731:
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35:
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On land, vegetation appears on a scale from brown (low vegetation) to dark green (heavy vegetation); at the ocean surface, phytoplankton are indicated on a scale from purple (low) to yellow (high). This visualization was created with data from satellites including SeaWiFS, and instruments including
567:, exceed all animal and plant life on the surface. The actual thickness of the biosphere on Earth is difficult to measure. Birds typically fly at altitudes as high as 1,800 m (5,900 ft; 1.1 mi) and fish live as much as 8,372 m (27,467 ft; 5.202 mi) underwater in the
426:
as 10. This is much larger than the total number of estimated stars (and Earth-like planets) in the observable universe as 10, a number which is more than all the grains of beach sand on planet Earth; but less than the total number of atoms estimated in the observable universe as 10; and the
652:, at depths of 11,034 m (36,201 ft; 6.856 mi). Other researchers reported related studies that microorganisms thrive inside rocks up to 580 m (1,900 ft; 0.36 mi) below the sea floor under 2,590 m (8,500 ft; 1.61 mi) of ocean off the coast of the
668:
into the Earth's crust. The rate at which the temperature increases depends on many factors, including the type of crust (continental vs. oceanic), rock type, geographic location, etc. The greatest known temperature at which microbial life can exist is 122 °C (252 °F)
2359:
Glud, Ronnie; Wenzhöfer, Frank; Middelboe, Mathias; Oguri, Kazumasa; Turnewitsch, Robert; Canfield, Donald E.; Kitazato, Hiroshi (17 March 2013). "High rates of microbial carbon turnover in sediments in the deepest oceanic trench on Earth".
1402:"There may be more Earth-like planets than grains of sand on all our beaches - New research contends that the Milky Way alone is flush with billions of potentially habitable planets -- and that's just one sliver of the universe"
656:, as well as 2,400 m (7,900 ft; 1.5 mi) beneath the seabed off Japan. Culturable thermophilic microbes have been extracted from cores drilled more than 5,000 m (16,000 ft; 3.1 mi) into the
5036:
2821:
679:" is defined by temperature rather than absolute depth. On 20 August 2014, scientists confirmed the existence of microorganisms living 800 m (2,600 ft; 0.50 mi) below the ice of
609:
at least 19 km (12 mi) deep underground, and at least 64 km (40 mi) high in the atmosphere. Marine life under many forms has been found in the deepest reaches of the
2097:
1594:
Ohtomo, Yoko; Kakegawa, Takeshi; Ishida, Akizumi; Nagase, Toshiro; Rosing, Minik T. (8 December 2013). "Evidence for biogenic graphite in early
Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks".
1242:"Exactly How Much Life Is on Earth? - According to a new study, living cells outnumber stars in the universe, highlighting the deep, underrated link between geophysics and biology"
401:
of Earth's biosphere; i.e., artificial Earth-like biospheres. Others may include the creation of artificial non-Earth biospheres—for example, human-centered biospheres or a native
843:
team, it has been calculated that provided the probability of abiogenesis is higher than 1 to 1000, the closest alien biosphere should be within 100 light-years from the Earth.
4743:
2796:
2585:
2183:
Horneck G; Eschweiler U; Reitz G; Wehner J; Willimek R; Strauch K. (1995). "Biological responses to space: results of the experiment "Exobiological Unit" of ERA on EURECA I".
1345:
1115:
4679:
4836:
1439:
2044:
756:, have been created to study ecosystems and the potential for supporting life outside the Earth. These include spacecraft and the following terrestrial laboratories:
3397:
368:" as referred to by biologists and ecologists). In this sense, the biosphere is but one of four separate components of the geochemical model, the other three being
4704:
4003:
501:
of Quebec, Canada that were as old as 4.28 billion years, the oldest record of life on earth, suggesting "an almost instantaneous emergence of life" after
1411:
1880:
1730:
1919:
1830:
Dodd, Matthew S.; Papineau, Dominic; Grenne, Tor; Slack, John F.; Rittner, Martin; Pirajno, Franco; O'Neil, Jonathan; Little, Crispin T. S. (2 March 2017).
4943:
4616:
1669:"Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures Recording an Ancient Ecosystem in the ca. 3.48 Billion-Year-Old Dresser Formation, Pilbara, Western Australia"
4363:
2818:
3681:
2300:
3813:
2406:
1251:
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4313:
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648:, the deepest spot in the Earth's oceans. In fact, single-celled life forms have been found in the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, by the
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2765:
2740:
1221:
1196:
1074:
2021:
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1274:
1137:
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1335:
801:
229:
In a general sense, biospheres are any closed, self-regulating systems containing ecosystems. This includes artificial biospheres such as
1975:
3390:
422:
on the Earth is estimated to be 10; the total number since the beginning of Earth, as 10, and the total number for the entire time of a
994:
594:
live up to 3,050 m (10,010 ft; 1.90 mi). Herbivorous animals at these elevations depend on lichens, grasses, and herbs.
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4593:
4513:
4353:
4328:
1642:
1373:
439:
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No biospheres have been detected beyond the Earth; therefore, the existence of extraterrestrial biospheres remains hypothetical. The
5859:
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1952:
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5000:
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composite of global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance, from
September 2001 to August 2017. Provided by the
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919:
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1080:
133:
91:
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Nobel
Laureate for his work on decomposition of ozone talking to Harry Kroto Nobel Laureate by the Vega Science Trust.
