3362:
3386:
497:
277:) are employed to control metal ions concentration and bio-availability in living organisms. Crucially, many essential metals are not readily accessible to downstream proteins owing to low solubility in aqueous solutions or scarcity in the cellular environment. Organisms have developed a number of strategies for collecting and transporting such elements while limiting their
3398:
3374:
722:
458:
356:
852:. These cofactors are tightly to a specific protein; although enzyme cofactors can be modified during catalysis, cofactors always return to their original state after catalysis has taken place. The metal micronutrients are taken up into organisms by specific transporters and bound to storage proteins such as
519:
A number of drugs contain metals. This theme relies on the study of the design and mechanism of action of metal-containing pharmaceuticals, and compounds that interact with endogenous metal ions in enzyme active sites. The most widely used anti-cancer drug is
91:, substrate bindings and activation, atom and group transfer chemistry as well as metal properties in biological chemistry. The successful development of truly interdisciplinary work is necessary to advance bioinorganic chemistry.
1639:
Husted S, Mikkelsen B, Jensen J, Nielsen N (2004). "Elemental fingerprint analysis of barley (Hordeum vulgare) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, and multivariate statistics".
1107:
MĂ©ndez-Arriaga JM, Oyarzabal I, et al. (March 2018). "In vitro leishmanicidal and trypanocidal evaluation and magnetic properties of 7-amino-1,2,4-triazolopyrimidine Cu(II) complexes".
1866:
Maret, Wolfgang; Moulis, Jean-Marc (2013). "Chapter 1. The
Bioinorganic Chemistry of Cadmium in the Context of its Toxicity". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.).
1004:
Heymsfield S, Waki M, Kehayias J, Lichtman S, Dilmanian F, Kamen Y, Wang J, Pierson R (1991). "Chemical and elemental analysis of humans in vivo using improved body composition models".
876:
Many other elements aside from metals are bio-active. Sulfur and phosphorus are required for all life. Phosphorus almost exclusively exists as phosphate and its various
426:. Some metalloproteins are designed to protect a biological system from the potentially harmful effects of oxygen and other reactive oxygen-containing molecules such as
2457:
2558:
2563:
1041:
Maret, Wolfgang (2017). "Chapter 1. The
Bioinorganic Chemistry of Lead in the Context of its Toxicity". In Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. (eds.).
2039:
190:, demonstrating the relevance of metals, or at least metalloids, to medicine, that blossomed with Rosenberg's discovery of the anti-cancer activity of
159:) contain the majority of the carbon and nitrogen and most of the oxygen and hydrogen is present as water. The entire collection of metal-containing
2541:
2224:
289:
Many reactions in life sciences involve water and metal ions are often at the catalytic centers (active sites) for these enzymes, i.e. these are
3439:
2585:
461:
Myoglobin is a prominent subject in bioinorganic chemistry, with particular attention to the iron-heme complex that is anchored to the protein.
368:
Several metal ions are toxic to humans and other animals. The bioinorganic chemistry of lead in the context of its toxicity has been reviewed.
884:) down to sulfide (S). Selenium is a trace element involved in proteins that are antioxidants. Cadmium is important because of its toxicity.
1839:
1819:
1569:
1539:
1402:
1201:
1176:
1151:
1091:
2536:
2597:
591:
704:). Because extracellular iron is strongly involved in inducing calcification, its control is essential in developing shells; the protein
2450:
1300:
Anghileri, L. J.; Maincent, P.; Cordova-Martinez, A. (1993). "On the mechanism of soft tissue calcification induced by complexed iron".
