Bile bear - Knowledge (XXG)

447:(AAF) stated that the Technical Code was not being enforced and that many bears were still spending their entire lives in small extraction cages without free access to food or water. The report also noted that the free-dripping technique promoted in the Technical Code was unsanitary as the fistula was an open portal through which bacteria could infiltrate the abdomen. The report also stated that surgeries to create free-dripping fistulae caused bears great suffering as they were performed without appropriate antibiotics or pain management and the bears were repeatedly exposed to this process as the fistulae often healed over. The free-dripping method still requires the bears to be prodded with a metal rod when the wound heals over and under veterinary examination, some bears with free-dripping fistulae were actually found to have clear perspex catheters permanently implanted into their gallbladders. In addition to the suffering caused by infection and pain at the incision site, 28% of fistulated bears also experience abdominal hernias and more than one-third eventually succumb to liver cancer, believed to be associated with the bile-extraction process. 742: 914: 295:, in the bear's abdomen and gallbladder, from which bile freely drips out. The wound is vulnerable to infection, and bile can leak back into the abdomen, causing high mortality rates. Sometimes, the hole is kept open with a perspex catheter, which HSUS writes causes severe pain. An AAF Vet Report states that surgeries to create free-dripping fistulae caused bears great suffering as they were performed without appropriate antibiotics or pain management and the bears were repeatedly exposed to this process as the fistulae often healed over. 948: 161: 314: 926: 709: 6736: 738:. It is purchased and consumed to treat hemorrhoids, sore throats, sores, bruising, muscle ailments, sprains, epilepsy, reduce fever, improve eyesight, break down gallstones, act as an anti-inflammatory, reduce the effects of overconsumption of alcohol, and to 'clear' the liver. It is currently found in various forms for sale including whole gallbladders, raw bile, pills, powder, flakes, and ointment. 175: 189: 720: 674:, the first farm was established in 2000. The number of farmed bears tripled from 2008 to 2012. In 2012, there were 121 Asiatic black bears and one sun bear on 11 commercial facilities. It is possible that all the bears were wild-caught domestically, or illegally imported internationally. This is in violation of both National and International law. 20: 635:

are farmed in China. According to Chinese officials, 10,000 wild bears would need to be killed each year to produce as much bile. The government sees farming as a reasonable answer to the loss of wild bears from poaching. However, the government's agreement to allow the rescue of 500 bears may represent a softening of this stance.

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Nonetheless, bears continue to be hunted in the wild to supply the bile farms. A survey in 2000 reported that almost all of the farms in the study supplemented their captive population of bile bears with wild-caught bears. This is claimed to be necessary because of difficulties with captive breeding.

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In South Korea, bear farming was declared illegal in 1992. However, it was reported in 2008 that over 1,300 bears were still on 108 farms where farmers were hoping that legal farming would resume. As of 2008, wild bears over the age of ten could still be legally killed for their gallbladders in South

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In 2006, the Chinese State Council Information Office said that it was enforcing a "Technical Code of Practice for Raising Black Bears", which "requires hygienic, painless practice for gall extraction and make strict regulations on the techniques and conditions for nursing, exercise and propagation."

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International concern about the welfare of bile bears began in 1993. Many bile bear farms have little or no veterinary supervision and the animal husbandry is often conducted by non-skilled attendants. In combination with the impacts of small cage sizes, their spacing and lack of internal structures,

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and proposed to triple the company's stock of captive bears, from 400 to 1,200. This provoked a large backlash from activists, internet users and protesters. It was followed by a number of controversies along with public interviews. The company responded with demonstrations of the extraction process

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of 206 older Northern Vietnamese locals found that roughly 44% of respondents knew at least one other person who had used bear products from farms in the past year, compared to 55.33% of those who did not. 8.72% of respondents listed protecting bears as one of the reasons a person would not use such

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A report published in 2013 stated that a poacher in North America can usually get US$ 100 to $ 150 for a gallbladder, but the organs can fetch $ 5,000 to $ 10,000 in the end-market once they are processed into a powder. The report also stated that the HSUS indicated a bear gallbladder can cost more

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In 1970, 1 kg of bear gallbladder cost approximately US$ 200, but by 1990 the price had risen to between US$ 3,000 and US$ 5,000 per kg. In 2009, the market price for legally sold gallbladders in Hong Kong had risen to between US$ 30,000 and US$ 50,000 per kg. It was reported in 1991 that bear

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In 1994, Chinese authorities announced that no new bear farms would be licensed and in 1996, issued a special notice stating that no foreign object was allowed to be inserted into a bear body. No bears younger than 3 years of age and lighter than 100 kg were to be used for bile extraction, and

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Because only minute amounts of bile are used in TCM, a total of 500 kg of bear bile is used by practitioners every year, but according to WSPA, more than 7,000 kg are being produced. The surplus has reportedly been used as ingredients in beauty products and non-traditional health tonics.

