Biochemical oxygen demand - Knowledge (XXG)

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membrane. Charged nylon membrane is suitable for microbial immobilization, due to the specific binding between negatively charged bacterial cell and positively charged nylon membrane. So the advantages of the nylon membrane over the other membranes are : The dual binding, i.e. Adsorption as well as entrapment, thus resulting in a more stable immobilized membrane. Such specific Microbial consortium based BOD analytical devices, may find great application in monitoring of the degree of pollutant strength, in a wide variety of industrial waste water within a very short time.

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high maintenance costs, limited run lengths due to the need for reactivation, and the inability to respond to changing quality characteristics as would normally occur in wastewater treatment streams; e.g. diffusion processes of the biodegradable organic matter into the membrane and different responses by different microbial species which lead to problems with the reproducibility of result (Praet et al., 1995). Another important limitation is the uncertainty associated with the calibration function for translating the BOD substitute into the real BOD (Rustum

1209:, will already contain a large population of microorganisms acclimated to the water being tested. An appreciable portion of the waste may be utilized during the holding period prior to commencement of the test procedure. On the other hand, organic wastes from industrial sources may require specialized enzymes. Microbial populations from standard seed sources may take some time to produce those enzymes. A specialized seed culture may be appropriate to reflect conditions of an evolved ecosystem in the receiving waters. 161:(c) An effluent in order to comply with the general standard must not contain as discharged more than 3 parts per 100,000 of suspended matter, and with its suspended matters included must not take up at 65 °F (18.3 °C) more than 2.0 parts per 100,000 of dissolved oxygen in 5 days. This general standard should be prescribed either by Statute or by order of the Central Authority, and should be subject to modifications by that Authority after an interval of not less than ten years. 346: 2618: 791:) is added in the container above the sample level. The sample is stored in conditions identical to the dilution method. Oxygen is consumed and, as ammonia oxidation is inhibited, carbon dioxide is released. The total amount of gas, and thus the pressure, decreases because carbon dioxide is absorbed. From the drop of pressure, the sensor electronics computes and displays the consumed quantity of oxygen. 257:

the volume of river water would exceed 8 times the volume of effluent, and that the figure of 2–0 parts dissolved oxygen per 100,000, which had been shown to be practicable, would be a safe figure to adopt for the purposes of a general standard, taken in conjunction with the condition that the effluent should not contain more than 3–0 parts per 100,000 of suspended solids.

382:(GGA) controls, and seed controls. The dilution water blank is used to confirm the quality of the dilution water that is used to dilute the other samples. This is necessary because impurities in the dilution water may cause significant alterations in the results. The GGA control is a standardized solution to determine the quality of the seed, where its recommended BOD 1555: 1126:(E. Coli). TLF based monitoring is applicable across a wide range of environments, including but by no means limited to sewage treatment works and freshwaters. Therefore, there has been a significant movement towards combined sensor systems that can monitor parameters and use them, in real-time, to provide a reading of BOD that is of laboratory quality. 354: 1143: 1135:

diffusion of the gas into an electrochemical cell and its concentration determined by polarographic or galvanic electrodes. This analytical method is sensitive and accurate to down to levels of ± 0.1 mg/L dissolved oxygen. Calibration of the redox electrode of this membrane electrode still requires the use of the Henry's law table or the

64:(DO) consumed by aerobic bacteria growing on the organic material present in a water sample at a specific temperature over a specific time period. The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per liter of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 °C and is often used as a surrogate of the degree of 1122:

monitored in real-time through a combination of traditional methods (electrical conductivity via electrodes) and newer methods such as fluorescence. The monitoring of tryptophan-like fluorescence (TLF) has been successfully utilised as a proxy for biological activity and enumeration, particularly with a focus on

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electrochemical cell and its concentration determined by polarographic or galvanic electrodes. This analytical method is sensitive and accurate down to levels of ± 0.1 mg/L dissolved oxygen. Calibration of the redox electrode of this membrane electrode still requires the use of the Henry's law table or the

