
241:representing Jews,
133:Biķernieki Memorial
86: /
24:Biķernieki Memorial
2569:Cemeteries in Riga
1899:Radio and TV Tower
1842:St. Peter's Church
1832:Nativity Cathedral
1663:Brothers' Cemetery
1474:"Saglabāt modrību"
1197:Latvijas Vēstnesis
1135:. 23 February 2023
793:Nachtwei, Winfried
664:on October 7, 2011
114:Total burials
95:56.96306; 24.21028
2551:
2550:
2447:Sonderaktion 1005
2390:Daugavpils Ghetto
2383:Ghettos and camps
2268:Martin Sandberger
2213:Friedrich Jeckeln
2000:
1999:
1940:Palace of Justice
1825:Places of worship
1591:Dannenstern House
1065:on March 20, 2012
795:(December 2001).
400:Winfried Nachtwei
338:Riga City Council
327:Riga City Council
212:Biķernieku Street
201:Biķernieki forest
157:Biķernieki forest
130:
129:
64:November 30, 2001
2601:
2526:Related articles
2374:Schutzmannschaft
2360:
2338:
2278:Walther Schröder
2263:Alfred Rosenberg
2258:Eduard Roschmann
2157:Joseph Carlebach
2111:Dünamünde Action
2056:
2046:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2004:
1811:New Riga Theatre
1678:Freedom Monument
1552:
1545:
1538:
1529:
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1516:
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1480:on July 26, 2011
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1241:. Archived from
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1203:on July 26, 2011
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855:
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813:
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808:
789:
772:
771:
769:
767:
751:Помнить их имена
745:
732:
731:
729:
727:
718:. Archived from
701:
674:
673:
671:
669:
654:
615:
614:
612:
610:
588:
571:
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568:
566:
561:on July 26, 2011
550:
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488:
468:Dünamünde Action
457:
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165:
106:Designed by
101:
100:
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1868:Railway Bridge
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1791:Dailes Theatre
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1719:Vērmane Garden
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1683:Great Cemetery
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1626:Three Brothers
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1464:
1455:|journal=
1411:
1383:
1350:
1312:
1291:
1258:
1237:
1214:
1172:
1146:
1120:
1106:
1095:on May 6, 2018
1076:
1046:
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1000:
994:978-3826027567
993:
969:
963:978-0810117297
962:
935:
928:(in Latvian).
909:
891:
861:
814:
773:
756:Вести Сегодня
733:
675:
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528:
514:. 2015-12-15.
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374:Andris Bērziņš
322:Alfrēds Rubiks
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2533:The Holocaust
2531:
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2419:Documentation
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2243:Hinrich Lohse
2241:
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2186:
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2183:Alois Brunner
2181:
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2078:
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2053:
2051:
2050:The Holocaust
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1993:
1990:
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1987:Brīvības iela
1985:
1983:
1980:
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1977:
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1966:Daugava River
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1863:Island Bridge
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1511:on 2019-05-15
1510:
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1433:on 2012-03-24
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1309:(in Latvian).
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722:on 2012-03-23
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455:Latvia portal
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294:
293:The Holocaust
288:
280:
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252:
248:
244:
240:
239:Star of David
236:
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207:
202:
193:
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173:
169:
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149:the Holocaust
146:
142:
138:
134:
120:
116:
112:
108:
99:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:The Holocaust
50:
46:
41:
38:
34:
27:
22:
19:
2516:
2431:Jäger Report
2273:Albert Sauer
2238:Rudolf Lange
2176:Perpetrators
2162:Simon Dubnow
2045:Main article
1982:Alberta iela
1950:Zunda Towers
1883:Vanšu Bridge
1878:Stone Bridge
1724:Victory Park
1667:
1647:Gallery Park
1642:Grand Palace
1621:Swedish Gate
1611:Powder Tower
1586:Convent Yard
1524:
1513:. Retrieved
1509:the original
1504:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1478:the original
1467:
1446:cite journal
1435:. Retrieved
1431:the original
1403:the original
1374:. Retrieved
1370:the original
1341:. Retrieved
1330:
1304:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1250:. Retrieved
1243:the original
1224:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:the original
1196:
1163:. Retrieved
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1123:
1109:
1099:February 14,
1097:. Retrieved
1093:the original
1088:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:the original
1049:
1034:
1025:
1012:
1003:
984:
979:
972:
952:
925:
894:
882:. Retrieved
864:
852:. Retrieved
805:. Retrieved
764:. Retrieved
755:
724:. Retrieved
720:the original
666:. Retrieved
662:the original
607:. Retrieved
596:
563:. Retrieved
559:the original
520:. Retrieved
511:
502:
486:
396:
363:
335:
318:
302:
297:World War II
290:
263:
258:
224:
197:
180:
153:World War II
145:war memorial
132:
131:
109:Sergejs Rižs
18:
2491:Jānis Lipke
2440:Concealment
2405:Riga Ghetto
2352:Kārlis Lobe
2337:Individuals
2188:Rudolf Batz
2167:Else Hirsch
2121:Pogulianski
1945:Laima Clock
1704:Bastejkalns
1616:Small Guild
1606:Large Guild
378:chief rabbi
305:Riga Ghetto
227:Book of Job
215: [
204: [
194:Description
160: [
151:victims of
93: /
2558:Categories
2468:Riga Trial
2218:Heinz Jost
2208:Karl Jäger
1992:Kaļķu iela
1892:Structures
1765:War Museum
1515:2019-02-06
1437:2011-05-24
1252:2011-05-20
1238:9984601595
522:2020-12-22
474:References
376:, Latvian
361:285,000).
275:letter "Z"
81:24°12′37″E
78:56°57′47″N
2538:The Mover
2510:Memorials
2070:Lithuania
1959:Waterways
1837:Cathedral
1709:Mežaparks
1581:Cat House
1561:cityscape
1069:August 5,
716:1407-6640
404:Treblinka
393:Reception
271:swastikas
1784:Theatres
1568:Old Town
1337:Archived
1284:June 26,
1278:Archived
1041:Archived
1017:Archived
930:Archived
904:Archived
884:June 26,
878:Archived
876:. 2010.
848:Archived
807:June 23,
801:Archived
766:June 20,
760:Archived
603:Archived
516:Archived
441:See also
261:(2003).
69:Location
61:Unveiled
2152:Gypsies
2140:Victims
2126:Rumbula
2116:Jelgava
2090:Ukraine
2065:Estonia
2060:Belarus
1975:Streets
1856:Bridges
1484:May 20,
1343:May 11,
1165:6 March
1139:6 March
854:May 13,
726:May 21,
609:May 26,
565:May 19,
495:Sources
410:Gallery
383:Kaddish
281:History
235:Ukraine
143:) is a
137:Latvian
117:≈20,000
56:victims
2099:Crimes
2085:Russia
2080:Poland
2075:Norway
1635:Hotels
1576:Castle
1376:May 6,
1235:
1207:May 7,
991:
960:
714:
668:May 6,
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