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903:, 'definition one' of evolution, actually describes devolution to extinction, the exact opposite of evolution.... actual epidemiological data from human genetic disorders and fatal birth defects, identify 'natural selection,' the alleged 'primary mechanism' for evolution, as actually a mechanism for devolution to extinction, the exact opposite of evolution." and elsewhere, "Evolution is the development of an organism from its chemicals or primitive state to its present state. Devolution is the sequence toward greater simplicity or disappearance or degeneration."
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would then become extinct, according to Hyatt there was a "phase of youth, a phase of maturity, a phase of senility or degeneration foreshadowing the extinction of a type". To Hyatt the devolution was predetermined by internal factors which organisms can neither control or reverse. This idea of all evolutionary branches eventually running out of energy and degenerating into
437:(1880). He was a critic of progressive evolution, pointing out that higher forms existed in the past which have since degenerated into simpler forms. Lankester argued that "if it was possible to evolve, it was also possible to devolve, and that complex organisms could devolve into simpler forms or animals".
412:
Darwin soothed readers that evolution was progressive, and directed towards human perfectibility. The next generation of biologists were less confident or consoling. Using Darwin's theory, and many rival biological accounts of development then in circulation, scientists suspected that it was just as
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According to
Blumenbach the other races are supposed to have degenerated from the Caucasian ideal stock. Blumenbach denied that his "Degeneration theory" was racist; he also wrote three essays claiming non-white peoples are capable of excelling in arts and sciences in reaction against racialists of
512:
developed by regular stages up until a specific level but would later due to unfavourable conditions descend back to a previous level, this according to Hyatt was a form of lamarckism as the degeneration was a direct response to external factors. To Hyatt after the level of degeneration the species
340:
or "throwback", whether more or less complex than the ancestors where the process began. At a trivial level, where just one or a few mutations are involved, selection pressure in one direction can have one effect, which can be reversed by new patterns of selection when conditions change. That could
221:
comes about when particular heritable attributes in a population happen to give a better chance of successful reproduction in the reigning environment than rival attributes do. By the same process less advantageous attributes are less "successful"; they decrease in frequency or are lost completely.
816:
Accordingly, by every just rule of comparison and analogy, we may well declare that if there is any blood relationship between man and the anthropoid apes, it is the latter which have degenerated from the former, instead of the former having developed from the latter. I do not say that this is the
778:
A theory of origins based on scripture which begins with the ultimate complexity of all living things at the time of creation. This was followed by degeneration and the break down of all living things on the genetic level beginning at the Curse (Genesis 3) and continuing to this day with increased
93:
with no foreknowledge or foresights of any kind regarding the outcome. It is possible for small changes (such as in the frequency of a single gene) to be reversed by chance or selection, but this is no different from the normal course of evolution and as such de-evolution is not compatible with a
1131:
derived both their name and overarching philosophy from the concept of "de-evolution" and used social satire and humor to espouse the idea that humanity had actually regressed over time. According to music critic Steve Huey, the band "adapted the theory to fit their view of
American society as a
807:
said "After flocking to view the monkeys, Dayton has decided that it was not man who evolved from the anthropoid, but the anthropoid which devolved from man; and it points now at the two chimpanzees and the "missing link" to prove the assertion". The suggestion of ape degenerating from "man" had
303:
find evidence of many examples of decreasing complexity in the record of evolution. The lower jaw in fish, reptiles and mammals has seen a decrease in complexity, if measured by the number of bones. Ancestors of modern horses had several toes on each foot; modern horses have a single hooved toe.