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The development of an analytical instrument that utilizes the reduction-oxidation (redox) chemistry of oxygen in the presence of dissimilar metal electrodes was introduced during the 1950s. This redox electrode (also known as dissolved oxygen sensor) utilized an oxygen-permeable membrane to allow the

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Biosensors can be used to indirectly measure BOD via a fast (usually <30 min) to be determined BOD substitute and a corresponding calibration curve method (pioneered by Karube et al., 1977). Consequently, biosensors are now commercially available, but they do have several limitations such as their

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A defined microbial consortium can be formed by conducting a systematic study, i.e. pre-testing of selected micro-organisms for use as a seeding material in BOD analysis of a wide variety of industrial effluents. Such a formulated consortium can be immobilized on suitable membrane, i.e. charged nylon

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Many micro organisms useful for BOD assessment are relatively easy to maintain in pure cultures, grow and harvest at low cost. Moreover, the use of microbes in the field of biosensors has opened up new possibilities and advantages such as ease of handling, preparation and low cost of device. A number

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Until recently, real-time monitoring of BOD was unattainable owing to its complex nature. Recent research by a leading UK university has discovered the link between multiple water quality parameters including electrical conductivity, turbidity, TLF and CDOM. These parameters are all capable of being

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regulations. Secondary sewage treatment is generally expected to remove 85 percent of the BOD measured in sewage and produce effluent BOD concentrations with a 30-day average of less than 30 mg/L and a 7-day average of less than 45 mg/L. The regulations also describe "treatment equivalent

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An effluent taking up 2–0 parts dissolved oxygen per 100,000 would be found by a simple calculation to require dilution with at least 8 volumes of river water taking up 0.2 part if the resulting mixture was not to take up more than 0.4 part. Our experience indicated that in a large majority of cases

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Rustum, R., Adeloye, A. and Simala, A., 2007. Kohonen self-organising map (KSOM) extracted features for enhancing MLP-ANN prediction models of BOD5. In International Symposium: Quantification and Reduction of Predictive Uncertainty for Sustainable Water Resources Management-24th General Assembly of

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etc. individually, have been used by many workers for the construction of BOD biosensor. On the other hand, many workers have immobilized activated sludge, or a mixture of two or three bacterial species and on various membranes for the construction of BOD biosensor. The most commonly used membranes

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Winkler published the methodology of a simple, accurate and direct dissolved oxygen analytical procedure in 1888. Since that time, the analysis of dissolved oxygen levels for water has been key to the determination of surface water. The Winkler method is still one of only two analytical techniques

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method to make rapid inferences about BOD using easy to measure water quality parameters. Ones such as flow rate, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, nitrogen, pH and suspended solids can be obtained directly and reliably using on-line hardware sensors. In a test of this idea, measurements of these

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rivers. Incubation periods of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 days were being used into the mid-20th century. Keeping dissolved oxygen available at their chosen temperature, investigators found up to 99 percent of total BOD was exerted within 20 days, 90 percent within 10 days, and approximately 68 percent

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creates an oxygen demand proportional to the amount of organic compounds useful as food. Under some circumstances, microbial metabolism can consume dissolved oxygen faster than atmospheric oxygen can dissolve into the water or the autotrophic community (algae, cyanobacteria and macrophytes) can

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An alternative to measure BOD is the development of biosensors, which are devices for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component. Enzymes are the most widely used biological sensing elements in the fabrication of biosensors. Their

146:. Dissolved oxygen depletion is most likely to become evident during the initial aquatic microbial population explosion in response to a large amount of organic material. If the microbial population deoxygenates the water, however, that lack of oxygen imposes a limit on population growth of 1095:

The development of an analytical instrument that utilizes the reduction-oxidation (redox) chemistry of oxygen in the presence of dissimilar metal electrodes was introduced during the 1950s. This redox electrode utilized an oxygen-permeable membrane to allow the diffusion of the gas into an

