Biophilic design - Knowledge

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preference for and complexity estimates of fractal patterns. However, limited information has been gathered on the impact of other visual judgments. Here we examine the aesthetic and perceptual experience of fractal 'global-forest' designs already installed in humanmade spaces and demonstrate how fractal pattern components are associated with positive psychological experiences that can be utilized to promote occupant wellbeing. These designs are composite fractal patterns consisting of individual fractal 'tree-seeds' which combine to create a 'global fractal forest.' The local 'tree-seed' patterns, global configuration of tree-seed locations, and overall resulting 'global-forest' patterns have fractal qualities. These designs span multiple mediums yet are all intended to lower occupant stress without detracting from the function and overall design of the space. In this series of studies, we first establish divergent relationships between various visual attributes, with pattern complexity, preference, and engagement ratings increasing with fractal complexity compared to ratings of refreshment and relaxation which stay the same or decrease with complexity. Subsequently, we determine that the local constituent fractal ('tree-seed') patterns contribute to the perception of the overall fractal design, and address how to balance aesthetic and psychological effects (such as individual experiences of perceived engagement and relaxation) in fractal design installations. This set of studies demonstrates that fractal preference is driven by a balance between increased arousal (desire for engagement and complexity) and decreased tension (desire for relaxation or refreshment). Installations of these composite mid-high complexity 'global-forest' patterns consisting of 'tree-seed' components balance these contrasting needs, and can serve as a practical implementation of biophilic patterns in human-made environments to promote occupant wellbeing.

94:(1984) where he took a biologist's approach and first coined the "Biophilia hypothesis" and popularized the notion. Wilson defined biophilia as "the innate tendency to focus on life and lifelike processes", claiming a link with nature is not only physiological (as Fromm suggested) but has a genetic basis. The biophilia hypothesis is the idea that humans have an inherited need to connect to nature and other biotic forms due to our evolutionary dependence on it for survival and personal fulfillment. This idea is relevant in daily life – humans travel and spend money to sightsee in national parks and nature preserves, relax on beaches, hike mountains, and explore jungles. Further, many sports revolve around nature such as skiing, mountain biking, and surfing. From a home perspective, people are more likely to spend more on houses that have views of nature; buyers are willing to spend 7% more on homes with excellent landscaping, 58% more on properties that look at water, and 127% more on those that are waterfront. Humans also value companionship with animals. In America 60.2 million people own dogs and 47.1 million own cats. 565:

the building; these efforts must be documented through professional narrative to be considered for certification. For the quantitative portion, projects must have outdoor biophilia (25% of the project must have accessible landscaped grounds and or rooftop gardens and 70% of that 25% must have plantings), indoor biophilia (plant beds and pots must cover 1% of the floor area and plant walls must cover 2% of the floor area), and water features (projects over 100,000 sqft must have a water feature that is either 1.8 m in height or 4 m in floor area). Verification is enforced through assurance letters by the architects and owners, and by on-site spot checks. Generally, both metric types can be applied to every building type the WELL Standard addresses, with two exceptions: core and shell construction does not need to include quantitative interior biophilia and existing interiors do not need to include qualitative nature interaction.

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Another study by Kaitlyn Gillis and Birgitta Gatersleben found that the inclusion of plants in interior environments reduce stress and increase pain tolerance; the use of water elements and incorporating views of nature are also mentally restorative for occupants. When researching the effects of biophilia on hospital patients, Peter Newman and Jana Soderlund found that by increasing vista quality in hospital rooms depression and pain in patients is reduced, which in turn shortened hospital stays from 3.67 days to 2.6 days. In biophilic cities, Andrew Dannenberg, et al. indicated that there are higher levels of social connectivity and better capability to handle life crises; this has resulted in lower crime rate levels of violence and aggression. The same study found that implementing outdoor facilities such as impromptu gymnasiums like the "Green Gym" in the