335:
A more rational version of the concept of devolution, a version that does not involve concepts of "primitive" or "advanced" organisms, is based on the observation that if certain genetic changes in a particular combination (sometimes in a particular sequence as well) are precisely reversed, one
291:
that things are "supposed" to be and behave a certain way, and naturally tend to act that way to pursue their own good. From a biological viewpoint, in contrast, if species evolve it is not a reaction to necessity, but rather that the population contains variations with traits that favour their
274:
states in the gene pool as evolution. All gene pool changes that lead to increased fitness in terms of appropriate aspects of reproduction are seen as (neo-)Darwinian adaptation because, for the organisms possessing the changed structures, each is a useful adaptation to their circumstances. For
605:
and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors such as the sun and poor diet. Buffon believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original
212:
perceived species diversity as a result of a purposeful internal drive or tendency to form improved adaptations to the environment. In contrast, Darwinian evolution and its elaboration in the light of subsequent advances in biological research, have shown that
1861:
Sanford, J.C., Baumgardner, J., Brewer, W., Gibson, P., ReMine, W. (2007). Using computer simulation to understand mutation accumulation dynamics and genetic load. In Shi et al. (Eds.), ICCS 2007, Part II, LNCS 4488 (pp.386-392), Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
801:) argued that "Ladies and gentleman, devolution is not a theory but a cold fact ... the ape devolved from man", mocking evolutionary theory by offering an alternative he considers just as plausible. During the Scopes Trial itself, a report in
270:", so their development is "evolutionary" whereas change to an inferior or "less advanced" structure would be called "devolution". In reality an evolutionary biologist defines all heritable changes to relative frequencies of the genes or indeed to
257:
The concept of devolution on the other hand, requires that there be a preferred hierarchy of structure and function, and that evolution must mean "progress" to "more advanced" organisms. For example, it could be said that "feet are better than
199:. Modern evolutionary theory, beginning with Darwin at least, poses no such presumption, and the concept of evolutionary change is independent of either any increase in complexity of organisms sharing a gene pool, or any decrease, such as in
283:, the idea that human existence is the point of all universal existence. Such thinking can lead on to the idea that species evolve because they "need to" in order to adapt to environmental changes. Biologists refer to this misconception as
405:, had believed that mankind had started in perfection, contrasting modern humanity to the past. Morel claimed there had been "Morbid deviation from an original type". His theory of devolution was later advocated by some biologists.
278:
The concept of devolution as regress from progress relates to the ancient ideas that either life came into being through special creation or that humans are the ultimate product or goal of evolution. The latter belief is related to
203:
or in loss of genes. Earlier views that species are subject to "cultural decay", "drives to perfection", or "devolution" are practically meaningless in terms of current (neo-)Darwinian theory. Early scientific theories of
1102:, describes a future world where humanity has degenerated into two distinct branches who have their roots in the class distinctions of Wells' day. Both have sub-human intelligence and other putative dysgenic traits.
1465:
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in nature are losing genetic information. Creationists like Ham claim that mutations lead to a loss of genetic information and this is evidence for devolution. Ken Ham for example has stated:
1132:
rigid, dichotomized instrument of repression ensuring that its members behaved like clones, marching through life with mechanical, assembly-line precision and no tolerance for ambiguity."
341:
be seen as reversed evolution, though the concept is not of much interest because it does not differ in any functional or effective way from any other adaptation to selection pressures.
1848:
Sanford, J.C., Baumgardner, J., Brewer, W., Gibson, P., ReMine, W. (2007). Mendel's
Accountant: a biologically realistic forward-time population genetics program. SCPE 8(2): 147-165.
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finds lighthearted humor in dysgenics with the lines "Been around the world and found/That only stupid people are breeding/The cretins cloning and feeding/And I don't even own a tv".
1249:, believed, contrary to standard evolutionary theory, that apes had devolved from humans rather than the opposite, through affected people "putting themselves on the animal level".
844:
A few of the carboniferous insects were larger than any now existing; one of the dragon-flies had a wing-span of 28 inches. This suggests devolution rather than evolution!
1492:
Majerus, Michael E. N. (ed:Fellowes, M., et al.); The
Peppered Moth: Decline of a Darwinian Disciple; Insect Evolutionary Ecology (Royal Entomological Society) CABI 2005
1460:
Seravin L. N. (2001) The principle of counter-directional morphological evolution and its significance for constructing the megasystem of protists and other eukaryotes.
