46:
1105:). She would come and go, ascending and descending. People saw her for some two hundred years yet she always looked about twenty. When she was able to get purple grass she sold it to dyers and gave the proceeds to widows and orphans. It was like this for generations. Thousands came to make offerings at her shrine.
623:
refer to events after Liu Xiang's death in 8 or 6 BCE. Eastern Han historical books dating from the early 2nd century CE cite a version (or versions) of the hagiography. Internal evidence shows that some sections of the text were added in the 2nd century, and later editing occurred. The hagiography
739:
in the very last years of his life. Although his authorship is disputed and the text is dated later than the 1st century BCE, "recent scholars have argued cogently" for the traditional attribution. He concludes that the ascription to Liu Xiang is "not wholly incredible, but the text we have today
1048:
on its mouth just below the upper lip, and gave it a decoction of sweet herbs to swallow, which caused it to recover. Afterwards, whenever the dragon was ailing, it issued from its watery lair and presented itself for treatment. One morning the dragon took Huang on its back and bore him
904:
is the only early source referring to an individual transcendent. The collection does not offer anything resembling a full biography, but only a few informative anecdotes about each person. The briefest entries have fewer than 200 characters.
991:, usually native place (or the formulaic "No one knows where he came from"), and often the period in which he or she supposedly lived. Sometime after the 330s, the text was appended with sets of laudatory
747:
depiction of transcendents' lives represents knowledge from general Han culture rather than a specific religious community. In subsequent generations, his hagiography became widely known as a source for
944:. They include individuals "of every rank and station, ranging from purely mythical beings to hermits, heroes, and men and women of the common people". The collection includes mythic personages (e.g.,
786:
exists in many, sometimes dissimilar, versions. For instance, the original text likely contained 72 hagiographies, yet the standard version has 70, and others have 71. The c. 1029 Daoist encyclopedia
1040:...a horse doctor in the time of the Yellow Emperor. He knew the vital symptoms in a horse's constitution, and on receiving his treatment the animal would immediately get well. Once a
1044:
flew down and approached him with drooping ears and open jaws. Huang said to himself: "This dragon is ill and knows that I can effect a cure." Thereupon he performed
735:
alchemy, indicating that the collected stories are reliable because he could not have invented them. Internal evidence suggests that Liu compiled the
827:
citations preserved in these and other old sources shows that some portions of the original text have been lost from all surviving versions.
1712:
1568:
1511:
1497:
1406:
1377:
1345:
1322:
1303:
1281:
1256:
1231:
274:"transcendents; immortals; saints; alchemists". The text, which compiles the life stories of about 70 mythological and historical
1009:. Some editions include an old preface, of uncertain authorship and date, that is not included in the Daoist canonical edition.
2078:
2073:
2023:. Beijing: Université de Paris, Publications du Centre d'études sinologiques de Pékin. 1987 reprint Paris: Collège de France.
1248:
900:, which is divided into two chapters, comprises about 70 "tersely worded" hagiographies of transcendents. In many cases, the
411:
222:
70:
1273:
514:
The difficulty of translating this title is demonstrated by
Campany's three versions. Note the modern shift to translating
92:
1967:
Cao Y., Wang Y., Jin H., Wang A., Liu M., and Li X. (1996), "Anti-inflammatory effects of alcoholic extract of roots of
1560:
1223:
2093:
1116:
Third, like the above "decoction of sweet herbs" and "roots of rubus", about half the transcendents described in the
1016:. First, many stories focus on the supernatural techniques of transcendents and how they acquired them. Mashi Huang (
530:
as having extraordinary "longevity" or "long life" but not eternal "immortality" as understood in
Western religions.
