Biotechnology - Knowledge (XXG)

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crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).

2284:. There are differences in the regulation of GMOs between countries, with some of the most marked differences occurring between the US and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety. The European Union differentiates between approval for cultivation within the EU and approval for import and processing. While only a few GMOs have been approved for cultivation in the EU a number of GMOs have been approved for import and processing. The cultivation of GMOs has triggered a debate about the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops. Depending on the coexistence regulations, incentives for the cultivation of GM crops differ. 1064: 4379:

of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants – mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape – without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).

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GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.

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research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.

40: 2309: 6237: 6736: 849: 1007:, for example), forecasted, formulated, developed, manufactured, and marketed for the purpose of sustainable operations (for the return from bottomless initial investment on R & D) and gaining durable patents rights (for exclusives rights for sales, and prior to this to receive national and international approval from the results on animal experiment and human experiment, especially on the 836: 6748: 136: 1722: 1565:. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate. It is commonly considered as the next phase of green revolution, which can be seen as a platform to eradicate world hunger by using technologies which enable the production of more fertile and resistant, towards 1779: 1094:. Through early biotechnology, the earliest farmers selected and bred the best-suited crops (e.g., those with the highest yields) to produce enough food to support a growing population. As crops and fields became increasingly large and difficult to maintain, it was discovered that specific organisms and their by-products could effectively 4632:. Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date. 1650:. It has also been used to refer to biotechnology applied to insects. This includes biotechnology-based approaches for the control of harmful insects, the characterisation and utilisation of active ingredients or genes of insects for research, or application in agriculture and medicine and various other approaches. 4927:

GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have

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Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far

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The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years

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Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views

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that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.

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Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research Council, the American Association for the

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In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of

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The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process

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Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Between 1996 and 2011, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM crops had increased by a factor of 94, from 17,000 to 1,600,000 square kilometers (4,200,000 to 395,400,000 acres). 10% of the world's crop lands were planted with GM crops in 2010. As

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usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly increase its supply of corn and soybeans—the main inputs into biofuels—by developing genetically modified seeds that resist pests and drought. By

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Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM

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Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the

2002:. These have been engineered for resistance to pathogens and herbicides and better nutrient profiles. GM livestock have also been experimentally developed; in November 2013 none were available on the market, but in 2015 the FDA approved the first GM salmon for commercial production and consumption. 5032:

The Royal Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially

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The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent

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is to clean up an oil spill or hazard chemical leak) versus the adverse effects stemming from biotechnological enterprises (e.g., flow of genetic material from transgenic organisms into wild strains) can be seen as applications and implications, respectively. Cleaning up environmental wastes is an

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For thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve the production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with

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There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered

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Aldridge, S. (2009). The four colours of biotechnology: the biotechnology sector is occasionally described as a rainbow, with each sub sector having its own colour. But what do the different colours of biotechnology have to offer the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmaceutical Technology Europe, (1).

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The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage

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When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the

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We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly

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On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that

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are engineered to have higher nutritional content, and there is potential for food products with longer shelf lives. Though not a form of agricultural biotechnology, vaccines can help prevent diseases found in animal agriculture. Additionally, agricultural biotechnology can expedite breeding

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GM crops also provide a number of ecological benefits, if not used in excess. Insect-resistant crops have proven to lower pesticide usage, therefore reducing the environmental impact of pesticides as a whole. However, opponents have objected to GM crops per se on several grounds, including

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Advancement of Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs.

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that enhance the diversity of applications and economical viability of industrial biotechnology. By using renewable raw materials to produce a variety of chemicals and fuels, industrial biotechnology is actively advancing towards lowering greenhouse gas emissions and moving away from a

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that does not occur naturally in the species. Biotechnology firms can contribute to future food security by improving the nutrition and viability of urban agriculture. Furthermore, the protection of intellectual property rights encourages private sector investment in agrobiotechnology.

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In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently

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Biotechnology is a rapidly evolving field with significant potential to address pressing global challenges and improve the quality of life for people around the world; however, despite its numerous benefits, it also poses ethical and societal challenges, such as questions around

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Squassina A, Manchia M, Manolopoulos VG, Artac M, Lappa-Manakou C, Karkabouna S, Mitropoulos K, Del Zompo M, Patrinos GP (August 2010). "Realities and expectations of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine: impact of translating genetic knowledge into clinical practice".

1254:(Stanford) significantly advanced the new technology in 1972 by transferring genetic material into a bacterium, such that the imported material would be reproduced. The commercial viability of a biotechnology industry was significantly expanded on June 16, 1980, when the 2331:) (NIGMS) instituted a funding mechanism for biotechnology training. Universities nationwide compete for these funds to establish Biotechnology Training Programs (BTPs). Each successful application is generally funded for five years then must be competitively renewed. 3273:

Siam, R. (2009). Biotechnology Research and Development in Academia: providing the foundation for Egypt's Biotechnology spectrum of colors. Sixteenth Annual American University in Cairo Research Conference, American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt. BMC Proceedings,

1877:, genes, or proteins. Most of the time, testing is used to find changes that are associated with inherited disorders. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or passing on a 1522:, and can be defined as, "conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale". Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas, such as 1172:'s work and life, animal and plant scientists had already used selective breeding. Darwin added to that body of work with his scientific observations about the ability of science to change species. These accounts contributed to Darwin's theory of natural selection. 5033:

available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit.

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is considered one of the essential cornerstones in industrial biotechnology due to its financial and sustainable contribution to the manufacturing sector. Jointly biotechnology and synthetic biology play a crucial role in generating cost-effective products with

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crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects.

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Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM

1516:(or "gold biotechnology") is an interdisciplinary field that addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization as well as analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as 2296:(European GMO Initiative for a Unified Database System) database is intended to help companies, interested private users and competent authorities to find precise information on the presence, detection and identification of GMOs used in the 1537:

Blue biotechnology is based on the exploitation of sea resources to create products and industrial applications. This branch of biotechnology is the most used for the industries of refining and combustion principally on the production of

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environmental concerns, whether food produced from GM crops is safe, whether GM crops are needed to address the world's food needs, and economic concerns raised by the fact these organisms are subject to intellectual property law.

1573:, plants and ensures application of environmentally friendly fertilizers and the use of biopesticides, it is mainly focused on the development of agriculture. On the other hand, some of the uses of green biotechnology involve 1030:

and natural sciences to tissues, cells, and molecules. This can be considered as the use of knowledge from working with and manipulating biology to achieve a result that can improve functions in plants and animals. Relatedly,

85:, which allows scientists to modify the genetic makeup of organisms to achieve desired outcomes. This can involve inserting genes from one organism into another, and consequently, create new traits or modifying existing ones. 1809:. Modern biotechnology can be used to manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. The first genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human diseases. To cite one example, in 1978 6118:(2011). "Coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-modified (non GM) crops: Are the two main property rights regimes equivalent with respect to the coexistence value?". In Carter C, Moschini G, Sheldon I (eds.). 4928:

been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.