189:(EPA). This 5-day BOD test result may be described as the amount of oxygen required for aquatic microorganisms to stabilize decomposable organic matter under aerobic conditions. Stabilization, in this context, may be perceived in general terms as the conversion of food to living aquatic 1341:

Report of the Commissioners appointed in 1898 to inquire and report what methods of treating and disposing of sewage (including any liquid from any factory or manufacturing process) may properly be adopted. Standards and Tests for Sewage and Sewage Effluents Discharging into Rivers and

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is dosed with seed microorganisms and stored for 5 days in the dark room at 20 °C to prevent DO production via photosynthesis. The bottles have traditionally been made of glass, which required cleaning and rinsing between samples. A SM 5210B approved, disposable, plastic

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test, it is conventional practice to measure only cBOD because nitrogenous demand does not reflect the oxygen demand from organic matter. This is because nBOD is generated by the breakdown of proteins, whereas cBOD is produced by the breakdown of organic molecules.

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An electrode has been developed based on the luminescence emission of a photo-active chemical compound and the quenching of that emission by oxygen. This quenching photophysics mechanism is described by the Stern–Volmer equation for dissolved oxygen in a solution:

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values along with BOD which had been made over three years was used to train and test a model for prediction. The technique could allow for some missing data. It indicated that this approach was possible but needed sufficient historic data to be available.

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derivative which reveals the extent of oxygen uptake by micro-organisms for organic matter mineralization. A cross-validation performed on 109 samples in Europe and the United-States showed a strict statistical equivalence between results from both methods.

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disinfection used following conventional sewage treatment, and odor-control formulations used in sanitary waste holding tanks in passenger vehicles or portable toilets. Suppression of the microbial community oxidizing the waste will lower the test result.

1151: 1149: 1145: 1144: 1150: 369:, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a sample must be measured before and after the incubation period, and appropriately adjusted by the sample corresponding dilution factor. This analysis is performed using 300 mL incubation bottles in which 289:

Most pristine rivers will have a 5-day carbonaceous BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately polluted rivers may have a BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Rivers may be considered severely polluted when BOD values exceed 8 mg/L. Municipal

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available to indigenous microbial populations. The amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water through generations of microbial growth, death, decay, and cannibalism is

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In its sixth report the Royal Commission recommended that the standard set should be 15 parts by weight per million of water. However, in the Ninth report the commission had revised the recommended standard:

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Muller, Mathieu; Bouguelia, Sihem; Goy, Romy-Alice; Yoris, Alison; Berlin, Jeanne; Meche, Perrine; Rocher, Vincent; Mertens, Sharon; Dudal, Yves (2014). "International cross-validation of a BOD5 surrogate".

484: 1553:, Nathalie Pautremat; Romy-Alice Goy & Zaynab El Amraoui et al., "Process for directly measuring multiple biodegradabilities", published 2013-05-23, assigned to Envolure 125:

Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for microbial metabolism of organic compounds in water. This demand occurs over some variable period of time depending on temperature,

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Titze, J., H. Walter, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of a new optical sensor for measuring dissolved oxygen by comparison with standard analytical methods." Monatsschr. Brauwiss.(Mar./Apr.): 66-80.

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Garcia-Fresnadillo, D., M. D. Marazuela, et al. (1999). "Luminescent Nafion Membranes Dyed with Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Sensing Materials for Dissolved Oxygen." Langmuir 15(19): 6451-6459.

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to secondary treatment" as removing 65 percent of the BOD and producing effluent BOD concentrations with a 30-day average less than 45 mg/L and a 7-day average less than 65 mg/L.

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application in biosensor construction is limited by the tedious, time-consuming and costly enzyme purification methods. Microorganisms provide an ideal alternative to these bottlenecks.