541:
594:, which affects many millions of people in developing countries. The metabolism of mercury- and arsenic-containing compounds involves
1912:
Wolfgang Kaim, Brigitte
Schwederski "Bioinorganic Chemistry: Inorganic Elements in the Chemistry of Life." John Wiley and Sons, 1994,
414:
are metal systems found throughout nature that take advantage of oxygen to carry out important reactions such as energy generation in
3402:
1967:
1953:
1935:
1917:
1907:
1893:
1058:
930:
377:
341:
489:. This area is more focused on the utilization of metals by unicellular organisms. Bioorganometallic compounds are significant in
473:
systems feature metal-carbon bonds as structural elements or as intermediates. Bioorganometallic enzymes and proteins include the
31:
3424:
2379:
1675:
Finney L, O'Halloran T (2003). "Transition metal speciation in the cell: insights from the chemistry of metal ion receptors".
3281:
2443:
2032:
1006:
2724:
2478:
564:.) Besides, metallic transition complexes based on triazolopyrimidines have been tested against several parasite strains.
394:
for oxygen transport and is perhaps the most recognized metal system in biology. Other oxygen transport systems include
3434:
76:. The discipline also includes the study of inorganic models or mimics that imitate the behaviour of metalloproteins.
1990:
3001:
2488:
1597:
470:
345:
544:
are metal complexes have been developed to suppress inflammation by releasing small amounts of carbon monoxide. The
2927:
2898:
2878:
2831:
1802:
Cracan, Valentin; Banerjee, Ruma (2013). "Cobalt and
Corrinoid Transport and Biochemistry". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).
1522:
Dlouhy, Adrienne C.; Outten, Caryn E. (2013). "The Iron
Metallome in Eukaryotic Organisms". In Banci, Lucia (ed.).
254:
2516:
2025:
3271:
3187:
2826:
2415:
486:
230:
664:
deposits involving bacteria. Biologically-formed minerals often have special uses such as magnetic sensors in
317:
316:
Metal-containing electron transfer proteins are also common. They can be organized into three major classes:
3209:
3120:
3083:
2967:
2893:
2714:
2697:
2640:
2420:
2008:
1945:
898:
841:
573:
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443:
419:
3127:
3115:
2871:
2645:
2511:
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665:
812:
depends upon the movement of calcium, sodium and potassium through ion channels in the cell membrane and
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3011:
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2793:
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1995:
1394:
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561:
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423:
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3221:
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2816:
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2503:
2483:
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69:
1419:
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3168:
3141:
3039:
3021:
2974:
2912:
2808:
2788:
2657:
2652:
2553:
797:
617:
84:
73:
3385:
578:
Environmental chemistry traditionally emphasizes the interaction of heavy metals with organisms.
3366:
3332:
3194:
3163:
3044:
2986:
2684:
2667:
2662:
2617:
2580:
2570:
2531:
2407:
1708:
809:
641:
525:
514:
313:. Bioinorganic chemists seek to understand and replicate the function of these metalloproteins.
302:
294:
65:
1854:
1846:
1584:
1576:
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3312:
3295:
3233:
3151:
3146:
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3059:
3029:
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2917:
2888:
2883:
2858:
2848:
2768:
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2635:
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2353:
1963:
1949:
1931:
1913:
1903:
1889:
1850:
1842:
1835:
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1815:
1784:
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1700:
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1617:
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1504:
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1434:
1398:
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1317:
1282:
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1172:
1147:
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1087:
1064:
1054:
1023:
983:
965:
926:
645:
607:
587:
533:
427:
310:
245:
Several distinct systems are of identifiable in bioinorganic chemistry. Major areas include:
226:
53:
48:. Bioinorganic chemistry includes the study of both natural phenomena such as the behavior of
1767:
Dunn L, Rahmanto Y, Richardson D (2007). "Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium".
1487:
Dulhunty A (2006). "Excitation-contraction coupling from the 1950s into the new millennium".
1337:"Dynamic expression of ancient and novel molluscan shell genes during ecological transitions"
1250:
Schulz, K.; Zondervan, I.; Gerringa, L.; Timmermans, K.; Veldhuis, M.; Riebesell, U. (2004).