686:. The hospital also utilizes natural ventilation as much as possible in common areas and corridors by orienting them in the direction the north and southeast prevailing winds; this has reduced energy consumption by 60% and increased airflow by 20-30%. This creates thermally adequate environments for patients and medical staff alike. Using Kellert strategies above, it is apparent that most of the strategies used for Khoo Teck Puat are direct nature experiences. The hospital also uses transitional spaces to make occupants more connected to the outdoors and has organized complexity throughout its overall architectural design. KTP has created a sense of place for occupants and neighbors, as it acts as a communal place for both those who work there and live nearby. 499: 682:. Unlike many other hospitals, 15% of visitors come to Khoo Teck Puat for recreational reasons such as gardening or relaxing. The design behind this hospital was to increase the productivity of its doctors, wellbeing of its visitors, and increase the healing speed and pain resilience of its patients. To do this, the designers incorporated greenery from the hospital's courtyard to its upper floors, where patients have balconies that are covered in scented foliage. The hospital is centered on the Yishun pond, and like Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater, the architects made this natural feature part of the hospital by having water stream through its courtyard, creating the illusion that the water was "drawn" from the 130: 277: 803: 349: 774: 236:

natural fabrics and furnishings. Leather has often been included as recommended Biophilic material however with the awareness of animal agriculture (leather being a co-product of the meat industry) as a major contributor to climate change faux, or plant-based, leathers created from mushroom, pineapple skin, or cactus are now seen as viable alternatives. It is also seen that to feel, and be, closer to nature and animals to destroy them in the pursuit of this is counter-productive and in conflict with the philosophy of Biophilia.

643:'s most famous buildings, exemplifies many biophilic features. The home has human-nature connectivity through the integrative use of the waterfall and stream in its architecture - the sound from these water features can be heard throughout the inside of the home. This allows visitors to feel like they are "participating" in nature rather than "spectating" it like they would be if the waterfall were downstream. In addition, the structure is built around existing foliage and encompasses the local 834: 603: 31: 617:

through the repetitive use of domes, their scale, and placement. Inside, the church experiences symmetry and a savannah-like environment through its vaulting and domes – the columns also have leaf-like fronds, which represents images of nature. Prospect is explored through raised ceilings that have balconies and increased lighting; refuge is experienced in lower areas, where there are reduced lighting and alcoves and throughout, where small windows are encased by thick walls.

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that have reflective metal leaves that refract light onto colored glass. Using Kellert's biophilic framework, it is prevalent that the school utilizes many different nature experiences. The use of wood planks and stone on the outside of the building help enforce indirect experiences of nature because these are natural materials. Further, the interior environment of the school experiences information richness through the architects' use of light reflection and color.

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building challenge requires that a framework be created that shows the following: how the project will incorporate nature through environmental features, light, and space, natural shapes and forms, natural patterns, and place-based relationships. The challenge also requires that the occupants be able to connect to nature directly through interaction within the interior and exterior of the building. These are then verified through a preliminary audit procedure.

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challenges, negatives, and even benefits of biophilic elements in buildings and cities. Some have noted that biophilic design has focused primarily on benefits to humans and few projects that claim to be biophilic contribute positively to nature or biodiversity, an omission that could be easily corrected. Other concerns are the initial and maintenance costs of projects that implement expensive biophilic design principles.

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compact city (after all, two-thirds is forest) the city allocates around 20% of its urban land to green spaces; the local government is in the process of creating a network of paths to connect these green areas so that citizens can walk and ride their bikes undisturbed. In addition to the expanding park accessibility, the city has also restored the city's river the

49:, indirect nature, and space and place conditions. Used at both the building and city-scale, it is argued that this idea has health, environmental, and economic benefits for building occupants and urban environments, with few drawbacks. Although its name was coined in recent history, indicators of biophilic design have been seen in 243:", are those that are commonly found in nature and are often subdued tones of brown, green, and blue. When using colors in buildings, they should represent these natural tones. Brighter colors should only be used sparingly – one study found that red flowers on plants were found to be fatiguing and distracting by occupants. 418:, increase physical activity, better mental health and quality of life. Further, Dannenberg, et al. also found that children growing up in green neighborhoods are seen to have lower levels of asthma; decreased mortality rates and health disparities between the wealthy and poor were also observed in greener neighborhoods. 705:

that is meant to act as a way of healing for children after the tragedy. The architects wanted the children to feel as if they are learning in the trees so they set the school back at the edge of the woods and surrounded the space with large windows; there are also metaphoric metal trees in the lobby

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Prospect and Refuge: Refuge refers to the building's ability to provide comfortable and nurturing interiors (alcoves, dimmer lighting), while prospect emphasizes horizons, movement, and sources of danger. Examples of design elements include balconies, alcoves, lighting changes, and areas spaciousness

