617:
606:
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1963:
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LHCBM9 promotes efficient light energy dissipation. The truncated Chl antenna size minimizes absorption and wasteful dissipation of sunlight by individual cells, resulting in better light utilization efficiency and greater photosynthetic efficiency when the green alga are grown as a mass culture in
465:
known as hydrogenases. Enzymes within this widely diverse family are commonly sub-classified into three different types based on the active site metal content: -hydrogenases (iron-iron), -hydrogenases (nickel-iron) hydrogenases, and -hydrogenases (iron-only). Many organisms express these enzymes.
1016:, but that the hydrogenase lost this function in the presence of oxygen. Melis also discovered that depleting the amount of sulfur available to the algae interrupted their internal oxygen flow, allowing the hydrogenase an environment in which it can react, causing the algae to produce hydrogen.
715:
With current reports for algae-based biohydrogen, it would take about 25,000 square kilometre algal farming to produce biohydrogen equivalent to the energy provided by gasoline in the US alone. This area represents approximately 10% of the area devoted to growing soya in the US.
1543:
Grinter, Rhys; Kropp, Ashleigh; Venugopal, Hari; Senger, Moritz; Badley, Jack; Cabotaje, Princess R.; Jia, Ruyu; Duan, Zehui; Huang, Ping; Stripp, Sven T.; Barlow, Christopher K.; Belousoff, Matthew; Shafaat, Hannah S.; Cook, Gregory M.; Schittenhelm, Ralf B. (March 2023).
568:
Green algae express hydrogenases, being some of them considered the most efficient hydrogenases with turnover rates superior to 10 s. This remarkable catalytic efficiency is nonetheless shadowed by its extreme sensitivity to oxygen, being irreversibly inactivated by
616:
793:
Under nitrogen-fixation conditions, the nitrogenase enzyme accepts electrons and consume ATP to break the triple dinitrogen bond and reduce it to ammonia. During the catalytic cycle of the nitrogenase enzyme, molecular hydrogen is also produced.
503:
Due to the extreme diversity of hydrogenase enzymes, on-going efforts are focused on screening for novel enzymes with improved features, as well as engineering already characterized hydrogenases to confer them more desirable characteristics.
961:
969:
is an important loss of energy for the cells, most of nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria also feature at least one uptake hydrogenase. Uptake hydrogenases exhibit a catalytic bias towards oxygen oxidation, thus can assimilate the produced
438:
290:
1197:
Y.-H. Percival Zhang "Hydrogen
Production from Carbohydrates: A Mini-Review" in "Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Fibers from Forest Biomass" ACS Symposium Series, 2011, Volume 1067, pages=203-216.
2256:
1116:
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discovered that deprivation of sulfur induces the alga to switch from the production of oxygen (normal photosynthesis) to the production of hydrogen. He found that the
799:
679:
via photosynthesis in daylight under air. Enclosing the microreactors with synergistic bacteria was shown to increase levels of hydrogen production via reduction of O
71:
Besides the promising possibilities of biological hydrogen production, many challenges characterize this technology. First challenges include those intrinsic to H
2499:
2834:
2808:
2244:
1486:
Land, Henrik; Ceccaldi, Pierre; Mészáros, Lívia S.; Lorenzi, Marco; Redman, Holly J.; Senger, Moritz; Stripp, Sven T.; Berggren, Gustav (2019-11-06).
1038:- sometimes referred to as steam methane reforming (SMR) - is the most common method of producing bulk hydrogen at about 95% of the world production.
98:
The main reactions driving hydrogen formation involve the oxidation of substrates to obtain electrons. Then, these electrons are transferred to free
2480:
P. Häussinger, R. Lohmüller, A. M. Watson, "Hydrogen, 2. Production" in
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
1262:
Bolatkhan, Kenzhegul; Kossalbayev, Bekzhan D.; Zayadan, Bolatkhan K.; Tomo, Tatsuya; Veziroglu, T. Nejat; Allakhverdiev, Suleyman I. (2019-03-01).
3091:
703:
31:
2597:
2577:
1847:"Sustained Photobiological Hydrogen Gas Production upon Reversible Inactivation of Oxygen Evolution in the Green AlgaChlamydomonas reinhardtii"
1182:
309:
2563:
1905:
Xu, Zhijun; Wang, Shengliang; Zhao, Chunyu; Li, Shangsong; Liu, Xiaoman; Wang, Lei; Li, Mei; Huang, Xin; Mann, Stephen (25 November 2020).
