1372:
1317:. This process involves the addition of an electron donor to: 1) deplete background electron acceptors including oxygen, nitrate, oxidized iron and manganese and sulfate; and 2) stimulate the biological and/or chemical reduction of the oxidized pollutants. The choice of substrate and the method of injection depend on the contaminant type and distribution in the aquifer, hydrogeology, and remediation objectives. Substrate can be added using conventional well installations, by direct-push technology, or by excavation and backfill such as
1049:), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings. The natural ability of organisms to adsorb, accumulate, and degrade common and emerging pollutants has attracted the use of biological resources in treatment of contaminated environment. In comparison to conventional physicochemical treatment methods bioremediation may offer advantages as it aims to be sustainable, eco-friendly, cheap, and scalable.
1205:. Recirculation systems typically consist of a combination of injection wells or galleries and one or more recovery wells where the extracted groundwater is treated, oxygenated, amended with nutrients and re-injected. However, the amount of oxygen that can be provided by this method is limited by the low solubility of oxygen in water (8 to 10 mg/L for water in equilibrium with air at typical temperatures). Greater amounts of oxygen can be provided by contacting the water with pure oxygen or addition of
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species affords the less mobile U(IV) derivatives. Microorganisms are used in this process because the reduction rate of these metals is often slow in the absence of microbial interactions
Research is also underway to develop methods to remove metals from water by enhancing the sorption of the metal to cell walls. This approach has been evaluated for treatment of cadmium, chromium, and lead. Genetically modified bacteria has also been explored for use in sequestration of Arsenic.
5717:
983:
1173:, and other reduced pollutants. Oxygen is generally the preferred electron acceptor because of the higher energy yield and because oxygen is required for some enzyme systems to initiate the degradation process. Microorganisms can degrade a wide variety of hydrocarbons, including components of gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and jet fuel. Under ideal aerobic conditions, the biodegradation rates of the low- to moderate-weight
1139:
1398:, or land treatment, is a method commonly used for sludge spills. This method disperses contaminated soil and aerates the soil by cyclically rotating. This process is an above land application and contaminated soils are required to be shallow in order for microbial activity to be stimulated. However, if the contamination is deeper than 5 feet, then the soil is required to be excavated to above ground. While it is an
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chromium, lead and uranium are unlike organic compounds and cannot be biodegraded. However, bioremediation processes can potentially be used to minimize the mobility of these material in the subsurface, lowering the potential for human and environmental exposure. Heavy metals from these factors are predominantly present in water sources due to runoff where it is uptake by marine fauna and flora.
1661:
1321:(PRB) or biowalls. Slow-release products composed of edible oils or solid substrates tend to stay in place for an extended treatment period. Soluble substrates or soluble fermentation products of slow-release substrates can potentially migrate via advection and diffusion, providing broader but shorter-lived treatment zones. The added organic substrates are first fermented to hydrogen (H
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44:
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1064:, heavy metals cannot be degraded, but rather oxidized or reduced. Typical bioremediations involves oxidations. Oxidations enhance the water-solubility of organic compounds and their susceptibility to further degradation by further oxidation and hydrolysis. Ultimately biodegradation converts hydrocarbons to
1498:
technique specifically for removing pesticides. When certain strains of
Actinobacteria have been grouped together, their efficiency in degrading pesticides has enhanced. As well as being a reusable technique that strengthens through further use by limiting the migration space of these cells to target
1473:
were used to rejuvenate the coast after the oil spill. These microorganisms over time have developed metabolic networks that can utilize hydrocarbons such as oil and petroleum as a source of carbon and energy. Microbial bioremediation is a very effective modern technique for restoring natural systems
1427:
techniques are performed at the site of contamination so they only have installation costs. While there is less cost there is also less of an ability to determine the scale and spread of the pollutant. The pollutant ultimately determines which bioremediation method to use. The depth and spread of the
1333:
During bioattenuation, biodegradation occurs naturally with the addition of nutrients or bacteria. The indigenous microbes present will determine the metabolic activity and act as a natural attenuation. While there is no anthropogenic involvement in bioattenuation, the contaminated site must still be
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Another major drawback is finding the right species to perform bioremediation. In order to prevent the introduction and spreading of an invasive species to the ecosystem, an indigenous species is needed. As well as a species plentiful enough to clean the whole site without exhausting the population.
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to create organisms specifically designed for bioremediation is under preliminary research. Two category of genes can be inserted in the organism: degradative genes, which encode proteins required for the degradation of pollutants, and reporter genes, which encode proteins able to monitor pollution
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which was a commonly used insecticide in the 20th century. Long time exposure poses a serious threat to humans and the surrounding ecosystem. Lindane reduces the potential of beneficial bacteria in the soil such as nitrogen fixation cyanobacteria. As well as causing central nervous system issues in
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Of the many ways to deal with pesticide contamination, bioremediation promises to be more effective. Many sites around the world are contaminated with agrichemicals. These agrichemicals often resist biodegradation, by design. Harming all manners of organic life with long term health issues such as
1648:
offer distinctive benefits that can be leveraged in bioremediation to develop structures with characteristics tailored to biological systems and environmental cleanup needs, and even though the adoption of this technology in bioremediation is in its early stages, the area is seeing massive growth.
