86:
39:
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31:
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99:, which in turn are eaten perhaps by fish, which then may be eaten by bigger fish, large birds, animals, or humans. The substances become increasingly concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain. Bioaccumulants are substances that increase in concentration in living organisms as they take in
210:
and other organizations. DDT is one of the least soluble chemicals known and accumulates progressively in adipose tissue, and as the fat is consumed by predators, the amounts of DDT biomagnify. A well known example of the harmful effects of DDT biomagnification is the significant decline in North
243:
do biomagnify in nature. For other contaminants, bioconcentration and bioaccumulation account for their high concentrations in organism tissues. More recently, Gray reached a similar substances remaining in the organisms and not being diluted to non-threatening concentrations. The success of top
94:
Biological magnification often refers to the process whereby substances such as pesticides or heavy metals work their way into lakes, rivers and the ocean, and then move up the food chain in progressively greater concentrations as they are incorporated into the diet of aquatic organisms such as
295:. Organisms, particularly those subject to naturally high levels of exposure to metals, have mechanisms to sequester and excrete metals. Problems arise when organisms are exposed to higher concentrations than usual, which they cannot excrete rapidly enough to prevent damage. Persistent
530:
EPA (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency). 1997. Mercury Study Report to Congress. Vol. IV: An Assessment of Exposure to Mercury in the United States . EPA-452/R-97-006. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and
89:
Biomagnification is the buildup of concentration of a substance (x) in a food chain. For example the DDT concentration in parts per million increases with trophic level. Concentrations build up in organism's fat and tissue. Predators accumulate higher levels than prey.
199:
have higher concentrations of mercury in their tissue than could be accounted for by direct exposure alone. For example, herring contains mercury at approximately 0.01 parts per million (ppm) and shark contains mercury at greater than 1 ppm.
175:). Methylmercury is one of the most harmful mercury molecules. It is efficiently absorbed, but only very slowly excreted by organisms. Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration result in buildup in the adipose tissue of successive trophic levels:
426:
Landrum, PF and SW Fisher, 1999. Influence of lipids on the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of organic contaminants in aquatic organisms. Chapter 9 in MT Arts and BC Wainman. Lipids in fresh water ecosystems. Springer Verlag, New
148:
is also a process that occurs to all trophic levels in an aquatic environment; it is the opposite of biomagnification, thus when a pollutant gets smaller in concentration as it progresses up a food web.
211:
American populations of predatory birds such as bald eagles and peregrine falcons due to DDT caused eggshell thinning in the 1950s. DDT is now a banned substance in many parts of the world.
521:
Croteau, M., S. N. Luoma, and A. R Stewart. 2005. Trophic transfer of metals along freshwater food webs: Evidence of cadmium biomagnification in nature. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50 (5): 1511-1519.
654:"Trophic transfer, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in food chains/webs—Concepts and implications for wildlife and human health"
219:
In a review, a large number of studies, Suedel et al. concluded that although biomagnification is probably more limited in occurrence than previously thought, there is good evidence that
42:
In this scenario, a pond has been contaminated with toxic waste. Further up the food chain, the concentration of the contaminant increases, sometimes resulting in the top consumer dying.
183:, larger fish, etc. Anything which eats these fish also consumes the higher level of mercury the fish have accumulated. This process explains why predatory fish such as
1474:
727:
570:
1618:
1688:
594:
Suedel, B.C., Boraczek, J.A., Peddicord, R.K., Clifford, P.A. and Dillon, T.M., 1994. Trophic transfer and biomagnification potential of contaminants in
1225:
130:, and is the increase in the concentration of a substance in certain tissues of organisms' bodies due to absorption from food and the environment.
284:
specific detoxification and excretion mechanisms, as there has been no selection pressure from them. These substances are consequently known as "
252:) in North America following the ban on DDT use in agriculture is testament to the importance of recognizing and responding to biomagnification.
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Thus, bioconcentration and bioaccumulation occur within an organism, and biomagnification occurs across trophic (food chain) levels.
2512:
980:
617:
377:
224:
206:
is a pesticide known to biomagnify, which is one of the most significant reasons it was deemed harmful to the environment by the
34:
Biomagnification is a process causing the concentration of a substance (crosses) to increase at higher levels of the food chain.