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I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another

99:, genetically modified crops, and innovative materials. It has also been used to address environmental challenges, such as developing biodegradable plastics and using microorganisms to clean up contaminated sites. 5289: 1289:) capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills. (Chakrabarty's work did not involve gene manipulation but rather the transfer of entire organelles between strains of the 1831:

animals (cattle or pigs). The genetically engineered bacteria are able to produce large quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost. Biotechnology has also enabled emerging therapeutics like

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A factor influencing the biotechnology sector's success is improved intellectual property rights legislation—and enforcement—worldwide, as well as strengthened demand for medical and pharmaceutical products.

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in 1919 to refer to the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms. The core principle of biotechnology involves harnessing biological systems and organisms, such as bacteria,

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National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016).

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to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods.

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Wu, Meng-Ying; Sung, Li-Yu; Li, Hung; Huang, Chun-Hung; Hu, Yu-Chen (December 15, 2017). "Combining CRISPR and CRISPRi Systems for Metabolic Engineering of E. coli and 1,4-BDO Biosynthesis".

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Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non-food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g.,

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Santomartino R, Averesch NJ, Bhuiyan M, Cockell CS, Colangelo J, Gumulya Y, Lehner B, Lopez-Ayala I, McMahon S, Mohanty A, Santa Maria SR, Urbaniak C, Volger R, Yang J, Zea L (March 2023).

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to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional

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clearly fit the broad definition of "utilizing a biotechnological system to make products". Indeed, the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise.

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The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.

1966:. These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a food's genetic structure than previously afforded by methods such as 1873:

tests for the possible presence of genetic diseases, or mutant forms of genes associated with increased risk of developing genetic disorders. Genetic testing identifies changes in

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and as our scientific knowledge of normal and disease biology has increased, our ability to develop new medicines to treat previously untreatable diseases has increased as well.

2230:. The environment can be affected by biotechnologies, both positively and adversely. Vallero and others have argued that the difference between beneficial biotechnology (e.g., 88:

Other important techniques used in biotechnology include tissue culture, which allows researchers to grow cells and tissues in the lab for research and medical purposes, and

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Kumar, Pankaj; Kumar, Arun; Dhiman, Karuna; Srivastava, Dinesh Kumar (2021), "Recent Progress in Cereals Biofortification to Alleviate Malnutrition in India: An Overview",

937:, biotechnology is the integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services. Biotechnology is based on the 3209:

VoIP Providers And Corn Farmers Can Expect To Have Bumper Years In 2008 And Beyond, According To The Latest Research Released By Business Information Analysts At IBISWorld

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in turn compete for acceptance into a BTP; if accepted, then stipend, tuition and health insurance support are provided for two or three years during the course of their

5293: 4910: 5050: 5571: 1881:. As of 2011 several hundred genetic tests were in use. Since genetic testing may open up ethical or psychological problems, genetic testing is often accompanied by 5552: 2324: 1916:

Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, stressful environmental conditions, resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a

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The field of modern biotechnology is generally thought of as having been born in 1971 when Paul Berg's (Stanford) experiments in gene splicing had early success.

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is generally thought of as a related field that more heavily emphasizes higher systems approaches (not necessarily the altering or using of biological materials

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it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.

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Panchin, Alexander Y.; Tuzhikov, Alexander I. (January 14, 2016). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons".

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of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.

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thesis work. Nineteen institutions offer NIGMS supported BTPs. Biotechnology training is also offered at the undergraduate level and in community colleges.

4782: 3108: 4362:"State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops" 3225: 2647: 5470:

Sairam, R. V.; Prakash, C. S. (July 2005). "OBPC Symposium: maize 2004 & beyond—Can agricultural biotechnology contribute to global food security?".

2906: 1106:. Throughout the history of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and 880: 3646: 5326: 3999: 3915: 3746: 7480: 6842: 4297: 4110: 3312: 1743:) is the technology that analyses how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs. Researchers in the field investigate the influence of 1063: 172: 1936:

of 2011, 11 different transgenic crops were grown commercially on 395 million acres (160 million hectares) in 29 countries such as the US,

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Biotechnologie der Fleisch-, Fett-, und Milcherzeugung im landwirtschaftlichen Grossbetriebe: für naturwissenschaftlich gebildete Landwirte verfasst

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branch of biotechnology to prevent any undetected side-effects or safety concerns by using the products). The utilization of biological processes,

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B) that affect the biosynthesis pathway of 1,4-butanediol. Consequently, the yield of 1,4-butanediol significantly increased from 0.9 to 1.8 g/L.

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Microbial biotechnology has been proposed for the rapidly emerging area of biotechnology applications in space and microgravity (space bioeconomy)

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Industrial biotechnology (known mainly in Europe as white biotechnology) is the application of biotechnology for industrial purposes, including

6402: 4201:, Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July 2003). Chairman Professor Sir David King, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Government, P 9 4818: 3208: 7475: 6837: 5946: 5530: 4863: 4733: 4140: 3724: 2823: 2796: 2728: 2683: 2464: 1337: 111:. As a result, there is ongoing debate and regulation surrounding the use and application of biotechnology in various industries and fields. 5126: 7279: 4686: 3742:

U.S. Department of State International Information Programs, "Frequently Asked Questions About Biotechnology", USIS Online; available from

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Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via

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Gaskell G, Bauer MW, Durant J, Allum NC (July 1999). "Worlds apart? The reception of genetically modified foods in Europe and the U.S.".

6847: 781: 3879: 2866: 2701: 3419: 2547: 1948:, Canada, China, Paraguay, Pakistan, South Africa, Uruguay, Bolivia, Australia, Philippines, Myanmar, Burkina Faso, Mexico and Spain. 1921: 1435: 2447:

Gupta, Varsha; Sengupta, Manjistha; Prakash, Jaya; Tripathy, Baishnab Charan (October 23, 2016). "An Introduction to Biotechnology".

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What is Biotechnology? – A curated collection of resources about the people, places and technologies that have enabled biotechnology

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Environmental biotechnology includes various disciplines that play an essential role in reducing environmental waste and providing

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Edgar, J.D. (2004). The Colours of Biotechnology: Science, Development and Humankind. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, (3), 01

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These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.

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It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA

4906: 2146:, which is used in fiber manufacturing. In order to produce 1,4-butanediol, the authors alter the metabolic regulation of the 905:

of animals, cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and

6716: 1752: 873: 31: 5046: 5004: 4720:. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union. 4488: 2403: 95:

The applications of biotechnology are diverse and have led to the development of essential products like life-saving drugs,

5575: 6560: 6327: 4877: 2374: 2328: 2063: 1920:), reduction of spoilage, or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include production of 6122:. Frontiers of Economics and Globalization Series. Vol. 10. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 201–224. 5192: 3061: 7000: 6779: 3400: 108: 39: 4194: 3106:

Bergveld, P. (January 1970). "Development of an Ion-Sensitive Solid-State Device for Neurophysiological Measurements".

1763:. The purpose of pharmacogenomics is to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' 1592:, regenerative therapies, creation of artificial organs and new diagnostics of diseases. As well as the development of 1415:(REFET), enzyme-modified FET (ENFET) and immunologically modified FET (IMFET). By the early 2000s, BioFETs such as the 6971: 6550: 6186: 5025:

environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis.