1685:
1503:
625:
2088:
1135:
849:
519:
433:
1415:
Wu, Lu-Ch'iang and Davis, Tenney L. (1934). "Ko Hung (Pao P'u Tzu), Chinese
Alchemist of the Fourth Century",
1337:
403:
375:
2083:
804:
583:
1130:, "liquid jade") denoting quartz crystals in solution, he transformed himself by fire, and ascended to
2055:
1068:
1615:
1083:
636:
547:
283:
1120:
had powers that ultimately came from drugs. For instance, after Master
Redpine took a drug called
1131:
885:
749:
758:
From a higher perspective, the question of Liu Xiang's authorship "is irrelevant", because the
2016:
1992:
1799:
1779:
1708:
1564:
1507:
1402:
1373:
1365:
1341:
1318:
1299:
1277:
1252:
1227:
1183:
1155:
977:
917:
388:
258:
1820:
1739:
1704:
1439:
1839:
1731:
1556:
1219:
1151:
613:
136:
17:
590:
does list many works written and compiled by Liu Xiang, including two with similar titles:
1175:
881:
654:
119:
550:
is regarded as dubious, and modern scholars generally believe it was compiled during the
157:
1066:) was able to maintain the appearance of a young woman for two centuries by only eating
1627:
1492:
1041:
1033:
945:
427:
300:
201:
194:
45:
2067:
988:
969:
965:
815:
759:
331:
270:
916:
arranges its Daoist hagiographies in roughly chronological order, starting with the
1291:
1187:
1147:
1029:
973:
873:
853:
835:
796:
788:
767:
399:
143:
58:
2021:
Le Lie-sien tchouan: Biographies légendaires des immortels taoïstes de l'antiquité
1267:
1244:
To Live As Long As Heaven and Earth: Ge Hong's
Traditions of Divine Transcendents
1242:
1213:
1057:
using their transcendental powers to support the poor and helpless. Chang Rong (
1045:
929:
809:
592:
578:
567:
551:
543:
523:
287:
279:
262:
215:
661:
was because no teacher had transmitted the necessary oral explanations to him.
1143:
1062:
1059:
1024:
1021:
1018:
997:
961:
350:
338:
324:
1398:
1139:
554:(25-220 CE). There are two kinds of evidence that Liu was not the compiler.
407:
286:(77–8 BCE), but internal evidence dates it to the 2nd century CE during the
173:
1680:
766:
was transmitted in diverse manuscript copies for ten centuries, until the
1159:
925:
752:
572:
356:
180:
1269:
Making
Transcendents: Ascetics and Social Memory in Early Medieval China
1002:
949:
934:
771:
645:
640:
295:
62:
105:
102:
99:
83:
80:
77:
1087:
921:
800:
731:
658:
628:, but remains the oldest surviving collection of Taoist hagiography.
562:
266:
54:
1174:
There are no full
English translations of the text analogous to the
743:
Since Liu Xiang was an orthodox
Confucianist and not a Daoist, his
635:
to Liu Xiang occurred relatively early, and it was accepted by the
2049:
1109:
Researchers have found evidence of anti-inflammatory effects from
1090:). She called herself the daughter of the King of Yin (Yinwang nǚ
957:
953:
1076:
Chang Rong was a follower of the Dao from Mount Chang (Changshan
206:
1163:
928:(mythically dated to the 28th century BCE), and ending with the
740:
contains later accretions and has also dropped some passages".
1012:
Two sample hagiographies illustrate some common themes in the
576:("Treatise on Literature") imperial bibliography, and the 636
1298:. London / New York City: John Murray / AMS Press (reprint).
1138:. The text mentions many herbal and mineral drugs, including
1500:, Volume 6 Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany
1388:
Alchemy, Medicine and
Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The
653:
in a context explaining the reason Liu failed to produce an
1862:
1860:
2039:, Center for Chinese Studies, The University of Michigan.
1215:
Strange
Writing: Anomaly Accounts in Early Medieval China
354:, " tradition; biography; commentary on a classic (e.g.,
227:
185:
1913:
1911:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1831:
1829:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1638:
1636:
681:) passages from the book by the Qin grandee Ruan Cang
1317:. University of Michigan Center for Chinese studies.
1194:
entries,. and Campany's annotated translation of the
952:
who allegedly lived over 800 years), famous Daoists (
729:
biographies is not tainted by Liu Xiang's failure in
162:
148:
687:, and in some cases things he had personally seen (
342:, "transcendent being; celestial being; 'immortal'")
1450:
1448:
1053:Second, hagiographies often didactically represent
960:
the Guardian of the Pass), and historical figures (
856:editions of the text were published, including two
221:
214:
200:
193:
179:
172:
156:
142:
135:
130:
113:
91:
69:
34:
987:entries is to give the subject's name, sometimes
725:, "only thus") to emphasize that the veracity of
912:("arrayed lives") biographical arrangement, the
1679:Strickmann, Michel and Anna K. Seidel (2017), "
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1005:") that are rhymed hymns praising the recorded
464:Collections of the Biographies of the Immortals
1619:
1359:
1125:
1100:
1091:
1077:
939:
861:
843:
720:
706:
705:) it. It is not an unwarranted fabrication (
700:
694:
688:
682:
676:
666:
607:
597:
586:to record it bibliographically. However, the
382:
365:
97:
75:
8:
2037:God of the Dao, Lord Lao in History and Myth
1372:. Two volumes. Routledge. pp. 653–654.