340:. These electron transport proteins are complementary to the non-metal electron transporters
3390:
3307:
2962:
2821:
2798:
2751:
2692:
2269:
2060:
1807:
1776:
1739:
1692:
1649:
1609:
1545:
1527:
1496:
1461:
1386:
1358:
1348:
1309:
1274:
1230:
1116:
1046:
1015:
973:
955:
825:
793:
777:
583:
536:
has been used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder. Gold antiarthritic drugs, e.g.
447:
144:
87:, bioinorganic chemistry is important in elucidating the implications of electron-transfer
3248:
3204:
3199:
3093:
3069:
2903:
2866:
2719:
2709:
2592:
2361:
2307:
2143:
2012:
857:
482:
333:
207:
1688:
1598:"Macro- and micromineral composition of pigs from birth to 145 kilograms of body weight"
1465:
1270:
3132:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3055:
3051:
3034:
2991:
2922:
2783:
2778:
2763:
2575:
2493:
2089:
1550:
1363:
1336:
978:
943:
545:
451:
387:
349:
329:
290:
219:
164:
49:
1420:"Yeast as a model organism to study transport and homeostasis of alkali metal cations"
1313:
1251:
17:
3418:
3337:
3226:
3182:
2907:
2741:
2736:
2729:
2607:
2287:
2236:
1500:
944:"Interweaving Disciplines to Advance Chemistry: Applying Polyoxometalates in Biology"
829:
773:
637:
579:
183:
156:
1712:
1120:
1019:
3214:
3064:
2979:
2955:
2945:
2937:
2838:
2773:
2672:
2521:
2162:
805:
769:
553:
278:
179:
160:
80:
960:
804:. Electrolytes enter and leave cells through proteins in the cell membrane called
1811:
844:
and signalling molecules. Many are essential for the activity of enzymes such as
2612:
2344:
2251:
2246:
2219:
2117:
2112:
1531:
865:
765:
737:
649:
474:
403:
382:
Aerobic life make extensive use of metals such as iron, copper, and manganese.
306:
274:
215:
2017:
3238:
2241:
2108:
2048:
1780:
1653:
1050:
893:
849:
529:
446:
present in plants. This system is part of the complex protein machinery that
431:
399:
391:
337:
325:
321:
132:
61:
1898:
Ivano
Bertini, Harry B. Gray, Edward I. Stiefel, Joan Selverstone Valentine,
969:
3300:
2602:
2467:
2229:
1696:
1353:
761:
753:
745:
633:
621:
595:
537:
521:
496:
411:
395:
298:
258:
191:
168:
124:
1829:
1788:
1753:
1744:
1727:
1704:
1661:
1625:
1559:
1508:
1452:
Levitan I (1988). "Modulation of ion channels in neurons and other cells".
1438:
1372:
1286:
1128:
1068:
987:
880:. Sulfur exists in a variety of oxidation states, ranging from sulfate (SO
1621:
1473:
1321:
1027:
796:
in these tissues are produced by the exchange of electrolytes between the
3322:
2210:
2197:
2167:
2157:
2103:
2078:
1942:
The biological chemistry of the elements: The inorganic chemistry of life
1613:
853:
845:
813:
757:
726:
705:
701:
442:. A complementary metalloprotein to those that react with oxygen is the
435:
270:
187:
148:
128:
120:
108:
57:
2435:
1806:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 333–74.
1526:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 241–78.
1278:
1045:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. de Gruyter. pp. 1–20.
3342:
2330:
2325:
2292:
1086:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 7. Cambridge: RSC publishing.
801:
749:
629:
616:, often to harden or stiffen existing tissues. Such tissues are called
613:
407:
266:
262:
112:
100:
88:
45:
1252:"Effect of trace metal availability on coccolithophorid calcification"
721:
457:
1870:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 11. Springer. pp. 1–30.
1235:
1218:
861:
789:
741:
653:
549:
501:
478:
234:
211:
152:
140:
136:
116:
104:
52:
as well as artificially introduced metals, including those that are
612:
Biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce
355:
2297:
2277:
877:
785:
720:
625:
495:
456:
354:
41:
2005:
1219:"The role of iron in the mechanism of experimental calcification"
708:
plays an important role in controlling the distribution of iron.