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of arid regions, which is related to the innovation, creation of agriculture techniques and management of resources.

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processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of

6407: 6141: 5290:"The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics" 2612: 2277: 1893: 1193: 1048: 4038: 6806: 6221: 4019: 3600:

Becquemont L (June 2009). "Pharmacogenomics of adverse drug reactions: practical applications and perspectives".

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Origin and History of Beer and Brewing: From Prehistoric Times to the Beginning of Brewing Science and Technology

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and biowarfare which uses microorganisms, and toxins to cause diseases and death in humans, livestock and crops.

6752: 6577: 6256: 6216: 2643: 2219: 2108: 2075: 2055: 1706:). In 2021, nearly 40% of the total company value of pharmaceutical biotech companies worldwide were active in 1454: 1276: 1150: 1075: 980: 776: 3635: 925:

as the application of biological organisms, systems, or processes by various industries to learning about the

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Haslberger, Alexander G. (2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects".

3743: 1861:, and can also be used to determine a child's parentage (genetic mother and father) or in general a person's 6772: 6473: 6251: 4990: 3922: 2874: 2039: 1498:. Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities ( 1000: 4107: 3309: 2126:

Another example of synthetic biology applications in industrial biotechnology is the re-engineering of the

1026:) for interfacing with and utilizing living things. Bioengineering is the application of the principles of 7501: 7089: 6740: 6645: 6630: 6458: 6352: 6332: 6179: 6099:, Kalaitzandonakes N (2011). "Present and Future EU GMO policy". In Oskam A, Meesters G, Silvis H (eds.). 2320: 2113: 2078:

features by using bio-based production instead of fossil-based. Synthetic biology can be used to engineer

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or loss of containment of a harmful microbe are examples of environmental implications of biotechnology.

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The regulation of genetic engineering concerns approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the

2120: 1772: 1518: 1460: 1165:'s work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form. 926: 462: 437: 417: 254: 234: 78: 5713:"Distributing a metabolic pathway among a microbial consortium enhances production of natural products" 4680:"AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers"" 4212: 1509:

A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology, for example:

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in the grains broke down into alcohols, such as ethanol. Later, other cultures produced the process of

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useful products in sectors such as chemicals, food and feed, detergents, paper and pulp, textiles and

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or systems to produce products that are anticipated to improve human lives is termed biotechnology.

7309: 7179: 6863: 6555: 6538: 6518: 6498: 4814: 3084: 2273: 2139: 2135: 1963: 1905: 1775:"; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. 1695: 1527: 1523: 1472: 1361: 1259: 1052: 894: 819: 809: 597: 467: 161: 82: 55: 1243:. In 1940, penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans. 7470: 7424: 7404: 7389: 7214: 7209: 7023: 6832: 6827: 6795: 6565: 6311: 6048: 6040: 6010: 5536: 5495: 5452: 5321: 5184: 5130: 4965: 4679: 4572: 4520: 4328: 4089: 3780: 2995: 2933: 2269: 1987: 1967: 1882: 1682: 1653:

Gray biotechnology is dedicated to environmental applications, and focused on the maintenance of

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and the improvement of the value of materials and organisms, such as pharmaceuticals, crops, and

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Biotechnology had a significant impact on many areas of society, from medicine to agriculture to

4648: 3969:"Research and adoption of biotechnology strategies could improve California fruit and nut crops" 3247: 2954:; Lyons, Champ (1962). "Electrode Systems for Continuous Monitoring in Cardiovascular Surgery". 5263: 4361: 2428:. National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health. December 15, 2023 2425: 2276:

technology, and the development and release of genetically modified organisms (GMO), including

2030:

has been considered as a promising method to combat malnutrition in India and other countries.

7409: 7289: 7144: 6885: 6690: 6685: 6640: 6463: 6337: 6029: 6002: 5942: 5934: 5917: 5899: 5852: 5834: 5793: 5785: 5750: 5732: 5693: 5675: 5636: 5618: 5526: 5487: 5444: 5426: 5387: 5369: 5176: 5107: 4957: 4869: 4859: 4783:"Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" 4729: 4619: 4564: 4556: 4480: 4422: 4320: 4136: 4081: 3772: 3720: 3689: 3617: 3582: 3475: 3379: 3184: 3176: 3121: 3053: 2987: 2979: 2925: 2819: 2792: 2734: 2724: 2679: 2529: 2511: 2460: 2332: 2240: 2127: 2070: 2022:

processes in order to yield faster results and provide greater quantities of food. Transgenic

1982:

delayed ripening tomato. To date most genetic modification of foods have primarily focused on

1971: 1854: 1671:

Violet biotechnology is related to law, ethical and philosophical issues around biotechnology.

1434:

Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the

1369: 1301: 1232: 1218: 1099: 945: 814: 697: 577: 432: 267: 205: 58:

in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.

4815:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion" 4213:"Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995" 3802: 3716: 3709: 3416: 1561:, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides. An example of this would be 7134: 6620: 6587: 6342: 6021: 5994: 5907: 5891: 5842: 5824: 5777: 5740: 5724: 5683: 5667: 5626: 5610: 5518: 5479: 5434: 5418: 5377: 5361: 5168: 5097: 5089: 4949: 4891:

Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops:

4851: 4721: 4611: 4548: 4512: 4472: 4412: 4404: 4312: 4071: 3980: 3764: 3681: 3609: 3572: 3564: 3465: 3457: 3438:"Toward sustainable space exploration: a roadmap for harnessing the power of microorganisms" 3369: 3361: 3168: 3113: 3045: 2971: 2915: 2698: 2669: 2519: 2503: 2470: 2452: 2364: 2102: 2084: 2023: 1991: 1878: 1823: 1806: 1732: 1699: 1605: 1562: 1550: 1546: 1280: 992: 971: 906: 853: 422: 263: 7419: 7384: 6453: 6448: 6438: 5559: 5154:"Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States" 4894:

implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.

4594:

Yang, Y.T.; Chen, B. (2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health".