1723:
1436:
1303:
1015:
566:
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1981:
2108:
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324:
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Campbell, Linda M.; Norstrom, Ross J.; Hobson, Keith A.; Muir, Derek C. G.; Backus, Sean; Fisk, Aaron T. (2005-12-01).
1943:
834:
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Gray, J.S., 2002. Biomagnification in marine systems: the perspective of an ecologist. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 45: 46–52.
2008:
1728:
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Low or non-existent rate of internal degradation or excretion of the substance – mainly due to water-insolubility.
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1801:
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85:
38:
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406:. Vol. 1 (7th ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 154–155.
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2018:
1881:
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1649:
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439:"Mercury and other trace elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay)"
702:
Fisk AT, Hoekstra PF, Borga K,and DCG Muir, 2003. Biomagnification. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46 (4): 522-524
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2003:
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2013:
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445:. Contaminants in Canadian Arctic Biota and Implications for Human Health. 351–352: 247–263.
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134:
58:
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78:– where the substance's concentration increases progressively as it moves up a food chain.
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are not easily degraded because organisms lack previous exposure and have thus not
269:
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Persistence – where the substance cannot be broken down by environmental processes.
669:
115:", an important distinction is drawn between the two, and with bioconcentration.
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is defined as occurring when uptake from the water is greater than excretion.
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57:, is the increase in concentration of a substance, e.g a pesticide, in the
17:
2441:
2194:
2123:
1654:
1161:
1073:
1020:
975:
495:
Freedman, Bill (2021). Nemeh, Katherine H.; Longe, Jacqueline L. (eds.).
168:
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1991:
1861:
1856:
1483:
1431:
1091:
736:
312:
304:
281:
240:
2400:
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315:, can have a wide variety of adverse health effects across species.
598:. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 136: 21–89.
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84:
37:
29:
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103:
because the substances are very slowly metabolized or excreted.
2273:
1456:
709:
330:
264:, also known as organochlorines, and inorganic compounds like
220:
207:
203:
152:
Many chemicals that bioaccumulate are highly soluble in fats (
2269:
545:(Richard M. ed.). New York, NY: Gale. pp. 118–200.
276:
and not easily degraded. Novel organic substances like
501:. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Gale. pp. 594–597.
2546:
2480:
2429:
2363:
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2132:
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1957:
1830:
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1627:
1495:
1397:
1276:
1203:
1160:
1082:
1049:
946:
858:
752:
260:Two common groups that are known to biomagnify are
27:Process of progressive accumulation in food chain
61:of organisms at successively higher levels in a
111:Although sometimes used interchangeably with "
2285:
1468:
721:
571:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
541:Edwards, Clive A. (2004). Stapleton (ed.).
291:Metals are not degradable because they are
2292:
2278:
2270:
1689:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
1475:
1461:
1453:
728:
714:
706:
65:. This increase can occur as a result of:
1587:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1226:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
404:The Wildlife Techniques Manual: Research
171:, it is absorbed by algae (generally as
1619:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
652:Ali, Hazrat; Khan, Ezzat (2019-08-18).
394:
2574:List of extremely hazardous substances
1427:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
7:
2609:
1442:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
658:Human and Ecological Risk Assessment
625:United Nations Environment Programme
490:
488:
486:
484:
167:is only present in small amounts in
2621:
1892:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
1645:Ecological effects of biodiversity
333:(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane).
25:
2513:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
981:Generalist and specialist species
2620:
2608:
2597:
2596:
1704:Occupancy–abundance relationship
498:The Gale Encyclopedia of Science
443:Science of the Total Environment
378:Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene
101:contaminated air, water, or food
1724:Relative abundance distribution
1437:Plant defense against herbivory
1304:Competitive exclusion principle
1016:Mesopredator release hypothesis
618:"Persistent Organic Pollutants"
459:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.02.043
2584:Occupational safety and health
2488:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1309:Consumer–resource interactions
1:
2155:Biological data visualization
1982:Environmental niche modelling
1709:Population viability analysis
670:10.1080/10807039.2018.1469398
286:persistent organic pollutants
1640:Density-dependent inhibition
627:. 2007-09-26. Archived from
573:. 1972-12-31. Archived from
402:Silvy, Nova J., ed. (2012).
345:(polychlorinated biphenyls).