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The International WELL Building Institute uses biophilic design in their WELL Standard as a qualitative and quantitive metric. The qualitative metric must incorporate nature (environmental elements, natural lighting, and spatial qualities), natural patterns, and nature interaction within and outside

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for its forest management – the trees are controlled under "living forest" standards, which means that limited harvesting is acceptable. In addition to its extensive forest system, the city compounds its exposure to nature by bringing the natural environment into the urban setting. Being an already

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The Church of Mary Magdalene is in Jerusalem and was consecrated in 1888. This church's architecture is biophilic in that it contains natural geometries, organized complexity, information richness, and organic forms (onion-shaped domes) and materials. On the exterior, complexity and order are shown

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The International Living Future Institute is the creator of the living building challenge – a rigorous building standard that aims to maximize building performance. This standard classifies the use of a biophilic environment as an imperative element in their health and happiness section. The living

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better as there are fewer impervious surfaces and better infiltration. To maintain these natural systems in a cost-effective way, excess greywater can be reused to water the plants and greenery; vegetative walls and roofs also decrease polluted water as the plants act as biofilters. Adding greenery

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believes the key objective of biophilic cities is to create an environment where the residents want to actively participate in, preserve, and connect with the natural landscape that surrounds them. He established ways to achieve this through a framework of infrastructure, governance, knowledge, and

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Cultural and Ecological Attachment to Place: Creating a cultural sense of place in the built environment creates human connection and identity. This is done by incorporating the area's geography and history into the design. Ecological identity is done through the creation of ecosystems that promote

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Natural Geometries: The design of facades or structural components can include the use of repetitive, varied patterns that are seen in nature (fractals). These geometries can also have hierarchically organized scales and winding flow rather than be straight with harsh angles. For instance, commonly

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Evoking Nature: This uses characteristics found in nature to influence the structural design of the project. These may be things that may not occur in nature, rather elements that represent natural landscapes such as mimicking different plant heights found in ecosystems, and or mimicking particular

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and features two towers with a distinctive vertical garden set on a common retail podium. Hydroponic walls with different native and exotic plants serve as natural sun shade that varies with the seasons, protecting the apartments from direct sun in the summer and letting in maximum sunlight in the

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On the urban scale, Timothy Beatley believes that biophilic design will allow cities to better adapt to stresses that occur from changes in climate and thus, local environments. To better show this, he created a biophilic cities framework, where pathways can be taken to increase the resilience and

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rooftops and facades, and shading of streets and structures using vegetation can reduce the amount of heat absorption normally found in asphalt or dark surfaces – this can reduce heating and cooling needs by 25% and reduce temperature fluctuations by 50%. Further, adding green facades can increase

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Biophilic Conditions and Infrastructure: The idea that a certain number of people at any given time should be near a green space or park. This can be done through the creation of integrated ecological networks and walking trails throughout the city, the designation of certain portions of land area

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of Time: People are intrigued by nature and how it changes, adapts, and ages over time, much like ourselves. In buildings, this can be accomplished by using organic materials that are susceptible to weathering and color change – this allows for us to observe slight changes in our built environment

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Given the increased information supporting the benefits of biophilic design, organizations are beginning to incorporate the concept into their standards and rating systems to encourage building professionals to use biophilia in their projects. As of now, the most prominent supporters of biophilic

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By achieving Biophilic Urbanism and Adaptive Capacity, Beatley believes that one of the biggest resilient outcomes of this framework will be increased adaptability of the residents. Because the steps leading to resilience encourage people to be outside walking and participating in activities, the

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Biophilic Institutions and Governance: Local government bodies allocate part of the budget to nature and biophilic activities. Indicators of this include increased regulation that requires more green and biophilic design principles, grant programs that promote the use of nature and biophilia, the

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Simulations of Natural Light and Air: In areas where natural forms of ventilation and light cannot be achieved, creative use of interior lighting and mechanical ventilation can be used to mimic these natural features. Designers can do this through variations in lighting through different lighting

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Natural Materials: People prefer natural materials as they can be mentally stimulating. Natural materials are susceptible to the patina of time; this change invokes responses from people. These materials can be incorporated into buildings through the use of wood and stone. Interior design can use

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and physical health benefits of having a green space with water. The reimagining of the park has increased the biodiversity of the local ecosystem, with dragonflies, butterflies, hornbills, and smooth-coated otters returning to the Singaporean region - the river also acts as a natural stormwater