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This was later standardised at 68 °F and then 20 °C. This temperature may be significantly different from the temperature of the natural environment of the water being tested.

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The determination of oxygen concentration by luminescence quenching has a linear response over a broad range of oxygen concentrations and has excellent accuracy and reproducibility.

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in water. However, COD analysis is less specific, since it measures everything that can be chemically oxidized, rather than just levels of biologically oxidized organic matter.

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There have been proposals for automation to make rapid prediction of BOD so it could be used for on-line process monitoring and control. For example, the use of a computerised

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There are two recognized methods for the measurement of dissolved oxygen for BOD and a number of other methods not currently internationally recognised as standard methods

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The test relies upon a microbial ecosystem with enzymes capable of oxidizing the available organic material. Some waste waters, such as those from biological secondary

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The test method involves variables limiting reproducibility. Tests normally show observations varying plus or minus ten to twenty percent around the mean.

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of rivers. Five days was chosen as an appropriate test period because this is supposedly the longest time that river water takes to travel from source to

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Rustum R., A. J. Adeloye, and M. Scholz (2008). "Applying Kohonen Self-organizing Map as a Software Sensor to Predict the Biochemical Oxygen Demand."

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Okache, J.; Haggett, B.; Maytum, R.; Mead, A.; Rawson, D.; Ajmal, T. (November 2015). "Sensing fresh water contamination using fluorescence methods".

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for periods greater than 5 days. The 5-day test protocol with acceptably reproducible results emphasizing carbonaceous BOD has been endorsed by the

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Winkler, L. W. (1888). "Die zur Bestimmung des in Wasser gelösten Sauerstoffes " Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 21(2): 2843-2854.

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is available which eliminates this step. In addition to the various dilutions of BOD samples, this procedure requires dilution water blanks,

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The BOD is used in measuring waste loadings to treatment plants and in evaluating the BOD-removal efficiency of such treatment systems.

231: 154: 193:. Although these fauna will continue to exert biochemical oxygen demand as they die, that tends to occur within a more stable evolved 2502: 1811:

Reynolds, D. M.; Ahmad, S. R. (1997-08-01). "Rapid and direct determination of wastewater BOD values using a fluorescence technique".

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Some wastes contain chemicals capable of suppressing microbiological growth or activity. Potential sources include industrial wastes,

2653: 2372: 1297: 1136: 1097: 30: 413: 2081: 2462: 2432: 2402: 2201: 2648: 2221: 313:. The generally lower values in the U.S. derive from the much greater water use per capita than in other parts of the world. 390:(cBOD), a nitrification inhibitor is added after the dilution water has been added to the sample. The inhibitor hinders the 1720:"Understanding dissolved organic matter dynamics in urban catchments: insights from in situ fluorescence sensor technology" 78:

plants. BOD of wastewater effluents is used to indicate the short-term impact on the oxygen levels of the receiving water.

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Final Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire and Report What Methods of Treating and Disposing of Sewage. 1912

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Kemula, W. and S. Siekierski (1950). "Polarometric determination of oxygen." Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 15: 1069–75.

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Kemula, W. and S. Siekierski (1950). "Polarometric determination of oxygen." Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 15: 1069-75.

1539:. New Delhi, India: CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology (IGIB). United Kingdom; GB2360788;(3-11-2004). 117:. Populations of these microorganisms tend to increase in proportion to the amount of food available. This microbial 61: 2517: 2284: 1431:

The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs, chapter 2: The Global Perspective on Water

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used to calibrate oxygen electrode meters; the other procedure is based on oxygen solubility at saturation as per

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Eaton, Andrew D.; Greenberg, Arnold E.; Rice, Eugene W.; Clesceri, Lenore S.; Franson, Mary Ann H., eds. (2005).

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would have a value of about 20 mg/L or less. Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600 mg/L in

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Although the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal proposed 5 days as an adequate test period for rivers of the

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This method is limited to the measurement of the oxygen consumption due only to carbonaceous oxidation.