3317:
2320:
2315:
2214:
2098:
1985:
1981:
The
Society of Biological Inorganic Chemistry (SBIC)'s home page
837:
833:
661:
657:
383:
2439:
2021:
3327:
2006:
MetalPDB: A database of metal sites in biomolecular structures
1142:
Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K.O. Sigel, ed. (2008).
734:
1884:
Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz (editor), Nils
Metzler-Nolte (editor),
352:
make extensive use of metals for the redox interconversions.
1192:
Jean-Pierre Cuif; Yannicke
Dauphin; James E. Sorauf (2011).
781:
1980:
729:-A is an ionophore that tightly bind Na (shown in yellow).
1996:
2000:
840:
being most abundant. These metals are used as protein
359:
4Fe-4S clusters serve as electron-relays in proteins.
1728:"Mammalian zinc transport, trafficking, and signals"
1335:
Jackson, D. J.; Wörheide, G.; Degnan, B. M. (2007).
72:
depend upon molecules that fall within the realm of
3259:
3020:
2936:
2857:
2807:
2683:
2626:
2502:
2406:
2388:
2370:
2352:
2343:
2306:
2268:
2187:
2180:
2142:
2088:
2077:
2068:
2059:
1146:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 4. Wiley.
942:Gumerova, Nadiia I.; Rompel, Annette (2021-03-31).
1082:Sigel, A.; Sigel, H.; Sigel, R.K.O., eds. (2010).
2451:
2033:
1940:J.J.R. FraĂşsto da Silva and R.J.P. Williams,
1886:Concepts and Models in Bioinorganic Chemistry
1167:Weiner, Stephen; Lowenstam, Heinz A. (1989).
1144:Biomineralization: From Nature to Application
1084:Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology
293:. Often the reacting water is a ligand (see
206:). The first protein ever crystallized (see
8:
1924:Bioinorganic Chemistry : A Short Course
999:
997:
1991:Glossary of Terms in Bioinorganic Chemistry
1043:Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health
2458:
2444:
2436:
2349:
2184:
2085:
2074:
2065:
2040:
2026:
2018:
1960:Physical Methods in Bioinorganic Chemistry
1986:The French Bioinorganic Chemistry Society
1743:
1549:
1362:
1352:
1234:
977:
959:
590:is a widespread problem owing largely to
1868:Cadmium: From Toxicology to Essentiality
712:Types of inorganic substances in biology
556:has been examined, including the enzyme
372:Oxygen transport and activation proteins
2225:Iron-responsive element-binding protein
1726:Cousins R, Liuzzi J, Lichten L (2006).
914:
733:The abundant inorganic elements act as
688:) and iron storage and mobilization (Fe
214:, later shown to contain nickel at its
1302:Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology
504:, the catalytic center of nitrogenase.
27:Study of the role of metals in biology
40:is a field that examines the role of
7:
3373:
1194:Biominerals and fossils through time
1171:. Oxford : Oxford University Press.
923:Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry
921:Stephen J. Lippard, Jeremy M. Berg,
864:is essential for the functioning of
848:and oxygen-carrier proteins such as
592:arsenic contamination of groundwater
186:(“arsenicals”) for the treatment of
3397:
1466:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001003
542:Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules
1962:, University Science Books, 2000,
1902:, University Science Books, 2007,
925:, University Science Books, 1994,
229:was shown crystallographically by
25:
2001:European Bioinformatics Institute
1109:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
582:has caused major disaster called
378:Transition metal dioxygen complex
342:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
3396:
3384:
3372:
3361:
3360:
1501:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04441.x
1217:Gabbiani G, Tuchweber B (1963).