151:
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1319:
Vasiliadou, Ioanna A.; Berná, Antonio; Manchon, Carlos; Melero, Juan A.; Martinez, Fernando; Esteve-Nuñez, Abraham; Puyol, Daniel (2018).
2131:
Grewe, S.; Ballottari, M.; Alcocer, M.; D'Andrea, C.; Blifernez-Klassen, O.; Hankamer, B.; Mussgnug, J. H.; Bassi, R.; Kruse, O. (2014).
2190:"Truncated Photosystem Chlorophyll Antenna Size in the Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii upon Deletion of the TLA3-CpSRP43 Gene"
1820:
2910:
2133:"Light-Harvesting Complex Protein LHCBM9 Is Critical for Photosystem II Activity and Hydrogen Production in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii"
2819:
2590:
1154:
1804:
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3106:
2900:
2824:
2797:
2677:
2647:
2106:
695:(Chl) antenna size in green algae is minimized, or truncated, to maximize photobiological solar conversion efficiency and H
1321:"Biological and Bioelectrochemical Systems for Hydrogen Production and Carbon Fixation Using Purple Phototrophic Bacteria"
1044:
752:
A major technical obstacle is the efficiency in converting solar energy into chemical energy stored in molecular hydrogen.
3136:
3086:
749:
Economics must reach competitive price to other sources of energy and the economics are dependent on several parameters.
2550:
2281:
Tamagnini, Paula; Axelsson, Rikard; Lindberg, Pia; Oxelfelt, Fredrik; Wünschiers, Röbbe; Lindblad, Peter (March 2002).
778:. This microorganisms can grow forming filaments. Under nitrogen-limited conditions some cells can specialize and form
2682:
1726:
2013 - Gimpel JA, et al
Advances in microalgae engineering and synthetic biology applications for biofuel production
1207:
Wijayasekera, Sachindra
Chamode; Hewage, Kasun; Siddiqui, Osamah; Hettiaratchi, Patrick; Sadiq, Rehan (2022-01-29).
605:
3040:
2979:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3035:
3020:
2753:
2637:
2424:"De novo transcriptomic analysis of hydrogen production in the green alga Chlamydomonas moewusii through RNA-Seq"
1000:
740:
549:
1980:
Peden, E. A.; Boehm, M.; Mulder, D. W.; Davis, R.; Old, W. M.; King, P. W.; Ghirardi, M. L.; Dubini, A. (2013).
3025:
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2738:
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2613:
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102:
to form molecular hydrogen. This proton reduction reaction is normally performed by an enzyme family known as
1209:"Waste-to-hydrogen technologies: A critical review of techno-economic and socio-environmental sustainability"
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2763:
2041:"Increased photosystem II stability promotes H2 production in sulfur-deprived Chlamydomonas reinhardtii"
1030:
Competing for biohydrogen, at least for commercial applications, are many mature industrial processes.
1907:"Photosynthetic hydrogen production by droplet-based microbial micro-reactors under aerobic conditions"
2107:"Research creates hydrogen-producing living droplets, paving way for alternative future energy source"
1845:
Melis, Anastasios; Zhang, Liping; Forestier, Marc; Ghirardi, Maria L.; Seibert, Michael (2000-01-01).
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Yang, Shihui; Guarnieri, Michael T; Smolinski, Sharon; Ghirardi, Maria; Pienkos, Philip T (2013).
956:{\displaystyle {\ce {N2 + 8 H+ + 8NAD(P)H + 16 ATP-> 2 NH3 + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi + 8 NAD(P)+}}}
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In 2020 scientists reported the development of algal-cell based micro-emulsion for multicellular
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produces in direct conversion of sunlight 80% of the electrons that end up in the hydrogen gas.
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484:, being most of them strict-anaerobes or facultative microorganisms. Other microorganisms such
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1739:"Analytical approaches to photobiological hydrogen production in unicellular green algae"
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2016:
1982:"Identification of Global Ferredoxin Interaction Networks in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii"
1981:
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Maximizing Light
Utilization Efficiency and Hydrogen Production in Microalgal Cultures
2315:
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as a way to recover part of the energy invested during the nitrogen fixation process.