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Khamis, K.; R. Sorensen, J. P.; Bradley, C.; M. Hannah, D.; J. Lapworth, D.; Stevens, R. (2015).

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, DC. "Secondary Treatment Regulation."

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A standard temperature at which BOD testing should be carried out was first proposed by the

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produce. Fish and aquatic insects may die when oxygen is depleted by microbial metabolism.

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aquatic microbial organisms resulting in a longer term food surplus and oxygen deficit.

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of ammonia nitrogen, which supplies the nitrogenous BOD (nBOD). When performing the BOD

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Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) reduction is used as a gauge of the effectiveness of

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standard which was used as a yardstick in the U.K. up to the 1970s for sewage works

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is the ratio of seed volume in dilution solution to seed volume in BOD test on seed

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This standard method is recognized by EPA, which is labeled Method 5210B in the

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is the dissolved oxygen (DO) of the diluted solution after preparation (mg/L)

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the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) (pp. 181–187).

853: 592:{\displaystyle \mathrm {BOD} _{5}={\frac {(D_{0}-D_{5})-(B_{0}-B_{5})f}{P}}} 391: 194: 57: 1948: 1797: 1689: 1599: 825:

Trichosporon cutaneum, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Pseudomonas sp.

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Most natural waters contain small quantities of organic compounds. Aquatic

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Fox, B. G.; Thorn, R. M. S.; Anesio, A. M.; Reynolds, D. M. (2017-11-15).

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simplicity: no dilution of sample required, no seeding, no blank sample.

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The main advantages of this method compared to the dilution method are:

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concentration is 198 mg/L ± 30.5 mg/L. For measurement of

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and as low as 200 mg/L in the U.S., or where there is severe

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continuous display of BOD value at the current incubation time.

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is the DO of the diluted solution after 5 day incubation (mg/L)

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is the DO of diluted seed sample after 5 day incubation (mg/L)

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Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater.

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This was the cornerstone 20:30 (BOD:Suspended Solids) + full

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Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater

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Rustum, Rabee; Adeloye, Adebayo J.; Scholz, Miklas (2008).

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Clair N. Sawyer; Perry L. McCarty; Gene F. Parkin (2003).

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were polyvinyl alcohol, porous hydrophilic membranes etc.

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is the DO of diluted seed sample after preparation (mg/L)

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Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage

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within 5 days. Variable microbial population shifts to

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9th Ed. (1946) American Public Health Association p.139

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The sample is kept in a sealed container fitted with a

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Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science