2920:
51:
2789:"These new worlds are just the start. There are many more life-supporting planets out there waiting to be discovered"
2683:
6009:
5893:
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3527:
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28:
1831:
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4343:
4181:
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3625:
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1909:
448:
20:
116:
5409:
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4358:
4323:
4072:
4062:
4036:
3600:
3549:
3544:
3539:
2708:
753:
502:
390:. This term was coined during the 1960s and encompasses both biological and physical components of the planet.
163:
735:
the NASA/NOAA Visible
Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer.
2945:
2140:
Zhang, K. Dose; A. Bieger-Dose; R. Dillmann; M. Gill; O. Kerz (1995). "ERA-experiment "space biochemistry"".
559:
have demonstrated that microbes live deep beneath the Earth's terrestrial surface and that the total mass of
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2012:"First-Ever Scientific Estimate Of Total Bacteria On Earth Shows Far Greater Numbers Than Ever Known Before"
575:
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marine microbes have been found at more than a depth of 10,000 m (33,000 ft; 6.2 mi) in the
5987:
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109:
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scene on Earth, simultaneously showing the lithosphere (ground), hydrosphere (ocean) and atmosphere (air)
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24:
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207:
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74:
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510:
1435:"Using the inclinations of Kepler systems to prioritize new Titius–Bode-based exoplanet predictions"
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It is also possible that artificial biospheres will be created in the future, for example with the
665:
485:" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. In 2017, putative fossilized
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5854:
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4990:
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2011:
1914:
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issue, covers virtually every major concern and concept since debated regarding materials and
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1985:
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2662:"Dynamic Simulation of Pressure Control System for the Closed Ecology Experiment Facility"
2428:
1942:
1279:
695:
649:
590:
live at elevations as high as 5,400 m (17,700 ft; 3.4 mi) above sea level;
482:
365:
159:
34:
1770:
Bell, Elizabeth A.; Boehnike, Patrick; Harrison, T. Mark; et al. (19 October 2015).
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1017:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
836:, it is currently unknown what percentage of these planets actually develop biospheres.
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2500:
2466:"Thermophilic, anaerobic bacteria isolated from a deep borehole in granite in Sweden"
2465:
2204:
2161:
2129:
2016:
1181:
703:
633:
591:
537:
486:
467:
386:. When these four component spheres are combined into one system, it is known as the
191:
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5687:
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969:
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459:
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242:
175:
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Geochemists define the biosphere as being the total sum of living organisms (the "
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5769:
5591:
5569:
5564:
5431:
5308:
5274:
5262:
5150:
5073:
4909:
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4282:
4277:
4242:
4105:
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3106:
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to map the past, current and future impacts of human activities on the biosphere
2402:
2333:
1905:
1664:
1101:
924:
914:
833:
775:
760:
610:
533:
513:, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the
376:
329:
231:
203:
195:
39:
1561:
5932:
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5707:
5649:
5618:
5257:
5189:
5127:
5100:
5063:
4873:
4441:
4426:
4252:
4232:
3323:
3204:
2899:
2092:
1300:
909:
857:
829:
828:, given the large number of planets. Three of the planets discovered orbiting
680:
641:
629:
621:
602:
325:
281:
223:
199:
194:
and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the
19:
This article is about the sum of all ecosystems. For the sum of all planetary
2935:
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migrate at altitudes of at least 8,300 m (27,200 ft; 5.2 mi);
226:(life created from living matter), at least some 3.5 billion years ago.
5815:
5697:
5505:
5500:
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5360:
5179:
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3490:
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3282:
3199:
3189:
3129:
1796:
1064:
944:
636:—may be as much as 0.8 trillion tons of carbon (of the total biosphere
560:
525:
474:
370:
349:
337:
321:
301:
147:
2646:
2560:
2509:
2490:
2212:
2169:
1868:
1815:
1712:
1580:
1463:
1308:
1046:
1028:
789:
Biosphere J (CEEF, Closed
Ecology Experiment Facilities), an experiment in
253:
2678:
2286:
1832:"Evidence for early life in Earth's oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates"
1694:
632:
microorganisms—which includes bacteria and archaea, but not the nucleated
5942:
5510:
5436:
5377:
5372:
5320:
5230:
5201:
5194:
5184:
5115:
5089:
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4877:
4503:
3333:
3277:
3209:
3144:
3030:
3018:
2990:
2661:
2437:
1947:
699:
614:
606:
579:
514:
455:
3375:
1859:
1772:"Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon"
5810:
5606:
5601:
5547:
5453:
5382:
5225:
5026:
4476:
3559:
3554:
3485:
3430:
3328:
3316:
3254:
3184:
3159:
3119:
3098:
3068:
2638:
1980:
1667:; Christian, Daniel; Wacey, David; Hazen, Robert M. (8 November 2013).
1637:
817:
797:
779:
764:
719:
552:
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341:
313:
211:
187:
43:
5659:
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4140:
3311:
3304:
3013:
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1617:
771:
715:
661:
625:
237:
167:
139:
122:
97:
80:
55:
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4814:
2840:
The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must
2704:
2629:
2612:
2551:
2524:
2148:(8). A. Klein, H. Meinert, T. Nawroth, S. Risi, C. Stride: 119–129.
620:
Under certain test conditions, microorganisms have been observed to
1543:
393:
The Second
International Conference on Closed Life Systems defined
5692:
5532:
5458:
5245:
4861:
3341:
3299:
3292:
3287:
3124:
3078:
3040:
2998:
2819:
On the abundance of extraterrestrial life after the Kepler mission
2119:
Briand, F.; Snelgrove, P. (2003). "Mare
Incognitum? An overview".