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experiment that goes awry, taking him 500 years into the future. While in "The
Marching Morons", civilization is kept afloat by a small group of dedicated geniuses, in
275:
example, hooves have advantages for running quickly on plains, which benefits horses, and feet offer advantages in climbing trees, which some ancestors of humans did.
2123:
1538:
Moore, Gregory; Nietzsche, Friedrich
Wilhelm. Darwin's Screens: Evolutionary Aesthetics, Time and Sexual Display in the Cinema By Barbara Creed, 2009, p. 8
597:
were believers in the "Degeneration theory" of racial origins. The theory claims that races can degenerate into "primitive" forms. Blumenbach claimed that
1035:. Evolutionary biologists point out that examples such as this are not evidence for devolution and the creationists have misunderstood the mechanisms of
2178:
234:
or the neo-Darwinism of the 20th century. In these terms evolutionary adaptation may occur most obviously through the natural selection of particular
2265:
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in fiction, describing a man who accidentally ends up in the distant future and discovers that dysgenics has resulted in mass stupidity. Similarly,
296:. This view is supported by the fossil record which demonstrates that roughly ninety-nine percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct.
170:
594:
883:, that God cursed the ground and animals and sentenced man to die. Ham claims this is where mutations come from, and the incredible amount of
459:
are degenerate fish as there is no evidence their jawless state is an ancestral feature but is the product of environmental adaptation due to
2047:
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sets include
Glatorian and Agori. One of the six tribes includes The Sand Tribe, which the Glatorian and Agori of that tribe are turned into
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People thinking in terms of devolution commonly assume that progress is shown by increasing complexity, but biologists studying the
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130:
1822:
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735:
564:, his argument was based on the idea that "crawling on the seabed was inherently less stimulating than swimming in open waters."
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231:
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Bowler, Peter J. Life's splendid drama: evolutionary biology and the reconstruction of life's ancestry 1860-1940, 1996, p. 164
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Since Darwin's time it has been shown how these changes in the frequencies of attributes occur according to the mechanisms of
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were fair skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns protected from environmental factors.
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Medawar, P. B., Medawar, J. S.; Aristotle to Zoos: A Philosophical
Dictionary of Biology; Harvard University Press 1985,
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1965:
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and others in the late 19th century who at this period of time firmly believed that there was a direction in evolution.
1200:âthe Vorox and the Zeskâby their creators, The Great Beings; whom are also of the same species as Glatorian and Agori.
895:
Observations confirm that mutations overwhelmingly cause a loss of information, not a net gain, as evolution requires.
370:
The concept of degenerative evolution was used by scientists in the 19th century, at this time it was believed by most
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2109:
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and that modern humans have devolved, according to Cuozzo "it seems as if human jaws are becoming smaller over time".
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Beer, Daniel. Renovating Russia: the human sciences and the fate of liberal modernity, 1880-1930, 2008, p. 36
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1010:, Cremo suggests that Darwinian evolution should be replaced with "devolution" from the original unity with
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I have allotted the first place to the
Caucasian because this stock displays the most beautiful race of men.
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1750:, ed. Ronald L. Numbers, New York: Garland Publishing, 1995, ISBN 0-8153-1808-1. volume 7 of the series
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230:. Combined with Darwin's original insights, genetic advances led to what has variously been called the
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arose because of the result of the heat of the tropical sun, cold wind caused the tawny colour of the
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463:. According to Dohrn if cyclostomes would devolve further then they would resemble something like an
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may in some cases lead to devolution, an example he studied was the regressions in the life cycle of
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353:
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119:
82:
2094:
The First
Message to WQ Judge, General Secretary of the American Section of the Theosophical Society
1265:, a kind of human-like creature turned into a savage, animal-like the state of society in which the
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describe humanity becoming cooperative and "low-maintenance" to the detriment of all other traits.
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Marvin Harris, The rise of anthropological theory: a history of theories of culture, 2001, p. 84.