85:(COD) analysis, in that both measure the amount of 2088:- a troubleshooting wiki for this problematic test 1317: 1281: 1130:Dissolved oxygen probes: Membrane and luminescence 1075: 1033: 1001: 972: 949: 755: 733: 704: 675: 653: 624: 591: 478: 138:(total BOD). Total BOD is of more significance to 1280:Goldman, Charles R.; Horne, Alexander J. (1983). 1972:"Technically Speaking: dissolved oxygen control" 229:, established in 1865, and the formation of the 216:plant in Haran-Al-Awamied near Damascus in Syria 1718:Khamis, K.; Bradley, C.; Hannah, D. M. (2018). 101:have evolved to use some of these compounds as 1776:Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 1526: 1524: 2107: 187:United States Environmental Protection Agency 8: 1572:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1041:: Stern-Volmer constant for oxygen quenching 1385:2nd Ed. (1967) McGraw-Hill pp. 394–399 235:in 1898 led to the selection in 1908 of BOD 170:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 27:Oxygen needed to remove organics from water 2114: 2100: 2092: 2024: 2022: 2020: 1932:1983/a6b8b5fc-6ced-4901-9bb8-75ab3c05dd02 1930: 1920: 1787: 1743: 1381:Sawyer, Clair N. & McCarty, Perry L. 1064: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1022: 1016: 993: 987: 965: 939: 934: 929: 914: 881: 875: 869: 748: 725: 719: 696: 690: 668: 645: 639: 616: 610: 571: 558: 539: 526: 516: 507: 496: 493: 461: 448: 438: 429: 418: 415: 276:includes BOD effluent limitations in its 1250: 1248: 980:: Luminescence in the presence of oxygen 34:BOD test bottles at the laboratory of a 1393: 1391: 1372:4th Ed. (1959) McGraw-Hill p. 9–40 1259:(5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 1244: 1159:used as a feedback loop to control the 1009:: Luminescence in the absence of oxygen 172:, longer periods were investigated for 81:BOD analysis is similar in function to 1724:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 1320:Ecology of Inland Waters and Estuaries 1311: 1309: 1219:Carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand 1765: 1763: 950:{\displaystyle I_{0}/I~=~1~+~K_{SV}~} 208:Taking samples from the influent raw 7: 1235:as indicators of wastewater quality. 239:as the definitive test for organic 232:Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal 227:Royal Commission on River Pollution 155:Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal 2503:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation 1324:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 503: 500: 497: 425: 422: 419: 25: 2373:Agricultural wastewater treatment 1137:Winkler test for dissolved oxygen 1098:Winkler test for dissolved oxygen 294:that is efficiently treated by a 212:stream for BOD measurements at a 2617: 2616: 2031:Water and Waste-Water Technology 1383:Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers 1201:Appropriate microbial population 1083:: Dissolved oxygen concentration 2433:Industrial wastewater treatment 2403:Decentralized wastewater system 1477:. Also available on CD-ROM and 136:total biochemical oxygen demand 1976:Water and Wastewater Treatment 1068: 1052: 944: 926: 683:is the decimal dilution factor 577: 551: 545: 519: 467: 441: 157:in its eighth report in 1912: 1: 2453:Rotating biological contactor 1833:10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00015-8 1433:. Paris: UNESCO. p. 26. 1229:Wastewater quality indicators 1155:Dissolved oxygen sensor in a 1922:10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.040 1410:Code of Federal Regulations, 801:direct reading of BOD value. 2059:Water Environment Research, 1864:10.1109/ICSENS.2015.7370462 852:has been developed using a 783:. A substance that absorbs 60:representing the amount of 2670: 2518:Wastewater treatment plant 2285:Adsorbable organic halides 1654:Water Environment Research 1370:Civil Engineering Handbook 2612: 2290:Biochemical oxygen demand 2033:. John Wiley & Sons. 1592:10.1007/s11356-014-3202-3 1368:Urquhart, Leonard Church 1224:Theoretical oxygen demand 43:Biochemical oxygen demand 2654:Water quality indicators 2029:Hammer, Mark J. (1975). 2003:Treatment Plant Operator 1674:10.2175/106143007X184500 1429:Connor, Richard (2016). 1316:Reid, George K. (1961). 1288:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 1117:Real-time BOD monitoring 1076:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}} 776:oxidation is inhibited. 