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biocultural conservation go together” (p. 10). Then, Rozzi and collaborators proposed participatory approaches to biocultural conservation, identifying ten principles: 1) interinstitutional cooperation, (2) a participatory approach, (3) an interdisciplinary approach, (4) networking and international cooperation, (5) communication through the media, (6) identification of a flagship species, (7) outdoor formal and informal education, (8) economic sustainability and ecotourism, (9) administrative sustainability, and (10) research and conceptual sustainability for conservation. These principles were effective for establishing the Cape Horn
Biosphere Reserve, Chile, at the southern end of the Americas, involving multiple actors, disciplines, and scales.
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In 2000, Ricardo Rozzi coined the term biocultural conservation to emphasize that “1) conservation biology issues involve [ontologically, epistemologically, and ethically] both humans and other living beings, 2) biological and cultural diversity are inextricably integrated, and 3) social welfare and
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There are three areas which have been identified as hotspots of biocultural diversity: The Amazon Basin, Central Africa, and
Indomalaysia/Melanesia. Hot spots of biocultural diversity can be calculated by averaging a countries biological diversity and cultural diversity. Cultural diversity is scored
151:
of that area. In areas of high biodiversity, language diversity is also higher, suggesting that a greater diversity in culture can be found in these areas. In fact, many of the areas of the world inhabited by smaller, isolated communities are also home to large numbers of endemic plant and animal
176:
has been increasing for a few decades. At the first international congress on ethnobiology in 1988, scientists met with indigenous peoples to discuss ways to better manage the use of natural resources and protect vulnerable communities around the world. They developed the
46:." "The diversity of life is made up not only of the diversity of plants and animal species, habitats and ecosystems found on the planet, but also of the diversity of human cultures and languages." Research has linked biocultural diversity to the resilience of
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where the congress was held, which outlined eight steps to ensure conservation efforts would be implemented effectively. (This is not to be confused with the 2023 Belem
Declaration by the eight Amazon basin countries which tackles deforestation, see
147:. The remaining 6975 languages are divided between the other half of the population. Because languages develop in a given community of speakers as that society adapts to its environment, languages reflect and express the
127:, with a 60% decline in the Americas, 30% in the Pacific, and 20% in Africa. Currently, there are 7,000 languages being spoken in the world. Half the population speaks only 25 of these languages, the top 5 in order being
109:
The "quantum coevolution unit" (QCU) was first proposed in 2009 by Kawika B. Winter and Will McClatchey as a unit of measure for coevolution between people and plants, but has applications for quantifying other forms of
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Cultural traditions are passed down through language, making language an important factor in the existence of biocultural diversity. There has been a decline in the number of languages globally. The
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based on "a country's language diversity, religion diversity, and ethnic group diversity". Recent programs in the
Eastern Himalayas have also engaged this concept to promote conservation.
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Winter, Kawika B.; McClatchey, Will (2008). "Quantifying
Evolution of Cultural Interactions with Plants: Implications for Managing Diversity for Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems".
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Biocultural restoration endeavors to revive the many connections between cultures and the biodiversity they are founded on. This can be done in a larger effort to restore resilience in
220:. While some have questioned the conservation value of biocultural restoration, recent research has shown that such approaches can be in alignment with core conservation goals. The
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has recorded that between 1970 and 2005, the number of languages spoken globally has decreased by 20%. This decline has been especially observed in
373:"Quantifying Evolution of Cultural Interactions with Plants: Implications for Managing Diversity for Resilience in Social-Ecological Systems"
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Winter, Kawika B.; McClatchey, Will (2009). "The
Quantum Co-evolution Unit: An Example of 'Awa (Piper methysticum G. Foster) in Hawaiʻi".
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74:, illustrated in the overlap between the distribution of plant diverse and language diverse zones. Social factors, such as modes of
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Ten
Principles for biocultural conservation at the southern tip of the Americas: The approach of the Omora Ethnobotanical Park.
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Biocultural diversity can be quantified using QCUs (quantum co-evolution units), and can be monitored through time to quantify
756:"The Social-Ecological Keystone Concept: A metaphor for understanding the structure and function of a biocultural system"
501:"The Social-Ecological Keystone Concept: A metaphor for understanding the structure and function of a biocultural system"
399:"The Social-Ecological Keystone Concept: A metaphor for understanding the structure and function of a biocultural system"
50:. Certain geographic areas have been positively correlated with high levels of biocultural diversity, including those of
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eds. R. Primack, R. Rozzi, P. Feinsinger, R. Dirzo, & F. Massardo), pp. 1-22. Fondo de
Cultura EconĂłmica: MĂ©xico.
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is held up as a global model for biocultural restoration within the scholarly literature on the topic.
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Ricardo Rozzi, Francisca
Massardo, Christopher Anderson, Kurt Heidinger, John Silander Jr. 2006.
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676:"Integrating ethnobiological knowledge into biodiversity conservation in the Eastern Himalayas"
70:, and drier climates. Positive correlations can also be found between biological diversity and
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Gon, S.; Winter, K.B. (2019). "A Hawaiian
Renaissance That Could Save the World".
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Loh, Jonathan; Harmon (August 2005). "A Global Index of Biocultural Diversity".
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156:" of their environments, loss of language diversity means a disappearance of
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789:"Biocultural restoration in Hawai'i also achieves core conservation goals"
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Fundamentos de ConservaciĂłn BiolĂłgica: Perspectivas Latinoamericanas,
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Winter, Kawika B.; Ticktin, Tamara; Quazi, Shimona (2020).
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Winter, Kawika B.; Lincoln, Noa K.; Berkes, Fikret (2018).
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Winter, Kawika B.; Ticktin, Tamara; Quazi, Shimona (2020).
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Winter, Kawika B.; Lincoln, Noa K.; Berkes, Fikret (2018).
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Winter, Kawika B.; Lincoln, Noa K.; Berkes, Fikret (2018).
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Chang, Kevin; Winter, Kawika B.; Lincoln, Noa K. (2019).
78:, have also been found to affect biocultural diversity.
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Maffi, Luisa (2007). Jules Pretty; et al. (eds.).
27:, as "the diversity of life in all its manifestations:
614:. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1–11.
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species. As these people are often considered to be "
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62:. A negative correlation is found with areas of
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565:Harmon, Loh, David, Jonathan.
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610:Luisa Maffi, ed. (2001).
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