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According to the South Korean Environment Ministry, 1,374 bears were raised at 74 farms across South Korea as of 2009. In South Korea, it is legal to keep bears for bile and bears older than 10 years old can be harvested for their paws and organs. In 2022, the number of bears on South Korean farms

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conducted a study in 1999 and 2000, and estimated that 247 bear bile farms in China were holding 7,002 bears, though the Chinese government called the figures "pure speculation." The Chinese consider bear farms a way to reduce the demand on the wild bear population. Officially, 7,600 captive bears

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The world population of Asiatic black bears decreased from 30% to 49% between 1980 and 2010. Although their reliability is unclear, range-wide estimates of 5–6,000 bears have been presented by Russian biologists. Rough density estimates without corroborating methods or data have been made in India

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To facilitate the bile extraction process, mature bears are usually kept in small cages measuring approximately 130 x 70 x 60 cm. These cages are so small they prevent the bears from being able to sit upright, stand or turn around. Some bears are kept in crush cages, the sides of which can be

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Officially, 7,600 captive bears are farmed in China. According to Chinese officials, 10,000 wild bears would need to be killed each year to produce as much bile. Government officials see farming as a reasonable answer to the loss of wild bears from poaching and are insouciant about animal welfare

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In 2013, estimates of bears kept in cages in China for bile production range from 9,000 to 20,000 bears on nearly 100 domestic bear farms. One company (Fujian Guizhen Tang Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd) alone has more than 400 black bears to supply bile using the free drip method. The bile is harvested

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reported in 1994 that demand for bear parts from South Korea and Taiwan was one of the greatest threats to bear populations worldwide. Due to partnerships between some South Korean travel companies and South Korean bear farmers, 'bear bile tourism' from the country has reportedly helped fuel the

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One survey of 165 bears removed from a farm showed that (out of 181 free-drip bears), 163 (90%) had cholecystitis, 109 (66%) had gallbladder polyps, 56 (34%) had abdominal herniation, 46 (28%) had internal abscessation, 36 (22%) had gallstones, and 7 (4%) had peritonitis. Many of the bears had a

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Initially, bile was collected from wild bears which were killed and the gall and its contents cut from the body. In the early 1980s, methods of extracting bile from live bears were developed in North Korea and farming of bile bears began. This rapidly spread to China and other regions. Bile bear

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Farmed bile bears are housed continuously in small cages which often prevent them from standing or sitting upright, or from turning around. These highly restrictive cage systems and the low level of skilled husbandry can lead to a wide range of welfare concerns including physical injuries, pain,

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concentrations are a widely acknowledged indicator of physiological stress. Corticosteroid concentrations in the hair of Asiatic black bears relocated from a bile farm to a bear rescue centre fell between 12 and 88% over 163 days. Other physiological indicators of stress and potentially reduced

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and Pakistan, resulting in estimates of 7–9,000 in India and 1,000 in Pakistan. Unsubstantiated estimates from China give varying estimates between 15,000 and 46,000, with a government estimate of 28,000. Some estimates put the current (2015) total Asian worldwide population as low as 25,000.

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In the late 1980s, U.S. park rangers began finding bear carcasses missing only gallbladders and paws. Initially, it was considered that occasional hunters were the cause, but investigations uncovered evidence that large commercial organizations were dealing in poaching and smuggling. During a

583:. It was estimated in 2008 that 100,000 kg of synthetic UDCA was already being used each year in China, Japan and South Korea, and that the total world consumption may be double this figure. However, many traditional doctors still consider natural (but farmed) UDCA a superior product. 506:

A 2015 report indicated that the illegal trade in bear bile and gallbladder for traditional medicine is open and widespread across Malaysia and is potentially a serious threat to wild bears. In a survey of 365 traditional medicine shops across Malaysia, 175 (48%) claimed to be selling bear

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than $ 3,000 in Asia. A TRAFFIC report estimated that prices for whole gallbladders were as low as $ 51.11 (Myanmar) and as high as $ 2,000 (Hong Kong SAR). For gallbladder by the gram, the least expensive was $ 0.11 per gram (Thailand) and the highest was $ 109.70 per gram (Japan).