4198: 4114: 4045: 4026: 4006: 3954: 3886: 3824: 3750: 3423: 3404: 3316: 3259: 3254: 3145: 2846: 2705: 2651: 2631: 1999: 1909: 1847: 1748: 1703: 1404: 1309: 1187:

first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing

707: 672: 51: 1611:

White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to

66: 5887: 5572:"Industrial biotechnology, A powerful, innovative technology to mitigate climate change" 4607: 4582:

data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

4468: 3968: 3470: 3453: 3437: 3164: 3041: 2967: 7274: 7084: 6625: 6602: 6508: 6503: 6443: 6428: 6392: 6277: 5912: 5871: 5847: 5812: 5745: 5712: 5688: 5655: 5631: 5598: 5439: 5406: 5382: 5349: 5102: 5077: 4417: 4392: 4129: 3577: 3552: 3374: 3349: 2975: 2588: 2524: 2491: 2475: 2297: 2231: 2227: 2195: 2151: 2143: 2089: 2079: 2043: 1929: 1799: 1725: 1665: 1581: 1570: 1513: 1499: 1236: 1203: 1184: 1169: 1158: 1107: 1019: 1008: 988: 938: 914: 840: 562: 374: 6236: 5959: 2754: 7495: 7354: 7249: 7139: 7109: 6523: 6478: 6387: 6074: 5540: 5456: 4076: 4059: 3079: 3049: 3018: 2167: 2159: 2093: 2047: 1631: 1612: 1574: 1566: 1479: 1464: 1341: 1262: 1247: 1228: 1162: 902: 642: 537: 427: 399: 17: 5872:"Plastics: Environmental and Biotechnological Perspectives on Microbial Degradation" 5499: 5209: 4649:"Statement by the AAAS Board of Directors On Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods" 4576: 4524: 4093: 3784: 2999: 2937: 1227:. His work led to the purification of the antibiotic compound formed by the mold by 968:) and conversely provides methods to support and perform basic research in biology. 92:, which is used to produce a wide range of products such as beer, wine, and cheese. 7399: 7379: 7344: 7339: 7329: 7324: 7304: 7284: 7194: 7164: 7124: 7104: 7094: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 6675: 6660: 6572: 6513: 6412: 6382: 6291: 6025: 6014: 4969: 4850:. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. 4779:– via International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. 4332: 3947: 2951: 1833: 1736: 1715: 1678: 1654: 1647: 1639: 1180: 1146: 1004: 965: 953: 949: 910: 687: 667: 632: 627: 617: 612: 592: 572: 482: 452: 412: 394: 384: 364: 359: 354: 349: 249: 89: 5671: 5422: 5365: 5188: 5093: 4997: 4552: 4449: 2397: 2112:

in a consortium could be used as industrial microbes to produce precursors of the

5998: 5711:

Zhou, Kang; Qiao, Kangjian; Edgar, Steven; Stephanopoulos, Gregory (April 2015).

5522: 4476: 4316: 4298:"An overview of the last 10 years of genetically engineered crop safety research" 4296:

Nicolia, Alessandro; Manzo, Alberto; Veronesi, Fabio; Rosellini, Daniele (2013).

2813: 2674: 2644:"Biotechnology policies" – Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 2017:

Biotechnology has several applications in the realm of food security. Crops like

7449: 7444: 7414: 7369: 7314: 7254: 7239: 7234: 7199: 7159: 7049: 7039: 7034: 6665: 6655: 6650: 4408: 2456: 2018: 1897: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1798:

Biotechnology has contributed to the discovery and manufacturing of traditional

1495: 1357: 1305: 1285: 1223: 1211: 1188: 1118: 1087: 1081: 1027: 737: 732: 702: 657: 602: 542: 527: 522: 487: 447: 339: 329: 324: 244: 190: 5960:"Debate on robot trees looks to clear the air: What are other countries doing?" 5153: 4503:

Krimsky, Sheldon (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment".

3857:. EuroGentest Network of Excellence Project. September 11, 2008. Archived from 3461: 3022: 2356: 1090:

has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the

835: 7434: 7429: 7374: 7359: 7299: 7264: 7259: 7229: 7189: 7169: 7099: 7079: 6592: 6545: 6468: 6377: 5781: 4845: 4218:. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications. 4039:

GM microbe breakthrough paves way for large-scale seaweed farming for biofuels

3755:

Feldbaum C (February 2002). "Biotechnology. Some history should be repeated".

3365: 3146:"Recent advances in biologically sensitive field-effect transistors (BioFETs)" 3117: 2920: 2901: 2507: 2116: 1979: 1869:

to the level of individual genes, genetic testing in a broader sense includes

1635: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1531: 1400: 1365: 1345: 1329: 1240: 984: 957: 722: 717: 662: 647: 587: 552: 547: 517: 477: 457: 389: 369: 229: 224: 5903: 5838: 5789: 5736: 5679: 5656:"Synthetic Biology Tools to Engineer Microbial Communities for Biotechnology" 5622: 5491: 5430: 5373: 5172: 4636:

more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.

4560: 4516: 4450:"A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" 3948:

Herbicide tolerant soybeans: Why growers are adopting Roundup Ready varieties

3397: 3180: 3057: 2983: 2929: 2515: 1836:. The application of biotechnology to basic science (for example through the 7349: 7334: 7319: 7269: 7244: 6980: 6976: 6934: 6913: 6822: 6764: 6103:(2nd ed.). Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 23–332. 4191: 3768: 2738: 2369: 2247: 2223: 1983: 1941: 1917: 1810: 1791: 1778: 1711: 1584:

industries, and health preservation. This branch involves the production of

1558: 1373: 1325: 1313: 1207: 1179:

In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of

1154: 1103: 1095: 1080:

Although not normally what first comes to mind, many forms of human-derived

1039:(by various definitions), especially in certain sub-fields of biomedical or 930: 762: 637: 622: 607: 557: 532: 287: 239: 200: 195: 6033: 6006: 5921: 5856: 5797: 5754: 5697: 5640: 5448: 5405:

Tyczewska, Agata; Twardowski, Tomasz; Woźniak-Gientka, Ewa (January 2023).

5391: 5180: 5111: 4961: 4873: 4623: 4568: 4484: 4426: 4324: 4085: 3776: 3711:

Genetic Engineering For Almost Everybody: What Does It Do? What Will It Do?

3693: 3621: 3586: 3479: 3383: 3188: 2991: 2533: 1534:, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector. 6037:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace 5829: 5350:"Farm income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996–2015" 3985: 3125: 7439: 7364: 7294: 7224: 7219: 7044: 6930: 6899: 6695: 6597: 5895: 4654:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 20, 2012. 2293: 2062:. In the current decades, significant progress has been done in creating 1955: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1828: 1783: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1744: 1740: 1707: 1694:

In medicine, modern biotechnology has many applications in areas such as

1620: 1593: 1491: 1381: 1353: 1012: 961: 898: 727: 652: 582: 512: 507: 334: 303: 282: 5614: 5599:"Developing synthetic biology for industrial biotechnology applications" 4953: 4163:"ISAAA Brief 43, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011" 3328:

Biotech: true colours. (2009). TCE: The Chemical Engineer, (816), 26–31.

2123:

in a co-culture approach to exploit the benefits from the two microbes.

1782:

Computer-generated image of insulin hexamers highlighting the threefold

1721: 1664:. One application is the creation of enhanced seeds that resist extreme 893:

The concept of biotechnology encompasses a wide range of procedures for

74:, and plants, to perform specific tasks or produce valuable substances. 7454: 7184: 7054: 6950: 6892: 6635: 6528: 6306: 6301: 5870:

Danso, Dominik; Chow, Jennifer; Streit, Wolfgang R. (October 1, 2019).

5483: 3916:"Drought Tolerant GMO Maize in Africa, Anticipating Regulatory Hurdles" 2250:, which use biotechnology to filter pollutants from urban atmospheres. 2097: 2059: 1975: 1925: 1841: 1818: 1814: 1643: 1585: 1539: 1468: 1443:

increasing farm productivity, biotechnology boosts biofuel production.