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pathway creates stimulating and interesting nature environments for residents – this will create stronger bonds to home, which will increase the likelihood that citizens will take care of where they live. He goes further in saying that in times of shock or stress, these people are more likely to

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While biophilia refers to the inherent need to experience and love nature, biophobia is human's inherited fear of nature and animals. In the case of modern life, humans urge to separate themselves from nature and move towards technology; a cultural drive where people tend to associate with human

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of cities. This includes three sections: Biophilic Urbanism - the physical biophilic and green measures that can be taken to increase the resilience of the city, Adaptive Capacity - how the community's behaviors will adapt as a result of these physical changes, and Resilient Outcomes - what can

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Highly prevalent in nature, fractal patterns, biophilic patterns possess self-similar components that repeat at varying size scales. The perceptual experience of human-made environments can be impacted with inclusion of these natural patterns. Previous work has demonstrated consistent trends in

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Biophilic, or sustainable design more generally, is slowly being accepted by major developers and green building certification companies. However, the benefits of nature were not given scientific credence. Hence, until recently, there was little funding for research that explored the long-term

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Catherine Ryan, et al. found that elements such as nature sounds, improved mental health 37% faster than traditional urban noise after stressor exposure; the same study found that when surgery patients were exposed to aromatherapy, 45% used less morphine and 56% used fewer painkillers overall.

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Biophilic design is argued to have a wealth of benefits for building occupants and urban environments through improving connections to nature. For cities, many believe the biggest proponent of the concept is its ability to make the city more resilient to any environmental stressor it may face.

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can see savings nearing $ 470 million due to increased worker productivity and $ 1.7 billion from reduced crime expenses. They also found that storefronts on heavily vegetated streets increased foot traffic and attracted consumers that were likely to spend 25% more; the same study showed that

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After the disaster that struck Sandy Hook Elementary in 2012, a new school was built to help heal the community and provide a new sense of security for those occupying the space. Major biophilic design parameters that Svigals + Partners included in this project are animal feeders, wetlands,

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shapes are brought into the interior environment through the metal trees and leaves. For experiences of space and place, Svigals + Partners bring nature into the classroom and school through the placement of windows that act as transitional spaces. The school also has a variety of

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Biophilic Activities: This refers to the increased amount of time spent outside and visiting parks, longer outdoor periods at schools, improved foot traffic across the city, improved participation in community gardens and conservatory clubs, larger participation in local volunteer

830:, which runs through Oslo's center. Because the water feature is near sets of dense housing, the city made the river more appealing and accessible to residents by adding waterfalls and nature trails; altogether the city has 365 kilometers worth of nature trails. 647:

by incorporating a large rock in the center of the living room. There are also many glass walls to connect the occupants to the surrounding woods and nature that is outdoors. To better the flow of the space, Wright included many transitional spaces in the home

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is used in a way that satisfies human needs – his principles are meant to celebrate and show respect for nature, and provide an enriching urban environment that is multisensory. The dimensions and attributes that define Kellert's biophilic framework are below.

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Naturalistic Shapes: Natural shapes and forms can be achieved in architectural design through columns and nature-based patterns on facades - including these different elements into spaces can change a static space into an intriguing and appealing complex

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evolution: this includes fear of snakes, spiders, and blood. In relation to buildings, biophobia can be induced through the use of bright colors, heights, enclosed spaces, darkness, and large open spaces are major contributors to occupant discomfort.

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Air: Ventilation, temperature, and humidity are felt through air. Such conditions can be applied through the use of windows and other passive strategies, but most importantly the variation in these elements can promote occupant comfort and

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Biophilic Attitudes and Knowledge: In areas with urban biophilic design elements, there will be an improved number of residents who care about nature and can identify local native species; resident curiosity of their local ecosystems also

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Transitional Spaces: This element aims to connect interior spaces with the outside or create comfort by providing access from one space to another environment through the use of porches, decks, atriums, doors, bridges, fenestrations, and

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Robles, Kelly E.; Roberts, Michelle; Viengkham, Catherine; Smith, Julian H.; Rowland, Conor; Moslehi, Saba; Stadlober, Sabrina; Lesjak, Anastasija; Lesjak, Martin; Taylor, Richard P.; Spehar, Branka; Sereno, Margaret E. (2021).