588:
and provide the ideal anaerobic environment for the native hydrogenases to catalyze H
3080:
2692:
2657:
1879:
1846:
1712:
1305:
1248:
1148:
1142: – class of enzymes that catalyse the reversible oxidation of molecular hydrogen
775:
672:
639:
525:
489:
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also express highly active hydrogenases, as it is the case for members of the genera
471:
462:
2512:
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and her student
Stickland reported that cell suspensions catalysed the reduction of
495:
3055:
2974:
1288:
1263:
1232:
995:
668:
480:
110:
1441:"Occurrence, Classification, and Biological Function of Hydrogenases: An Overview"
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splits water into hydrogen ions and electrons. The electrons are transported over
2990:
2572:
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1378:
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1264:"Hydrogen production from phototrophic microorganisms: Reality and perspectives"
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692:
651:
643:
626:
467:
142:
130:
103:
2497:
Ogden, J.M. (1999). "Prospects for building a hydrogen energy infrastructure".
2188:
Kirst, H.; Garcia-Cerdan, J. G.; Zurbriggen, A.; Ruehle, T.; Melis, A. (2012).
1967:
1930:
1569:
1488:"Discovery of novel [FeFe]-hydrogenases for biocatalytic H2-production"
732:
Competitive inhibition of photosynthetic hydrogen production by carbon dioxide.
1762:
1627:
779:
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536:
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126:
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gas is produced in many types of fermentation as a way to regenerate NAD from
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produce hydrogen under certain conditions. In 2000 it was discovered that if
48:
that is produced biologically. Interest is high in this technology because H
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2783:
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1998:
1672:
1546:"Structural basis for bacterial energy extraction from atmospheric hydrogen"
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2025:
1956:
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1704:
1654:
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454:). Most of these species are microbes and their ability to use or produce H
2205:
1404:; Ogata, Hideaki; Rüdiger, Olaf; Reijerse, Edward (2014). "Hydrogenases".
1387:
1862:
746:
Competitive drainage of electrons by oxygen in algal hydrogen production.
665:
122:
114:
42:
433:{\displaystyle {\ce {C6H12O6 + 2 H2O -> 2 CH3COOH + 2 HCOOH + 2 H2}}}
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1962:
1503:
725:
Restriction of photosynthetic hydrogen production by accumulation of a
296:
138:
57:
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1417:
285:{\displaystyle {\ce {C6H12O6 + 2 H2O -> 2 CH3COOH + 2 CO2 + 4 H2}}}
1009:
558:
554:
499:
The active site structures of the three types of hydrogenase enzymes.
443:
These reactions are exergonic by 216 and 209 kcal/mol, respectively.
99:
1673:"O2 sensitivity and H2 production activity of hydrogenases-A review"
446:
It has been estimated that 99% of all organisms utilize or produce
79:
noncondensible gas. Additionally, hydrogen producing organisms are
544:
540:
517:
494:
29:
1362:"Biochemistry of Methanogenesis: a Tribute to Marjory Stephenson"
118:
2586:
1611:"Fantastic [FeFe]-Hydrogenases and Where to Find Them"
109:
In heterotrophic organisms, electrons are produced during the
1900:
1898:
1737:
Hemschemeier, Anja; Melis, Anastasios; Happe, Thomas (2009).
68:
directly from water splitting using light as energy source.
1022:
is also a promising strain for the production of hydrogen.
782:, which ensures an anaerobic intracellular space to ease N
687:
Improving production by light harvesting antenna reduction
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2551:
DOE - A Prospectus for
Biological Production of Hydrogen
2375:"Hydrogen Production. Green Algae as a Source of Energy"
1004:, would sometimes produce hydrogen. In the late 1990s
2283:"Hydrogenases and Hydrogen Metabolism of Cyanobacteria"
1439:
Vignais, Paulette M.; Billoud, Bernard (2007-10-01).
1111:{\displaystyle {\ce {CH4 + H2O <-> CO + 3 H2}}}
1047:
802:
756:
Attempts are in progress to solve these problems via
312:
154:
1144:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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2849:
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2620:
1136: – Industrial production of molecular hydrogen
137:. Because of this most of the reactions start with
1130: – Aquaculture involving the farming of algae
1110:
955:
432:
284:
56:and can be readily produced from certain kinds of
2039:Volgusheva, A.; Styring, S.; Mamedov, F. (2013).