1453:
1433:
T. Bovaird, T.; Lineweaver, C.H.; Jacobsen, S.K. (13 March 2015).
832:
could possibly contain biospheres. Given limited understanding of
790:
743:
711:
687:
664:, from rocks between 65–75 °C (149–167 °F). Temperature
597:
Life forms live in every part of the Earth's biosphere, including
532:
524:
438:
258:
252:
155:
3791:
718:
life. In contrast, most of the more populous biomes lie near the
5637:
5493:
5488:
5468:
5342:
5293:
5137:
3219:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3003:
1910:"Scientists Say Canadian Bacteria Fossils May Be Earth's Oldest"
1406:
598:
402:
274:
179:
151:
47:
4925:
4818:
3795:
3379:
2954:
1976:"Canadian bacteria-like fossils called oldest evidence of life"
296:. The biosphere's ecological context comes from the 1920s (see
5596:
5240:
2758:"New Estimate for Alien Earths: 2 Billion in Our Galaxy Alone"
2613:"Bios-3: Siberian experiments in bioregenerative life support"
2261:"Microbial flora in the deepest sea mud of the Mariana Trench"
1731:"Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth"
587:
2088:"The Strange Beasts That Live In Solid Rock Deep Underground"
1063:
Campbell, Neil A.; Brad
Williamson; Robin J. Heyden (2006).
729:
2666:
Transactions of the Japan
Society of Mechanical Engineers B
2925:
2470:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA
443:
Stromatolite fossil estimated at 3.2–3.6 billion years old
2045:"Life Might Thrive a Dozen Miles Beneath Earth's Surface"
1011:
Nealson, Kenneth H.; Zeki, S.; Conrad, Pamela G. (1999).
816:
suggests they should be very rare, save ones composed of
675:
Strain 116). It is likely that the limit of life in the "
2732:
Rare earth: why complex life is uncommon in the universe
574:
There are more extreme examples for life on the planet:
4681:
UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)
2433:"Microbes discovered by deepest marine drill analysed"
352:
and, generally speaking, all life and Earth sciences.
1216:. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 45.
628:
is estimated as 5 × 10 g. The mass of
265:
The term "biosphere" was coined in 1875 by geologist
2576:"Life Confirmed Under Antarctic Ice; Is Space Next?"
1273:
Crockford, Peter W.; et al. (6 November 2023).
1106:"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted"
640:, estimated at between 1 and 4 trillion tons).
624:. The total amount of soil and subsurface bacterial
509:
4.54 billion years ago. According to biologist
5941:
5799:
5680:
5540:
5531:
5341:
5136:
5049:
5019:
4968:
4959:
4670:
4607:
4379:
4306:
4215:
4167:
4139:
4096:
4050:
4017:
3890:
3847:
3700:
3664:
3588:
3478:
3413:
3218:
3175:
3097:
3039:
2989:
2876:Book), San Francisco, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1970,
796:Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (
284:origin, it is an indication of the effect of both
2921:Article on the Biosphere at Encyclopedia of Earth
2525:"Lakes under the ice: Antarctica's secret garden"
2005:
2003:
1440:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1369:"To see the Universe in a Grain of Taranaki Sand"
555:, features life of some kind. Recent advances in
2399:"Intraterrestrials: Life Thrives in Ocean Floor"
1492:"How many atoms are in the observable universe?"
1069:. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.
563:life in so-called "uninhabitable zones" may, in
300:), preceding the 1935 introduction of the term "
2464:Szewzyk, U; Szewzyk, R; Stenstrom, TR. (1994).
1525:"Emergence of life in an inflationary universe"
1058:
1056:
405:biosphere—as part of the topic of biospherics.
4705:Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
2323:
2321:
1724:
1722:
1633:"Oldest fossil found: Meet your microbial mom"
1275:"The geologic history of primary productivity"
4937:
4830:
3807:
3391:
2966:
2053:. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017
1820:Early edition, published online before print.
698:. On land, biomes are separated primarily by
397:as the science and technology of analogs and
222:matter, such as simple organic compounds) or
166:, with minimal inputs and outputs. Regarding
146: 'sphere'), is the worldwide sum of all
8:
767:, United States, 3.15 acres (13,000 m).
493:) were announced to have been discovered in
2735:(2nd rev. ed.). New York: Copernicus.
1943:"Earliest evidence of life on Earth 'found"
1336:"How many stars are there in the Universe?"
1214:Dictionary of Forestry and Wildlife Science
1001:, 6th ed. (2004) Columbia University Press.
582:of 11,300 metres (37,100 feet; 7.0 miles);
5803:
5537:
4965:
4944:
4930:
4922:
4837:
4823:
4815:
4776:
3814:
3800:
3792:
3398:
3384:
3376:
3224:
2973:
2959:
2951:
2884:. This book, originally the December 1970
2330:"Microbes Thrive in Deepest Spot on Earth"
686:Earth's biosphere is divided into several
316:as the science of the biosphere. It is an
4716:Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
2729:Ward, Peter D.; Brownlee, Donald (2004).
2677:
2628:
2550:
2499:
2489:
2276:
1858:
1805:
1795:
1702:
1570:
1560:
1542:
1462:
1452:
1036:
4744:UN Conference on Sustainable Development
2837:Zubrin, Robert; Wagner, Richard (2011).
2010:University of Georgia (25 August 1998).
186:definition, the biosphere is the global
158:. The biosphere (which is technically a
33:
2086:Fox-Skelly, Jasmin (24 November 2015).