370:, "transmit; pass along; hand down; spread")
1178:critical edition and annotated translation
1315:Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques
294:became a model for later authors, such as
127:
44:
924:who was Rain Master for the culture hero
755:among educated Chinese of later periods.
1890:
1851:
1595:
1364:Biographies of Exemplary Immortals". In
1988:
1977:China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica
1866:
1835:
1816:
1795:
1775:
1735:
1727:
1654:
1642:
1538:
1435:
1428:
1668:Zizhi Tongjian, Warring States and Qin
852:, 1436-1450"). Several other Ming and
624:contains some phrases dating from the
602:, Biographies of Exemplary Women) and
328:, "rank; array; order; line up; list")
278:, was traditionally attributed to the
31:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1917:
1902:
1878:
1762:
1583:
1454:
499:Traditions of Exemplary Transcendents
304:("Biographies of Divine Immortals").
7:
2004:
1783:
1526:
1479:
1332:Pas, Julian; Leung, Man Kam (1998).
866:, "corrected; rectified") versions.
440:There is no standard translation of
1553:Asceticism in Early Taoist Religion
880:biographies, including the popular
830:The earliest extant version of the
538:The traditional attribution of the
494:Arrayed Traditions of Transcendents
1703:. University of California Press.
484:Biographies of Exemplary Immortals
25:
1498:Science and Civilisation in China
872:is also the title of a different
774:incorporated a standard edition.
504:Biography of the Immortal Deities
454:Biographies of the Many Immortals
391:term meaning " biographies". The
459:Biographies of Illustrious Genii
425:format, for example, the Daoist
1397:. Translated by Ware, James R.
1334:Historical Dictionary of Taoism
649:describes how Liu redacted his
421:. Many later texts adopted the
228:
207:
186:
1699:Bokenkamp, Stephen R. (1997).
1296:A Gallery of Chinese Immortals
1249:University of California Press
474:Arrayed Lives of Transcendents
449:A Gallery of Chinese Immortals
417:Records of the Grand Historian
282:editor and imperial librarian
163:
149:
98:
76:
1:
1417:Journal of Chemical Education
1266:Campany, Robert Ford (2009).
1241:Campany, Robert Ford (2002).
1212:Campany, Robert Ford (1996).
896:The present Daoist canonical
876:(1206-1368) collection of 55
619:Second, some sections of the
387:, lit. "arrayed lives") is a
27:Biography of Taoist immortals
675:, he revised and extracted (
657:using the private method of
479:Biographies of the Immortals
437:(Memoirs of Eminent Monks).
18:Biographies of the Immortals
1551:Eskildsen, Stephen (1998).
1274:University of Hawai'i Press
1247:. contribution by Hong Ge.
819:extensively quote from the
792:includes 48 hagiographies.
612:, Biographies of Exemplary
406:, which was established by
2110:
1624:"Biographies of Immortals"
1504:Cambridge University Press
1370:The Encyclopedia of Taoism
1096:) and ate roots of rubus (
1072:(Korean raspberry) roots:
908:Employing the traditional
444:, and renderings include:
251:, sometimes translated as
118:Biographies of Exemplary
1620:
1614:Theobald, Ulrich (2010),
1466:Chan, Wing-Tsit. (1963).
1360:
1355:Penny, Benjamin (2008). "
1313:Kohn, Livia, ed. (1989).
1126:
1101:
1092:
1078:
1058:
1028:) was a legendary equine
1017:
996:
940:
862:
844:
762:is not the original. The
721:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
677:
667:
608:
598:
584:official dynastic history
526:"; Daoist texts describe
383:
366:
349:
337:
323:
239:
126:
43:
39:
1136:Queen Mother of the West
1134:where he lived with the
983:The standard format for
665:As for his compilation (
489:Biographies of Immortals
254:Biographies of Immortals
71:Traditional Chinese
1973:Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi
1701:Early Daoist Scriptures
1686:Encyclopædia Britannica
1666:Yap, Joseph P. (2016).