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that is often seen in dense city centers; local governments agree with Kellert and Beatley that daily doses of nature enhance the wellbeing of its citizens. To manage stormwater, Singaporean governments have implemented the

821:. More than two-thirds of the city is protected forests; in recent surveys over 81% of Oslo residents said they have gone to these forests at least once in the last year. These forests are protected, as Oslo adheres to 490:

increasing daylighting through skylights in a store increase sales by 40% +/- 7%. Properties with biophilic design also benefit from higher selling prices, with many selling at 16% more than conventional buildings.

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citizens become healthier and more physically fit; it has been found that those who take walks in nature experience decreased depression, anger, and increased vigor, versus those who walk in interior environments.

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Beatley, Tim. "Wild Urbanism: Deep Connections to Forest Fjord in Oslo." Biophilic Cities: Wild Urbanism, Biophilic Cities, 1 Aug. 2012, biophiliccities.org/wild-urbanism-deep-connections-to-forest-fjord-in-oslo/.

292:: This is a design strategy that imitates uses found in nature as solutions for human and technical problems. Using these natural functions in construction can entice human creativity and consideration of nature. 526:

is a city that has built over its natural wet plains and has exposed themselves to flooding. It is estimated that if they kept the bayous intact, the city could save $ 23 billion yearly in storm protection.

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Integration of Parts: When different parts comprise a whole, it provides satisfaction for occupants: design elements include interior spaces using clear boundaries and or the integration of a central focal

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To connect the city with its fjords, Oslo's government has started the process of putting its roadways underground in tunnels. This, combined with the construction of aesthetically creative architecture

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Project has an installation called the "Supertree Grove". This urban nature installation has over 160,000 plants that stem from 200 different species installed in the 16 supertrees; many of these urban

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Mobility: The ability for people to comfortably move between spaces, even when complex; it provides the feeling of security for occupants and can be done through making clear points of entry and egress.

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have sky walkways, observatories, and or solar panels. Lastly, Singapore has implemented efforts to increase community engagement through the creation of over 1,000 community gardens for resident use.

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Images of Nature: This has been proven to be emotionally and intellectually satisfying to occupants; images of nature can be implemented through paintings, photos, sculptures, murals, videos, etcetera.

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Fire: This natural element is hard to incorporate, however when implemented correctly into the building, it provides color, warmth, and movement, all of which are appealing and pleasing to occupants.

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shapes, colors, and materials. His use of Kellert's biophilic design principles are prominent throughout the structure, even though this home was constructed before these ideas were developed.

57:. While the design features that characterize Biophilic design were all traceable in preceding sustainable design guidelines, the new term sparked wider interest and lent academic credibility. 258:

Information Richness: This can be achieved by providing complex, yet not noisy environments that invoke occupant curiosity and thought. Many ecosystems are complex and filled with different

849:) on the waterfront and promenade foot trails, is transforming this area into a place where residents can experience enjoyment from the unobstructed views of the fjord. Lastly, Oslo has a 336:

Each of these experiences are meant to be considered individually when using biophilia in projects, as there is no one right answer for one building type. Each building's architect(s) and

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Organized Complexity: This principle is meant to simulate the need for controlled variability; this is done in design through repetition, change, and detail of the building's architecture.

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has dedicated many resources to make a system of nature preserves, parks and connectors (ex. Southern Ridges), and tree-lined streets that promote the return of wildlife and reduce the

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types, reflective mediums, and natural geometries that the fixture can shine through; natural airflow can be imitated through mild changes in temperature, humidity, and air velocity.

212:-like landscapes as they depict spaciousness and an abundance of natural life. Contact with these types of environments can be done through vistas and or direct interactions such as 176:

bodies, fountains, wetlands, and aquariums; people have a strong connection to water and when used, it can decrease stress and increase health, performance, and overall satisfaction.

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courtyards, natural shapes and patterns, natural materials, transitional spaces, images of nature, natural colors, and use of natural light. The school has incorporated a victory

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items, etc., however, the perceived health and environmental benefits are believed to negate this. Peter Newman found that by adding biophilic design and landscapes, cities like

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To increase the immediate presence of nature in the city, Singapore provides subsidies (up to half the installation cost) for those who include vegetative walls, green roofs,

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Weather: Weather can be observed directly through windows and transitional spaces, but it can also be simulated through the manipulation of air within the space; awareness of

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Referred to as a "garden hospital", KTP has an abundance of native plants and water features that surround its exterior. This inclusion of vegetation has increased the

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The term has been used since by many scientists, and philosophers overall being adapted to several different areas of study. Some notable mentions of biophilia include

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Ramzy, Nelly Shafik (July 2015). "Biophilic Qualities of Historical Architecture: In Quest of the Timeless Terminologies of 'Life' in Architectural Expression".