717:Alkali and alkaline earth metals
676:), gravity sensing devices (CaCO
241:Themes in bioinorganic chemistry
32:Bioinorganic Chemistry (journal)
2380:Phosphoric acids and phosphates
1121:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.11.027
1020:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.261.2.E190
418:or small molecule oxidation in
249:Metal ion transport and storage
95:Composition of living organisms
1900:Biological Inorganic Chemistry
1007:American Journal of Physiology
740:. The most important ions are
1:
3440:Medicinal inorganic chemistry
2725:Interface and colloid science
2479:Glossary of chemical formulae
2113:Ferroportin (SLC11A3/SLC40A1)
1888:, John Wiley and Sons, 2006,
1314:10.1016/S0940-2993(11)80429-X
961:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00125
784:. Ions are also critical for
768:. The maintenance of precise
485:. These naturally occurring
273:), and small molecules (e.g.
1812:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_10
233:to consist of a cobalt in a
3002:Bioorganometallic chemistry
2489:List of inorganic compounds
1596:Mahan D, Shields R (1998).
1532:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_8
540:have been commercialized.
466:Bioorganometallic chemistry
346:flavin adenine dinucleotide
3456:
2928:Dynamic covalent chemistry
2899:Enantioselective synthesis
2879:Physical organic chemistry
2832:Organolanthanide chemistry
1489:Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol
605:
571:
512:
375:
29:
3356:
2517:Electroanalytical methods
2474:
2206:
1922:Rosette M. Roat-Malone,
1781:10.1016/j.tcb.2006.12.003
1654:10.1007/s00216-003-2219-0
1391:Chemistry of the Elements
1389:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
1051:10.1515/9783110434330-001
652:. Other examples include
430:. These systems include
3272:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
3188:Supramolecular chemistry
2827:Organometallic chemistry
2416:Calcium-sensing receptor
2163:Calreticulin/mobilferrin
1958:Lawrence Que, Jr., ed.,
1804:Metallomics and the Cell
1524:Metallomics and the Cell
1341:BMC Evolutionary Biology
487:organometallic compounds
420:cytochrome P450 oxidases
253:A diverse collection of
231:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
103:' mass are the elements
3210:Combinatorial chemistry
3121:Food physical chemistry
3084:Environmental chemistry
2968:Bioorthogonal chemistry
2894:Retrosynthetic analysis
2715:Chemical thermodynamics
2698:Spectroelectrochemistry
2641:Computational chemistry
2421:Calcium-binding protein
1946:Oxford University Press
1697:10.1126/science.1085049
1354:10.1186/1471-2148-7-160
828:are usually present as
725:Like many antibiotics,
574:Environmental chemistry
568:Environmental chemistry
491:environmental chemistry
444:oxygen evolving complex
3425:Bioinorganic chemistry
3282:of element discoveries
3128:Agricultural chemistry
3116:Carbohydrate chemistry
3007:Bioinorganic chemistry
2872:Alkane stereochemistry
2817:Coordination chemistry
2646:Mathematical chemistry
2512:Instrumental chemistry
1745:10.1074/jbc.R600011200
730:
666:magnetotactic bacteria
505:
462:
360:
38:Bioinorganic chemistry
18:Bioinorganic Chemistry
3277:Timeline of chemistry
3174:Post-mortem chemistry
3159:Clandestine chemistry
3089:Atmospheric chemistry
3012:Biophysical chemistry
2844:Solid-state chemistry
2794:Equilibrium chemistry
2703:Photoelectrochemistry
2398:Magnesium transporter
2189:Iron-binding proteins
2153:Duodenal cytochrome B
1395:Butterworth-Heinemann
1387:Greenwood, Norman N.
860:when not being used.
724:
562:nitrogen assimilation
558:nitric oxide synthase
499:
460:
440:superoxide dismutases
424:methane monooxygenase
358:
30:For the journal, see
3267:History of chemistry
3222:Chemical engineering
2997:Bioorganic chemistry
2747:Structural chemistry
2484:List of biomolecules
2390:Magnesium metabolism
2372:Phosphate metabolism
2122:Transferrin receptor
1614:10.2527/1998.762506x
1223:J Histochem Cytochem
1169:On biomineralization
872:Main group compounds
620:. Examples include
481:in nitrogenase, and
416:cytochrome c oxidase
318:iron–sulfur proteins
66:biological processes
3435:Inorganic chemistry
3290:The central science
3244:Ceramic engineering
3169:Forensic toxicology
3142:Chemistry education
3040:Radiation chemistry
3022:Interdisciplinarity
2975:Medicinal chemistry
2913:Fullerene chemistry
2789:Microwave chemistry
2658:Molecular mechanics
2653:Molecular modelling
1689:2003Sci...300..931F
1418:Sychrová H (2004).