129:concentrations, and the 51:biological oxygen demand 18:Biological oxygen demand 2478:Sewage sludge treatment 2418:Fecal sludge management 2378:API oil–water separator 2345:Wastewater surveillance 1231:discusses both BOD and 823:of pure cultures, e.g. 371:buffered dilution water 317:Use in sewage treatment 2335:Total suspended solids 2330:Total dissolved solids 2295:Chemical oxygen demand 1494:"Microbial biosensors" 1168: 1157:sewage treatment plant 1077: 1035: 1034:{\displaystyle K_{SV}} 1003: 974: 951: 757: 735: 706: 677: 655: 626: 593: 480: 365:In order to obtain BOD 358: 350: 259: 217: 163: 83:chemical oxygen demand 39: 2649:Environmental science 2202:Industrial wastewater 2005:. No. April 2012 1188:in pharmaceutical or 1154: 1078: 1036: 1004: 1002:{\displaystyle I_{0}} 975: 952: 758: 736: 734:{\displaystyle B_{5}} 707: 705:{\displaystyle B_{0}} 678: 656: 654:{\displaystyle D_{5}} 627: 625:{\displaystyle D_{0}} 594: 481: 380:glucose glutamic acid 356: 349:Disposable BOD bottle 348: 254: 207: 159: 33: 2544:Groundwater recharge 1999:"Repair or Rethink?" 1531:Kumar, Rita (2004). 1047: 1015: 986: 964: 868: 747: 718: 689: 667: 638: 609: 492: 414: 214:wastewater treatment 76:wastewater treatment 36:wastewater treatment 2644:Anaerobic digestion 2458:Secondary treatment 2443:Membrane bioreactor 2398:Constructed wetland 2197:Infiltration/Inflow 1913:2017WatRe.125..350F 1825:1997WatRe..31.2012R 1736:2018WIRWa...5E1259K 1666:2008WaEnR..80...32R 1584:2014ESPR...2113642M 1578:(23): 13642–13645. 1091:Polargraphic method 1067: 942: 809:Alternative methods 311:infiltration/inflow 296:three-stage process 278:secondary treatment 179:nitrifying bacteria 2623:Category: Sewerage 2584:Septic drain field 2549:Infiltration basin 2493:Stabilization pond 2413:Facultative lagoon 2277:Quality indicators 2157:Blackwater (waste) 2137:Acid mine drainage 2084:2007-08-21 at the 1978:. 10 February 2015 1789:10.1039/C5EM00030K 1169: 1073: 1055: 1031: 999: 970: 947: 930: 848:A surrogate to BOD 753: 731: 702: 673: 651: 622: 589: 476: 406:is calculated by: 359: 351: 218: 109:which is used for 40: 2631: 2630: 2408:Extended aeration 2355:Treatment options 2305:Oxygen saturation 2152:Blackwater (coal) 2130:Sources and types 2040:978-0-471-34726-2 1997:Wallace, Calvin. 1873:978-1-4799-8203-5 1856:2015 IEEE Sensors 1745:10.1002/wat2.1259 1551:A US 2013130308 A 1474:978-0-87553-047-5 1440:978-92-3-100155-0 1266:978-0-07-248066-5 1152: 1058: 973:{\displaystyle I} 933: 925: 909: 903: 897: 891: 789:lithium hydroxide 768:Manometric method 756:{\displaystyle f} 676:{\displaystyle P} 587: 474: 197:including higher 87:organic compounds 16:(Redirected from 2661: 2620: 2619: 2539:Evaporation pond 2527:Disposal options 2498:Trickling filter 2483:Sewage treatment 2383:Carbon filtering 2363:Activated sludge 2116: 2109: 2102: 2093: 2045: 2044: 2026: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1934: 1924: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1858:. pp. 1–4. 1851: 1845: 1844: 1819:(8): 2012–2018. 1808: 1802: 1801: 1791: 1767: 1758: 1757: 1747: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1528: 1519: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1498: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1481:by subscription. 1460: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1444: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1406: 1400: 1395: 1386: 1379: 1373: 1366: 1360: 1355:Norton, John F. 1353: 1347: 1346: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1313: 1304: 1303: 1287: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1252: 1207:sewage treatment 1172:Test limitations 1153: 1124:Escherichia coli 1110:machine learning 1082: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1000: 998: 997: 979: 977: 976: 971: 956: 954: 953: 948: 943: 941: 938: 931: 923: 922: 921: 907: 901: 895: 889: 885: 880: 879: 762: 760: 759: 754: 740: 738: 737: 732: 730: 729: 711: 709: 708: 703: 701: 700: 682: 680: 679: 674: 660: 658: 657: 652: 650: 649: 631: 629: 628: 623: 621: 620: 598: 596: 595: 590: 588: 583: 576: 575: 563: 562: 544: 543: 531: 530: 517: 512: 511: 506: 485: 483: 482: 477: 475: 470: 466: 465: 453: 452: 439: 434: 433: 428: 388:carbonaceous BOD 357:Glass BOD bottle 62:dissolved oxygen 