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The Soviet/Russian Bion program provided U.S. investigators a platform for launching
Fundamental Space Biology and biomedical experiments into space. The Bion program, which began in 1966, included a series of missions that flew biological experiments using primates, rodents, insects, cells, and
319:
in
Science and Applications Agreement (which included an agreement on space research cooperation). The Soviet Union first offered to fly U.S. experiments on a Kosmos biosatellite in 1974, only a few years after the termination (in 1969) of the
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into orbit for 30 days before re-entry and recovery. All the gerbils died due to a hardware failure, but condition of the rest of the experiments, including all geckos, was satisfactory. Half the mice died as was predicted.
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mission launched in
December 1996. The collaboration resulted in the flight of more than 100 U.S. experiments, one-half of all U.S. life sciences flight experiments accomplished with non-human subjects.
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rocket to an altitude of 800 km. The orbiter will carry 75 mice and studies will focus on how they are affected at the molecular level by space radiation.
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spacecraft and launches began in 1973 with primary emphasis on the problems of radiation effects on human beings. Launches in the program included
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In 2005, the Bion program was resumed with three new satellites of the modified Bion-M type – the first flight was launched on 19 April 2013 from
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became involved in the program in 1975 and participated in 9 of the 11 Bion missions. NASA ended its participation in the program with the
1002:[Research in the field of space biology in microgravity on the spacecraft "Bion-M" № 1] (in Russian). Roscosmos.ru. Archived from
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R. W. Ballard, and J. P. Connolly; U.S./U.S.S.R. joint research in space biology and medicine on Kosmos biosatellites, FASEB J. 4: 5-9
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1000:"Проведение исследований в области космической биологии в условиях микрогравитации на космическом аппарате "Бион-М" №1"
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324:. The offer was realized in 1975 when the first joint U.S./Soviet research were carried out on the
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358:. 90 kg (200 lb) of equipment could be contained in the external Nauka module.
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and the United States was initiated in 1971, with the signing of the United States and
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1165:[Oleg Orlov: scientists want to conduct long-term missions to the ROS].
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1086:"Gerbils, half of mice die during satellite flight - experiment chief"
251:
27:
Soviet and
Russian spacecraft aimed at biological experiments in space
17:
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1139:["Bion-M" No. 2 is planned to be launched on September 1].
1113:["Bion-M" No. 2 is planned to be launched on September 1].
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1026:"Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности РОСКОСМОС"
419:
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959:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
920:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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1163:"Олег Орлов: ученые хотят проводить длительные миссии на РОС"
437:
is scheduled to launch no earlier than 1 September 2024 on a
382:) (Kosmos 1514) to around 22 days (Bion 1 and Kosmos 110).
2922:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
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303:The Soviet biosatellite program began in 1966 with
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85:
73:
63:
53:
2442:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2432:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
2118:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
256:An artist's concept of a Bion satellite in orbit
2367:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
2196:
1399:
1230:
8:
2347:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
1137:""Бион-М" №2 планируют запустить 1 сентября"
1111:""Бион-М" №2 планируют запустить 1 сентября"
863:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
311:. Cooperation in space ventures between the
32:
2772:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
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2203:
2189:
2181:
1730:
1532:
1406:
1392:
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1237:
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938:"Past Programs: Bion Biosatellite Program"
2959:European Astrobiology Network Association
2084:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
1056:"Russia retrieves mice, newts from space"
2452:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
448:
398:. The first satellite of the new series
2870:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
894:
299:Bion precursor flights and Bion flights
932:
930:
331:The Bion spacecraft were based on the
31:
2860:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
1062:. Agence France Presse. 21 May 2013.