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bears could be confined in cages only during the time of bile extraction. The authorities required the adoption of the free-drip method which necessitates the creation of an artificial fistula between the gallbladder and the abdominal wall by opening a cut into the gallbladder.

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Malcolm, K.D.; McShea, W.J.; Van Deelen, T.R.; Bacon, H.J.; Liu, F.; Putman, S.; Brown, J.L. (2013). "Analyses of fecal and hair glucocorticoids to evaluate short-and long-term stress and recovery of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) removed from bile farms in China".

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to prevent the bears from self-mutilating or harming the farm workers. They may also have their hind teeth removed for the same reasons. These procedures are often conducted by unskilled farm staff and may result in the bears experiencing constant pain thereafter.

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There is huge profitability in the trade of bile powder. In 2007, while the wholesale price of bile powder was approximately US$ 410 per kg in China, the retail price increased from 25 to 50 fold in South Korea, and to 80 fold in Japan, i.e. US$ 33,000 per kg.

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reported in 2002 that Japan's demand for bear bile remained at a level of at least 200 kg per year which in theory would require 10,000 bears killed to be satisfied. Legislation and enforcement for bear products in the country has also been lacking.

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Some supporters of bile bear farms argue, "Wildlife farming offers, at first glance, an intuitively satisfying solution: a legal trade can in principle be created by farming animals to assuage demand for wild animals which thus need not be harvested."

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Consumers of bear bile have a strong preference for bile produced from wild bears; bile from farms may, therefore, not be a perfect substitute for bile from wild bears. Bear farming in Laos may be increasing the incentive to poach wild bears.

828:"for 10 times their price in China", with prices for one ranging from US$ 700 to US$ 3,292. In 2002, the pricier bear galls in Japan were reported to be selling for as much as US$ 83 per gram, and were either sourced domestically, or from 639: 325:

Bile extraction begins at three years-of-age and continues for a minimum of five to ten years. Some bears may be kept in cages for bile extraction for 20 years or more. A bear can produce 2.2 kg of bile over a 5-year production life.

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found that although attitudes towards bears and conservation were generally positive, awareness of cruelty in the bear farms was lacking, with 43.7% of respondents regarding bile consumption sourced from bear farms as acceptable.

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have been working on synthetic forms of bile products, so that scientists need not use animal sources for bile. In this way, it is hoped that in the future, bile can be created in methods that do not involve animal cruelty.

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The demand for bile and gallbladders exists in Asian communities throughout the world, including the European Union and the United States. This demand has led to bears being hunted in the US specifically for this purpose.

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When the bears outlive their productive bile-producing years (around 10 years old), they are often slaughtered and harvested for their other body parts such as meat, fur, paws and gallbladders; bear paws are considered a

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farms started to reduce hunting of wild bears, with the hope that if bear farms raised a self-sustaining population of productive animals, poachers would have little motivation to capture or kill bears in the wild.

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Cubs are sometimes caught in the wild and used to supplement numbers held captive in farms. In 2008, it was reported that bear farms were paying the equivalent of US$ 280 to US$ 400 for a wild bear cub.

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A 2000 survey revealed that bile bears suffered from sores, skin conditions, ectoparasites, hair loss, bone deformities, injuries, swollen limbs, dental and breathing problems, diarrhoea and scarring.

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has been campaigning to end bear farming in the country. In 2022, the South Korean government, associations of bear farmers, and NGOs announced a joint declaration to end bear farming by 2026.

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Tint, G. S.; Salen, G.; Colalillo, A.; Graber, D.; Verga, D.; Speck, J.; Shefer, S. (September 1982). "Ursodeoxycholic acid: a safe and effective agent for dissolving cholesterol gallstones".

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moved inwards to restrain the bear. The HSUS reports that some bears are moved to a crush cage for milking, but the remainder of the time live in a cage large enough to stand and turn around.

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Pill prices ranged from as low as $ 0.38 per pill (Malaysia) to $ 3.83 per pill (Thailand). and in the U.S., approximately $ 1 per pill, which is an average price between the two countries.

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China has been found to be the main source of bear bile products on sale throughout South-East Asia; this international trade in their parts and derivatives is strictly prohibited by the

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The value of the bear products trade is estimated as high as $ 2 billion. The practice of factory farming bears for bile has been extensively condemned, including by Chinese physicians.