987:
824:may be quite numerous, at least in the
4314:Corporate environmental responsibility
2799:from the original on 25 September 2017
2705:"Institute for Environmental Sciences"
2064:
702:. Terrestrial biomes lying within the
481:. More recently, in 2015, "remains of
427:estimated total number of stars in an
210:. The biosphere is postulated to have
129: 'settlement, house' and
2787:Rees, Sir Martin (22 February 2017).
2445:from the original on 16 December 2014
2240:from the original on 10 November 2014
2100:from the original on 25 November 2016
2024:from the original on 10 November 2014
1631:Borenstein, Seth (13 November 2013).
1381:from the original on 28 December 2022
752:Experimental biospheres, also called
503:ocean formation 4.4 billion years ago
16:Global sum of all ecosystems on Earth
7:
4687:Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)
3750:
1729:Borenstein, Seth (19 October 2015).
1523:Totani, Tomonori (3 February 2020).
1504:from the original on 1 December 2023
1471:from the original on 1 December 2023
1414:from the original on 1 December 2023
1348:from the original on 17 January 2020
1254:from the original on 1 December 2023
473:found in 3.48 billion-year-old
150:. It can also be termed the zone of
3774:
2768:from the original on 24 August 2017
2588:from the original on 22 August 2014
1118:from the original on 3 October 2013
547:Every part of the planet, from the
458:found in 3.7 billion-year-old
164:closed system with regard to matter
4329:Environmental full-cost accounting
2756:Choi, Charles Q. (21 March 2011).
2328:Choi, Charles Q. (17 March 2013).
2278:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10440.x
1374:Swinburne University of Technology
774:at the Institute of Biophysics in
540:, a barophilic organism, from the
431:(observed and unobserved), as 10.
14:
4263:Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity
2409:from the original on 2 April 2013
2340:from the original on 2 April 2013
2043:Hadhazy, Adam (12 January 2015).
1955:from the original on 2 March 2017
1922:from the original on 2 March 2017
1886:from the original on 23 July 2018
1645:from the original on 29 June 2015
1212:Bebarta, Kailash Chandra (2011).
802:Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
622:survive the vacuum of outer space
269:, who defined it as the place on
104: 'sphere'), also called the
6005:
6004:
4775:
4764:
4763:
4733:UN Millennium Declaration (2000)
3773:
3761:
3749:
3731:
3730:
3469:
3360:
3359:
1367:Mackie, Glen (1 February 2002).
1179:Möller, Detlev (December 2010).
1013:"Life: past, present and future"
888:
874:
860:
4319:Corporate social responsibility
4248:Ocean thermal energy conversion
4187:Community-supported agriculture
3872:Human impact on the environment
3708:Human impact on the environment
2711:from the original on 2011-11-08
2686:from the original on 2012-03-18
2523:Fox, Douglas (20 August 2014).
1183:Chemistry of the Climate System
1083:from the original on 2014-11-02
935:Man and the Biosphere Programme
666:increases with increasing depth
418:Currently, the total number of
4559:Socially responsible marketing
3616:Public transport encouragement
2397:Oskin, Becky (14 March 2013).
1941:Ghosh, Pallab (1 March 2017).
820:life only. On the other hand,
690:, inhabited by fairly similar
243:ones on other planets or moons
214:, beginning with a process of
1:
4750:Sustainable Development Goals
4554:Socially responsible business
2574:Mack, Eric (20 August 2014).
2259:Takamia; et al. (1997).
2233:Aspen Global Change Institute
1974:Dunham, Will (1 March 2017).
1741:Mindspark Interactive Network
1490:Baker, Harry (11 July 2021).
839:Based on observations by the
218:(life created naturally from
170:, it is an open system, with
4970:Pollution / quality
2660:Nakano; et al. (1998).
2205:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00279-N
2162:10.1016/0273-1177(95)00280-R
1776:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
1400:Mack, Eric (19 March 2015).
920:Circumstellar habitable zone
4579:Sustainability organization
4364:Standards and certification
3955:Social return on investment
3606:Natural resource management
2301:"National Geographic, 2005"
808:Extraterrestrial biospheres
451:for life on Earth includes
52:Goddard Space Flight Center
6062:
4004:Systemic change resistance
2611:; Lisovsky GM (Oct 1997).
2142:Advances in Space Research
1562:10.1038/s41598-020-58060-0
654:northwestern United States
249:Origin and use of the term
132:
115:
90:
73:
29:Biosphere (disambiguation)
18:
6000:
5806:
5541:Types / location
4852:
4759:
4182:Climate-smart agriculture
3829:
3726:
3518:Environmental engineering
3467:
3355:
3268:
3227:
2904:environmental degradation
2265:FEMS Microbiology Letters
2121:CIESM Workshop Monographs
2071:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1301:10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.040
1169:. Vienna: W. Braunmuller.
999:The Columbia Encyclopedia
754:closed ecological systems
710:are relatively barren of
505:, and not long after the
408:
87: 'life' and
4324:Environmental accounting
4073:Sustainable architecture
4063:Environmental technology
3601:Environmental technology
3550:Environmental toxicology
3545:Environmental statistics
3540:Environmental humanities
2843:. Simon & Schuster.
1167:Die Entstehung Der Alpen
634:eukaryote microorganisms
617:remains to be explored.
320:concept for integrating
280:While the concept has a
178:at a rate of around 100
4197:Sustainable agriculture
3513:Environmental economics
3436:Environmental chemistry
1797:10.1073/pnas.1517557112
1187:. De Gruyter. pp.