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Marvin Harris, The rise of anthropological theory: a history of theories of culture, 2001, p. 84
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is set a million years in the future, where humans have "devolved" to have much smaller brains.
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153:
1880:
Redeeming culture: American religion in an age of science, James Burkhart Gilbert, 1997, p. 154
1642:
Life's splendid drama: evolutionary biology and the reconstruction of life's ancestry 1860-1940
1594:
The EncyclopĂŠdia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information
173:. The idea of progress in such theories permits the opposite idea of decay, seen in devolution.
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than there ever has been in favour of the long popular theory that man is a developed animal.
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1176:'s Mirelurk. They were regressed to survive in the deepest, darkest places on the bottom of
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Lee Spetner, Not by Chance, Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution, 1996, pp 131 - 138
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Moore, James Richard. History, Humanity and Evolution: Essays for John C. Greene, p. 331
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The eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolution theories in the decades around 1900
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that God had created at the beginning has been devolving ever since; according to Ham
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1911:
1754:. Chapter IX Section V, page 210-211 (pages 446-447 of reprint). Italics in original.
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was the belief that evolution travels in internally directed trends and levels. The
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In the 19th century, when belief in orthogenesis was widespread, zoologists such as
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as "an evolutionary retreat back to a state resembling that from which it began."
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1939:âVestigialâ Organs: What do they prove? by Dr Don Batten and Dr Jonathan Sarfati
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According to Blumenbach there are five races all belonging to a single species:
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proves "cosmic devolution". Brian Regal associates devolution with the work of
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changes, but the fundamental requirement is that any adaptive effect must be
169:, as well as an adaptive force that causes animals with a given body plan to
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Ken Ham, New Answer Book 2, Green Forest, Arizona: Master Books, 2008, p. 34
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NSS Bulletin Vol. 47 No. 2 P. 86-88 Can Evolution Regress? Aldemaro Romero
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he wrote that "every star is losing energy and mass", he claimed that the
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also developed a theory of degenerative evolution based on his studies of
417:, to slip back down the evolutionary scale to prior states of development.
2011:
1227:
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556:(1866â1940) also advocated degenerative evolution. According to Macbride
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are degenerated because of their environmental conditions. Dohrn claimed
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Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Race and the enlightenment: a reader, 1997, p. 79
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devolved into "ape-men", and had once been the Picts (distinct from the
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has the same premise, with the main character the subject of a military
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should get precise reversal of the evolutionary process, yielding an
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123:, which portrays a society that has evolved backwards to have small
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McShea D (1991). "Complexity and evolution: What everybody knows".
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and creationist, has argued for devolution in a 2005 book entitled
137:, denies the possibility of devolution. The evolutionary biologist
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Human evolution: a guide to the debates, Brian Regal, 2004, p. 223
1410:
The Logic of Chance: The Nature and Origin of Biological Evolution
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papers detailing computer simulations that model genetic entropy.
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there is far more scientific evidence in favour of this hypothesis
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Lamarck's theory of evolution involved a complexifying force that
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has written that devolution was taken seriously by proponents of
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Bowler, Peter J. Evolution: the history of an idea, 1989, p. 249
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Cave vertebrates of America: a study in degenerative evolution
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in the offspring of those individuals, and would revert those
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Douglas Dewar, The Transformist Illusion. 2005 edition, p. 42
1703:. ESLnotes.com â The English Learner Movie Guides. p. 10
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already been brought up by the early young-earth creationist
1746:, New York: New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1924, reprinted in
94:
proper understanding of evolution due to natural selection.
1526:
Luckhurst, Roger. Late Victorian Gothic tales, 2005, p. 20
238:. Such alleles may be long established, or they may be new
141:
explains Dollo's law as being simply a statement about the
797:), when the character of Matthew Brady (representative of
328:
of living creatures can also âshiftâ downwards (e.g., the
899:
Young Earth creationist Joseph Mastropaolo, argues that "
433:. Lankester discussed the idea of devolution in his book
356:(1809â1873) suggested a link between the environment and
113:
advocated the idea of devolution. The concept appears in
1916:
Human Devolution: A Vedic alternative to Darwin's theory
1008:
Human Devolution: A Vedic alternative to Darwin's theory
950:
Not by Chance: Shattering the Modern Theory of Evolution
145:
of evolution's following precisely the same path twice.