325:Persistent organic pollutant
2109:Liebig's law of the minimum
1944:Resource selection function
835:Metabolic theory of ecology
235:, and the organic forms of
2675:
2009:Niche apportionment models
1729:Relative species abundance
933:Primary nutritional groups
830:List of feeding behaviours
322:
256:Substances that biomagnify
156:) and insoluble in water (
2592:
2533:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
2258:
2190:Ecosystem based fisheries
1802:Interspecific competition
1694:Minimum viable population
1552:Maximum sustainable yield
1537:Intraspecific competition
1532:Effective population size
1412:Anti-predator adaptations
923:Photosynthetic efficiency
244:predatory-bird recovery (
2523:Consumption of Tide Pods
2508:Niigata Minamata disease
2335:Environmental toxicology
2180:Ecological stoichiometry
2145:Alternative stable state
319:Novel organic substances
262:chlorinated hydrocarbons
55:biological magnification
2371:Acceptable daily intake
2325:Occupational toxicology
2024:Ontogenetic niche shift
1887:Ideal free distribution
1797:Ecological facilitation
1547:Malthusian growth model
1517:Consumer-resource model
1374:Paradox of the plankton
1339:Energy systems language
1059:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1026:Optimal foraging theory
1001:Heterotrophic nutrition
2528:Visakhapatnam gas leak
2472:Whole bowel irrigation
2170:Ecological forecasting
2114:Marginal value theorem
1912:Landscape epidemiology
1847:Cross-boundary subsidy
1782:Biological interaction
1132:Microbial intelligence
820:Green world hypothesis
567:"DDT Ban Takes Effect"
91:
43:
35:
2493:2007 pet food recalls
2175:Ecological humanities
2074:Ecological energetics
2019:Niche differentiation
1882:Habitat fragmentation
1650:Ecological extinction
1597:Small population size
1349:Feed conversion ratio
1329:Ecological succession
1261:San Francisco Estuary
1175:Ecological efficiency
1117:Microbial cooperation
323:Further information:
88:
41:
33:
2391:Fixed-dose procedure
2200:Evolutionary ecology
2165:Ecological footprint
2160:Ecological economics
2084:Ecological threshold
2079:Ecological indicator
1949:Source–sink dynamics
1902:Land change modeling
1897:Insular biogeography
1749:Species distribution
1488:Modelling ecosystems
1147:Microbial metabolism
986:Intraguild predation
775:Biogeochemical cycle
741:Modelling ecosystems
163:For example, though
2350:In vitro toxicology
2340:Forensic toxicology
2250:Theoretical ecology
2225:Natural environment
2089:Ecosystem diversity
2059:Ecological collapse
2049:Bateman's principle
2004:Limiting similarity
1917:Landscape limnology
1739:Species homogeneity
1577:Population modeling
1572:Population dynamics
1389:Trophic state index
451:2005ScTEn.351..247C
2554:Biological warfare
2538:List of poisonings
2345:Medical toxicology
2315:Aquatic toxicology
2261:Outline of ecology
2210:Industrial ecology
2205:Functional ecology
2069:Ecological deficit
2014:Niche construction
1977:Ecosystem engineer
1754:Species–area curve
1675:Introduced species
1490:: Other components
1422:Deimatic behaviour
1324:Ecological network
1256:North Pacific Gyre
1241:hydrothermal vents
1180:Ecological pyramid
1127:Microbial food web
938:Primary production
883:Foundation species
596:aquatic ecosystems
92:
44:
36:
2636:
2635:
2452:Chelation therapy
2267:
2266:
2150:Balance of nature
1907:Landscape ecology
1792:Community ecology
1734:Species diversity
1670:Indicator species
1665:Gradient analysis
1542:Logistic function
1450:
1449:
1407:Animal coloration
1384:Trophic mutualism
1122:Microbial ecology
913:Photoheterotrophs
898:Myco-heterotrophy
810:Ecosystem ecology
795:Carrying capacity
760:Abiotic component
552:978-0-02-865700-4
508:978-0-02-867717-0
413:978-1-4214-0159-1
355:Monomethylmercury
337:Hexachlorobenzene
293:chemical elements
250:peregrine falcons
16:(Redirected from
2666:
2624:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2600:
2599:
2503:Minamata disease
2437:Activated carbon
2386:Biomagnification
2330:Entomotoxicology
2294:
2287:
2280:
2271:
1967:Ecological niche
1939:selection theory
1759:Umbrella species
1744:Species richness
1680:Invasive species
1660:Flagship species
1567:Population cycle
1562:Overexploitation
1527:Ecological yield
1477:
1470:
1463:
1454:
1359:Mesotrophic soil
1299:Climax community
1231:Marine food webs
1170:Biomagnification
971:Chemoorganotroph
825:Keystone species
785:Biotic component
730:
723:
716:
707:
690:
689:
664:(6): 1353–1376.