7:
3009:
2437:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
2422:Habitability of neutron star systems
378:The missions ranged from five days (
2412:Habitability of binary star systems
2128:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
3072:Animal testing in the Soviet Union
3042:Satellites formerly orbiting Earth
2974:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
2417:Habitability of natural satellites
2342:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
1561:(incorporated into Salyut program)
25:
2954:Center for Life Detection Science
2875:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
2427:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1066:from the original on 18 July 2022
3008:
2997:
2996:
2979:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
2812:Life Investigation For Enceladus
2332:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2170:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
1489:
954:
915:
816:
250:
38:
2917:Astrobiology Society of Britain
2792:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
2447:Habitable zone for complex life
2133:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
1193:Zenit Satellites - Bion variant
3047:Satellites of the Soviet Union
2802:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
351:, plus Nauka modules flown on
1:
2850:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
2402:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2079:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
44:A Bion spacecraft, on display
2984:Spanish Astrobiology Center
2392:Circumstellar habitable zone
1619:Soviet crewed lunar programs
1171:(in Russian). 22 August 2022
695:15 September 1989, 06:30:00
676:29 September 1987, 12:50:00
619:25 September 1979, 15:30:00
402:featured an aquarium by the
362:plants on a biosatellite in
3062:Astrobiology space missions
2969:NASA Astrobiology Institute
1679:International Space Station
1375:(Kosmos number in brackets)
903:"Display: Bion 2 1974-080A"
735:24 December 1996, 13:50:00
714:29 December 1992, 13:30:00
638:14 December 1983, 07:00:00
581:25 November 1975, 17:00:00
502:22 February 1966, 20:09:36
307:, and resumed in 1973 with
3088:
2817:Mars sample return mission
1143:(in Russian). 8 April 2024
1117:(in Russian). 8 April 2024
562:22 October 1974, 17:59:59
535:31 October 1973, 18:24:59
523:
2992:
2895:Terrestrial Planet Finder
2317:Earliest known life forms
2159:
1487:
1425:
1372:
1211:(Overview of Bion 1 to 9)
858:List of Kosmos satellites
745:
356:reconnaissance satellites
322:U.S. biosatellite program
271:
249:
240:
203:
199:
144:
140:
136:
109:
105:
49:
37:
2927:Breakthrough Initiatives
2165:Space industry of Russia
759:19 April 2013, 10:00:00
600:3 August 1977, 14:00:00
2588:Mars Science Laboratory
2407:Galactic habitable zone
1687:Russian Orbital Segment
657:10 July 1985, 03:15:00
404:German Aerospace Center
2767:Enceladus Life Finder
2747:Breakthrough Enceladus
2271:Planetary oceanography
1246:Bion/Bion-M satellites
940:. NASA. Archived from
489:Bion precursor flight
2942:Breakthrough Starshot
2542:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
2462:Superhabitable planet
2327:Extraterrestrial life
1419:Russian space program
1253:Bion precursor flight
406:(DLR) and carried 45
3052:Satellites of Russia
2949:Carl Sagan Institute
2937:Breakthrough Message
2777:Enceladus Orbilander
2512:Biosatellite program
2362:Planetary protection
2246:Evolutionary biology
2236:Atmospheric sciences
1481:Vostochny Cosmodrome
1006:on 20 September 2012
838:Biosatellite program
787:Baikonur, Site 31/6
767:Baikonur, Site 31/6
2932:Breakthrough Listen
2106:Veterok and Ugolyok
1473:Svobodny Cosmodrome
1468:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
1446:Baikonur Cosmodrome
1265:Veterok and Ugolyok
1263:(carried two dogs,
980:on 27 February 2007
905:. NASA. 14 May 2020
451:
392:Baikonur Cosmodrome
34:
2762:Enceladus Explorer
2152:(1997 documentary)
2144:(1995 documentary)
2141:Out of the Present
2074:List of cosmonauts
2051:Images and artwork
1991:Deep Space Network
1638:(Mars/Venus flyby)
1203:TsSKB, Bion images
824:Spaceflight portal
449:
294:Bion space program
208:Related spacecraft
3024:
3023:
2903:
2902:
2727:Rosalind Franklin
2640:Trace Gas Orbiter
2297:Allan Hills 84001
2276:Planetary science
2178:
2177:
2101:Belka and Strelka