1279:10.1038/nature02631
1271:2004Natur.430..673S
948:Inorganic Chemistry
832:in organisms, with
798:extracellular fluid
618:mineralized tissues
257:(e.g. the ion pump
85:inorganic chemistry
74:inorganic chemistry
3333:Chemical substance
3195:Chemical synthesis
3164:Forensic chemistry
3045:Actinide chemistry
2987:Clinical chemistry
2668:Molecular geometry
2663:Molecular dynamics
2618:Elemental analysis
2571:Separation process
2408:Calcium metabolism
2011:2015-09-15 at the
1928:Wiley-Interscience
1433:(Suppl 1): S91–8.
1014:(2 Pt 1): E190–8.
810:muscle contraction
731:
642:calcium phosphates
526:MRI contrast agent
515:Metals in medicine
509:Metals in medicine
506:
463:
450:as plants perform
361:
311:metalloproteinases
303:carbonic anhydrase
295:metal aquo complex
3412:
3411:
3348:Quantum mechanics
3313:Chemical compound
3296:Chemical reaction
3234:Materials science
3152:General chemistry
3147:Amateur chemistry
3075:Photogeochemistry
3060:Stellar chemistry
3030:Nuclear chemistry
2951:Molecular biology
2918:Polymer chemistry
2889:Organic synthesis
2884:Organic reactions
2849:Ceramic chemistry
2839:Cluster chemistry
2769:Chemical kinetics
2757:Molecular physics
2636:Quantum chemistry
2549:Mass spectrometry
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2354:Sodium metabolism
2339:
2338:
2270:Copper metabolism
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2176:
2175:
1840:978-94-007-5561-1
1821:978-94-007-5560-4
1642:Anal Bioanal Chem
1570:978-94-007-5561-1
1541:978-94-007-5560-4
1454:Annu Rev Neurosci
1404:978-0-08-037941-8
1265:(7000): 673–676.
1203:978-0-521-87473-1
1178:978-0-19-504977-0
1153:978-0-470-03525-2
1093:978-1-84755-177-1
826:transition metals
820:Transition metals
794:action potentials
700:O in the protein
608:Biomineralization
602:Biomineralization
588:Arsenic poisoning
534:Lithium carbonate
528:commonly contain
471:Bioorganometallic
428:hydrogen peroxide
227:pernicious anemia
145:organic compounds
16:(Redirected from
3447:
3400:
3399:
3388:
3376:
3375:
3364:
3363:
3308:Chemical element
2963:Chemical biology
2822:Magnetochemistry
2799:Mechanochemistry
2752:Chemical physics
2693:Electrochemistry
2598:Characterization
2460:
2453:
2446:
2437:
2350:
2185:
2086:
2075:
2066:
2061:Transition metal
2053:Metal metabolism
2042:
2035:
2028:
2019:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1834:electronic-book
1833:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1769:Trends Cell Biol
1764:
1758:
1757:
1747:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1624:. Archived from
1593:
1587:
1564:electronic-book
1563:
1553:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1393:(2nd ed.).
1383:
1377:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1308:(5–6): 365–368.
1297:
1291:
1290:
1256:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:10.1177/11.6.799
1214:
1208:
1207:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1001:
992:
991:
981:
963:
954:(9): 6109–6114.
939:
933:
919:
778:osmotic pressure
598:-based enzymes.