649:
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543:Pollution A to Z
538:
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135:Bioconcentration
51:bioamplification
49:, also known as
47:Biomagnification
21:
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2667:
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2639:
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2518:Seveso disaster
2498:Bhopal disaster
2476:
2425:
2381:Bioaccumulation
2359:
2303:
2298:
2268:
2263:
2254:
2240:Systems ecology
2128:
2099:Extinction debt
2064:Ecological debt
2054:Bioluminescence
2035:
2028:
1997:marine habitats
1972:Ecological trap
1953:
1833:
1826:
1769:
1763:
1719:Rapoport's rule
1714:Priority effect
1655:Endemic species
1623:
1582:Population size
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1491:
1481:
1451:
1446:
1399:
1393:
1379:Trophic cascade
1289:Bioaccumulation
1272:
1199:
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854:
815:Ecosystem model
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368:Mercury in fish
364:
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278:organochlorines
258:
217:
120:Bioaccumulation
113:bioaccumulation
109:
28:
23:
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5:
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2547:Related topics
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2457:Gastric lavage
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2411:Toxicity class
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2406:Toxic capacity
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2376:Acute toxicity
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2355:Toxicogenomics
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2220:Microecosystem
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2119:Thorson's rule
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2044:Assembly rules
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2016:
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1927:Patch dynamics
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1922:Metapopulation
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1817:Storage effect
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1699:Neutral theory
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1684:Native species
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1557:Overpopulation
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1371:
1366:
1364:Nutrient cycle
1361:
1356:
1354:Feeding frenzy
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Energy quality
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1294:Cascade effect
1291:
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1144:
1139:
1137:Microbial loop
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:Lithoautotroph
1099:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1084:Microorganisms
1080:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1041:Prey switching
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
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973:
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944:
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920:
918:Photosynthesis
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
873:Chemosynthesis
870:
864:
862:
856:
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842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
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797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
765:Abiotic stress
762:
756:
754:
750:
749:
735:
733:
732:
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718:
710:
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697:External links
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216:
215:Current status
213:
191:or birds like
140:
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108:
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83:
82:
79:
70:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2671:
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2652:
2650:
2649:Ecotoxicology
2647:
2646:
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2629:
2628:
2619:
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2607:
2605:
2604:
2595:
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2570:
2569:Hazard symbol
2567:
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2467:Hemoperfusion
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2320:Ecotoxicology
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2245:Urban ecology
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2104:Kleiber's law
2102:
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2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
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1877:Foster's rule
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1224:
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1219:
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1209:
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1202:
1196:
1195:Trophic level
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1152:Phage ecology
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1142:Microbial mat
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1097:Bacteriophage
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Decomposition
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1011:Mesopredators
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
956:Apex predator
954:
953:
951:
949:
945:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
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904:
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876:
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869:
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865:
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848:
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843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
790:Biotic stress
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
731:
726:
724:
719:
717:
712:
711:
708:
701:
700:
696:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
645:
634:on 2007-09-26
630:
626:
619:
613:
610:
604:
601:
597:
591:
588:
577:on 2014-08-12
576:
572:
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562:
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554:
548:
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534:
527:
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518:
515:
510:
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468:
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460:
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433:
430:
423:
420:
415:
409:
405:
398:
395:
388:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
373:Methylmercury
371:
369:
366:
365:
361:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
328:
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318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:methylmercury
263:
255:
253:
251:
247:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
214:
212:
209:
205:
201:
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194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:methylmercury
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
150:
147:
143:
137:
136:
132:
129:
128:trophic level
125:
121:
118:
117:
116:
114:
106:
104:
102:
98:
87:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
67:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
40:
32:
19:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2462:Hemodialysis
2385:
2230:Regime shift
2215:Macroecology
1936:
1932:
1872:Edge effects
1842:Biogeography
1787:Commensalism
1635:Biodiversity
1512:Allee effect
1251:kelp forests
1204:Example webs
1169:
1069:Detritivores
908:Organotrophs
888:Kinetotrophs
840:Productivity
661:
657:
647:
636:. Retrieved
629:the original
612:
603:
590:
579:. Retrieved
575:the original
561:
542:
536:
531:Development.