1454:
The mobility of certain metals including chromium (Cr) and uranium (U) varies depending on the oxidation state of the material. Microorganisms can be used to lower the toxicity and mobility of chromium by reducing hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI) to trivalent Cr(III). Reduction of the more mobile U(VI)
1146:
bioremediation. This process involves the addition of oxygen, nutrients, or microbes into contaminated soil to remove toxic pollutants. Contamination includes buried waste and underground pipe leakage that infiltrate ground water systems. The addition of oxygen removes the pollutants by producing
1189:
Most bioremediation processes involve oxidation-reduction reactions where either an electron acceptor (commonly oxygen) is added to stimulate oxidation of a reduced pollutant (e.g. hydrocarbons) or an electron donor (commonly an organic substrate) is added to reduce oxidized pollutants (nitrate,
1436:
Heavy metals are introduced into the environment by both anthropogenic activities and natural factors. Anthropogenic activities include industrial emissions, electronic waste, and mining. Natural factors include mineral weathering, soil erosion, and forest fires. Heavy metals including cadmium,
1362:
Biopiles, similar to bioventing, are used to remove petroleum pollutants by introducing aerobic hydrocarbons to contaminated soils. However, the soil is excavated and piled with an aeration system. This aeration system enhances microbial activity by introducing oxygen under positive pressure or
1546:
Biodegradation requires microbial population with the metabolic capacity to degrade the pollutant. The biological processes used by these microbes are highly specific, therefore, many environmental factors must be taken into account and regulated as well. It can be difficult to extrapolate the
1342:
Biosparging is the process of groundwater remediation as oxygen, and possible nutrients, is injected. When oxygen is injected, indigenous bacteria are stimulated to increase rate of degradation. However, biosparging focuses on saturated contaminated zones, specifically related to ground water
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can further reduce DCE and VC to the non-toxic product ethene. The molecular pathways for bioremediation are of considerable interest. In addition, knowing these pathways will help develop new technologies that can deal with sites that have uneven distributions of a mixture of contaminants.
1238:
An example of biostimulation at the Snake River Plain
Aquifer in Idaho. This process involves the addition of whey powder to promote the utilization of naturally present bacteria. Whey powder acts as a substrate to aid in the growth of bacteria. At this site, microorganisms break down the
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Since the experience with harmful contaminants are limited, laboratory practices are required to evaluate effectiveness, treatment designs, and estimate treatment times. Bioremediation processes may take several months to several years depending on the size of the contaminated area.
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compounds can be very high. As molecular weight of the compound increases, the resistance to biodegradation increases simultaneously. This results in higher contaminated volatile compounds due to their high molecular weight and an increased difficulty to remove from the environment.
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smaller mammals such as seizures, dizziness, and even death. What makes it so harmful to these organisms is how quickly distributed it gets through the brain and fatty tissues. While
Lindane has been mostly limited to specific use, it is still produced and used around the world.
1375:
The former Shell Haven
Refinery in Standford-le-Hope which underwent bioremediation to minimize the oil contaminated site. Bioremediation techniques, such as windrows, were used to promote oxygen transfer. The refinery has excavated approximately 115,000 m of contaminated
1194:, oxidized metals, chlorinated solvents, explosives and propellants). In both these approaches, additional nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and pH buffers may be added to optimize conditions for the microorganisms. In some cases, specialized microbial cultures are added (
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and runoff water contamination. The limitation or remediation of pesticides is the low bioavailability. Altering the pH and temperature of the contaminated soil is a resolution to increase bioavailability which, in turn, increased degradation of harmful compounds.
1225:
which then decomposes releasing oxygen. Air sparging involves the injection of air under pressure below the water table. The air injection pressure must be great enough to overcome the hydrostatic pressure of the water and resistance to air flow through the soil.
1082:
techniques which are applied to excavated materials. In both these approaches, additional nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and pH buffers are added to enhance the growth and metabolism of the microorganisms. In some cases, specialized microbial cultures are added
1618:. Measures have been created to address these concerns. Organisms can be modified such that they can only survive and grow under specific sets of environmental conditions. In addition, the tracking of modified organisms can be made easier with the insertion of
1380:
Windrow systems are similar to compost techniques where soil is periodically turned in order to enhance aeration. This periodic turning also allows contaminants present in the soil to be uniformly distributed which accelerates the process of bioremediation.
1127:, and soil washing. Biological treatment, bioremediation, is a similar approach used to treat wastes including wastewater, industrial waste and solid waste. The end goal of bioremediation is to remove harmful compounds to improve soil and water quality.
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specific areas and not fully consume their cleansing abilities. Despite encouraging results, Actinobacteria has only been used in controlled lab settings and will need further development in finding the cost effectiveness and scalability of use.
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and water. For heavy metals, bioremediation offers few solutions. Metal-containing pollutant can be removed, at least partially, with varying bioremediation techniques. The main challenge to bioremediations is rate: the processes are slow.
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generally cannot be biodegraded, but can be bio-transformed to less mobile forms. In some cases, microbes do not fully mineralize the pollutant, potentially producing a more toxic compound. For example, under anaerobic conditions, the
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Most bioremediation is inadvertent, involving native organisms. Research on bioremediation is heavily focused on stimulating the process by inoculation of a polluted site with organisms or supplying nutrients to promote their growth.
1609:
There are concerns surrounding release and containment of genetically modified organisms into the environment due to the potential of horizontal gene transfer. Genetically modified organisms are classified and controlled under the
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degradation of the targeted hydrocarbon contaminant. Bioventing, an aerobic bioremediation, is the most common form of oxidative bioremediation process where oxygen is provided as the electron acceptor for oxidation of
1250:
Bacteria can in principle be used to degrade hydrocarbons. Specific to marine oil spills, nitrogen and phosphorus have been key nutrients in biodegradation. The bioremediation of hydrocarbons suffers from low rates.
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is commonly produced in industrial setting but adversely contaminates soils. Microorganisms containing nitrile hydratases (NHase) degraded harmful acrylonitrile compounds into non-polluting substances.
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2267:
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Finally the species should be resilient enough to withstand the environmental conditions. These specific criteria may make it difficult to perform bioremediation on a contaminated site.
1346:
UNICEF, power producers, bulk water suppliers, and local governments are early adopters of low cost bioremediation, such as aerobic bacteria tablets which are simply dropped into water.
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1555:. Another example is bioventing, which is inexpensive to bioremediate contaminated sites, however, this process is extensive and can take a few years to decontaminate a site.>
1217:) to the water. In some cases, slurries of solid calcium or magnesium peroxide are injected under pressure through soil borings. These solid peroxides react with water releasing H
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1247:
Bioremediation can be carried out by bacteria that are naturally present. In biostimulation, the population of these helpful bacteria can be increased by adding nutrients.
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gene for the detection of the polyaromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene. A field test for the release of the modified organism has been successful on a moderately large scale.