2578:EERE-CYCLIC PHOTOBIOLOGICAL ALGAL H2-PRODUCTION
2045:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1666:
1664:
458:as a metabolite arises from the expression of H
60:, including biological waste. Furthermore some
129:, or can be directly accepted from NADH by a
2598:
654:(enzymes) combine them into hydrogen gas. In
8:
2527:"Hydrogen Production: Natural Gas Reforming"
998:observed that the green photosynthetic alga
2500:Annual Review of Energy and the Environment
584:, in this state the cells start consuming O
466:Notable examples are members of the genera
75:, such as storage and transportation of an
2605:
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2287:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
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2439:
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2314:
2245:Growing hydrogen for the cars of tomorrow
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2015:
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576:When the cells are deprived from sulfur,
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2698:Environmentally healthy community design
1268:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
1213:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
557:they will switch from the production of
1165:
965:Nevertheless, since the production of H
735:Requirement for bicarbonate binding at
704:photosystem II light-harvesting protein
64:microorganisms are capable to produce H
1802:Wired-Mutant Algae Is Hydrogen Factory
1671:Lu, Yuan; Koo, Jamin (November 2019).
27:Hydrogen that is produced biologically
18:Biological hydrogen production (Algae)
7:
2257:"5.15C: Nitrogen Fixation Mechanism"
1151: – Hydrogen produced via light
699:production. It has been shown that
2835:waste-water treatment technologies
2573:DIY Algae/Hydrogen Bioreactor 2004
25:
2820:agricultural wastewater treatment
2338:Algae: Power Plant of the Future?
1821:"Further reading - New Scientist"
1155:Timeline of hydrogen technologies
1012:responsible for this reaction is
741:efficient photosynthetic activity
565:, to the production of hydrogen.
2773:
2362:from the original on 2012-10-20.
1961:
1677:Biotechnology and Bioengineering
615:
604:
2901:List of energy storage projects
2825:industrial wastewater treatment
2678:Environmental impact assessment
2648:Environmental impact assessment
2513:10.1146/annurev.energy.24.1.227
1986:Journal of Biological Chemistry
520:is a method of photobiological
3092:Biodegradable waste management
1289:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.01.092
1233:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.11.226
1081:
942:
936:
868:
851:
845:
790:enzyme expressed also inside.
769:Biological hydrogen production
514:biological hydrogen production
376:
218:
34:Microbial hydrogen production.
1:
675:alongside either oxygen or CO
580:stops due to photo-damage of
1325:Frontiers in Energy Research
2683:Environmental impact design
2299:10.1128/MMBR.66.1.1-20.2002
1379:10.1099/00221287-144-9-2377
764:Production by cyanobacteria
3158:
3041:High-performance buildings
2428:Biotechnology for Biofuels
2350:"Multiplatform Pinup Girl"
1931:10.1038/s41467-020-19823-5
1570:10.1038/s41586-023-05781-7
3036:Heat recovery ventilation
3021:Environmental remediation
2771:
2638:Climate smart agriculture
2373:Melis A, Happe T (2001).
1763:10.1007/s11120-009-9415-5
1628:10.3389/fmicb.2022.853626
1615:Frontiers in Microbiology
1001:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
656:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
629:that can produce hydrogen
295:A related reaction gives
3026:Glass in green buildings
2970:sustainable architecture
2614:Environmental technology
2486:10.1002/14356007.o13_o03
1807:August 27, 2006, at the
1338:10.3389/fenrg.2018.00107
720:Bioreactor design issues
701:Light-harvesting complex
141:, which is converted to
2441:10.1186/1754-6834-6-118
2066:10.1073/pnas.1220645110
1999:10.1074/jbc.M113.483727
1743:Photosynthesis Research
1173:M. Rögner, ed. (2015).
3107:Biotechnology products
3016:Environmental movement
2713:Sustainability science
2703:Public interest design
2628:Appropriate technology
2529:. Department of Energy
2149:10.1105/tpc.114.124198
1609:Morra, Simone (2022).
1360:Thauer, R. K. (1998).
1112:
1019:Chlamydomonas moewusii
957:
553:algae are deprived of
533:production of hydrogen
500:
434:
286:
94:Biochemical principles
35:
2895:hydrogen technologies
2809:Solid waste treatment
2206:10.1104/pp.112.206672
1911:Nature Communications
1113:
958:
671:capable of producing
498:
435:
287:
33:
3066:Water heat recycling
2996:Efficient energy use
2986:Conservation biology
2923:Sustainable lighting
2859:Efficient energy use
2673:Environmental Design
2643:Environmental design
1863:10.1104/pp.122.1.127
1045:
800:
771:is also observed in
310:
152:
3137:Hydrogen production
3087:Anaerobic digestion
3051:Nature conservation
3046:Land rehabilitation
3001:Energy conservation
2890:carbon-neutral fuel
2798:dispersion modeling
2057:2013PNAS..110.7223V
1992:(49): 35192–35209.