848:, "Daoist Canon of the
631:The attribution of the
93:Simplified Chinese
2079:Han dynasty literature
1495:; et al. (1986).
1107:
1051:
713:
655:alchemical gold elixir
509:Lives of the Immortals
469:Immortals' Biographies
404:Chinese historiography
402:format of traditional
315:combines three words:
2074:Chinese classic texts
2035:Kohn, Livia. (1998).
1198:frequently cites the
1074:
1038:
968:(r. 247-220 BCE) and
805:Chinese encyclopedias
663:
626:Jin dynasty (266–420)
2056:Chinese Text Project
1969:Rubus crataegifolius
1891:Pas & Leung 1998
1852:Pas & Leung 1998
1596:Pas & Leung 1998
1069:Rubus crataegifolius
223:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
1180:Le Lie-sien tchouan
280:Western Han dynasty
2094:2nd-century Taoism
1468:The Way of Lao Tzu
1419:, pp. 517–20.
980:(r. 141–87 BCE)).
699:) came to record (
693:), and only thus (
561:was not listed in
298:'s 4th century CE
57:(Master Redpine),
2054:full text at the
1979:) 21.11: 687-688.
1932:, pp. 653–4.
1366:Fabrizio Pregadio
1190:translated eight
1111:R. crataegifolius
978:Emperor Wu of Han
840:Zhengtong daozang
431:and the Buddhist
410:in his c. 94 BCE
389:Classical Chinese
243:
242:
235:
234:
137:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
2101:
2089:Taoist immortals
2060:
2024:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1986:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1869:, pp. 40–1.
1864:
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1843:
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1477:
1471:
1470:, Bobbs-Merrill.
1464:
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1443:
1433:
1412:
1383:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1328:
1309:
1287:
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1237:
1156:Chinese angelica
1129:
1128:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1065:
1027:
1000:
943:
942:
865:
864:
847:
846:
778:Textual versions
724:
723:
710:
709:
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703:
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679:
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386:
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369:
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353:
341:
327:
257:, is the oldest
231:
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229:retsar Cə-m-tron
210:
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189:
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168:
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165:Lieh-hsien Chuan
152:
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128:
109:
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87:
86:
48:
32:
21:
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2104:
2103:
2102:
2100:
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2098:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2046:
2032:
2030:Further reading
2027:
2017:Kaltenmark, Max
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1987:
1983:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1928:
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1571:
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1545:
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1525:
1521:
1514:
1493:Needham, Joseph
1491:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1446:
1434:
1430:
1409:
1386:
1380:
1354:
1348:
1338:Scarecrow Press
1331:
1325:
1312:
1306:
1290:
1284:
1265:
1259:
1240:
1234:
1211:
1208:
1172:
1113:root extracts.
964:who instructed
894:
888:illustrations.
882:Eight Immortals
780:
639:Daoist scholar
536:
522:" rather than "
310:
208:ljetsjen drjwen
187:lit6 sin1 zyun6
114:Literal meaning
65:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2107:
2105:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
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2065:
2062:
2061:
2045:
2044:External links
2042:
2041:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2019:, tr. (1953).
2009:
1997:
1981:
1960:
1958:, p. 654.
1947:
1934:
1922:
1920:, p. 654.
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1856:
1844:
1825:
1804:
1788:
1767:
1765:, p. 653.
1744:
1720:
1713:
1691:
1672:
1670:, CreateSpace.
1659:
1647:
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1628:Chinaknowledge
1600:
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1238:
1232:
1207:
1204:
1196:Shenxian Zhuan
1171:
1168:
1034:Yellow Emperor
946:Yellow Emperor
932:herbalist and
893:
890:
823:. Analysis of
779:
776:
643:. Ge's c. 330
582:was the first
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532:
512:
511:
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428:Shenxian zhuan
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301:Shenxian zhuan
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202:Middle Chinese
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174:Yue: Cantonese
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133:
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131:Transcriptions
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2051:Liexian Zhuan
2048:
2047:
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2038:
2034:
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2029:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2007:, p. 76.