21: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2658: 2634: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2608: 2574:Reclaimed water 2522: 2448:Reverse osmosis 2349: 2271: 2237:Reverse osmosis 2162:Boiler blowdown 2125: 2120: 2086:Wayback Machine 2075: 2064: 2053: 2051:Further reading 2048: 2041: 2028: 2027: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1956: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1874: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1530: 1529: 1522: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1501:www.cbs.umn.edu 1496: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1475: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1396: 1389: 1380: 1376: 1367: 1363: 1354: 1350: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1315: 1314: 1307: 1300: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1254: 1253: 1246: 1242: 1215: 1203: 1182: 1174: 1142: 1132: 1119: 1106: 1104:Software sensor 1093: 1045: 1044: 1018: 1013: 1012: 989: 984: 983: 962: 961: 910: 871: 866: 865: 851: 846: 816: 811: 781:pressure sensor 770: 745: 744: 721: 716: 715: 692: 687: 686: 665: 664: 641: 636: 635: 612: 607: 606: 567: 554: 535: 522: 518: 495: 490: 489: 457: 444: 440: 417: 412: 411: 410:Unseeded : 405: 397: 385: 368: 343: 341:Dilution method 327: 319: 287: 238: 223: 183:reproducibility 95: 69:water pollution 45:(also known as 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2667: 2665: 2657: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2606: 2601: 2599:Surface runoff 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2579:Sanitary sewer 2576: 2571: 2569:Marine outfall 2566: 2564:Marine dumping 2561: 2556: 2554:Injection well 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2534:Combined sewer 2530: 2528: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473:Settling basin 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2368:Aerated lagoon 2365: 2359: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2300:Coliform index 2297: 2292: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2242:Sanitary sewer 2239: 2234: 2229: 2227:Produced water 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2172:Combined sewer 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2074: 2073:External links 2071: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2061:80 (1), 32–40. 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2016: 1989: 1963: 1954: 1901:Water Research 1887: 1872: 1846: 1813:Water Research 1803: 1782:(4): 740–752. 1759: 1710: 1640: 1631: 1622: 1613: 1561: 1542: 1520: 1484: 1473: 1455: 1446: 1439: 1421: 1401: 1387: 1374: 1361: 1348: 1331: 1305: 1298: 1272: 1265: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1226: 1221: 1214: 1211: 1202: 1199: 1190:medical wastes 1181: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1131: 1128: 1118: 1115: 1105: 1102: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1070: 1062: 1054: 1042: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1010: 996: 992: 981: 969: 958: 957: 946: 937: 928: 920: 917: 913: 906: 900: 894: 888: 884: 878: 874: 849: 845: 842: 815: 812: 810: 807: 806: 805: 802: 799: 785:carbon dioxide 769: 766: 765: 764: 752: 742: 728: 724: 713: 699: 695: 684: 672: 662: 648: 644: 633: 619: 615: 600: 599: 586: 582: 579: 574: 570: 566: 561: 557: 553: 550: 547: 542: 538: 534: 529: 525: 521: 515: 510: 505: 502: 499: 486: 473: 469: 464: 460: 456: 451: 447: 443: 437: 432: 427: 424: 421: 403: 395: 383: 366: 342: 339: 326: 323: 318: 315: 286: 285:Typical values 283: 236: 222: 219: 199:trophic levels 174:North American 99:microorganisms 94: 91: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2666: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2624: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2463:Sedimentation 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2257:Sewage sludge 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2182:Cooling water 2180: 2178: 2177:Cooling tower 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2142:Ballast water 2140: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2042: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2004: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1977: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1714: 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