1439: 1385: 1333: 1321: 1317: 1217:

Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics. In 1928,

1199: 1134: 1067: 996: 941: 742: 472: 344: 291: 277: 135: 127: 96: 6992: 6166: 4615: 3855:

Definitions of Genetic Testing (Jorge Sequeiros and Bárbara Guimarães)

3685: 3613: 3080:"40 years of ISFET technology:From neuronal sensing to DNA sequencing" 2092:

tools to enhance their ability to produce bio-based products, such as

1320:

were later developed, and they have since been widely used to measure

1161:. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until 27:

Use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products

7119: 6906: 6680: 6272: 5728: 3172: 2051: 2027: 1995: 1937: 1661: 1616: 1478:

For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of

1297: 1266: 1138: 407: 299: 3568: 2900:

Park, Jeho; Nguyen, Hoang Hiep; Woubit, Abdela; Kim, Moonil (2014).

1974:. Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when 1300:(metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor) was invented by 5813:"Biotechnology in environmental monitoring and pollution abatement" 4998:"Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement" 4855: 1660:

Brown biotechnology is related to the management of arid lands and

991:

for exploration, extraction, exploitation, and production from any

6582: 4725: 4393:"Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security" 2307: 1945: 1777: 1720: 1412: 1399:

By the mid-1980s, other BioFETs had been developed, including the

1377: 1142: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1110:

them with other plants — one of the first forms of biotechnology.

1062: 970: 295: 71: 38: 1580:

Red biotechnology is the use of biotechnology in the medical and

1141:) convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific 6296: 6171: 3222:"The Recession List - Top 10 Industries to Fly and Flop in 2008" 1787: 1557:. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a 1487: 1483: 1114: 1003:

where high value-added products could be planned (reproduced by

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Schöning, Michael J.; Poghossian, Arshak (September 10, 2002).

2902:"Applications of Field-Effect Transistor (FET)–Type Biosensors" 2867:"1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated" 1183:

and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917,

6286: 6282: 5811:

Pakshirajan, Kannan; Rene, Eldon R.; Ramesh, Aiyagari (2014).

5654:

McCarty, Nicholas S.; Ledesma-Amaro, Rodrigo (February 2019).

5127:"Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe" 4711:

European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010).

2336: 1959: 1908:

techniques. In most cases, the main aim is to introduce a new

1901: 1349: 50:

is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of

6722:

List of largest biomedical companies by market capitalization

3557:

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine

2871:

The Silicon Engine: A Timeline of Semiconductors in Computers

1728:

chip – some can do as many as a million blood tests at once.

909:. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering, as well as 43:

A biologist conducting research in a biotechnology laboratory

1157:. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce 1113:

These processes also were included in early fermentation of

5125:

Final Report of the PABE research project (December 2001).

4364:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1389: 5517:, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 253–280, 5407:"Agricultural biotechnology for sustainable food security" 4907:"Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods" 1482:

for the manufacture of organic products (examples include

1035:

is an overlapping field that often draws upon and applies

4018:

Gali Weinreb and Koby Yeshayahou for Globes May 2, 2012.

1805:

as well as drugs that are the product of biotechnology –

5317:"Study Says Overuse Threatens Gains From Modified Crops" 4131:

Microbial Biodegradation: Genomics and Molecular Biology

3636:"Guidance for Industry Pharmacogenomic Data Submissions" 4847:

Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects

4685:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 3967:

Haroldsen VM, Paulino G, Chi-ham C, Bennett AB (2012).

3921:. International Life Sciences Institute. Archived from 2840:

Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980). No. 79-139

2264:

Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms

1747:

variation on drug responses in patients by correlating

5515:

Agricultural Biotechnology: Latest Research and Trends

1928:, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for 1840:) has also dramatically improved our understanding of 1490:

products). Another example is using naturally present

1133:, and still use the same basic biological methods. In 5597:

Clarke, Lionel; Kitney, Richard (February 28, 2020).

5472:

In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Plant

5047:"Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society" 2142:

systems toward the production of a chemical known as

1958:

that have had specific changes introduced into their

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Archived from 4108:Scientists engineer plants to eat toxic pollution 3417:Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology 2708:. Bionewsonline.com. Retrieved on March 20, 2013. 5553:Industrial Biotechnology and Biomass Utilisation 5210:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms" 5078:"Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths" 4448:Domingo, José L.; Bordonaba, Jordi Giné (2011). 1677:Dark biotechnology is the color associated with 1176:corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops. 1153:, which produced other preserved foods, such as 6101:EU Policy for Agriculture, Food and Rural Areas 5348:Brookes, Graham; Barfoot, Peter (May 8, 2017). 5288:Lynch, Diahanna; Vogel, David (April 5, 2001). 3801:. Ghr.nlm.nih.gov. May 30, 2011. Archived from 2666:History, scope and development of biotechnology 6138:National Institute of General Medical Sciences 5292:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from 4767:. American Medical Association. January 2001. 4714:A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010) 4596:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2325:National Institute of General Medical Sciences 7008: 6780: 6187: 4117:The Irish Times. Retrieved September 20, 2011 874: 8: 6134:"Biotechnology Predoctoral Training Program" 6120:Genetically modified food and global welfare 5045:Funk, Cary; Rainie, Lee (January 29, 2015). 4156: 4154: 4152: 2625:Key Biotechnology Indicators (December 2011) 1626:"Yellow biotechnology" refers to the use of 5003:. British Medical Association. March 2004. 3139: 3137: 3135: 3109:IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 3013: 3011: 3009: 2815:Biotechnology: The Science and the Business 2664:Goli, Divakar; Bhatia, Saurabh (May 2018). 1117:. These processes were introduced in early 7015: 7001: 6993: 6787: 6773: 6765: 6367: 6194: 6180: 6172: 6051:|...|intentional=yes}} 5239:. American Bar Association. Archived from 4989:, advocate further caution based upon the 4985:Some medical organizations, including the 3503:"Top Global Pharmaceutical Company Report" 2956:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2907:Applied Science and Convergence Technology 2782: 2780: 2723:. Cleveland, Ohio: BeerBooks. p. 34. 2582:"BIOTECHNOLOGY-PRINCIPLES & PROCESSES" 2449:Basic and Applied Aspects of Biotechnology 2300:. The information is provided in English. 1767:, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal 1070:was an early application of biotechnology. 881: 867: 118: 7481:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 6843:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry 5911: 5846: 5828: 5744: 5687: 5630: 5438: 5381: 5101: 4416: 4075: 3984: 3880:Genetically Altered Potato Ok'd For Crops 3576: 3469: 3426:, Volume 135 2013, Yellow Biotechnology I 3373: 2919: 2673: 2615:. Europabio. Retrieved on March 20, 2013. 2523: 2474: 2368: 1771:. Such approaches promise the advent of " 1283:, had modified a bacterium (of the genus 6227:Competitions and prizes in biotechnology 5262:Sifferlin, Alexandra (October 3, 2015). 4009:. Irri.org. Retrieved on March 20, 2013. 2856:June 16, 1980. Retrieved on May 4, 2007. 6067:"The History and Future of GM Potatoes" 4678:Pinholster, Ginger (October 25, 2012). 4505:Science, Technology, & Human Values 4020:FDA approves Protalix Gaucher treatment 3946:Carpenter J. & Gianessi L. (1999). 3901:Transgenic Plants and World Agriculture 3738: 3736: 2348: 1368:applications, such as the detection of 126: 5876:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 5329:from the original on November 21, 2017 4880:from the original on November 16, 2021 4821:from the original on December 30, 2019 4817:. Library of Congress. June 30, 2015. 4494:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4342:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4277:from the original on December 31, 2012 4173:from the original on February 10, 2012 4048:The Guardian. Retrieved March 12, 2012 4037:Carrington, Damien (January 19, 2012) 3553:"Pharmacogenomics: a systems approach" 3304: 3302: 3300: 2312:Central New York Biotech Accelerator, 1718:being the other two big applications. 1549:. Another example is the designing of 7476:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 6838:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 5212:. Library of Congress. June 9, 2015. 5198:from the original on October 9, 2022. 5161:Perspectives on Psychological Science 4913:from the original on November 4, 2020 4251:from the original on January 10, 2013 4058:van Beilen JB, Poirier Y (May 2008). 3903:. 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March 21, 2017, de EMBOpress Sitio 3023:"The impact of MOSFET-based sensors" 2759:Encyclopedia of Science and Religion 2288:Database for the GMOs used in the EU 2042:. It includes the practice of using 1250:(Univ. Calif. at San Francisco) and 935:European Federation of Biotechnology 6848:List of geneticists and biochemists 6140:. December 18, 2013. Archived from 4345:connected with the use of GM crops. 3753:, accessed September 13, 2007. Cf. 3519:from the original on March 15, 2022 1821:vector inserted into the bacterium 1427:BioFET (CPFET) had been developed. 1312:and Champ Lyons invented the first 5235:Bashshur, Ramona (February 2013). 5216:from the original on April 3, 2019 4771:from the original on April 2, 2016 4106:Strange, Amy (September 20, 2011) 2976:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1962.tb13623.x 2406:from the original on March 5, 2016 2319:In 1988, after prompting from the 2194:). Whereas CRISPRi system used to 1986:in high demand by farmers such as 1790:ions holding it together, and the 1206:desperately needed to manufacture 1145:to produce beer. In this process, 901:for human purposes, going back to 25: 5941:, Academic Press, Amsterdam, NV; 4541:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 4305:Critical Reviews in Biotechnology 3831:from the original on June 8, 2011 3643:U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2787:Thieman WJ, Palladino MA (2008). 2260:Regulation of genetic engineering 1794:residues involved in zinc binding 6746: 6735: 6734: 6235: 6073:. March 10, 2010. Archived from 5603:Biochemical Society Transactions 4077:10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03431.x 3851:"Definitions of Genetic Testing" 1904:of which has been modified with 1857:of vulnerabilities to inherited 1542:with photosynthetic micro-algae. 1409:chemical field-effect transistor 1239:– to form what we today know as 975:Principles of Tissue Engineering 848: 847: 834: 134: 6712:Index of biotechnology articles 1753:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 1657:and the remotion of pollutants. 1634:), for example in making wine ( 6717:List of biotechnology articles 6026:10.1126/science.288.5472.1751a 4391:Ronald, Pamela (May 1, 2011). 4192:GM Science Review First Report 3825:"Genetic Testing: MedlinePlus" 3348:Frazzetto G (September 2003). 3211:. Los Angeles (March 19, 2008) 2654:. Retrieved on March 20, 2013. 2050:, or components of cells like 1813:developed synthetic humanized 1364:. The ISFET is widely used in 32:Biotechnology (disambiguation) 1: 6561:Genetically modified organism 6328:Biotechnology industrial park 5817:BioMed Research International 5672:10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.11.002 5423:10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.12.013 5366:10.1080/21645698.2017.1317919 4909:. World Health Organization. 4553:10.3109/07388551.2015.1130684 3310:Rainbow Code of Biotechnology 2791:. Pearson/Benjamin Cummings. 2789:Introduction to Biotechnology 2492:"Bioethics and biotechnology" 2396:Ereky, Karl. (June 8, 1919). 2329:National Institutes of Health 2235:example of an application of 2067:petrochemical-based economy. 1049:biopharmaceutical engineering 5999:10.1126/science.285.5426.384 5523:10.1007/978-981-16-2339-4_11 5315:Pollack A (April 13, 2010). 5237:"FDA and Regulation of GMOs" 4477:10.1016/j.envint.2011.01.003 4317:10.3109/07388551.2013.823595 3914:Paarlburg R (January 2011). 3319:. CHEMIK. Wroclaw University 3050:10.1016/0250-6874(85)87009-8 2675:10.1088/978-0-7503-1299-8ch1 1698:discoveries and production, 1137:, malted grains (containing 109:intellectual property rights 6972:List of conservation topics 6551:Environmental biotechnology 6114:Beckmann VC, Soregaroli J, 5094:10.1093/embo-reports/kve142 4987:British Medical Association 4409:10.1534/genetics.111.128553 4113:September 13, 2011, at the 3749:September 12, 2007, at the 3248:Bioinformatics Introduction 2852:United States Supreme Court 2457:10.1007/978-981-10-0875-7_1 2272:associated with the use of 2246:Many cities have installed 2237:environmental biotechnology 2198:the three competing genes ( 1817:by joining its gene with a 1417:DNA field-effect transistor 1256:United States Supreme Court 7518: 6857:Institutions, publications 4247:. Fda.gov. March 6, 2009. 