4616: 642:. In 2010, there were approximately 97 establishments in China keeping bile bears. This was a decrease from the mid-1990s, where Xinhua reported of 480 bear farms in the country. 784:

The active ingredient in bear bile is ursodeoxycholic acid. Ursodeoxycholic acid has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and protective effects in human epithelial cells of the

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The Vietnamese government in 2005 made it illegal to extract bear bile and made a commitment to phase out bear farming. In 2008, there were still 3,410 bears on farms in Vietnam.

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Before the existence of bear farms (i.e. pre-1980) the demand for bear bile in China was about 500 kilos annually. In 2008, the demand had risen to about 4,000 kilos annually.

761:. Some South Korean bear bile farmers in the same year advertised that their products could also help with the coronavirus, drawing criticism from local animal rights groups. 2772: 1038: 802:

Due to controversy around the use of bear farming to obtain bile, synthetic sources for ursodeoxycholic acid are currently being worked on and investigated. Scientists in

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Mroz MS, Lajczak NK, Goggins BJ, Keely S, Keely SJ (March 2018). "The bile acids, deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid, regulate colonic epithelial wound healing".

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The Chinese media reported a story in which a mother bear, having escaped her cage, strangled her own cub and then killed herself by intentionally running into a wall.

3995: 796:, and take an active part in increased restitution of wound in the colon. Moreover, UDCA's effects has been shown to have exert actions outside the epithelial cells. 741: 6287: 3688: 425:

Farmed bile bears live to an average age of five years old whereas healthy captive bears can live up to 35 years of age and wild bears for between 25 and 30 years.

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charges against an organisation that poached an estimated 50 to 100 bears per year for a decade. It was estimated in 2008 that in North America, 40,000

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A review of multiple types of wildlife tourist attractions concluded that bile bear farms had negative impacts on both animal welfare and conservation.

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has been reported in 2011 as saying that more than 12,000 bears are currently estimated to be housed in both illegal and legal bear farms across Asia.

6046: 2586: 6402: 6167: 4424: 3975: 1266: 597:, which supplies approximately half of the bear bile consumed in China, stated it is developing another synthetic source derived from poultry bile. 734:

The monetary value of the bile comes from the traditional prescription of bear bile by doctors practicing traditional medicine. Bear bile contains

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Ward JB, Lajczak NK, Kelly OB, O'Dwyer AM, Giddam AK, Ní Gabhann J, Franco P, Tambuwala MM, Jefferies CA, Keely S, Roda A, Keely SJ (June 2017).

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In Laos in 2011, bear bile was selling for 120,000 kip (US$ 15) per ml, half the average monthly wage of 240,000 kip. A 2019 survey of locals in

2932: 4092: 399: 3122:"Bile acids deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid differentially regulate human β-defensin-1 and -2 secretion by colonic epithelial cells" 140:

or inserted catheter. A significant proportion of the bears die because of the stress of unskilled surgery or the infections which may occur.

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drew criticism in 2020 after reportedly recommending 'Tan Re Qing', a traditional medicine which contains the bile, to treat severe cases of

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Pathology reports have shown that bile from sick bears is often contaminated with blood, pus, faeces, urine, bacteria and cancer cells.

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method uses a permanent catheter tube to extract the bile which is then collected in a plastic bag set in a metal box worn by the bear.

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Bile bears are often subjected to other procedures which have their own concomitant ethical and welfare concerns. These include

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It has been estimated that 50–60 per cent of bears die from complications caused by the surgery or improper post-surgical care.

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severe mental stress and muscle atrophy. Some bears are caught as cubs and may be kept in these conditions for up to 30 years.

3769: 1015: 6239: 4606: 4316: 3985: 1935:"The Humane Society of the United States and Born Free USA Praise Hawaii Governor for Signing Bear Bile Prohibition into Law" 1822: 126: 4056: 2638:

Kikuchi, R. (2012). "Captive bears in human–animal welfare conflict: A case study of bile extraction on Asia's bear farms".

2505:"The customer isn't always right—conservation and animal welfare implications of the increasing demand for wildlife tourism" 3559: 3452:"Bile Acid Synthesis: From Nature to the Chemical Modification and Synthesis and Their Applications as Drugs and Nutrients" 136:

The bile can be harvested using several techniques, all of which require some degree of surgery, and may leave a permanent

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concerns. However, the government's agreement to allow the rescue of 500 bears may represent a softening of this stance.

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where the bears seemed unconcerned by the procedure, in an attempt to counter the allegations its business was cruel.