2091:Soviet space dogs
1953:Sputnik programme
1941:
1940:
1874:
1829:
1808:
1787:
1718:
1717:
1683:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1615:
1587:
1574:
1562:
1526:Human spaceflight
1477:
1454:
1381:
1380:
1268:
1198:Astronautix, Bion
807:
806:
779:1 September 2024
450:Bion (satellite)
412:Mongolian gerbils
278:, is a series of
260:
259:
74:Country of origin
16:(Redirected from
3079:
3057:Animals in space
3012:
3011:
3000:
2999:
2477:
2372:Yamato meteorite
2205:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2123:Cosmonauts Alley
1986:Luch (satellite)
1872:
1844:
1827:
1806:
1785:
1731:
1681:
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1613:
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1098:
1096:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:. Archived from
1022:
1016:
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1011:
996:
990:
989:
987:
985:
976:. Archived from
970:
964:
958:
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953:
951:
949:
944:on 2 August 2007
934:
925:
919:
918:
914:
912:
910:
899:
826:
821:
820:
819:
452:
364:near Earth orbit
282:(later Russian)
273:
254:
195:24 December 1996
42:
35:
21:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3037:Bion satellites
3027:
3026:
3025:
3020:
2988:
2909:
2899:
2842:
2836:
2797:Icebreaker Life
2735:
2697:
2681:
2655:
2649:
2566:
2472:
2466:
2383:
2376:
2280:
2256:Geomicrobiology
2214:
2209:
2179:
2174:
2155:
2062:
2058:Mission patches
2046:
1995:
1937:
1892:
1848:
1842:
1726:
1714:
1698:
1667:
1599:
1528:
1520:
1499:Launch vehicles
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1434:
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1412:
1382:
1377:
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1271:
1248:
1243:
1189:
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1144:
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1120:
1118:
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1094:
1092:
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1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1054:
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1049:
1039:
1037:
1036:on 19 June 2013
1030:federalspace.ru
1024:
1023:
1019:
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1007:
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993:
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746:Bion-M flights
472:
447:
428:micro-organisms
388:
301:
296:
255:
223:
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194:
183:31 October 1973
182:
158:
123:Low Earth orbit
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45:
28:
23:
22:
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2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:Northern Light
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2877:
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2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2841:Cancelled and
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2754:
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2734:
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2718:
2716:Europa Clipper
2713:
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2703:
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2339:
2334:
2329:
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2319:
2314:
2312:Drake equation
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
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2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
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2258:
2253:
2251:Exoplanetology
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2228:
2226:Astrochemistry
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2193:
2185:
2176:
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2167:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:Mission to Mir
2145:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Ivan Ivanovich
2110:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
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1961:
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1946:Communications
1943:
1942:
1939:
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1936:
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1930:
1923:
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1898:
1897:In development
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1885:
1880:
1875:
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1862:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1849:
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1846:
1837:
1831:
1822:
1816:
1813:Resurs-DK No.1
1810:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:Phobos program
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1753:Luna programme
1750:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1703:In development
1700:
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1689:
1675:
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2910:and programs
2908:Institutions
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2686:Heliocentric
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2609:Perseverance
2608:
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2397:Earth analog
2384:habitability
2352:Ocean planet
2322:Earth analog
2307:Biosignature
2266:Paleontology
2261:Microbiology
2241:Biochemistry
2231:Astrophysics
2212:Astrobiology
2147:
2139:
1925:
1859:
1777:Vega program
1765:Zond program
1614:(Moon flyby)
1611:Zond (7K-L1)
1570:Soyuz-Apollo
1463:Kapustin Yar
1439:Launch sites
1374:
1276:Bion flights
1245:
1173:. Retrieved
1166:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1140:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1114:
1105:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1059:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:the original
1029:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
994:
982:. Retrieved
978:the original
968:
946:. Retrieved
942:the original
907:. Retrieved
897:
754:
730:
711:Kosmos 2229
692:Kosmos 2044
673:Kosmos 1887
654:Kosmos 1667
635:Kosmos 1514
616:Kosmos 1129
492:
482:
477:
471:Launch Date
470:
465:
460:
456:Bion program
455:
433:
389:
377:
360:
330:
317:Soviet Union
313:Soviet Union
302:
275:
266:satellites (
263:
261:
213:Derived from
96:Applications
78:Soviet Union
54:Manufacturer
29:
2843:undeveloped
2693:BioSentinel
2583:Fobos-Grunt
2480:Earth orbit
2302:Biomolecule
2292:Abiogenesis
2285:Main topics
2219:Disciplines
1836:(2011–2019)
1825:Fobos-Grunt
1815:(2006-2016)
1800:(1990-1992)
1794:(1989-1998)
1788:(1988-1989)
1779:(1984-1987)
1773:(1983-1991)
1767:(1964–1970)
1761:(1961–1985)
1755:(1958–1976)
1749:(1972–1996)
1743:(1961–1982)
1583:Shuttle–Mir
1458:Dombarovsky
1364:Bion-M No.2
1359:Bion-M No.1
1168:RIA Novosti
1010:2 September
853:Interkosmos
793:Bion-M No.3
773:Bion-M No.2
750:Bion-M No.1
597:Kosmos 936
578:Kosmos 782
559:Kosmos 690
532:Kosmos 605
483:Launch Site
286:focused on
231:Derivatives
188:Last launch
163:in service)
129:Design life
3031:Categories
2890:Red Dragon
2670:OSIRIS-REx
2654:Comets and
2357:Panspermia
2163:See also:
2017:Mars-Grunt
1979:Sputnik 99
1974:Sputnik 41
1630:(moonbase)
1451:Kazakhstan
1260:Kosmos 110
909:16 January
890:References
783:Soyuz 2.1b
763:Soyuz 2.1a
755:unnumbered
731:unnumbered
498:Kosmos 110
493:unnumbered
466:Kosmos no.
439:Soyuz 2.1a
396:Kazakhstan
372:Bion No.11
337:Kosmos 110
326:Kosmos 782
309:Kosmos 605
305:Kosmos 110
192:Bion No.11
180:Kosmos 605
149:Production
100:Bioscience
2807:Laplace-P
2710:Dragonfly
2664:Hayabusa2
2656:asteroids
2625:Tianwen-1
2603:Mars 2020
2594:Curiosity
2527:Eu:CROPIS
2382:Planetary
2022:Mercury-P
2012:Laplace-P
1969:Sputnik 3
1964:Sputnik 2
1959:Sputnik 1
1933:Spektr-UV
1904:Luna-Glob
1888:Spektr-RG
1865:Elektro–L
1604:Cancelled
1476:(defunct)
1430:Roscosmos
1205:(Russian)
1175:23 August
1060:Arab News
984:21 August
948:21 August
741:Plesetsk
720:Plesetsk
701:Plesetsk
682:Plesetsk
663:Plesetsk
644:Plesetsk
625:Plesetsk
606:Plesetsk
587:Plesetsk
568:Plesetsk
548:Site 43/3
518:Site 31/6
328:mission.
276:Biocosmos
132:5-22 days
3003:Category
2865:Kazachok
2855:Beagle 3
2787:ExoLance
2740:Proposed
2578:Beagle 2
2552:OREOcube
2532:EXOSTACK
2473:missions
2037:Venera-D
2032:Spektr-M
2000:Concepts
1927:Kazachok
1883:Resurs-P
1878:Meteor-M
1843:(failed)
1834:Spektr-R
1828:(failed)
1807:(failed)
1786:(failed)
1727:programs
1529:programs
1147:18 April
1121:18 April
1095:9 August
1064:Archived
1040:9 August
873:OREOcube
848:Foton-M2
810:See also
738:Soyuz-U
717:Soyuz-U
698:Soyuz-U
679:Soyuz-U
660:Soyuz-U
641:Soyuz-U
622:Soyuz-U
603:Soyuz-U
584:Soyuz-U
565:Soyuz-U
544:Plesetsk
514:Baikonur
461:Bion no.