1923:2020NatCo..11.5985X
1755:2009PhoRe.102..523H
1562:2023Natur.615..541G
1280:2019IJHE...44.5799B
1225:2022IJHE...47.5842W
1134:Hydrogen production
1106:
1077:
1061:
1026:Industrial hydrogen
994:. Six years later,
903:
887:
816:
524:which is done in a
508:Production by algae
428:
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125:are transferred to
2869:Energy development
2851:Sustainable energy
2840:water purification
2804:Industrial ecology
2566:2013-10-19 at the
2261:Biology LibreTexts
1504:10.1039/C9SC03717A
1108:
1094:
1065:
1049:
984:Marjory Stephenson
953:
891:
875:
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669:microbial reactors
652:Fe-Fe-hydrogenases
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3073:
2911:commercialization
2391:10.1104/pp.010498
2051:(18): 7223–7228.
1689:10.1002/bit.27136
1683:(11): 3124–3135.
1556:(7952): 541–547.
1498:(43): 9941–9948.
1457:10.1021/cr050196r
1451:(10): 4206–4272.
1418:10.1021/cr4005814
1274:(12): 5799–5811.
1184:978-3-11-033673-3
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16:(Redirected from
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3142:Waste management
3132:Hydrogen economy
3127:Hydrogen biology
3011:Energy recycling
2932:electric vehicle
2906:Renewable energy
2880:alternative fuel
2830:sewage treatment
2814:Waste management
2777:
2668:Energy recycling
2663:Electric vehicle
2633:Clean technology
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2253:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2200:(4): 2251–2260.
2194:Plant Physiology
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2143:(4): 1598–1611.
2128:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2086:
2068:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2019:
2001:
1977:
1971:
1966:Available under
1965:
1960:
1950:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1851:Plant Physiology
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1823:. Archived from
1817:
1811:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1782:
1749:(2–3): 523–540.
1734:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1648:
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1600:
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1492:Chemical Science
1483:
1477:
1476:
1445:Chemical Reviews
1436:
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1406:Chemical Reviews
1402:Lubitz, Wolfgang
1398:
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1357:
1351:
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1340:
1316:
1310:
1309:
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1259:
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1252:
1219:(9): 5842–5870.
1204:
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1170:
1145:
1117:
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1109:
1107:
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1066:
1060:
1057:
1050:
1006:Anastasios Melis
962:
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876:
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854:
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841:
833:
832:
825:
815:
812:
805:
786:fixation by the
683:concentrations.
619:
608:
578:oxygen evolution
478:or the pathogen
439:
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431:
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315:
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157:
21:
3157:
3156:
3152:
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3147:
3146:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3031:Green computing
3006:Energy recovery
2942:
2874:Energy recovery
2864:Electrification
2845:
2791:Air pollution (
2778:
2769:
2616:
2611:
2568:Wayback Machine
2547:
2542:
2532:
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2372:
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2255:
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2243:
2239:
2187:
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2182:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2038:
2037:
2033:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1828:
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1809:Wayback Machine
1800:
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1603:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1412:(8): 4081–148.
1400:
1399:
1395:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1206:
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1201:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1143:
1124:
1043:
1042:
1032:Steam reforming
1028:
993:
980:
973:
968:
934:
824:
798:
797:
785:
773:nitrogen-fixing
766:
727:proton gradient
722:
713:
698:
689:
682:
678:
633:
632:
631:
630:
622:
621:
620:
611:
610:
609:
598:
591:
587:
575:
572:
561:, as in normal
529:photobioreactor
522:water splitting
510:
461:
457:
453:
308:
307:
150:
149:
136:
96:
90:are often low.
89:
86:and yields of H
84:
74:
67:
51:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3097:Biodegradation
3094:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
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3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
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2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
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2943:
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2937:hybrid vehicle
2934:
2928:Transportation
2925:
2920:
2919:
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2903:
2898:
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2871:
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2768:
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2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2710:
2708:Sustainability
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2688:Green building
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Eco-innovation
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2612:
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2609:
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2558:
2553:
2546:
2545:External links
2543:
2541:
2540:
2518:
2489:
2473:
2414:
2385:(3): 740–748.
2365:
2358:. 2002-04-01.
2341:
2330:
2273:
2248:
2237:
2180:
2137:The Plant Cell
2123:
2098:
2031:
1972:
1894:
1857:(1): 127–136.
1837:
1812:
1794:
1729:
1718:
1660:
1601:
1535:
1478:
1431:
1393:
1352:
1311:
1254:
1199:
1190:
1183:
1177:. De Gruyter.