2705: 2369: 962: 956: 2747: 2161: 1619: 133:. They were previously hunted for bile but factory farming has become common since hunting was banned in the 1980s. 6676: 6548: 6343: 6279: 6215: 5866: 5826: 5796: 4929: 4924: 4326: 3788:, Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland, January 12, 2006 754: 55: 3825: 3034:

Appiah, S (2017). "Anti-inflammatory and Hepatoproective Medicinal Herbs as Potential Substitutes for Bear Bile".

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Animal Investigators: How the World's First Wildlife Forensics Lab is Solving Crimes and Saving Endangered Species

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In 2011, the overall worldwide trade in bear parts, including bile, was estimated to be a $ 2 billion industry.

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Feng, Yibin; Siu, Kayu; Wang, Ning; Ng, Kwan-Ming; Tsao, Sai-Wah; Nagamatsu, Tadashi; Tong, Yao (2009-01-12).

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Bear bile has been shown in studies to be able to get rid of gallstones or dissolve them in the gallbladder.

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three-year operation (Operation SOUP) ending in 1999, 52 people were arrested and 300 gallbladders seized in

6711: 6482: 6386: 6199: 6175: 6052: 5931: 5886: 5781: 5668: 5477: 4158: 4076: 3842: 3812: 3779: 3296: 2188: 1961: 1651: 1595: 886: 873: 631: 594: 499: 444: 414: 227:, Tang dynasty, 659 CE). The pharmacologically active ingredient contained in bear bile and gallbladders is 2590: 6739: 6684: 6231: 5806: 5766: 5720: 5638: 5593: 5462: 5120: 5105: 4759: 4336: 3955: 3903: 2858:"Can't bear it! Employing Culturally Sensitive Initiatives to Reduce Bear Bile Demand in Northern Vietnam" 2623: 2211: 1072: 785: 403: 301:

of the whole gallbladder is sometimes used. This method is used when wild bears are killed for their bile.

3759: 3319:"Substitutes for Bear Bile for the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Research Progress and Future Perspective" 1332: 6490: 6311: 6271: 6183: 6143: 6064: 6058: 5871: 5060: 5025: 4611: 4510: 4419: 4258: 4148: 4113: 3370:"Preparation of ursodeoxycholic acid from 7-ketone lithocholic acid by stereoselective electroreduction" 1798: 5160: 5145: 1702: 1572: 3886: 6514: 6319: 6247: 5998: 5941: 5811: 5663: 5648: 5522: 5427: 5387: 5382: 5235: 4457: 4298: 4066: 4046: 2518: 2217: 1888: 1271: 735: 552: 472:

There are two alternative sources for bile from farmed bears, i.e. wild bears and synthetic sources.

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Lajczak NK, Saint-Criq V, O'Dwyer AM, Perino A, Adorini L, Schoonjans K, Keely SJ (September 2017).

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uses an ultrasound imager to locate the gallbladder, which is then punctured and the bile extracted.

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products, compared to roughly 21% who listed quality or preferring different medicine as reasons.

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Scotson, L.; Fredriksson, G.; Augeri, D.; Cheah, C.; Ngoprasert, D. & Wai-Ming, W. (2018) .

555:(UDCA). This can be synthesized using cow or pig bile, or even using no animal ingredients. The 6692: 6466: 6426: 6378: 6370: 6255: 6022: 5921: 5896: 5861: 5608: 5517: 5457: 5377: 4829: 4804: 4794: 4774: 4500: 4384: 4293: 4128: 3682: 3515: 3483: 3432: 3350: 3270: 3262: 3227: 3178: 3143: 3102: 3061: 3051: 3016: 2838: 2820: 2546: 2316: 2221: 2132: 2106: 2062: 2003: 1916: 1842: 1553: 1280: 1138: 1078: 1053: 770: 580: 576: 6636: 6362: 5911: 5578: 5482: 5447: 5437: 5367: 5230: 5170: 5125: 5090: 4994: 4949: 4889: 4839: 4663: 4621: 4581: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4475: 4278: 4041: 4010: 3473: 3463: 3422: 3414: 3381: 3340: 3330: 3254: 3217: 3170: 3133: 3092: 3043: 3006: 2996: 2958: 2828: 2810: 2647: 2536: 2526: 2483: 2405: 2306: 2096: 2054: 1906: 1896: 1834: 1543: 1533: 1493: 1454: 1405: 1128: 1118: 1043: 778: 313: 3870: 3859: 1934: 417:

attempted to verify the story after it went viral, and concluded it likely did not happen.

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Chinese government attends official opening of Animals Asia's Moon bear rescue centre ..."