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1945:, p. 13.
1944:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1905:, p. 13.
1904:
1899:
1896:
1893:, p. 56.
1892:
1887:
1884:
1881:, p. 11.
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1854:, p. 55.
1853:
1848:
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1822:
1818:
1813:
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1786:, p. 51.
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2084:Taoist texts
2059:(in Chinese)
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1989:Campany 2002
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1925:
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1867:Campany 1996
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1836:Campany 2009
1817:Campany 1996
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1162:powder, and
1132:Mount Kunlun
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1082:; i.e., the
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768:Song dynasty
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164:
144:Hanyu Pinyin
117:
63:Daoist Canon
59:Ming dynasty
50:
29:
1782:, emending
1046:acupuncture
1032:during the
930:Western Han
810:Yiwen Leiju
637:Eastern Jin
593:Lienǚ Zhuan
579:Book of Sui
568:Book of Han
557:First, the
552:Eastern Han
544:Western Han
288:Eastern Han
263:hagiography
216:Old Chinese
2068:Categories
1956:Penny 2008
1943:Giles 1979
1930:Penny 2008
1918:Penny 2008
1903:Giles 1979
1879:Giles 1979
1763:Penny 2008
1584:Penny 2008
1561:SUNY Press
1455:Giles 1979
1224:SUNY Press
1206:References
1184:Kaltenmark
1148:China root
1144:pine resin
1036:'s reign.
989:style name
962:Anqi Sheng
807:, the 624
565:'s 111 CE
158:Wade–Giles
53:entry for
2005:Kohn 1989
1784:Ware 1966
1557:Albany NY
1527:Kohn 1989
1480:Ware 1966
1424:Footnotes
1399:MIT Press
1294:(1979) .
1220:Albany NY
1140:pine nuts
922:Chisongzi
858:jiàozhèng
614:Officials
548:Liu Xiang
534:Liu Xiang
408:Sima Qian
284:Liu Xiang
120:Immortals
55:Chisongzi
1740:pp. 33-4
1705:pp. 21-3
1401:. 1966.
1390:Nei Pien
1160:cinnabar
1084:Hengshan
938:Xuan Su
926:Shennong
910:liezhuan
813:and 983
753:allusion
750:literary
588:Yiwenzhi
573:Yiwenzhi
546:scholar
524:immortal
423:liezhuan
397:liezhuan
379:lièzhuàn
376:compound
360:)"(—cf.
357:Zuozhuan
261:Chinese
181:Jyutping
1732:pp. 4-5
1394:Ko Hung
1368:(ed.).
1098:penglei
1003:encomia
935:fangshi
920:figure
892:Content
886:woodcut
884:, with
646:Baopuzi
641:Ge Hong
542:to the
296:Ge Hong
1993:p. 230
1800:p. 104
1780:p. 104
1711:
1681:Daoism
1567:
1510:
1405:
1376:
1344:
1321:
1302:
1280:
1255:
1230:
1176:French
1152:fungus
1122:shuiyu
1088:Shanxi
1042:dragon
950:Pengzu
801:leishu
732:waidan
717:ranhou
659:Liu An
563:Ban Gu
267:Daoist
259:extant
1954:Tr. .
1821:p. 41
1440:p. 25
1188:Giles
958:Yinxi
954:Laozi
838:1445
770:1019
671:) of
413:Shiji
362:chuàn
346:zhuàn
308:Title
61:1445
1941:Tr.
1840:p. 7
1774:Tr.
1709:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1508:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1253:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1164:mica
1055:xian
1049:away
1007:xian
976:for
972:the
956:and
948:and
878:xian
854:Qing
845:正統道藏
795:Two
782:The
708:非妄言也
690:或所親見
678:自刪…出
528:xian
518:as "
516:xian
374:The
333:xiān
276:xian
271:xian
245:The
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1392:of
1361:列仙傳
1182:by
1093:殷王女
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993:zàn
711:).
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609:列士傳
599:列女傳
320:liè
265:of
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1150:,
1146:,
1142:,
1127:水玉
1102:蓬虆
1086:,
1079:常山
941:玄俗
863:校正
722:然後
696:然後
684:阮倉
384:列傳
1995:.
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1025:皇
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106:传
103:仙
100:列
84:傳
81:仙
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