353:Zenit-2M
168:Launched
86:Operator
64:Designer
3015:Commons
2832:Trident
2822:Oceanus
2721:ExoMars
2702:Planned
2676:Rosetta
2631:Zhurong
2619:Phoenix
2557:Tanpopo
2547:O/OREOS
2492:BIOCORE
2067:Related
1919:Luna 28
1914:Luna 27
1909:Luna 26
1873:(joint)
1870:ExoMars
1840:Luna 25
1804:Mars 96
1747:Prognoz
1724:Robotic
1682:(joint)
1591:Energia
1586:(joint)
1573:(joint)
1548:Voskhod
1343:Bion 11
1337:Bion 10
1090:rbth.ru
1070:18 July
878:Tanpopo
868:O/OREOS
726:Bion 11
707:Bion 10
539:Soyuz-U
509:Voskhod
435:Bion-M2
400:Bion-M1
268:Russian
221:Voskhod
157:Retired
2964:MERMOZ
2757:CAESAR
2645:Viking
2562:VEGGIE
2537:EXPOSE
2517:E-MIST
2507:BIOPAN
2497:Biolab
2457:Tholin
1860:Bion-M
1853:Active
1845:(2023)
1830:(2011)
1821:(2009)
1809:(1996)
1792:Granat
1771:Astron
1759:Venera
1672:Active
1663:Kliper
1648:Zvezda
1643:Spiral
1627:Zvezda
1553:Salyut
1543:Vostok
1511:Proton
1506:Angara
1415:Soviet
1352:Bion-M
1339:(2229)
1333:(2044)
1331:Bion 9
1327:(1887)
1325:Bion 8
1321:(1667)
1319:Bion 7
1315:(1514)
1313:Bion 6
1309:(1129)
1307:Bion 5
1301:Bion 4
1295:Bion 3
1289:Bion 2
1283:Bion 1
974:"Bion"
883:Zond 5
843:EXPOSE
833:BIOPAN
688:Bion 9
669:Bion 8
650:Bion 7
631:Bion 6
612:Bion 5
593:Bion 4
574:Bion 3
555:Bion 2
528:Bion 1
478:Rocket
420:snails
416:geckos
386:Bion-M
380:Bion 6
280:Soviet
235:Bion-M
217:Vostok
161:Bion-M
154:Status
119:Regime
81:Russia
18:Bion-M
2880:MELOS
2752:BRUIE
2729:rover
2633:rover
2611:rover
2596:rover
2471:Space
2096:Laika
2042:Sfera
2027:OPSEK
1798:Gamma
1694:Soyuz
1653:Zarya
1595:Buran
1558:Almaz
1516:Soyuz
1303:(936)
1297:(782)
1291:(690)
1285:(605)
799:2027
473:(UTC)
414:, 15
410:, 18
333:Zenit
225:Zenit
90:OKB-1
68:OKB-1
2827:THEO
2571:Mars
2502:Bion
1734:Past
1710:Orel
1658:MAKS
1536:Past
1449:(in
1417:and
1177:2022
1149:2024
1141:TASS
1123:2024
1115:TASS
1097:2017
1072:2022
1042:2017
1012:2012
986:2012
950:2012
911:2021
426:and
424:fish
408:mice
368:NASA
272:Бион
264:Bion
262:The
33:Bion
2522:ERA
2487:BIO
1635:TMK
1578:Mir
1565:TKS
504:GMT
349:782
345:690
341:605
290:.
3033::
1741:DS
1593:/
1563:/
1088:.
1058:.
1028:.
929:^
546:,
516:,
422:,
418:,
394:,
366:.
347:,
343:,
339:,
270::
171:11
2204:e
2197:t
2190:v
1453:)
1407:e
1400:t
1393:v
1267:)
1238:e
1231:t
1224:v
1179:.
1151:.
1125:.
1099:.
1074:.
1044:.
1014:.
988:.
963:.
952:.
924:.
913:.
159:(
20:)
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