584:Minamata disease
297:). Examples of
21:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3352:
3255:
3249:Polymer science
3205:Click chemistry
3200:Green chemistry
3094:Ocean chemistry
3070:Biogeochemistry
3016:
2932:
2904:Total synthesis
2867:Stereochemistry
2853:
2803:
2720:Surface science
2710:Thermochemistry
2679:
2622:
2593:Crystallography
2498:
2470:
2464:
2434:
2425:
2402:
2384:
2366:
2335:
2308:Zinc metabolism
2302:
2256:
2202:
2172:
2144:Iron(III) oxide
2138:
2080:
2070:Iron metabolism
2055:
2046:
2013:Wayback Machine
1977:
1972:
1944:, 2nd Edition,
1880:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1822:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1738:(34): 24085–9.
1725:
1724:
1720:
1683:(5621): 931–6.
1674:
1673:
1669:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1542:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1061:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1003:
1002:
995:
941:
940:
936:
920:
916:
912:
904:Iron metabolism
890:
883:
874:
858:metallothionein
822:
808:. For example,
719:
714:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
610:
604:
576:
570:
517:
511:
483:methylcobalamin
468:
448:produces oxygen
390:in the form of
388:red blood cells
386:is utilized by
380:
374:
366:
334:copper proteins
330:Rieske proteins
291:metalloproteins
287:
251:
243:
225:, the cure for
223:
208:James B. Sumner
205:
201:
197:
177:
97:
50:metalloproteins
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3370:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3149:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3133:Soil chemistry
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3111:Food chemistry
3108:
3106:Carbochemistry
3103:
3101:Clay chemistry
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3056:Astrochemistry
3052:Cosmochemistry
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Radiochemistry
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2992:Neurochemistry
2989:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2923:Petrochemistry
2920:
2915:
2910:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2784:Spin chemistry
2781:
2779:Photochemistry
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Femtochemistry
2761:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2576:Chromatography
2573:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2494:Periodic table
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2115:
2106:
2101:
2099:DMT1 (SLC11A2)
2095:
2093:
2090:Iron(II) oxide
2083:
2072:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1975:External links
1973:
1971:
1970:
1956:
1938:
1920:
1910:
1896:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1858:
1820:
1794:
1759:
1718:
1667:
1631:
1628:on 2011-04-30.
1588:
1540:
1514:
1479:
1444:
1410:
1403:
1378:
1327:
1292:
1242:
1229:(6): 799–803.
1209:
1202:
1184:
1177:
1159:
1152:
1134:
1099:
1092:
1074:
1059:
1033:
993:
934:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
889:
886:
881:
873:
870:
830:trace elements
821:
818:
774:cell membranes
718:
715:
713:
710:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
606:Main article:
603:
600:
572:Main article:
569:
566:
552:importance of
546:cardiovascular
513:Main article:
510:
507:
467:
464:
452:photosynthesis
376:Main article:
373:
370:
365:
362:
350:nitrogen cycle
286:
283:
250:
247:
242:
239:
221:
203:
199:
195:
176:
173:
167:is called the
96:
93:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3452:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3338:Chemical bond
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3227:Stoichiometry
3225:
3224:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:Nanochemistry
3181:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Semisynthesis
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Sonochemistry
2740:
2738:
2737:Cryochemistry
2735:
2731:
2730:Micromeritics
2728:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:Wet chemistry
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2288:Ceruloplasmin
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Ceruloplasmin
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:Absorption in
2076:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1968:1-891389-02-5
1965:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1954:0-19-850848-4
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:0-471-15976-X
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:0-471-94369-X
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:1-891389-43-2
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:3-527-31305-2
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:(2): 93–100.
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:(1): 171–82.
1647:
1643:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:(2): 506–12.
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1495:(9): 763–72.
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1196:. Cambridge.