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Approaches for oxygen addition below the water table include recirculating aerated water through the treatment zone, addition of pure oxygen or peroxides, and
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1325:) and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The VFAs, including acetate, lactate, propionate and butyrate, provide carbon and energy for bacterial metabolism.
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Metal extractions can in principle be performed in situ or ex situ where in situ is preferred since it is less expensive to excavate the substrate.
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results from the small-scale test studies into big field operations. In many cases, bioremediation takes more time than other alternatives such as
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Bioventing is a process that increases the oxygen or air flow into the unsaturated zone of the soil, this in turn increases the rate of natural
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Bioremediation can be used to mineralize organic pollutants, to partially transform the pollutants, or alter their mobility.
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98:
4290:
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3722:
3537:
3267:
2824:"Integrative Approaches for Understanding and Designing Strategies of Bioremediation."
2136:
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1234:
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818:
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56:
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4044:
3982:
3918:
Sharma J (2019). "Advantages and Limitations of In Situ Methods of Bioremediation".
3792:
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5123:
5118:
5089:
5054:
5027:
4557:
4171:
3049:
3033:"A Review on Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals and Utilization of Its Byproducts"
3032:
2909:
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1900:
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2006:
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5194:
5138:
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4648:
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1548:
1262:
263:
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1483:
cancer, rashes, blindness, paralysis, and mental illness. An example is
1406:
technique as Landfarming can be performed at the site of contamination.
5155:
4658:
4636:
4523:
4518:
4132:
3731:
3546:
3182:
Bioremediation of Metals and Radionuclides: What It Is and How It Works
1630:
1484:
1470:
1448:
1314:
1170:
1074:
4217:
2592:
Ying GG (2018). "Chapter 14 - Remediation and Mitigation Strategies".
2288:
5559:
5539:
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5108:
4601:
2822:
Prasad S, Kannojiya S, Kumar S, Yadav KK, Kundu M, Rakshit A (2021).
1282:
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881:
788:
778:
486:
4314:"Bioremediation for Hazardous Waste Management: The Indian Scenario"
3809:
Boopathy R (2000). "Factors limiting bioremediation technologies".
5569:
5511:
4852:
4784:
4682:
4574:
2826:. In Rakshit A, Parihar M, Sarkar B, Singh HB, Fraceto LF (eds.).
1370:
1233:
1137:
911:
856:
248:
5544:
4665:
4653:
4569:
3859:(3rd ed.). San Diego, Ca: Academic Press Inc. p. 489.
1818:. Vol. 1. Singapore: Springer Singapore. pp. 305–318.
1459:
concentrate contaminants in the biomass for subsequent removal.
1444:
886:
133:
128:
93:
4441:
16:
Process used to treat contaminated media such as water and soil
2253:. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2017.
1465:
Bioremediation is not specific to metals. In 2010 there was a
1310:
1306:
1301:), chlorinated cyclic hydrocarbons, various energetics (e.g.,
2574:
Gavaskar A, Gupta N, Sass B, Janosy R, Hicks J (March 2000).
2100:
Canak S, Berezljev L, Borojevic K, Asotic J, Ketin S (2019).
4437:
1087:). Some examples of bioremediation related technologies are
3081:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-07/139.
4422:
Phytoremediation, hosted by the Missouri Botanical Garden
4108:. National Service Center for Environmental Publications.
3373:
Azubuike CC, Chikere CB, Okpokwasili GC (November 2016).
3166:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/R-10/093.
2982:
Azubuike CC, Chikere CB, Okpokwasili GC (November 2016).
2933:
Azubuike CC, Chikere CB, Okpokwasili GC (November 2016).
2851:
Azubuike CC, Chikere CB, Okpokwasili GC (November 2016).
2594:
Integrated Analytical Approaches for Pesticide Management
2316:
Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering
2025:
Mirza Hasanuzzaman, Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad (2020).
1078:
techniques, which treat polluted sites directly, vs (ii)
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3184:(2nd ed.). Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
1945:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2013. p. 30.
1893:
Recent Advancement in White Biotechnology Through Fungi
4236:
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology
4101:
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2012).
1939:
Introduction to In Situ Bioremediation of Groundwater
4343:"Building a circular economy with synthetic biology"
4318:
Bioremediation Technologies: Principles and Practice
2902:
Microbial Bioprospecting for Sustainable Development
2543:
In Situ Bioremediation of Perchlorate in Groundwater
1625:
Genetically modified organisms have been created to
5629:
5578:
5527:
5494:
5327:
5266:
5228:
5210:
5010:
4945:
4882:
4808:
4777:
4742:
4726:
4691:
4484:
4009:
Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology
3765:
Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology
2467:
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
1243:(TCE), which is a process seen in previous studies.
1072:Bioremediation techniques can be classified as (i)
4002:
4000:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
1973:"Bioremediation Options for Heavy Metal Pollution"
3946:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3804:
3802:
3567:
3565:
3379:World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology
3175:
3173:
2988:World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology
2939:World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology
2857:World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology
3850:
3848:
2799:Redevelopment of the former Shell Haven refinery
2512:. Singapore: Springer Singapore. pp. 1–20.
1809:
1807:
1805:
2828:Bioremediation Science: From Theory to Practice
2123:Jørgensen KS (2007). "In Situ Bioremediation".
4229:
4227:
3913:
3911:
2801:. Southampton, UK: WIT Press. pp. 77–85.
2792:
2790:
2209:
2207:
4453:
2797:Waters JM, Lambert C, Reid D, Shaw R (2002).
2020:
2018:
2016:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1616:United States Environmental Protection Agency
1019:
8:
2587:
2585:
2262:
2260:
2095:
2093:
1060:While organic pollutants are susceptible to
2238:
2236:
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1932:
1930:
1928:
1816:Innovations in Environmental Biotechnology
1026:
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42:
20:
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4377:
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3730:
3545:
3449:
3439:
3398:
3048:
3007:
2958:
2904:. Singapore: Springer. pp. 115–136.
2876:
2345:
2335:
1996:
1474:by removing toxins from the environment.
1254:Bioremediation can involve the action of
4312:Shanker R, Purohit HJ, Khanna P (1998).