1066:Biology: Exploring Life
782:, in what was then the
190:system integrating all
4740:(Rio+10, Johannesburg)
4609:Sustainable management
4594:Urban drainage systems
4334:Environmental planning
4298:Water recycling shower
4288:Tidal stream generator
4083:Sustainable industries
4042:Sustainable population
4027:Demographic transition
4009:Tragedy of the commons
3570:Sustainability science
2946:Atlas of the Biosphere
2936:Paul Crutzen Interview
2491:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1810
1138:"Meaning of biosphere"
1029:10.1098/rstb.1999.0532
960:Simple biosphere model
841:Kepler Space Telescope
749:
748:Biosphere 2 in Arizona
736:
544:
530:
507:formation of the Earth
444:
424:habitable planet Earth
262:
182:. By the most general
59:
27:. For other uses, see
4632:Humanistic capitalism
4447:Environmental finance
4088:Sustainable packaging
3535:Environmental studies
3407:Environmental science
2679:10.1299/kikaib.64.107
2050:Astrobiology Magazine
1695:10.1089/ast.2013.1030
1341:European Space Agency
1287:(21): P7741–4750.E5.
896:Earth sciences portal
814:rare Earth hypothesis
747:
740:Artificial biospheres
733:
672:Methanopyrus kandleri
536:
528:
442:
429:inflationary universe
312:). Vernadsky defined
298:Vladimir I. Vernadsky
256:
37:
25:Ecosphere (planetary)
5916:remnant natural area
5553:storage and recovery
5219:habitat conservation
5037:Deforestation (REDD)
4902:Biomolecular complex
4599:Urban infrastructure
4293:Water heat recycling
4116:Conservation biology
3960:Steady-state economy
3935:Micro-sustainability
3920:Ecological footprint
3877:Planetary boundaries
3523:Environmental health
3508:Environmental design
3503:Ecological economics
3240:Evolutionary history
2938:, freeview video of
2431:(15 December 2014).
1464:10.1093/mnras/stv221
848:terraforming of Mars
511:Stephen Blair Hedges
497:precipitates in the
5870:Earth Overshoot Day
5444:Marine conservation
5425:non-timber products
4700:Earth Summit (1992)
4354:Metrics and indices
4207:Sustainable fishery
4126:Holocene extinction
3945:Product stewardship
3915:Earth Overshoot Day
3692:Environment by year
3682:Research institutes
3596:Energy conservation
3421:Atmospheric science
3177:Natural environment
2887:Scientific American
2873:Scientific American
2543:2014Natur.512..244F
2482:1994PNAS...91.1810S
2376:2013NatGe...6..284G
2197:1995AdSpR..16h.105H
2154:1995AdSpR..16h.119D
1860:10.1038/nature21377
1851:2017Natur.543...60D
1788:2015PNAS..11214518B
1687:2013AsBio..13.1103N
1610:2014NatGe...7...25O
1553:2020NatSR..10.1671T
1293:2023CBio...33E4741C
1240:(1 December 2023).
1142:WebDictionary.co.uk
1023:(1392): 1923–1939.
930:Life-support system
770:BIOS-1, BIOS-2 and
6041:Biological systems
5855:Ecosystem services
4978:Ambient standards
4159:Sustainable energy
4121:Endangered species
4078:Sustainable design
3992:Consumer behaviour
3768:Environment portal
3651:Water purification
2824:2018-08-17 at the
1915:The New York Times
1530:Scientific Reports
1315:on 1 December 2023
1247:The New York Times
1111:The New York Times
1104:(3 October 2013).
975:Winogradsky column
940:Montreal Biosphere
868:Environment portal
750:
737:
613:while much of the
578:has been found at
569:Puerto Rico Trench
545:
531:
445:
263:
241:, and potentially
60:
6018:
6017:
5996:
5995:
5795:
5794:
5474:genetic resources
5410:genetic resources
5045:
5044:
4953:Natural resources
4919:
4918:
4846:Hierarchy of life
4812:
4811:
4738:Earth Summit 2002
4721:Lisbon Principles
4693:Our Common Future
4371:Sustainable yield
4177:Civic agriculture
3930:Green consumption
3867:Global governance
3789:
3788:
3611:Pollution control
3373:
3372:
3351:
3350:
3024:chemical elements
2930:ongoing programme
2850:978-1-4516-0811-3
2742:978-0-387-95289-5
2537:(7514): 244–246.
2363:Nature Geoscience
1751:on 1 October 2018
1597:Nature Geoscience
1223:978-81-8069-719-7
1198:978-3-11-022835-9
1165:Suess, E. (1875)
1076:978-0-13-250882-7
708:Antarctic Circles
576:Rüppell's vulture
529:Rüppell's vulture
499:Nuvvuagittuq Belt
495:hydrothermal vent
479:Western Australia
464:Western Greenland
449:earliest evidence
409:Earth's biosphere
356:Narrow definition
318:interdisciplinary
162:) is virtually a
6053:
6008:
6007:
5959:
5906:Natural heritage
5865:overexploitation
5804:
5538:
5484:herbal medicines
5464:FAO Plant Treaty
5004:
4981:
4966:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4923:
4912:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4816:
4779:
4778:
4767:
4766:
4711:Agenda 21 (1992)
4682:
4647:Natural resource
4534:Organic movement
4509:Impact investing
4228:Hydroelectricity
4202:Sustainable diet
4154:Renewable energy
4149:Carbon footprint
4131:Invasive species
4068:Natural building
4019:World population
3980:Marketing myopia
3940:Over-consumption
3910:Circular economy
3905:Anti-consumerism
3862:Environmentalism
3816:
3809:
3802:
3793:
3777:
3776:
3765:
3753:
3752:
3734:
3733:
3656:Waste management
3646:Urban metabolism
3641:Sewage treatment
3631:Renewable energy
3473:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3377:
3363:
3362:
3235:
3225:
3165:tropical cyclone
3115:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2952:
2892:energy resources
2855:
2854:
2834:
2828:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2681:
2672:(617): 107–114.