1164:
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1158:
1157:
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1137:
1131:
1123:
1120:
1119:
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988:methylene blue
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758:bioengineering
754:
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747:
744:
737:photosystem II
733:
730:
721:
718:
712:
709:
696:
688:
685:
680:
676:
659:Photosystem II
636:Photosynthesis
624:
623:
614:
613:
612:
603:
602:
601:
600:
599:
597:
596:Photosynthesis
594:
589:
585:
582:photosystem II
573:
570:
563:photosynthesis
550:C. reinhardtii
509:
506:
463:metalloenzymes
459:
455:
451:
441:
440:
423:
414:
411:
404:
401:
390:
381:
378:
367:
358:
355:
347:
334:
321:
301:carbon dioxide
293:
292:
275:
266:
263:
255:
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243:
232:
223:
220:
209:
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134:
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87:
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72:
65:
62:photosynthetic
49:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
3154:
3143:
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3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
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2981:
2980:New Classical
2978:
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2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:refurbishment
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:Sustainable (
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2693:Green vehicle
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2658:Ecotechnology
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
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2608:
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2601:
2596:
2594:
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2574:
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2544:
2528:
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2469:
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2460:
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2425:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2379:Plant Physiol
2376:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2331:
2326:
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2304:
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2181:
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2167:
2162:
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2150:
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2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1827:on 2008-10-31
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1781:
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1764:
1760:
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1740:
1733:
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1727:
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1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
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1661:
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1638:
1634:
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1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
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1497:
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1489:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1372:: 2377–2406.
1371:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1315:
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1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1281:
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1273:
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1250:
1246:
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1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:Photohydrogen
1147:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1099:
1090:
1087:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1037:
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1025:
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861:
858:
837:
834:
829:
820:
817:
809:
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791:
789:
781:
777:
776:cyanobacteria
774:
770:
763:
761:
759:
751:
748:
745:
742:
738:
734:
731:
728:
724:
723:
719:
717:
710:
708:
707:bioreactors.
705:
702:
694:
686:
684:
674:
670:
667:
662:
660:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:cyanobacteria
637:
628:
618:
607:
595:
593:
583:
579:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
551:
546:
542:
538:
534:
531:based on the
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
497:
493:
491:
490:Chlamydomonas
487:
483:
482:
477:
473:
472:Desulfovibrio
469:
464:
449:
444:
421:
412:
409:
402:
399:
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365:
356:
353:
345:
332:
319:
306:
305:
304:
302:
298:
273:
264:
261:
253:
244:
241:
230:
221:
207:
198:
195:
187:
174:
161:
148:
147:
146:
144:
140:
133:, producing H
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
93:
91:
85:
81:poisoned by O
78:
69:
63:
59:
55:
47:
40:
32:
19:
3056:Permaculture
2975:New Urbanism
2947:Conservation
2739:food systems
2724:architecture
2531:. Retrieved
2521:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2476:
2431:
2427:
2417:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2353:
2344:
2333:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2265:. Retrieved
2263:. 2017-05-11
2260:
2251:
2240:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2048:
2044:
2034:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1914:
1910:
1854:
1850:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1815:
1797:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1721:
1680:
1676:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1553:
1549:
1538:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1396:
1369:
1366:Microbiology
1365:
1355:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1216:
1212:
1202:
1193:
1174:
1168:
1029:
1017:
999:
996:Hans Gaffron
981:
964:
796:
792:
768:
767:
755:
714:
690:
663:
655:
634:
592:production.
567:
548:
513:
511:
502:
481:Helicobacter
479:
445:
442:
294:
111:fermentation
108:
104:hydrogenases
97:
70:
38:
37:
2991:Ecoforestry
2749:procurement
2734:development
2719:agriculture
2507:: 227–279.
2293:(1): 1–20.
1917:(1): 5985.
1175:Biohydrogen
1140:Hydrogenase
1128:Algaculture
1036:natural gas
1014:hydrogenase
788:nitrogenase
780:heterocysts
739:(PSII) for
693:chlorophyll
648:ferredoxins
644:green algae
627:bioreactors
486:green algae
468:Clostridium
299:instead of
143:acetic acid
131:hydrogenase
113:of sugars.
39:Biohydrogen
3081:Categories
2960:insulation
2953:Building (
2916:transition
2759:technology
2744:industries
2434:(1): 118.
2267:2023-04-07
2116:9 December
1831:2009-03-11
1621:: 853626.
1161:References
537:solar fuel
448:dihydrogen
127:ferredoxin
54:clean fuel
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