4135:. Caister Academic Press. 3957:. AgBioForum, 2(2), 65–72. 3953:November 19, 2012, at the 3462:10.1038/s41467-023-37070-2 3403:November 11, 2018, at the 3315:February 14, 2019, at the 2314:Upstate Medical University 2278:genetically modified crops 2257: 1952:Genetically modified foods 1894:Genetically modified crops 1865:. In addition to studying 1702:, and genetic testing (or 1577:to clean and reduce waste. 1494:by the mining industry in 1308:in 1959. Two years later, 1194:Clostridium acetobutylicum 1073: 29: 7030: 6802: 6796:Topics related to biology 6730: 6233: 6222:Timeline of biotechnology 5782:10.1021/acssynbio.7b00251 4457:Environment International 4197:October 16, 2013, at the 4005:November 2, 2012, at the 3366:10.1038/sj.embor.embor928 3264:Retrieved on May 8, 2007. 3118:10.1109/TBME.1970.4502688 2921:10.5757/ASCT.2014.23.2.61 2704:January 23, 2013, at the 2630:November 8, 2012, at the 2556:American Chemical Society 2508:10.1007/s10616-007-9053-8 2282:genetically modified fish 919:American Chemical Society 787:List of unsolved problems 6578:Microbial biodegradation 6257:Industrial biotechnology 6217:History of biotechnology 5173:10.1177/1745691615621275 4517:10.1177/0162243915598381 2818:. CRC Press. p. 1. 2650:August 31, 2012, at the 2414:– via Hathi Trust. 2109:Saccharomyces cerevisiae 1954:are foods produced from 1666:environmental conditions 1455:Outline of biotechnology 1151:lactic acid fermentation 1076:History of biotechnology 981:research and development 782:List of research methods 6252:Colors of biotechnology 5660:Trends in Biotechnology 5411:Trends in Biotechnology 5076:Marris, Claire (2001). 5049:. Pew Research Center. 4991:precautionary principle 3769:10.1126/science.1069614 2875:Computer History Museum 2699:What Is Bioengineering? 2370:10.1351/goldbook.B00666 2040:industrial fermentation 1502:), and also to produce 1001:biochemical engineering 255:Response to environment 7090:Biological engineering 6983:development strategies 6646:Biomedical engineering 6353:Pharmaceutical company 6333:Biotechnology products 5558:April 5, 2013, at the 3973:California Agriculture 3885:July 31, 2022, at the 3422:July 19, 2018, at the 3396:Frazzetto, G. (2003). 2845:June 28, 2011, at the 2753:Cole-Turner R (2003). 2613:What is biotechnology? 2321:United States Congress 2316: 2114:chemotherapeutic agent 1795: 1729: 1555:industrial agriculture 1461:biodegradable plastics 1272:Diamond v. Chakrabarty 1071: 1033:biomedical engineering 976: 772:List of biology awards 380:Biological engineering 44: 7175:Developmental biology 7150:Computational biology 7130:Cellular microbiology 6946:Environmental science 6941:Physical anthropology 6043:|...}} 6020:(Retracted, see 5770:ACS Synthetic Biology 5296:on September 29, 2016 4271:"AquAdvantage Salmon" 4044:May 11, 2017, at the 4025:May 29, 2013, at the 3986:10.3733/ca.v066n02p62 3442:Nature Communications 3350:"White biotechnology" 3308:Kafarski, P. (2012). 3112:. BME-17 (1): 70–71. 3030:Sensors and Actuators 2426:"Genetic Engineering" 2311: 2121:metabolic engineering 1922:pharmaceutical agents 1781: 1773:personalized medicine 1724: 1519:computational biology 1340:(ISFET), invented by 1066: 979:Biotechnology is the 974: 463:Developmental biology 438:Computational biology 418:Cellular microbiology 79:environmental science 42: 18:Biotechnology company 7395:Reproductive biology 7280:Mathematical biology 7205:Evolutionary biology 7155:Conservation biology 6671:Chemical engineering 6534:Reproductive cloning 6398:Hybridoma technology 6348:Human Genome Project 5896:10.1128/AEM.01095-19 5717:Nature Biotechnology 4942:Nature Biotechnology 4795:on September 7, 2012 4127:Diaz E, ed. (2008). 3928:on December 22, 2014 2343:References and notes 2241:loss of biodiversity 2220:environmentally safe 2150:by CRISPR to induce 2080:model microorganisms 2007:scientific consensus 1962:with the methods of 1838:Human Genome Project 1803:pharmaceutical drugs 1630:in food production ( 1436:Department of Energy 1260:genetically modified 1221:discovered the mold 1092:Neolithic Revolution 1041:chemical engineering 805:Agricultural science 683:Reproductive biology 568:Mathematical biology 493:Evolutionary biology 443:Conservation biology 105:genetic modification 56:engineering sciences 30:For other uses, see 7180:Ecological genetics 7024:Branches of biology 6924:Related disciplines 6864:Bachelor of Science 6556:Genetic engineering 6539:Therapeutic cloning 6519:Bionic architecture 6499:Animal cell culture 6266:Biological concepts 6144:on October 28, 2014 6077:on October 12, 2013 5888:2019ApEnM..85E1095D 5830:10.1155/2014/235472 5615:10.1042/BST20190349 5354:GM Crops & Food 4954:10.1038/nbt0703-739 4608:2016JSFA...96.1851Y 4469:2011EnInt..37..734D 3861:on February 4, 2009 3715:. Penguin. p. 3454:2023NatCo..14.1391S 3398:White biotechnology 3165:2002Ana...127.1137S 3085:Electronics Letters 3042:1985SeAc....8..109B 2968:1962NYASA.102...29C 2562:on November 7, 2012 2274:genetic engineering 2222:processes, such as 1978:first marketed its 1964:genetic engineering 1906:genetic engineering 1696:pharmaceutical drug 1528:structural genomics 1524:functional genomics 1362:reference electrode 1168:Before the time of 1053:genetic engineering 942:biological sciences 810:Biomedical sciences 468:Ecological genetics 122:Part of a series on 83:genetic engineering 7471:History of biology 7405:Structural biology 7390:Relational biology 7215:Generative biology 7210:Freshwater biology 6833:History of biology 6828:Notable biologists 6816:People and history 6612:Interdisciplinary 6566:Molecular genetics 6312:Selective breeding 5966:. November 9, 2023 5578:on January 2, 2014 5484:10.1079/ivp2005663 5322:The New York Times 4245:"Consumer Q&A" 3253:2007-06-16 at the 2719:Arnold JP (2005). 2317: 2128:metabolic pathways 1968:selective breeding 1883:genetic counseling 1796: 1735:(a combination of 1730: 1683:biological weapons 1504:biological weapons 1394:genetic technology 1348:is replaced by an 1277:Ananda Chakrabarty 1072: 1045:tissue engineering 995:and any source of 977: 917:technologies. The 841:Biology portal 693:Structural biology 678:Relational biology 503:Generative biology 498:Freshwater biology 65:was first used by 45: 7489: 7488: 7410:Synthetic biology 7290:Molecular biology 7145:Cognitive biology 6990: 6989: 6886:Omne vivum ex ovo 6878:Terms and phrases 6762: 6761: 6691:Nanobiotechnology 6686:Molecular biology 6487: 6486: 6338:Biotechnology law 5947:978-0-12-375089-1 5935:Daniel A. Vallero 5776:(12): 2350–2361. 5532:978-981-16-2338-7 4865:978-0-309-43738-7 4735:978-92-79-16344-9 4616:10.1002/jsfa.7523 4142:978-1-904455-17-2 4064:The Plant Journal 4000:About Golden Rice 3726:978-0-14-013501-5 3686:10.2217/pgs.10.97 3614:10.2217/pgs.09.37 3512:. November 2021. 2825:978-90-5702-407-8 2798:978-0-321-49145-9 2730:978-0-9662084-1-2 2685:978-0-7503-1299-8 2594:on August 7, 2015 2466:978-981-10-0873-3 2451:. pp. 1–21. 2333:Graduate students 2096:of medicines and 2071:Synthetic biology 1972:mutation breeding 1704:genetic screening 1551:transgenic plants 1423:FET (GenFET) and 1370:DNA hybridization 1318:Biosensor MOSFETs 1302:Mohamed M. Atalla 1233:Ernst Boris Chain 1219:Alexander Fleming 946:molecular biology 891: 890: 815:Health technology 698:Synthetic biology 578:Molecular biology 433:Cognitive biology 230:Energy processing 16:(Redirected from 7509: 7135:Chemical biology 7017: 7010: 7003: 6994: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6766: 6750: 6749: 6738: 6737: 6588:Pharmacogenomics 6368: 6362:Basic techniques 6343:Green Revolution 6321:General concepts 6239: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6173: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6052: 6044: 6018: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5956: 5950: 5932: 5926: 5925: 5915: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5850: 5832: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5748: 5729:10.1038/nbt.3095 5708: 5702: 5701: 5691: 5651: 5645: 5644: 5634: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5574:. 