1627:
Lustig, Abigail; Richards, Robert John; Ruse, Michael.
994:
The concept of devolution is found in the teachings of
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and was unpopular amongst many scientists of the time.
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discussed devolution in his work, using the concept of
226:
and the laws of inheritance originally investigated by
1849:
1683:
Aegyptopithecus the âEgyptian apeâ by Matthew Murdock
421:
One of the first biologists to suggest devolution was
183:
The idea of devolution is based on the presumption of
53:
forms over time. The concept relates to the idea that
1723:"The Scopes "Monkey Trial," or "A 1925 Media Circus""
1017:
Examples of devolution cited by creationists include
987:
proves that the Neanderthals lived much longer than
385:, claimed that environmental factors such as taking
2258:
2223:
2139:
859:were made into a state of perfection, with perfect
825:An early creationist to discuss devolution was the
312:found in many other mammals - not to mention other
304:Modern humans may be evolving towards never having
1670:
1668:
1810:Biology Eliminates Evolution and Confirms Genesis
1269:âdescendants of horsesâare the dominant species.
27:Notion that species can revert to primitive forms
976:and creationist Jack Cuozzo. Cuozzo in his book
817:true solution of this enigma; but I do say that
425:, he explored the possibility that evolution by
1836:Genetic Entropy & the Mystery of the Genome
915:Genetic Entropy & the Mystery of the Genome
814:
493:as the mechanism of devolution. Bowler defines
242:. Selection also might arise from more complex
1547:Nietzsche, biology, and metaphor, 2002, p. 117
1358:"Darwin's precursors and influences: Glossary"
921:is deteriorating and therefore could not have
133:, first stated in 1893 by the palaeontologist
2117:
1776:, Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2008, p. 32
8:
165:towards higher levels, creating a ladder of
374:that evolution had some kind of direction.
2124:
2110:
2102:
1180:where they hideâhence their nameâand are
755:Learn how and when to remove this message
2266:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
1752:Creationism in Twentieth Century America
1340:Is the human race evolving or devolving?
2179:Huntington's disease in popular culture
2000:
1998:
1748:Selected Works of George McCready Price
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1289:
332:in some groups of protists and fungi).
1898:Creation, Devolution and wisdom teeth
812:in a work published before the trial:
691:Please improve this article by adding
595:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
576:Johan Friedrich Blumenbach 1752 - 1840
401:to a primitive state. Morel, a devout
2064:"How Humans Got Flippers and Beaks",
2007:"Devo Biography, Songs, & Albums"
657:his time who believed they couldn't.
7:
435:Degeneration: A Chapter in Darwinism
308:, and already have lost most of the
2069:October 6, 1985, section 7, page 7.
1949:See examples cited by creationists
832:, writing about the subject of the
2271:Artificial intelligence in fiction
1698:"Inherit the Wind (Drama) ( 1960)"
1434:Futuyma, Douglas (31 March 2013).
1407:Koonin, Eugene V. (23 June 2011).
1084:to fill that role. The 1998 song "
1080:among high-IQ couples leaves only
542:was essentially degenerative. The
535:(1909) in which he concluded that
25:
1918:. Bhaktivedanta Book Publishing.
1582:Evolution: the history of an idea
1043:In literature and popular culture
952:that mutations cause devolution.
2214:
1744:The Phantom of Organic Evolution
1281:also describes devolved humans.