1402:technique, it can also be considered an
1363:removes oxygen under negative pressure.
5601:Pollutant release and transfer register
3037:Asian Journal on Energy and Environment
1801:
1562:In agricultural industries, the use of
1467:massive oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
1107:. Other remediation techniques include
955:
919:
32:
4198:Environmental Science & Technology
3939:
2730:"Ageing infrastructure gets bio boost"
2102:"Bioremediation and "green chemistry""
1971:Kapahi M, Sachdeva S (December 2019).
1428:pollutantare other important factors.
4103:"A Citizen's Guide to Bioremediation"
1198:) to further enhance biodegradation.
1057:is an alternative to bioremediation.
7:
5691:
4932:Electromagnetic radiation and health
3963:The Science of the Total Environment
3617:The Science of the Total Environment
3475:The Science of the Total Environment
3156:Ford RG, Wilkin RT, Puls RW (2007).
3100:Ford RG, Wilkin RT, Puls RW (2007).
3072:Ford RG, Wilkin RT, Puls RW (2007).
2596:. Academic Press. pp. 207–217.
1612:Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976
5707:
5699:
4790:Radium and radon in the environment
2227:from the original on June 20, 2017.
1704:Bioremediation of radioactive waste
1532:(VC), which are suspected or known
254:Radium and radon in the environment
4316:. In Irvine RL, Sikdar SK (eds.).
2602:10.1016/b978-0-12-816155-5.00014-2
2416:Regional Studies in Marine Science
1866:Applied Catalysis B: Environmental
14:
4427:To remediate or to not remediate?
3723:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.070
3538:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.070
3336:. Vol. 1. pp. 559–574.
3268:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.024
1622:genes for visual identification.
5725:
5715:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5678:
5677:
4279:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
3422:Fathepure BZ (January 1, 2014).
3123:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
2510:Microbial Action on Hydrocarbons
2125:Advances in Applied Microbiology
2106:Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
1687:
1673:
1659:
993:
981:
4504:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3983:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136080
3637:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136080
3495:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136080
3031:Ghosh M, Singh SP (July 2005).
1977:Journal of Health and Pollution
1494:has been a promising candidate
74:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
3936:(inactive September 17, 2024).
3680:10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.084
3225:10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.008
2170:Journal of Hazardous Materials
2068:"Bioremediation - An Overview"
1469:. Populations of bacteria and
1142:Visual representation showing
943:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
4992:Electrical resistance heating
4360:Finny AS (February 8, 2024).
4291:10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00097-5
3894:10.1126/science.276.5318.1568
3831:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00144-3
3594:10.1080/01490451.2021.2019855
3180:Palmisano A, Hazen T (2003).
2638:"Bioremediation. An overview"
2190:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.098
2137:10.1016/S0065-2164(06)61008-3
1989:10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191203
1878:10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00168-5
1536:. However, the microorganism
1503:Limitations of bioremediation
1103:(biopiles and windrows), and
414:Electrical resistance heating
4644:Persistent organic pollutant
4121:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
3342:10.1007/978-981-15-9472-4_49
3135:10.1016/j.copbio.2012.10.008
2765:10.1016/j.envres.2021.110845
2392:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.097
2217:Air Sparging Design Paradigm
1824:10.1007/978-981-16-4445-0_13
1602:have been modified with the
1596:levels. Numerous members of
124:Persistent organic pollutant
48:Air pollution from a factory
5654:Least polluted cities by PM
4172:10.1002/9783527620999.ch21m
2910:10.1007/978-981-13-0053-0_6
2551:10.1007/978-0-387-84921-8_3
2518:10.1007/978-981-13-1840-5_1
2487:10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.02.006
2131:. Academic Press: 285–305.
1901:10.1007/978-3-030-25506-0_9
1319:permeable reactive barriers
5807:
5761:Environmental soil science
5596:Pollution haven hypothesis
5519:Brain health and pollution
4757:Ecological light pollution
4587:Internal combustion engine
4072:10.1007/s11033-019-04811-w
3857:Encyclopedia of toxicology
2645:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2436:10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101395
2027:Handbook of Bioremediation
1762:Mycorrhizal bioremediation
1739:List of environment topics
1734:In situ chemical reduction
1729:In situ chemical oxidation
1566:is a top factor in direct
1388:
5771:Environmental terminology
5766:Environmental engineering
5675:
5399:Nonpoint source pollution
5319:War and environmental law
4678:Volatile organic compound
4475:
4248:10.1007/s10295-005-0242-1
4060:Molecular Biology Reports
4029:10.1007/s11157-013-9320-4
3933:10.18639/RABM.2019.955923
3785:10.1007/s11157-010-9215-6
3428:Frontiers in Microbiology
3391:10.1007/s11274-016-2137-x
3303:10.1007/s00284-004-4459-4
3050:10.15666/AEER/0301_001018
3000:10.1007/s11274-016-2137-x
2951:10.1007/s11274-016-2137-x
2869:10.1007/s11274-016-2137-x
2337:10.1186/s40201-014-0143-1
2223:. Columbus OH: Battelle.
1719:Dutch pollutant standards
1457:Phytoextraction processes
1167:polyaromatic hydrocarbons
1147:carbon dioxide and water.
1055:Environmental remediation
669:War and environmental law
289:Health effects from noise
139:Volatile organic compound
4858:Marine mammals and sonar
4769:Radio spectrum pollution
3441:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00173
2578:. Columbus OH: Battelle.
1781:(used for degrading oil)
1752:Microbial biodegradation
1518:reductive dehalogenation
294:Marine mammals and sonar
5704:WikiProject Environment
5662:Most polluted countries
5606:Polluter pays principle
5337:Agricultural wastewater
4341:Bojar D (May 7, 2018).