526:
517:
497:
442:
432:
422:
403:
397:
297:heavy metals
290:
270:heavy metals
259:
218:
202:
162:
151:
144:
141:
133:
123:
119:
110:
100:
93:
54:
50:
46:
45:
2654:Food chains
2627:WikiProject
2564:Food safety
2396:Lethal dose
1867:Disturbance
1770:interaction
1592:Recruitment
1522:Depensation
1314:Copiotrophs
1185:Energy flow
1107:Lithotrophy
1051:Decomposers
1031:Planktivore
1006:Insectivore
996:Heterotroph
961:Bacterivore
928:Phototrophs
878:Chemotrophs
850:Restoration
800:Competition
288:" or POPs.
272:. Both are
246:bald eagles
177:zooplankton
158:hydrophobic
146:Biodilution
97:zooplankton
2643:Categories
2559:Carcinogen
2430:Treatments
2301:Toxicology
2235:Sexecology
1812:Parasitism
1777:Antibiosis
1612:Resistance
1607:Resilience
1497:Population
1417:Camouflage
1369:Oligotroph
1284:Ascendency
1246:intertidal
1236:cold seeps
1190:Food chain
991:Herbivores
966:Carnivores
893:Mixotrophs
868:Autotrophs
747:components
638:2022-12-08
581:2014-08-10
389:References
299:, such as
274:lipophilic
154:lipophilic
76:energetics
73:Food chain
63:food chain
18:Biomagnify
2659:Pollution
2481:Incidents
2447:Cathartic
2140:Allometry
2094:Emergence
1822:Symbiosis
1807:Mutualism
1602:Stability
1507:Abundance
1319:Dominance
1277:Processes
1266:tide pool
1162:Food webs
1036:Predation
1021:Omnivores
948:Consumers
903:Mycotroph
860:Producers
805:Ecosystem
770:Behaviour
678:1080-7039
467:0048-9697
383:Toxaphene
349:Toxaphene
233:toxaphene
185:swordfish
107:Processes
2603:Category
2442:Antidote
2364:Concepts
2195:Endolith
2124:Xerosere
2036:networks
1852:Ecocline
1398:Defense,
1074:Detritus
976:Foraging
845:Resource
686:90028179
475:16061271
362:See also
179:, small
169:seawater
2615:Commons
2579:Mutagen
2185:Ecopath
1992:Habitat
1862:Ecotype
1857:Ecotone
1834:ecology
1832:Spatial
1768:Species
1628:Species
1499:ecology
1484:Ecology
1432:Mimicry
1400:counter
1344:f-ratio
1092:Archaea
780:Biomass
753:General
745:Trophic
737:Ecology
447:Bibcode
313:arsenic
309:mercury
305:cadmium
282:evolved
241:arsenic
237:mercury
165:mercury
122:occurs
59:tissues
2401:Poison
2308:Fields
1216:Rivers
1112:Marine
684:
676:
549:
505:
473:
465:
410:
339:(HCB).
311:, and
197:eagles
193:osprey
189:sharks
181:nekton
124:within
2421:Venom
2416:Toxin
2133:Other
2034:Other
1987:Guild
1959:Niche
1211:Lakes
682:S2CID
632:(PDF)
621:(PDF)
427:York.
1221:Soil
674:ISSN
547:ISBN
503:ISBN
471:PMID
463:ISSN
408:ISBN
343:PCBs
301:lead
239:and
229:PCBs
195:and
187:and
160:).
666:doi
455:doi
331:DDT
268:or
225:DDE
221:DDT
208:EPA
204:DDT
53:or
2645::
1682:/
1486::
743::
739::
680:.
672:.
662:25
660:.
656:.
623:.
569:.
483:^
469:.
461:.
453:.
441:.
307:,
303:,
248:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
126:a
2293:e
2286:t
2279:v
1937:K
1935:/
1933:r
1476:e
1469:t
1462:v
729:e
722:t
715:v
688:.
668::
641:.
584:.
555:.
511:.
477:.
457::
449::
416:.
357:.
351:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