669:
1383:Evolution: the modern synthesis
85:makes no such assumptions, and
1616:The biology of hypogean fishes
1144:has one of the seven races of
964:was immensely old, writing on
783:The term was used in the play
408:According to Roger Luckhurst:
131:Dollo's law of irreversibility
49:can revert to supposedly more
1:
2184:Tuberculosis in human culture
1979:"Shying away from Degeneracy"
1234:; his are closely modeled on
946:modern evolutionary synthesis
927:Modern evolutionary synthesis
693:secondary or tertiary sources
648:. Blumenbach however stated:
232:modern evolutionary synthesis
2243:Extraterrestrials in fiction
1977:Mitchell, Dan (2006-09-09).
1184:when in contact with light.
970:second law of thermodynamics
948:, he has argued in his book
929:. Sanford has published two
925:in the way specified by the
508:believed that up to a point
1006:has authored a book titled
940:is a critic of the role of
613:Blumenbach claimed Negroid
587:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
61:) and is thus progressive (
2323:
2092:Blavatsky, Helena (1888),
1413:. FT Press. pp. 16â.
1226:universe, stated that the
1166:Universal Classic Monsters
795:1925 Scopes "Monkey" Trial
579:
517:was a pessimistic view of
447:. According to Dohrn many
363:
176:
2212:
1834:Sanford, John C. (2005).
1696:Raymond Weschler (2005).
704:"Devolution" biology
560:were actually degenerate
470:The historian of biology
41:(not to be confused with
2276:Living things in culture
2157:Hindu views on evolution
2082:, February-November 1936
867:and that because of man
330:loss of multicellularity
316:structures, such as the
206:transmutation of species
1614:Romero Diaz, Aldemaro.
1261:contains a story about
1078:voluntary childlessness
936:The creationist author
850:Young Earth creationist
793:that fictionalizes the
301:evolution of complexity
1742:George McReady Price,
1440:. Sinauer Associates.
1338:Dougherty, Michael J.
1299:Biology and Philosophy
897:
846:
823:
799:William Jennings Bryan
781:
680:relies excessively on
654:
577:
547:William Morton Wheeler
500:Hyatt who studied the
419:
377:In 1857 the physician
361:
174:
171:adapt to circumstances
57:has a divine purpose (
2167:Speculative evolution
1278:The Rats in the Walls
1156:of British folklore,
1050:'s 1951 short story "
958:old earth creationist
917:; he claims that the
893:
842:
776:
650:
575:
410:
364:Further information:
352:
326:level of organization
324:. In some cases, the
197:increasing complexity
177:Further information:
156:
105:and palaeontologists
69:might be better than
45:) is the notion that
18:Biological devolution
2307:Evolutionary biology
2206:Symbiosis in fiction
2201:Parasites in fiction
2147:Evolution in fiction
1796:Biology vs Evolution
1275:'s 1924 short story
1198:scorpion-like beasts
838:carboniferous period
810:George McReady Price
322:nictitating membrane
83:evolutionary biology
65:), for example that
2196:Genetics in fiction
2162:Social degeneration
2042:. Dell Publishing.
1850:http://www.scpe.org
1838:. Ivan Press. ISBN.
1386:. Allen and Unwin.
1344:Scientific American
1224:Conan the Barbarian
1054:" is an example of
1052:The Marching Morons
980:(1998) claims that
960:, claimed that the
885:genetic information
582:Degeneration theory
568:Degeneration theory
395:social degeneration
366:Degeneration theory
358:social degeneration
2233:Arthropods in film
2174:Disease in fiction
2140:Aspects of biology
2133:Biology in fiction
1983:The New York Times
1817:2009-03-15 at the
1629:Darwinian heresies
1311:10.1007/BF00132234
1258:Gulliver's Travels
1222:, an essay on his
1048:Cyril M. Kornbluth
804:The New York Times
578:
362:
318:vermiform appendix
289:intrinsic finality
195:direction towards
175:
39:backward evolution
2289:
2288:
2225:Fictional species
2049:978-0-385-33387-0
1774:New Answer Book 2
1640:Bowler, Peter J.
1580:Bowler, Peter J.