3574:Geomicrobiology Journal
2657:10.1351/pac200173071163
2372:Environmental Pollution
2035:10.1016/C2018-0-05109-9
1629:and break down certain
769:Freshwater salinization
689:Agricultural wastewater
5781:Ecological restoration
5722:Environment portal
4955:Agricultural pollution
3811:Bioresource Technology
3660:Bioresource Technology
3205:Bioresource Technology
2745:Environmental Research
2700:10.1080/20018891079311
2680:Bioremediation Journal
1642:Additive manufacturing
1637:Additive manufacturing
1377:
1244:
1239:carcinogenic compound
1148:
988:Environment portal
5776:Conservation projects
5377:Industrial wastewater
5243:Clutter (advertising)
5151:Municipal solid waste
4997:Soil guideline values
4841:Sustainable transport
4734:Information pollution
4534:Open burning of waste
1644:technologies such as
1374:
1237:
1141:
729:Industrial wastewater
497:Municipal solid waste
419:Soil guideline values
5649:Most polluted cities
5342:Biological pollution
5253:Overhead power lines
3291:Current Microbiology
2732:. CAXTON. June 2022.
1256:microbial consortium
938:Most polluted cities
590:Overhead power lines
5712:WikiProject Ecology
5409:Ocean acidification
5314:Unexploded ordnance
5185:Post-consumer waste
5045:Foam food container
5023:Biodegradable waste
4597:Global distillation
4379:10.7717/peerj.16897
4210:2000EnST...34..846R
4166:. pp. 441–63.
4021:2013RESBT..12..421O
3975:2020ScTEn.70736080N
3920:Recent Adv Biol Med
3823:2000BiTec..74...63B
3777:2010RESBT...9..215J
3715:2017Chmsp.166...41A
3672:2013BiTec.149..439C
3629:2020ScTEn.70736080N
3586:2022GmbJ...39..352M
3530:2017Chmsp.166...41A
3487:2020ScTEn.70736080N
3260:2018Chmsp.198..191D
3217:2007BiTec..98.3149A
3160:Plutonium-Americium
2757:2021ER....19510845C
2692:2001BiorJ...5..251J
2479:2017IBiBi.120...71V
2428:2020RSMS...3901395C
2384:2018EPoll.234..503L
2328:2014JEHSE..12..143K
2281:2008RemJ...18c...7M
2269:Remediation Journal
2182:2010JHzM..183..806F
2072:I Control Pollution
1785:Restoration ecology
1593:genetic engineering
1587:Genetic engineering
1441:Hexavalent chromium
1293:), chloromethanes (
754:Ocean acidification
664:Unexploded ordnance
585:Advertising clutter
517:Post-consumer waste
462:Foam food container
447:Biodegradable waste
104:Global distillation
5786:Soil contamination
5732:Ecology portal
5616:Waste minimisation
5591:Industrial ecology
5586:Cleaner production
5404:Nutrient pollution
5281:Herbicidal warfare
5075:Construction waste
4711:Introduced species
4582:Indoor air quality
4509:Chlorofluorocarbon
4320:. pp. 81–96.
4133:10.1038/nrmicro731
2029:. Academic Press.
1778:Pseudomonas putida
1568:soil contamination
1378:
1245:
1149:
1109:thermal desorption
1095:, bioattenuation,
1000:Ecology portal
625:Herbicidal warfare
169:Introduced species
109:Indoor air quality
79:Chlorofluorocarbon
5791:Radioactive waste
5738:
5737:
5611:Pollution control
5291:Nuclear holocaust
5200:Thermal treatment
5168:Plastic pollution
5085:Mercury poisoning
5038:Battery recycling
4937:Radioactive waste
4706:Genetic pollution
4701:Biological hazard
4499:Air quality index
4327:978-1-56676-561-9
4242:(11–12): 639–50.
4218:10.1021/es9908319
4181:978-3-527-62099-9
4164:Biotechnology Set
3888:(5318): 1568–71.
3866:978-0-12-386454-3
3855:Wexler P (2014).
3351:978-981-15-9471-7
2919:978-981-13-0053-0
2837:978-1-000-28046-3
2636:Vidali M (2001).
2611:978-0-12-816155-5
2560:978-0-387-84921-8
2527:978-981-13-1839-9
2289:10.1002/rem.20168
2214:Leeson A (2002).
2146:978-0-12-002663-0
2066:Kensa VM (2011).
2044:978-0-12-819382-2
1910:978-3-030-25506-0
1853:. EPA. June 2011.
1833:978-981-16-4445-0
1681:Technology portal
1241:trichloroethylene
1207:hydrogen peroxide
1036:
1035:
971:
970:
637:Nuclear holocaust
560:Urban heat island
374:Radioactive waste
159:Biological hazard
69:Air quality index
5798:
5730:
5729:
5728:
5720:
5719:
5710:
5709:
5702:
5701:
5694:
5693:
5681:
5680:
5555:Legacy pollution
5414:Oil exploitation
5276:Chemical warfare
5190:Waste management
5097:Industrial waste
5065:Biomedical waste
5033:Electronic waste
5018:Advertising mail
5002:Phytoremediation
4977:Land degradation
4762:Overillumination
4716:Invasive species
4462:
4455:
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4066:(4): 4661–4673.
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3580:(3–5): 352–372.
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2462:
2456:
2455:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2339:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2251:EPA 510-B-17-003
2248:
2240:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2097:
2088:
2087:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2022:
2011:
2010:
2000:
1968:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1811:
1772:Phytoremediation
1697:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1664:
1663:
1627:treat oil spills
1526:dichloroethylene
1089:phytoremediation
1047:phytoremediation
1045:, and plants in
1028:
1021:
1014:
998:
997:
996:
986:
985:
917:
620:Chemical warfare
522:Waste management
482:Industrial waste
457:Electronic waste
442:Advertising mail
424:Phytoremediation
399:Land degradation
339:Depleted uranium
224:Overillumination
174:Invasive species
46:
36:
21:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5726:
5724:
5714:
5671:
5657:
5625:
5574:
5523:
5490:
5429:Pharmaceuticals
5419:Oil exploration
5323:
5295:Nuclear fallout
5262:
5224:
5206:
5180:Packaging waste
5134:Deep sea mining
5060:Hazardous waste
5006:
4987:Open defecation
4941:
4907:Nuclear fallout
4902:Nuclear fission
4878:
4804:
4773:
4744:Electromagnetic
4738:
4722:
4687:
4607:Ozone depletion
4480:
4471:
4466:
4418:
4413:
4359:
4358:
4354:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4328:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4006:
4005:
3998:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3938:
3926:(2019): 10941.