1563:"Biophilia II - Quantitative." WELL Building Standard, International WELL Building Institute, 2017, standard.wellcertified.com/mind/biophilia-ii-quantitative. 498: 187:

or many potted plants) and some vegetation should flower; plants have been proven to increase physical health, performance, and productivity and reduce stress.

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who stated that biophilia is the "passionate love of life and of all that is alive...whether in a person, a plant, an idea, or a social group" in his book

1551:"Biophilia I - Qualitative." WELL Building Standard, International WELL Building Institute, 2017, standard.wellcertified.com/mind/biophilia-i-qualitative. 715:, bridges, and pathways for students as they move from one space to another. Direct experiences of nature are enjoyed through water features, large 473:

in Singapore has seen a resurgence of 103 species of butterflies onsite, thanks to their use of vegetation throughout the exterior of the building.

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Water: Water is multisensory and can be used in buildings to provide movement, sounds, touch, and sight. In design it can be incorporated through

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pathway – by safeguarding and promoting the inclusion of natural systems, the natural protective barrier of the city is increased. For example,

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rebuild and or support the community instead of fleeing. This may also increase governmental action to protect the city from future disasters.

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Gullone, Eleonora (15 June 2000). "The Biophilia Hypothesis and Life in the 21st Century: Increasing Mental Health or Increasing Pathology?".

785:, etc. in their building designs. The city-state also has an impressive number of biophilic buildings and structures. For example, their 340:(s) must collaborate to include the biophilic principles they believe fit within their scope and most effectively reach their occupants. 183:

to the exterior and interior spaces of the building provides a direct relationship to nature. This should be abundant (i.e., make use of

1823:"City in a Garden." City in a Garden - About Us, National Parks Board., 24 November 2016, www.nparks.gov.sg/about-us/city-in-a-garden. 45:

is a concept used within the building industry to increase occupant connectivity to the natural environment through the use of direct

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for vegetation and forests, green and biophilic building design features, and the use of flora and fauna throughout the city.

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The International Living Future Institute. "Living Building Challenge 3.1." The International Living Future Institute, 2016.

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and comfort; light can also cause natural patterns and form, movements and shadows. In design, this can be applied through

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artifacts, interests, and managed activities. Some anxieties of the natural environment are inherited from threats seen in

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to help alleviate urban noise levels – some of these areas (mostly recreational) have noise levels as low as 50 dB.

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Biophilia may have slightly higher costs due to the addition of natural elements that require maintenance, higher-priced

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behavior; these dimensions can also be indicators of existing biophilic attributes that already exist in current cities.

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and decks); he also enhanced the direct and indirect experiences of nature by using multiple fireplaces and a wealth of

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is a residential development known for its innovative biophilic design. Completed in 2014, the project was designed by

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Thorncrown Chapel is often seen as a model of biophilic design due to it having all three of Kellert's experiences.

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Considered as one of the pioneers of biophilic design, Stephen Kellert has created a framework where nature in the

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elements – in such the goal of this attribute is to include these elements into the environment of the building.

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Under the Biophilic Urbanism section, one of the ways a city can increase resilience is by pursuing the

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signified human fitness and survival in ancient times and now promotes awareness and mental stimulation.

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Newman, Peter, et al. Resilient Cities: Overcoming Fossil Fuel Dependence. 2nd ed., Island Press, 2017.

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Beatley, Timothy. Handbook of Biophilic City Planning & Design. Island Press, 2016, pp. 49- 138

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is reduced through carbon sequestration in the plant's roots during photosynthesis. Green and high

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Animals: While hard to achieve, it can be done through aquariums, gardens, animal feeders, and

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inclusion of natural history museums and educational programs, and increased number of nature

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Based on Kellert's dimensions, biophilic product design dimensions have also been presented.