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Clark 1269:in the case of 1078: 1061: 927:science of life 887: 846: 833: 832: 825: 824: 800: 792: 791: 758: 750: 749: 748: 747: 708:Systems biology 673:Quantum biology 318: 310: 309: 274: 259: 221: 210: 186: 178: 143: 141:Science of life 117: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7515: 7513: 7505: 7504: 7494: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7467: 7465: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7275:Marine biology 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7085:Bioinformatics 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7020: 7019: 7012: 7005: 6997: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6927: 6925: 6921: 6920: 6918: 6917: 6910: 6903: 6896: 6889: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6871: 6866: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6810: 6809: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6792: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6744: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6631:Bioengineering 6628: 6626:Bioelectronics 6623: 6617: 6615: 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6603:Tissue culture 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6509:Bioinformatics 6506: 6504:Biofabrication 6501: 6495: 6493: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6444:Chromatography 6441: 6436: 6431: 6429:Centrifugation 6425: 6423: 6422:Chemical field 6419: 6418: 6416: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6393:Flow cytometry 6390: 6385: 6380: 6374: 6372: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6280: 6275: 6269: 6267: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6176: 6170: 6169: 6162: 6161:External links 6159: 6156: 6155: 6125: 6106: 6088: 6058: 5977: 5951: 5927: 5862: 5803: 5760: 5723:(4): 377–383. 5703: 5666:(2): 181–197. 5646: 5609:(1): 113–122. 5589: 5563: 5545: 5531: 5505: 5478:(4): 424–430. 5462: 5417:(3): 331–341. 5397: 5360:(3): 156–193. 5340: 5307: 5280: 5254: 5227: 5201: 5167:(3): 315–324. 5144: 5117: 5088:(7): 545–548. 5068: 5037: 4978: 4948:(7): 739–741. 4932: 4898: 4864: 4856:10.17226/23395 4836: 4806: 4756: 4734: 4703: 4640: 4547:(2): 213–217. 4511:(6): 883–914. 4463:(4): 734–742. 4436: 4383: 4353: 4288: 4262: 4236: 4203: 4184: 4148: 4141: 4119: 4099: 4070:(4): 684–701. 4050: 4030: 4011: 3992: 3959: 3939: 3906: 3891: 3872: 3842: 3816: 3790: 3732: 3725: 3699: 3680:(8): 1149–67. 3663: 3645:. March 2005. 3627: 3592: 3543: 3530: 3494: 3485: 3428: 3409: 3389: 3340: 3330: 3321: 3276: 3266: 3246:Gerstein, M. " 3239: 3213: 3201: 3131: 3098: 3070: 3036:(2): 109–127. 3019:Bergveld, Piet 3005: 2943: 2892: 2858: 2831: 2824: 2804: 2797: 2776: 2745: 2729: 2710: 2691: 2684: 2668:. IOPscience. 2656: 2636: 2617: 2605: 2573: 2552:portal.acs.org 2539: 2496:Cytotechnology 2482: 2465: 2439: 2417: 2388: 2361:IUPAC Goldbook 2347: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2305: 2302: 2298:European Union 2289: 2286: 2255: 2252: 2232:bioremediation 2228:biodegradation 2215: 2212: 2152:point mutation 2144:1,4-butanediol 2090:genome editing 2054:, to generate 2048:microorganisms 2035: 2032: 1930:bioremediation 1890: 1887: 1800:small molecule 1755:with a drug's 1726:DNA microarray 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1658: 1651: 1624: 1619:as industrial 1609: 1582:pharmaceutical 1578: 1575:microorganisms 1571:abiotic stress 1543: 1535: 1514:Bioinformatics 1500:bioremediation 1480:microorganisms 1448: 1445: 1425:cell-potential 1403:FET (GASFET), 1279:, working for 1275:. Indian-born 1237:Norman Heatley 1204:United Kingdom 1185:Chaim Weizmann 1170:Charles Darwin 1159:leavened bread 1074:Main article: 1060: 1057: 1020:bioengineering 1009:pharmaceutical 989:bioinformatics 915:tissue culture 889: 888: 886: 885: 878: 871: 863: 860: 859: 858: 857: 844: 827: 826: 823: 822: 817: 812: 807: 801: 798: 797: 794: 793: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 746: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 563:Marine biology 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 375:Bioinformatics 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 321: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 285: 280: 273: 272: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 220: 219: 214:Properties of 209: 208: 203: 198: 193: 187: 185:Key components 184: 183: 180: 179: 177: 176: 165: 164: 159: 154: 148: 145: 144: 139: 131: 130: 124: 123: 116: 113: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7514: 7503: 7502:Biotechnology 7500: 7499: 7497: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7466: 7462: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7355:Phylogenetics 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7250:Human biology 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7140:Chronobiology 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7115:Biotechnology 7113: 7111: 7110:Biostatistics 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7018: 7013: 7011: 7006: 7004: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6963: 6957: 6956:Biotechnology 6954: 6952: 6951:Life Sciences 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6783: 6778: 6776: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6755: 6754: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6524:Cell immunity 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6480: 6479:Sedimentation 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6388:Cultured meat 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371:Biology field 6369: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6203:Biotechnology 6197: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6126: 6121: 6117: 6110: 6107: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6062: 6059: 6050: 6042: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5981: 5978: 5965: 5961: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5931: 5928: 5923: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5804: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5707: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5593: 5590: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5554: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5463: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5341: 5328: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5311: 5308: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5281: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5255: 5242: 5238: 5231: 5228: 5215: 5211: 5205: 5202: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5145: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4895: 4892: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4791: 4784: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4727: 4726:10.2777/97784 4723: 4716: 4715: 4707: 4704: 4688: 4681: 4673: 4657: 4650: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4536: 4535:And contrast: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4445: 4444:But see also: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4367: 4363: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4292: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4185: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3830: 3826: 3820: 3817: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763:(5557): 975. 3762: 3758: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3664: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3102: 3099: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3074: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2816: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2700: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2440: 2427: 2421: 2418: 2405: 2401: 2400: 2392: 2389: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2352: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:biofiltration 2221: 2214:Environmental 2213: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2094:bioproduction 2091: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801: 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1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1264: 1263:microorganism 1261: 1258:ruled that a 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1229:Howard Florey 1226: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1163:Louis Pasteur 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:carbohydrates 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:control pests 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1077: 1069: 1065: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:biotechnology 1034: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018:By contrast, 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 973: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 940: 936: 933:. 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