3917:
3916:
3909:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3808:
3807:
3800:
3762:
3761:
3748:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3352:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3211:(16): 3149–53.
3202:
3201:
3197:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3078:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3030:
3029:
3025:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2821:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2640:
2635:
2634:
2619:
2612:
2591:
2590:
2583:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2176:(1–3): 806–13.
2167:
2166:
2162:
2147:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2112:(4): 3056–3064.
2099:
2098:
2091:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2045:
2024:
2023:
2014:
1970:
1969:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1911:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1757:Mycoremediation
1693:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1655:
1639:
1620:bioluminescence
1589:
1539:Dehalococcoides
1505:
1480:
1434:
1418:
1393:
1387:
1369:
1360:
1355:
1340:
1331:
1324:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1196:bioaugmentation
1154:
1136:
1125:rhizofiltration
1043:mycoremediation
1032:
994:
992:
980:
973:
972:
872:
864:
863:
837:
829:
828:
764:Pharmaceuticals
744:Nonpoint source
684:
674:
673:
642:Nuclear fallout
615:
605:
604:
575:
565:
564:
555:
545:
544:
535:
527:
526:
512:Packaging waste
477:Hazardous waste
437:
429:
428:
389:
379:
378:
349:Nuclear fallout
344:Nuclear fission
324:
314:
313:
279:
269:
268:
244:
236:
235:
209:
207:Electromagnetic
199:
198:
189:
181:
180:
154:
144:
143:
114:Ozone depletion
59:
49:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5804:
5802:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5751:Bioremediation
5743:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5646:
5644:Law by country
5641:
5635:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5466:Surface runoff
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:Eutrophication
5349:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5309:Scorched earth
5306:
5303:nuclear winter
5299:nuclear famine
5288:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5165:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5144:Uranium mining
5141:
5136:
5131:
5129:Surface mining
5126:
5121:
5111:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5080:Lead poisoning
5077:
5072:
5070:Chemical waste
5067:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4982:Bioremediation
4979:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4897:Bioremediation
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:Transportation
4814:
4812:
4806:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4592:Global dimming
4589:
4584:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4563:Diesel exhaust
4555:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4433:Bioremediation
4429:
4424:
4417:
4416:External links
4414:
4412:
4411:
4352:
4333:
4326:
4304:
4269:
4223:
4187:
4180:
4154:
4111:
4093:
4050:
4015:(4): 421–444.
3996:
3953:
3907:
3872:
3865:
3844:
3798:
3746:
3693:
3650:
3607:
3561:
3508:
3465:
3414:
3365:
3350:
3324:
3281:
3238:
3195:
3169:
3148:
3113:
3092:
3064:
3043:(4): 214–231.
3023:
2974:
2925:
2918:
2892:
2843:
2836:
2814:
2807:
2786:
2735:
2721:
2686:(4): 251–266.
2670:
2651:(7): 1163–72.
2617:
2610:
2581:
2566:
2559:
2533:
2526:
2500:
2457:
2405:
2361:
2302:
2256:
2230:
2203:
2160:
2145:
2115:
2089:
2078:(2): 161–168.
2058:
2043:
2012:
1983:(24): 191203.
1948:
1924:
1909:
1883:
1872:(2): 305–318.
1856:
1839:
1832:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1790:Xenocatabolism
1787:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1684:
1670:
1667:Biology portal
1654:
1651:
1638:
1635:
1588:
1585:
1530:vinyl chloride
1504:
1501:
1492:Actinobacteria
1479:
1476:
1433:
1430:
1417:
1408:
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1329:Bioattenuation
1327:
1322:
1281:, chlorinated
1231:
1230:Biostimulation
1228:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1153:
1150:
1135:
1129:
1085:biostimulation
1066:carbon dioxide
1062:biodegradation
1039:Bioremediation
1034:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1002:
990:
975:
974:
969:
968:
967:
966:
958:
957:
953:
952:
951:
950:
945:
940:
935:
933:Law by country
930:
922:
921:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
873:
870:
869:
866:
865:
862:
861:
860:
859:
854:
844:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
804:Surface runoff
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
704:Eutrophication
701:
696:
691:
685:
680:
679:
676:
675:
672:
671:
666:
661:
659:Scorched earth
656:
655:
654:
652:Nuclear winter
649:
647:Nuclear famine
644:
634:
633:
632:
622:
616:
611:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
576:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
556:
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
536:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
404:Bioremediation
401:
396:
390:
385:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
334:Bioremediation
331:
325:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
284:Transportation
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
233:
231:Radio spectrum
228:
227:
226:
221:
210:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
190:
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
177:
176:
166:
161:
155:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
99:Global dimming
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5803:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:Biotechnology
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5733:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5705:
5697:
5688:
5684:
5674:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5526:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5486:Water quality
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5248:Traffic signs
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5173:Microplastics
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5163:Nanomaterials
5161:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5102:Lead smelting
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4922:Radioactivity
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4874:Noise control
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:Metal working
4620:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4434:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4204:(5): 846–53.
4203:
4199:
4191:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4112:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3943:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3771:(3): 215–88.
3770:
3766:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3747:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3161:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3129:(3): 489–97.
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3096:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2893:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2830:. CRC Press.
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2808:1-85312-918-6
2804:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:Biosurfactant
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1685:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:acrylonitrile
1574:The compound
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1513:radionuclides
1510:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1382:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:remediation.