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Project, where the old concrete water drains were excavated for the reconstruction of the

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Making Healthy Places: Designing and Building for Health, Well-Being, and Sustainability

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Terrapin Bright Green. "The Economics of Biophilia." Terrapin Bright Green, LLC, 2014.

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The experience of space and place uses spatial relationships to enhance well-being:

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Indirect experience refers to contact with images and or representations of nature:

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into the built environment. Given human evolution and history, people tend to enjoy

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Biophilic Design: the Theory, Science, and Practice of Bringing Buildings to Life

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used natural geometries are the honeycomb pattern and ripples found in water.

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Some argue that by adding physical natural elements, such as plants, trees,

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management system by increasing infiltration and movement of excess water.

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Light: Allows orientation of time of day and season, and is attributed to

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found on the property. The animal feeders also act as a way to bring

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Direct experience refers to tangible contact with natural features:

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Biophilic Cities: Integrating Nature into Urban Design and Planning

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The word "Biophilia" was first introduced by a psychoanalyst named

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Natural landscapes: This is done through creating self-sustaining

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the biodiversity of an area if native species are planted - the

1220: 1218: 1431:"Aesthetics and Psychological Effects of Fractal Based Design" 817:

and wooded areas. Woods serve as an important feature to this

216:. Such landscapes are known to increase occupant satisfaction. 1280:

Boğa, Miray; Turan, Gülname; Çetinkaya, Hakan (2022-08-01).

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In the Adaptive Capacity section, Beatley states that the

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Orr, David W. (1994). "The Coming Biophilic Revolution".

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Nature by Design : The Practice of Biophilic Design

1648:"The Impact and Benefits of Biophilia in the Workplace" 806:

Nature trail in the Maridalen Protected Landscape, Oslo

165:. This provides well-being and interest from occupants. 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1559: 1557: 1511:"Biophilic Cities Are Sustainable, Resilient Cities" 439:

Example of a rain garden that increases infiltration

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Parabola: The Search for Meaning, Parabola Magazine