1498:978-0-85199-812-1
1482:978-0-674-04537-8
1447:978-1-60535-115-5
1420:978-0-13-262317-9
1152:, similar to the
1082:automated systems
1056:dysgenic pressure
996:Hindu creationism
863:, no mistakes or
774:, devolution is:
765:
764:
757:
739:
525:Carl H. Eigenmann
427:natural selection
294:natural selection
219:natural selection
111:Carl H. Eigenmann
87:natural selection
16:(Redirected from
2314:
2238:Bug-eyed monster
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1294:
1243:Helena Blavatsky
1239:Native Americans
1219:The Hyborian Age
1214:Robert E. Howard
1099:The Time Machine
1019:vestigial organs
901:Change over time
786:Inherit the Wind
760:
753:
749:
746:
740:
738:
697:
673:
665:
381:, influenced by
281:anthropocentrism
266:are better than
187:, the view that
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2281:Science fiction
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2100:
2091:
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2080:The Phantagraph
2077:
2073:
2062:Moore, Lorrie.
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2015:
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907:John C. Sanford
761:
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741:
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690:
686:primary sources
674:
663:
661:Creationist use
584:
570:
554:Ernest MacBride
495:racial senility
491:racial senility
472:Peter J. Bowler
368:
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139:Richard Dawkins
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2099:
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2096:, pp. 185â187.
2085:
2071:
2066:New York Times
2055:
2048:
2034:Vonnegut, Kurt
2025:
1994:
1969:
1958:
1942:
1931:
1924:
1912:Cremo, Michael
1903:
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1821:(google cache
1801:
1787:
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1676:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1644:, 1996, p. 432
1633:
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1584:, 1989, p. 263
1573:
1571:, 1992, p. 161
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1378:Huxley, Julian
1369:
1349:
1347:July 20, 1998.
1324:
1305:(3): 303â324.
1288:
1286:
1283:
1273:H.P. Lovecraft
1255:'s 1726 novel
1253:Jonathan Swift
1241:). Similarly,
1206:'s 1985 novel
1178:ocean trenches
1158:Cthulhu Mythos
1096:' 1895 novel,
1086:Flagpole Sitta
1044:
1041:
763:
762:
677:
675:
668:
662:
659:
608:Caucasian race
580:Main article:
569:
566:
484:paleontologist
393:would produce
379:Bénédict Morel
354:Bénédict Morel
346:
343:
287:, the idea of
161:drives animal
150:
147:
117:'s 1985 novel
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2005:Huey, Steve.
2001:
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1618:, 2001, p. 57
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1393:9780045750184
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1245:, founder of
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:actual people
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1204:Kurt Vonnegut
1201:
1199:
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1123:The American
1121:
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1113:
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1107:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1090:Harvey Danger
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:'s 2006 film
1061:
1057:
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1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:Michael Cremo
997:
992:
990:
989:modern humans
986:
983:
979:
975:
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959:
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951:
947:
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931:peer reviewed
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845:
841:
840:Dewar wrote:
839:
835:
834:fossil record
831:
830:Douglas Dewar
828:
827:ornithologist
822:
820:
813:
811:
806:
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788:
787:
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775:
773:
770:
767:According to
759:
756:
748:
737:
734:
730:
727:
723:
720:
716:
713:
709:
706: â
705:
701:
700:Find sources:
694:
688:
687:
683:
678:This article
676:
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667:
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583:
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567:
565:
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559:
558:invertebrates
555:
552:
548:
545:
541:
538:
534:
530:
529:ichthyologist
526:
522:
520:
516:
511:
507:
506:invertebrates
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
487:Alpheus Hyatt
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
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462:
458:
454:
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446:
442:
438:
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432:
428:
424:
423:Ray Lankester
418:
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228:Gregor Mendel
225:
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159:progressively
155:
148:
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144:
143:improbability
140:
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132:
128:
126:
122:
121:
116:
115:Kurt Vonnegut
112:
108:
107:Alpheus Hyatt
104:
100:
99:Ray Lankester
95:
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56:
52:
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40:
36:
32:
19:
2151:
2093:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2065:
2058:
2037:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2010:
1986:. Retrieved
1982:
1972:
1961:
1945:
1934:
1915:
1906:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1857:
1844:
1835:
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1809:
1804:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1727:. Retrieved
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1691:
1679:
1658:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1631:, 2004, p.11
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1488:
1472:
1462:Protistology
1461:
1456:
1436:
1429:
1409:
1402:
1382:
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1352:
1342:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1276:
1271:
1256:
1251:
1217:
1207:
1202:
1191:
1186:
1139:
1134:
1122:
1117:The Godwhale
1115:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1073:
1063:
1046:
1030:
1027:Amblyopsidae
1016:
1007:
993:
978:Buried Alive
977:
954:Peter Stoner
949:
935:
914:
905:
900:
898:
894:
857:Adam and Eve
847:
843:
824:
818:
815:
802:
784:
782:
777:
772:creationists
766:
751:
745:January 2022
742:
732:
725:
718:
711:
699:
679:
655:
651:
627:
615:pigmentation
612:
599:Adam and Eve
585:
544:entomologist
532:
523:
499:
494:
490:
480:Orthogenesis
476:orthogenesis
469:
439:
434:
420:
414:
413:possible to
411:
407:
376:
369:
334:
306:wisdom teeth
298:
277:
256:
201:vestigiality
185:orthogenesis
182:
179:Orthogenesis
129:
118:
96:
63:orthogenesis
38:
35:de-evolution
34:
30:
29:
2302:Creationism
1951:Stickleback
1862:Heidelberg.
1182:photophobic
1094:H. G. Wells
1070:hibernation
1023:stickleback
982:Neanderthal
938:Lee Spetner
591:monogenists
562:vertebrates
453:cyclostomes
445:vertebrates
441:Anton Dohrn
431:sea squirts
248:chromosomal
135:Louis Dollo
103:Anton Dohrn
91:adaptations
81:. However,
2296:Categories
2191:Ecofiction
2152:Devolution
1988:2008-06-29
1729:2010-01-18
1707:2010-01-18
1363:2010-01-18
1285:References
1267:Houyhnhnms
1236:Algonquian
1228:Atlanteans
1154:Grindylows
1150:The Trench
1108:'s novels
1106:T. J. Bass
1060:Mike Judge
911:geneticist
909:, a plant
715:newspapers
682:references
589:and other
551:Lamarckian
515:extinction
461:parasitism
383:Lamarckism
372:biologists
272:epigenetic
244:epigenetic
215:adaptation
210:Lamarckism
193:purposeful
163:body plans
31:Devolution
2039:GalĂĄpagos
1955:Glasswing
1772:Ken Ham,
1464:2: 6-14,
1437:Evolution
1247:Theosophy
1209:GalĂĄpagos
1136:DC Comics
1074:Idiocracy
1065:Idiocracy
1037:evolution
1032:Greta oto
985:dentition
966:astronomy
942:mutations
889:organisms
865:mutations
779:momentum.
769:Christian
638:Ethiopian
634:Mongolian
630:Caucasian
540:evolution
519:evolution
510:ammonoids
465:Amphioxus
449:chordates
399:offspring
314:vestigial
285:teleology
252:heritable
246:or other
240:mutations
189:evolution
120:GalĂĄpagos
59:teleology
55:evolution
51:primitive
43:dysgenics
2036:(1985).
2018:March 6,
2012:AllMusic
1914:(2003).
1815:Archived
1380:(1974).
1319:53459994
1193:Bionicle
1190:'s 2009
1170:Gill-man
1162:Deep One
1146:Atlantis
1125:new wave
1029:and the
962:universe
871:against
836:for the
642:American
621:and the
593:such as
549:and the
457:lampreys
455:such as
403:Catholic
224:genetics
217:through
208:such as
2259:Related
2248:Triffid
1174:Fallout
1148:called
1141:Aquaman
1012:Brahman
974:dentist
944:in the
923:evolved
879:of the
877:Genesis
869:sinning
855:claims
853:Ken Ham
791:parable
729:scholar
623:Chinese
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