1337:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:air stripping
1114:
1113:vitrification
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
991:
989:
984:
979:
978:
977:
976:
965:
962:
961:
960:
959:
954:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
923:
918:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
874:
868:
867:
858:
855:
853:
850:
849:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
833:
832:
825:
822:
820:
819:Water quality
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
683:
678:
677:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
635:
631:
628:
627:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:
609:
608:
601:
598:
596:
595:Traffic signs
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
569:
568:
561:
558:
557:
554:
549:
548:
541:
538:
537:
531:
530:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:Nanomaterials
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
433:
432:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
388:
383:
382:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
364:Radioactivity
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
318:
317:
310:
309:Soundproofing
307:
305:
304:Noise control
302:
300:
299:Noise barrier
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
281:
278:
273:
272:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
240:
239:
232:
229:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
211:
208:
203:
202:
195:
192:
191:
185:
184:
175:
172:
171:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
156:
153:
148:
147:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
58:
53:
52:
45:
41:
40:
37:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
5565:Point source
5507:Heavy metals
5481:Urban runoff
5461:Sulfur water
5439:Septic tanks
5285:Agent Orange
5139:Mining waste
4981:
4965:Manure waste
4795:Volcanic ash
4671:Black carbon
4627:Oil refining
4612:Particulates
4541:Construction
4369:
4365:
4355:
4346:
4336:
4317:
4307:
4285:(3): 286–9.
4282:
4278:
4272:
4239:
4235:
4201:
4197:
4190:
4163:
4157:
4127:(1): 35–44.
4124:
4120:
4114:
4096:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4012:
4008:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3942:cite journal
3923:
3919:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3856:
3814:
3810:
3768:
3764:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3577:
3573:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3478:
3474:
3468:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3334:Irc-Set 2020
3333:
3327:
3297:(5): 233–7.
3294:
3290:
3284:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3181:
3158:
3151:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3102:
3095:
3074:
3067:
3040:
3036:
3026:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2901:
2895:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2827:
2817:
2798:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2724:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2648:
2644:
2593:
2569:
2542:
2536:
2509:
2503:
2470:
2466:
2460:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2272:
2268:
2250:
2216:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2026:
1980:
1976:
1938:
1892:
1886:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1842:
1815:
1776:
1744:
1695:Fungi portal
1640:
1624:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1581:
1573:
1561:
1557:
1553:incineration
1549:land filling
1545:
1537:
1524:may produce
1509:Heavy metals
1506:
1495:
1490:
1481:
1464:
1461:
1453:
1439:
1435:
1432:Heavy metals
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1379:
1361:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1260:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1203:air sparging
1200:
1188:
1157:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1059:
1051:
1038:
1037:
907:Point source
852:Heavy metals
814:Urban runoff
799:Sulfur water
774:Septic tanks
630:Agent Orange
540:Space debris
403:
394:Agricultural
259:Volcanic ash
119:Particulates
18:
5535:Area source
5444:Pit latrine
5367:Groundwater
5124:Gold mining
5119:Coal mining
5090:Toxic waste
5055:Green waste
5028:Brown waste
5011:Solid waste
4558:Exhaust gas
3817:(1): 63–7.
3732:11336/63289
3703:Chemosphere
3666:: 439–445.
3547:11336/63289
3518:Chemosphere
3385:(11): 180.
3254:: 191–197.
3248:Chemosphere
2994:(11): 180.
2945:(11): 180.
2863:(11): 180.
2378:: 503–512.
2275:(3): 7–30.
1646:bioprinting
1599:Pseudomonas
1591:The use of
1534:carcinogens
1396:Landfarming
1391:Landfarming
1385:Landfarming
1338:Biosparging
1334:monitored.
1303:perchlorate
1192:perchlorate
1121:bioleaching
1105:landfarming
1097:biosparging
877:Area source
719:Groundwater
472:Green waste
452:Brown waste
436:Solid waste
194:Information
89:Exhaust gas
5745:Categories
5687:by country
5683:Categories
5621:Zero waste
5502:Pollutants
5456:Stagnation
5394:Monitoring
5362:Freshwater
5238:Air travel
5050:Food waste
4970:Pesticides
4960:Herbicides
4864:Industrial
4693:Biological
4553:Demolition
4546:Renovation
4529:Joss paper
4514:Combustion
4431:Anaerobic
4372:: e16897.
3969:: 136080.
3623:: 136080.
3481:: 136080.
2751:: 110845.
2422:: 101395.
2322:(1): 143.
1797:References
1564:pesticides
1528:(DCE) and
1478:Pesticides
1353:techniques
1152:Bioventing
1134:techniques
1101:composting
1093:bioventing
964:By country
956:Categories
847:Pollutants
824:Wastewater
794:Stagnation
739:Monitoring
714:Freshwater
580:Air travel
467:Food waste
409:Defecation
219:Ecological
152:Biological
84:Combustion
24:Part of a
5579:Responses
5550:Garbology
5476:Turbidity
5424:Oil spill
5357:Firewater
5258:Vandalism
5220:Satellite
4917:Poisoning
4912:Plutonium
4892:Actinides
4884:Radiation
4632:Wood dust
4494:Acid rain
4469:Pollution
4406:267586847
4088:189819253
4037:1569-1705
3709:: 41–62.
3602:0149-0451
3524:: 41–62.
3360:236650675
3190:316485842
3087:191800707
2781:231867176
2716:131393543
2708:1088-9868
2495:0964-8305
2473:: 71–83.
2452:225285497
2444:2352-4855
2297:1520-6831
2084:0970-2083
2053:127409446
1919:210291135
1767:Pleurotus
1747:Oil Spill
1745:Mega Borg
1724:Folkewall
1714:Chelation
1263:ethylenes
1179:alicyclic
1175:aliphatic
1163:petroleum
892:Garbology
809:Turbidity
759:Oil spill
709:Firewater
694:Biosolids
600:Vandalism
359:Poisoning
354:Plutonium
329:Actinides
322:Radiation
64:Acid rain
35:Pollution
5667:Treaties
5639:Diseases
5451:Shipping
5347:Diseases
5195:Landfill
4870:Abstract
4867:Military
4800:Wildfire
4649:Smelting
4617:Asbestos
4398:38344299
4389:10859081
4347:Phys.org
4299:10851144
4256:15973534
4149:40604152
4141:15040178
4080:31201677
4045:85173331
3991:31869621
3793:85268562
3741:27684437
3688:24135568
3645:31869621
3556:27684437
3503:31869621
3460:24795705
3409:27638318
3319:21061197
3311:15886913
3276:29421729
3233:17166714
3143:23159488
3110:. USEPA.