2657:
2651:
2650:
2632:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2476:(5): 1810–1813.
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2429:Morelle, Rebecca
2425:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:10.1038/ngeo1773
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2325:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2303:. Archived from
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1984:. Archived from
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1908:(1 March 2017).
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1862:
1836:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1782:(47): 14518–21.
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1747:. Archived from
1745:Associated Press
1726:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1618:10.1038/ngeo2025
1591:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1546:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1447:(4): 3608–3627.
1430:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1311:. Archived from
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1144:. Archived from
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1060:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1008:
1002:
992:
955:Shadow biosphere
898:
893:
892:
891:
884:
879:
878:
877:
870:
865:
864:
826:Milky Way galaxy
726:Annual variation
584:bar-headed geese
551:ice caps to the
290:Matthew F. Maury
240:
234:
221:
184:biophysiological
143:
136:
126:
119:
101:
94:
84:
77:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6050:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6014:
5992:
5957:
5937:
5923:Systems ecology
5889:Natural capital
5791:
5676:
5665:reclaimed water
5527:
5489:UPOV Convention
5337:
5132:
5041:
5015:
5011:Ozone depletion
5002:
4979:
4955:
4950:
4920:
4915:
4856:
4848:
4843:
4813:
4808:
4755:
4680:
4672:
4671:Agreements and
4666:
4603:
4407:Climate finance
4375:
4302:
4258:Reclaimed water
4211:
4163:
4135:
4092:
4046:
4032:Family planning
4013:
3886:
3843:
3825:
3820:
3790:
3785:
3722:
3696:
3660:
3584:
3575:Systems ecology
3474:
3465:
3426:Biogeochemistry
3409:
3404:
3374:
3369:
3347:
3264:
3233:
3214:
3171:
3113:
3093:
3084:Gaia hypothesis
3074:Plate tectonics
3035:
2985:
2979:
2917:
2864:
2862:Further reading
2859:
2858:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2826:Wayback Machine
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2771:
2769:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2687:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2630:10.2307/1313164
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2552:10.1038/512244a
2522:
2521:
2517:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:
2446:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2412:
2410:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2228:"The Biosphere"
2225:
2224:
2220:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1988:on 2 March 2017
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1845:(7643): 60–64.
1834:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1739:. Yonkers, NY:
1728:
1727:
1720:
1681:(12): 1103–24.
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1316:
1280:Current Biology
1272:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1238:Overbye, Dennis
1236:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1010:
1009:
1005:
993:
989:
984:
979:
894:
889:
887:
880:
875:
873:
866:
859:
856:
810:
742:
728:
650:Challenger Deep
523:
460:metasedimentary
437:
416:
411:
358:
310:ecology history
271:Earth's surface
251:
236:
230:
219:
160:spherical shell
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6059:
6057:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6036:Superorganisms
6033:
6023:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5958:(perpetuation)
5953:
5947:
5945:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5911:Nature reserve
5908:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5845:
5835:
5834:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5807:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5782:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5594:
5589:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5544:
5542:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5388:climate change
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5356:Bioprospecting
5353:
5347:
5345:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5333:
5328:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5233:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5142:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5007:
5006:
5001:Clean Air Act
4993:
4988:
4983:
4974:
4972:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4926:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4913:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4819:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4773:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4746:(Rio+20, 2012)
4741:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4697:
4689:
4684:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4492:Infrastructure
4489:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4422:Eco-capitalism
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4339:Sustainability
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4307:Accountability
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3965:Sustainability
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3900:Anthropization
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:Sustainability
3821:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3771:
3759:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3718:Technogaianism
3715:
3713:Sustainability
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3488:
3482:
3480:
3479:Related fields
3476:
3475:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3380:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2923:
2916:
2915:External links
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:global warming
2863:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2829:
2810:
2779:
2748:
2741:
2721:
2696:
2652:
2607:Salisbury FB;
2599:
2566:
2515:
2456:
2420:
2389:
2370:(4): 284–288.
2351:
2317:
2292:
2271:(2): 279–285.
2251:
2226:Staff (2014).
2218:
2185:Adv. Space Res
2175:
2132:
2111:
2078:
2035:
1999:
1966:
1933:
1897:
1822:
1762:
1718:
1656:
1623:
1586:
1537:(1671): 1671.
1515:
1482:
1425:
1392:
1359:
1334:Staff (2020).
1326:
1265:
1229:
1222:
1204:
1197:
1171:
1158:
1129:
1093:
1075:
1052:
1003:
986:
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:
972:
967:
965:Soil biomantle
962:
957:
952:
950:Rare biosphere
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
905:Climate system
901:
900:
899:
885:
882:Ecology portal
871:
855:
852:
809:
806:
805:
804:
794:
787:
768:
741:
738:
727:
724:
677:deep biosphere
646:Mariana Trench
592:mountain goats
542:Galapagos Rift
522:
519:
487:microorganisms
436:
433:
415:
412:
410:
407:
357:
354:
306:Arthur Tansley
294:Earth sciences
286:Charles Darwin
250:
247:
172:photosynthesis
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6058:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6011:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5989:
5988:Non-renewable
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5928:Urban ecology
5926:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:Privatization
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5679:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:Surface water
5653:
5651:
5648:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5157:
5156:peak farmland
5154:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4942:
4940:
4935:
4933:
4928:
4927:
4924:
4911:
4907:
4906:Macromolecule
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4828:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4727:Earth Charter
4725:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4617:Environmental
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4549:Refurbishment
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Organizations
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
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4510:
4507:
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4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Green economy
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:Eco-socialism
4435:
4433:
4432:Eco-investing
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:Disinvestment
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4238:Marine energy
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4192:Cultured meat
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3950:Simple living
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3812:
3810:
3805:
3803:
3798:
3797:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3580:Urban ecology
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3366:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3234:(abiogenesis)
3230:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Earth science
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2882:0-7167-0945-7
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2868:The Biosphere
2866:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2817:Amri Wandel,
2814:
2811:
2798:
2794:
2793:The Telegraph
2790:
2783:
2780:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2722:
2710:
2707:. Ies.or.jp.