1195:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:9783110434330
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
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580:Methylmercury
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217:
213:
209:
193:
189:
185:
184:organoarsenic
181:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:carbohydrates
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:About 99% of
94:
92:
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51:
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3430:Biochemistry
3401:
3389:
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3215:Biosynthesis
3065:Geochemistry
3006:
2980:Pharmacology
2956:Cell biology
2946:Biochemistry
2774:Spectroscopy
2673:VSEPR theory
2522:Spectroscopy
2466:Branches of
2052:
1959:
1941:
1923:
1899:
1885:
1867:
1861:
1803:
1797:
1772:
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518:
475:hydrogenases
469:
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315:
307:phosphatases
301:enzymes are
288:
279:cytotoxicity
275:siderophores
255:transporters
252:
244:
237:macrocycle.
180:Paul Ehrlich
178:
161:biomolecules
98:
81:biochemistry
79:As a mix of
78:
37:
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3403:WikiProject
2628:Theoretical
2613:Calorimetry
2362:Na/K-ATPase
2345:Electrolyte
2252:Lactoferrin
2247:Hemosiderin
2220:Hemojuvelin
2118:Transferrin
1849:electronic-
1732:J Biol Chem
1579:electronic-
1427:Physiol Res
866:vitamin B12
766:bicarbonate
650:vertebrates
432:peroxidases
404:hemerythrin
348:(FAD). The
338:cytochromes
326:ferredoxins
322:rubredoxins
216:active site
70:respiration
3419:Categories
3239:Metallurgy
2938:Biological
2504:Analytical
2109:Hephaestin
2049:Metabolism
1878:Literature
1602:J Anim Sci
1460:: 119–36.
910:References
894:Physiology
850:hemoglobin
776:maintains
646:carbonates
634:carbonates
530:gadolinium
412:oxygenases
400:hemocyanin
392:hemoglobin
344:(NAD) and
285:Enzymology
265:, storage
133:phosphorus
62:toxicology
3301:Catalysis
2809:Inorganic
2603:Titration
2468:chemistry
2230:Aconitase
1855:1868-0402
1847:1559-0836
1585:1868-0402
1577:1559-0836
1115:: 26–32.
970:0020-1669
842:cofactors
814:T-tubules
770:gradients
762:phosphate
754:magnesium
746:potassium
622:silicates
596:cobalamin
538:auranofin
522:cisplatin
436:catalases
396:myoglobin
320:(such as
305:, metallo
299:hydrolase
259:NaKATPase
220:Vitamin B
194:(cis-PtCl
192:cisplatin
169:metallome
125:potassium
3367:Category
3323:Molecule
3260:See also
2685:Physical
2211:Hepcidin
2198:Ferritin
2168:Ferritin
2158:Integrin
2104:Ferritin
2081:duodenum
2009:Archived
1948:, 2001,
1930:, 2002,
1830:23595677
1789:17194590
1754:16793761
1713:14863354
1705:12738850
1662:14551660
1560:23595675
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1439:15119939
1373:17845714
1287:15295599
1129:29227923
1069:28731294
988:33787237
899:Cofactor
888:See also
854:ferritin
846:catalase
800:and the
758:chloride
727:monensin
706:ferritin
702:ferritin
614:minerals
550:neuronal
408:Oxidases
364:Toxicity
332:), blue
271:ferritin
267:proteins
263:vacuoles
188:syphilis
149:proteins
129:hydrogen
121:chlorine
109:nitrogen
89:proteins
68:such as
64:. Many
58:medicine
3379:Commons
3343:Alchemy
2859:Organic
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2326:SLC30A1
2293:SLC31A1
1685:Bibcode
1677:Science
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1267:Bibcode
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175:History
113:calcium
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684:, BaSO
680:, CaSO
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640:, and
502:FeMoco
479:FeMoco
438:, and
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328:, and
309:, and
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212:urease
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153:lipids
143:. The
141:sulfur
137:oxygen
117:sodium
105:carbon
42:metals
2564:MALDI
2532:Raman
2298:ATOX1
2283:ATP7B
2278:ATP7A
2181:Other
1709:S2CID
1423:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
792:, as
735:ionic
626:algae
182:used
163:in a
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2316:TMC6
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2132:TFR2
2127:TFR1
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1914:ISBN
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