3104:Selenium
3059:15886743
3018:27638318
2969:27638318
2887:27638318
2773:33549616
2665:18507182
2400:29216488
2356:25610635
2225:Archived
2198:20800967
2155:17448793
2007:31893164
1653:See also
1631:plastics
1367:Windrows
1358:Biopiles
1183:aromatic
1169:(PAHs),
948:Treaties
928:Diseases
784:Shipping
749:Nutrient
699:Diseases
264:Wildfire
5696:Commons
5471:Thermal
5372:Hypoxia
5156:Garbage
4927:Uranium
4778:Natural
4727:Digital
4659:Aerosol
4637:Welding
4524:Biomass
4519:Biofuel
4478:History
4264:7986980
4206:Bibcode
4017:Bibcode
3971:Bibcode
3902:9171062
3882:Science
3839:1027603
3819:Bibcode
3773:Bibcode
3711:Bibcode
3668:Bibcode
3625:Bibcode
3582:Bibcode
3526:Bibcode
3483:Bibcode
3451:4005966
3434:: 173.
3400:5026719
3256:Bibcode
3213:Bibcode
3009:5026719
2960:5026719
2878:5026719
2753:Bibcode
2688:Bibcode
2475:Bibcode
2424:Bibcode
2380:Bibcode
2347:4301987
2324:Bibcode
2277:Bibcode
2178:Bibcode
1998:6905138
1633:(PET).
1496:in situ
1485:Lindane
1471:archaea
1449:cadmium
1421:Ex situ
1415:Ex situ
1411:In situ
1404:in situ
1400:ex situ
1351:Ex situ
1315:nitrate
1313:), and
1283:ethanes
1171:phenols
1158:in situ
1144:in-situ
1132:In situ
1080:ex situ
1075:in situ
842:History
724:Hypoxia
553:Thermal
507:Plastic
369:Uranium
243:Natural
188:Digital
164:Genetic
5560:Midden
5540:Debris
5495:Topics
5434:Sewage
5387:debris
5382:Marine
5230:Visual
5114:Mining
5109:Litter
4602:Mining
4404:
4396:
4386:
4324:
4297:
4262:
4254:
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4147:
4139:
4086:
4078:
4043:
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3863:
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3407:
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3309:
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3188:
3141:
3085:
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2967:
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2916:
2885:
2875:
2834:
2805:
2779:
2771:
2714:
2706:
2663:
2608:
2557:
2524:
2493:
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2398:
2354:
2344:
2295:
2196:
2153:
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2082:
2051:
2041:
2005:
1995:
1917:
1907:
1830:
1614:under
1425:n situ
1181:, and
902:Midden
897:Legacy
882:Debris
836:Topics
789:Sludge
779:Sewage
734:Marine
573:Visual
492:Mining
487:Litter
26:series
5631:Lists
5570:Waste
5512:Paint
5329:Water
5212:Space
4853:Sonar
4848:Urban
4826:Water
4810:Noise
4785:Ozone
4752:Light
4683:Waste
4575:Smoke
4402:S2CID
4366:PeerJ
4260:S2CID
4145:S2CID
4106:(PDF)
4084:S2CID
4041:S2CID
3835:S2CID
3789:S2CID
3356:S2CID
3315:S2CID
3164:(PDF)
3108:(PDF)
3079:(PDF)
3055:S2CID
2777:S2CID
2712:S2CID
2661:S2CID
2641:(PDF)
2448:S2CID
2247:(PDF)
2221:(PDF)
2049:S2CID
1943:(PDF)
1915:S2CID
1851:(PDF)
1376:soil.
920:Lists
912:Waste
857:Paint
682:Water
534:Space
277:Noise
249:Ozone
214:Light
5545:Dust
5528:Misc
4947:Soil
4836:Rail
4822:Land
4666:Soot
4654:Smog
4570:Haze
4394:PMID
4322:ISBN
4295:PMID
4252:PMID
4176:ISBN
4137:PMID
4076:PMID
4033:ISSN
3987:PMID
3948:link
3898:PMID
3861:ISBN
3737:PMID
3684:PMID
3641:PMID
3598:ISSN
3552:PMID
3499:PMID
3456:PMID
3405:PMID
3346:ISBN
3307:PMID
3272:PMID
3229:PMID
3186:OCLC
3139:PMID
3083:OCLC
3014:PMID
2965:PMID
2914:ISBN
2883:PMID
2832:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2769:PMID
2704:ISSN
2606:ISBN
2555:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2491:ISSN
2440:ISSN
2396:PMID
2352:PMID
2293:ISSN
2194:PMID
2151:PMID
2141:ISBN
2080:ISSN
2039:ISBN
2003:PMID
1905:ISBN
1828:ISBN
1551:and
1511:and
1445:zinc
1413:vs.
887:Dust
871:Misc
387:Soil
134:Soot
129:Smog
94:Haze
5656:2.5
5268:War
4831:Air
4486:Air
4384:PMC
4374:doi
4287:doi
4244:doi
4214:doi
4168:doi
4129:doi
4068:doi
4025:doi
3979:doi
3967:707
3928:doi
3890:doi
3886:276
3827:doi
3781:doi
3727:hdl
3719:doi
3707:166
3676:doi
3664:149
3633:doi
3621:707
3590:doi
3542:hdl
3534:doi
3522:166
3491:doi
3479:707
3446:PMC
3436:doi
3395:PMC
3387:doi
3338:doi
3299:doi
3264:doi
3252:198
3221:doi
3131:doi
3045:doi
3004:PMC
2996:doi
2955:PMC
2947:doi
2906:doi
2873:PMC
2865:doi
2761:doi
2749:195
2696:doi
2653:doi
2598:doi
2547:doi
2514:doi
2483:doi
2471:120
2432:doi
2388:doi
2376:234
2342:PMC
2332:doi
2285:doi
2186:doi
2174:183
2133:doi
2031:doi
1993:PMC
1985:doi
1897:doi
1874:doi
1820:doi
1604:lux
1522:TCE
1520:of
1451:).
1311:TNT
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1275:DCE
1271:TCE
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