2706:
2700:
2697:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2623:(9): 575–85.
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2307:on 2012-08-22
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2252:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:(8): 105–18.
2190:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2017:Science Daily
2013:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1967:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1763:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1483:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1148:on 2011-10-02
1147:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
981:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
897:
886:
883:
872:
869:
863:
858:
853:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:Earth analogs
819:
815:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
788:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
766:
762:
759:
758:
757:
755:
746:
739:
732:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
673:
667:
663:
659:
658:Earth's crust
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
539:
538:Xenophyophore
535:
527:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:
468:microbial mat
465:
461:
457:
454:
450:
441:
434:
432:
430:
425:
421:
413:
406:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
372:
367:
363:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
260:
255:
248:
246:
244:
239:
233:
227:
225:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:living beings
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
142:
135:
131:
128:
125:
118:
114:
111:
110:Ancient Greek
107:
103:
100:
93:
89:
86:
83:
76:
72:
69:
68:Ancient Greek
65:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
6031:Oceanography
5986: /
5860:Exploitation
5745:Conservation
5688:Desalination
5623:
5516:conservation
5367:
5351:Biodiversity
5299:conservation
5146:Agricultural
5074:Fossil fuels
4908: >
4904: >
4900: >
4896: >
4892: >
4888: >
4884: >
4882:Organ system
4880: >
4876: >
4872: >
4868: >
4864: >
4860: >
4857:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4768:
4692:
4457:Construction
4380:Applications
4110:
4098:Biodiversity
3857:Anthropocene
3778:
3766:
3754:
3735:
3636:Road ecology
3589:Applications
3565:Radioecology
3528:epidemiology
3461:Soil science
3456:Oceanography
3340:
3273:Biodiversity
3259:astrobiology
3244:
2981:Elements of
2940:Paul Crutzen
2902:trends, and
2896:solar energy
2885:
2871:
2867:
2839:
2832:
2813:
2803:25 September
2801:. Retrieved
2792:
2782:
2772:25 September
2770:. Retrieved
2761:
2751:
2731:
2724:
2713:. Retrieved
2699:
2688:. Retrieved
2669:
2665:
2655:
2620:
2616:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2579:
2569:
2534:
2528:
2518:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2447:. Retrieved
2436:
2423:
2411:. Retrieved
2392:
2367:
2361:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2309:. Retrieved
2305:the original
2295:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2231:
2221:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2091:
2081:
2055:. Retrieved
2048:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2015:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:the original
1979:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1946:
1936:
1924:. Retrieved
1913:
1906:Zimmer, Carl
1900:
1888:. Retrieved
1842:
1838:
1825:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1753:. Retrieved
1749:the original
1734:
1678:
1674:Astrobiology
1672:
1665:Noffke, Nora
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1636:
1626:
1604:(1): 25–28.
1601:
1595:
1589:
1534:
1528:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1497:Live Science
1495:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1444:
1438:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1405:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1372:
1362:
1350:. Retrieved
1339:
1329:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1284:
1278:
1268:
1256:. Retrieved
1245:
1232:
1213:
1207:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1150:. Retrieved
1146:the original
1141:
1132:
1120:. Retrieved
1109:
1102:Zimmer, Carl
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1065:
1020:
1016:
1006:
998:
990:
970:Wardian case
845:
838:
811:
784:Soviet Union
751:
685:
670:
619:
607:inside rocks
596:
573:
557:microbiology
546:
491:microfossils
446:
420:living cells
417:
394:
392:
381:
375:
369:
359:
346:geochemistry
334:biogeography
279:
267:Eduard Suess
264:
228:
176:solar energy
140:
137:
130:
123:
120:
113:
105:
98:
95:
88:
81:
78:
71:
63:
61:
5979:Nationalism
5951:Common-pool
5592:Hydrosphere
5585:remediation
5570:Groundwater
5165:Degradation
4910:Biomolecule
4870:Biocoenosis
4673:conferences
4544:Procurement
4487:Development
4387:Advertising
4349:Measurement
4283:Tidal power
4278:Small hydro
4243:Micro hydro
4106:Biosecurity
4058:Appropriate
3987:Sustainable
3970:Advertising
3892:Consumption
3882:Development
3780:WikiProject
3626:Remediation
3441:Geosciences
3414:Main fields
3324:Prokaryotes
3112:Atmosphere
3107:Meteorology
2926:GLOBIO.info