1486: 1484: 1365:Newman, Peter; Soderlund, Jana (10 December 2015). 1260: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1113:Hase, Betty; Heerwagen, Judith (March–April 2001). 1667:Nature by Design: The Practice of Biophilic Design 1571: 1569: 1000: 765:; this allowed residents in the area to enjoy the 1780:"Healing Through Nature: Khoo Teck Puat Hospital" 1509:Beatley, Timothy; Newman, Peter (5 August 2013). 1408: 1406: 1404: 1265:Beatley, Timothy; Wilson, Edward Osborne (2011). 975:. New York: Fawcett: Fawcett Crest. p. 366. 606:Exterior view of Maria Magdalena Church Jerusalem 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1716: 1714: 1607:(2016-04-04). Yang, Jay; Desha, Cheryl (eds.). 1327:International Journal of Architectural Research 1225:Gillis, Kaitlyn; Gatersleben, Birgitta (2015). 1286:A|Z ITU JOURNAL OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE 999:Wilson, Edward O.; Wilson, Edward O. (1984). 8: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1731:(Thesis). Virginia Commonwealth University. 515:happen if both of these steps are achieved. 1413:Dannenberg, Andrew L.; et al. (2011). 1207:Heerwagen, Judith H.; et al. (2008). 1895:"Ateliers Jean Nouvel - One Central Park" 1871:"Architectural Record - One Central Park" 1761:. Yale University Press. pp. 11–188. 1669:. Yale University Press. pp. 11–188. 1536: 1526: 1464: 1446: 1392: 1382: 1338: 1297: 1242: 1321:Ryan, Catherine O.; et al. (2014). 1075:. Insurance Information Institute. 2018. 79:in 1973. Fromm's approach was that of a 1613:Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 1119:Environmental Design & Construction 961: 593:Building-scale examples of application 7: 1585:Birrane, Alison (27 November 2016). 1073:"Facts + Statistics: Pet statistics" 972:The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness 77:The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness 1181:Kellert, S.; Calabrese, E. (2015). 452:also reduces carbon emissions, the 239:Natural Colors: Natural colors or " 1183:"The Practice of Biophilic Design" 731:City-scale examples of application 332:the use of native flora and fauna. 25: 1609:"Net positive biophilic urbanism" 744:Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, Singapore 635:Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater 502:Beatley's biophilic pathways for 255:animal, water, or plant features. 1007:. MA: Harvard University Press. 748:Nicknamed a "city in a garden", 1805:Zaleski, Jeff (1 August 2016). 889:Building-integrated agriculture 813:is sandwiched between the Oslo 1721:Rhodes, Moriah (12 May 2017). 1685:Sustainable Cities and Society 1340:10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i2.436 386:non-governmental organizations 1: 1646:Browning, Bill (9 May 2018). 1384:10.3934/environsci.2015.4.950 837:Buildings included in Oslo's 494:Sustainability and resilience 297:Experience of space and place 224:Indirect experience of nature 1757:Kellert, Stephen R. (2018). 1729:Vcu Theses and Dissertations 1665:Kellert, Stephen R. (2018). 1030:Journal of Happiness Studies 690:Sandy Hook Elementary School 532:commitment to place and home 280:Example of a natural fractal 34:Biophilic learning space at 125:Direct experience of nature 1945: 1625:10.1108/SASBE-10-2015-0034 1371:AIMS Environmental Science 777:Supertree Grove, Singapore 693: 663: 624: 609: 572: 64: 55:Hanging Gardens of Babylon 1705:10.1016/j.scs.2014.11.006 1448:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699962 1299:10.5505/itujfa.2022.76892 575:Living Building Challenge 569:Living Building Challenge 554:Living Building Challenge 543:Use in building standards 27:Building industry concept 1924:Sustainable architecture 1244:10.3390/buildings5030948 839:Barcode Building Project 612:Church of Mary Magdalene 598:Church of Mary Magdalene 157:, reflective materials, 53:from as far back as the 1875:architecturalrecord.com 1435:Frontiers in Psychology 1042:10.1023/a:1010043827986 909:Green building and wood 884:Biomimetic architecture 666:Khoo Teck Puat Hospital 660:Khoo Teck Puat Hospital 471:Khoo Teck Puat Hospital 314:(savannah environment). 139:Simon Fraser University 841: 807: 778: 759:Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park 745: 636: 607: 560:WELL Building Standard 550:WELL Building Standard 506: 440: 431:Environmental benefits 422:Mental health benefits 360: 309: 281: 142: 39: 1605:Birkeland, Janis Lynn 969:Erich, Fromm (1973). 836: 805: 776: 743: 696:Newton Public Schools 639:Fallingwater, one of 634: 605: 501: 438: 388:and community groups. 351: 307: 279: 141:, in British Columbia 132: 33: 1919:Biophilia hypothesis 1088:Earth Island Journal 870:Ateliers Jean Nouvel 736:Singapore, Singapore 67:Biophilia hypothesis 61:Biophilia hypothesis 1697:2015SusCS..15...42R 1737:10.25772/Q04R-JX84 904:Green architecture 842: 808: 787:Gardens by the Bay 779: 754:heat island effect 746: 641:Frank Lloyd Wright 637: 608: 507: 454:heat island effect 441: 361: 310: 282: 143: 40: 1538:20.500.11937/3256 1528:10.3390/su5083328 1394:20.500.11937/8179 949:Thorncrown Chapel 894:Ecological design 857:Sydney, Australia 851:Noise Action Plan 477:Economic benefits 449:stormwater runoff 179:Plants: Bringing 118:built environment 16:(Redirected from 1936: 1903: 1902: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1881: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1786:on 24 March 2018 1776: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1741: 1740: 1718: 1709: 1708: 1680: 1671: 1670: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1564: 1561: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1530: 1521:(8): 3328–3345. 1506: 1491: 1488: 1479: 1478: 1468: 1450: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1410: 1399: 1398: 1396: 1386: 1362: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1318: 1312: 1311: 1301: 1277: 1271: 1270: 1262: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1222: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1187: 1186: 1178: 1131: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1054: 1053: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1006: 996: 985: 984: 966: 944:Sustainable city 934:Natural building 862:One Central Park 504:urban resilience 456:, and increases 133:An example of a 88:Edward O. Wilson 43:Biophilic design 21: 18:Biophilic Design 1944: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1804: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1787: 1778: 1777: 1766: 1756: 1755: 1744: 1724:Nature Nurtures 1720: 1719: 1712: 1682: 1681: 1674: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1603: 1602: 1598: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1574: 1567: 1562: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1508: 1507: 1494: 1489: 1482: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1417:. Island Press. 1412: 1411: 1402: 1364: 1363: 1348: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1279: 1278: 1274: 1269:. 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