2906:(including
2894:(including
2609:Gitelson JI
2449:15 December
2403:LiveScience
2334:LiveScience
2244:10 November
2028:10 November
1890:19 February
1649:15 November
1352:January 17,
995:"Biosphere"
925:Homeostasis
915:Thomas Gold
834:abiogenesis
776:Krasnoyarsk
761:Biosphere 2
611:world ocean
603:hot springs
483:biotic life
462:rocks from
395:biospherics
377:hydrosphere
330:meteorology
232:Biosphere 2
204:hydrosphere
196:lithosphere
40:false color
6025:Categories
5974:Extraction
5933:Wilderness
5894:accounting
5877:Management
5843:ecological
5831:tragedy of
5750:Peak water
5735:Efficiency
5708:Sanitation
5650:Stormwater
5643:harvesting
5619:Irrigation
5521:management
5479:gene banks
5420:management
5398:management
5314:resilience
5280:phosphorus
5236:industrial
5214:Management
5190:soundscape
5096:Geothermal
4874:Population
4564:Sanitation
4519:Livelihood
4442:Ecovillage
4427:Eco-cities
4344:Accounting
4253:Pico hydro
4233:Hydropower
4051:Technology
3849:Principles
3743:scientists
3205:Wilderness
3058:geological
2900:population
2715:2011-11-08
2690:2009-11-14
2617:BioScience
2311:2012-12-18
2093:BBC Online
1544:1911.08092
1508:1 December
1475:1 December
1418:1 December
1385:1 December
1319:1 December
1258:1 December
1152:2010-11-12
1087:2008-09-14
982:References
910:Cryosphere
830:TRAPPIST-1
681:Antarctica
642:Barophilic
630:prokaryote
383:atmosphere
326:geophysics
282:geological
224:biogenesis
220:non-living
216:biopoiesis
208:atmosphere
200:cryosphere
188:ecological
174:capturing
148:ecosystems
108:(from
66:(from
6046:Biosphere
5984:Renewable
5969:Depletion
5956:Conflict
5838:Economics
5816:enclosure
5775:Resources
5755:Pollution
5672:Watershed
5575:pollution
5506:Seed bank
5501:Rangeland
5383:Fisheries
5368:Biosphere
5361:biopiracy
5304:fertility
5180:cityscape
5175:Landscape
5082:peak coal
5069:Resources
5020:Emissions
4898:Organelle
4866:Ecosystem
4858:Biosphere
4657:Recycling
4652:Planetary
4642:Materials
4637:Landscape
4622:Fisheries
4589:Transport
4514:Landscape
4497:Marketing
4472:Gardening
4412:Community
4359:Reporting
4223:Footprint
4111:Biosphere
3621:Recycling
3491:Chemistry
3451:Limnology
3446:Hydrology
3283:Eukaryota
3250:Hierarchy
3245:Biosphere
3210:Wildfires
3200:Radiation
3190:Ecosystem
3130:Moonlight
3064:Structure
3019:particles
2762:Space.com
2592:21 August
1755:8 October
1454:1412.6230
1122:3 October
945:Noosphere
818:microbial
580:altitudes
561:microbial
475:sandstone
388:ecosphere
371:geosphere
350:hydrology
338:evolution
322:astronomy
304:" by Sir
302:ecosystem
180:terawatts
106:ecosphere
64:biosphere
46:Project,
6010:Category
5943:Resource
5882:adaptive
5780:improved
5740:Conflict
5725:Security
5720:Scarcity
5713:improved
5703:Leaching
5580:recharge
5560:Drinking
5511:Wildlife
5378:Bushmeat
5373:Bushfood
5326:planning
5231:gemstone
5226:Minerals
5207:property
5195:viewshed
5185:seascape
5116:sunlight
5090:peak oil
5086:peak gas
4878:Organism
4770:Category
4569:Sourcing
4504:Greening
4397:Business
4273:Security
4268:Scarcity
3737:Category
3701:See also
3687:Glossary
3677:Journals
3365:Category
3334:bacteria
3317:protista
3278:Organism
3145:Sunlight
2991:Universe
2822:Archived
2797:Archived
2766:Archived
2709:Archived
2684:Archived
2647:11540303
2586:Archived
2561:25143097
2510:11607462
2443:Archived
2438:BBC News
2413:17 March
2407:Archived
2344:17 March
2338:Archived
2238:Archived
2213:11542695
2170:11542696
2104:11 March
2098:Archived
2067:cite web
2057:11 March
2022:Archived
1953:Archived
1948:BBC News
1920:Archived
1881:Archived
1869:28252057
1816:26483481
1713:24205812
1643:Archived
1581:32015390
1502:Archived
1469:Archived
1412:Archived
1379:Archived
1346:Archived
1309:37827153
1252:Archived
1116:Archived
1081:Archived
1047:10670014
854:See also
700:latitude
615:deep sea
515:universe
456:graphite
453:biogenic
414:Overview
277:dwells.
56:ORBIMAGE
5811:Commons
5800:Related
5765:Quality
5681:Aspects
5607:glacial
5548:Aquifer
5454:Pasture
5405:Forests
5331:reserve
5106:Nuclear
5076: (
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5027:Airshed
4803:Degrees
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4789:Science
4584:Tourism
4477:Geopark
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4462:Fashion
4037:Control
3925:Ethical
3834:Outline
3756:Commons
3672:Degrees
3560:Physics
3555:Geodesy
3486:Biology
3431:Ecology
3342:Viruses
3329:archaea
3305:animals
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3185:Ecology
3160:tornado
3120:Climate
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780:Siberia
765:Arizona
720:equator
565:biomass
553:equator
471:fossils
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362:biomass
342:geology
314:ecology
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212:evolved
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5821:global
5785:policy
5730:Supply
5693:Floods
5660:Sewage
5633:Marine
5625:huerta
5459:Plants
5449:Meadow
5309:health
5287:rights
5275:copper
5253:mining
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4991:Indoor
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4752:(2015)
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