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was one of the most successful bile extraction companies in China, paying some 10 million

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Tiger Bone & Rhino Horn: The Destruction of Wildlife for Traditional Chinese Medicine

1875:"A stated preference investigation into the Chinese demand for farmed vs. wild bear bile" 78:. Demand for the bile has been found in those nations as well as in some others, such as 3589: 3081:"Ursodeoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid exert anti-inflammatory actions in the colon" 2522: 2400: 1892: 1301: 247:

Several methods can be used to extract the bile. These all require surgery and include:

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Moorhouse, T.P.; Dahlsjö, C.A.; Baker, S.E.; D'Cruze, N.C.; Macdonald, D.W. (2015).

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Raw bile can sell for as much as US$ 24,000 per kg, about half the price of gold.

788:. It has been linked to regulation of immunoregulatory responses by regulation of 2531: 1901: 728:

Bear bile products come in forms, including pill (top) and liquid (bottom) forms.

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Asian bear farming: breaking the cycle of exploitation (warning: graphic images)

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Animals Asia Foundation press release, December 2002, retrieved October 18, 2005

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Bile from farmed bears is considered inferior to bile and gall from wild bears.

114: 63: 51: 3258: 3047: 2905: 2293:"The challenges and conservation implications of bear bile farming in Viet Nam" 2101: 2084: 646:

twice a day to collect a total of approximately 130 ml from each bear per day.

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

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O'Dwyer AM, Lajczak NK, Keyes JA, Ward JB, Greene CM, Keely SJ (August 2016).

2937: 2815: 2651: 2488: 2471: 2428:"Japan's illegal trade in bear products: A threat to bears worldwide (page 3)" 2374: 2311: 2292: 1033: 896: 492: 350: 188: 106: 3468: 3266: 3222: 3174: 3097: 3080: 2824: 2320: 2007: 1057: 6615: 6474: 6070: 5841: 5317: 5292: 5180: 4959: 4904: 4556: 4356: 4263: 4243: 4153: 1996:

The veterinary, behavioural and welfare implications of bear farming in Asia

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had declined to 322 animals in 20 farms. Project Moon Bear, a South Korean

586:

In Japan, UDCA has been synthesised from cow galls, as a by-product of the

260:

uses a tube entered into the gallbladder through the abdomen. According to

231:(UDCA); bears are the only mammals to produce significant amounts of UDCA. 3274: 3138: 3121: 3001: 1538: 1123: 719: 5255: 4173: 4123: 3707: 2910: 2509: 1879: 1623: 1306: 793: 789: 758: 572: 564: 560: 528: 331: 274: 98: 79: 3206:"Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits TNFα-induced IL-8 release from monocytes" 2933:"Endangered Moon Bears Are Being Farmed in South Korea for a COVID Cure" 2677:"Laos: Authorities shut down bear farm that extracted the animal's bile" 2472:"Bear farms in Lao PDR expand illegally and fail to conserve wild bears" 1048: 58:

practitioners. It is estimated that 12,000 bears are farmed for bile in

4485: 4439: 4098: 3418: 2985:"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection" 2156: 1522:"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection" 1107:"Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection" 292: 271: 137: 71: 39: 24: 19: 4036: 3210:

American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

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American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

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American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology

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Gong, J. & Harris, R. B. (2006). "The status of bears in China".

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Parry-Jones, R.; Vincent, A. (1998). "Can we tame wild medicine?".

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Feng Y, Siu K, Wang N, Ng KM, Tsao SW, Nagamatsu T, Tong Y (2009).

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Scientific studies have found components of bear bile to have some

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The pharmacologically active ingredient contained in bear bile is

380: 312: 83: 75: 59: 47: 18: 2401:"Couple seeks to end bear bile trade in Korea, build sanctuaries" 1188:. Japan Bear Network (compiler), Ibaraki, Japan. pp. 96–101. 745:

Examples of Bear Bile Products Seized by the Hong Kong Government

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are illegally poached for their gallbladders and paws each year.

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Bear bile and gallbladders, which store bile, are ingredients in

5881: 3895: 2773:"Bear Farms in South Korea: An End to Policy Deadlock in Sight?" 2297: 671: 568: 67: 43: 6108: 5718: 4699: 3937: 3899: 1333:"Pills, Powders, Vials and Flakes: the bear bile trade in Asia" 1236:"Folk remedy extracted from captive bears stirs furor in China" 1165:"Is the end of 'house of horror' bear bile factories in sight?" 3883: 3837: 2619:"Asian bear bile remedies: Traditional medicine or barbarism?" 1647:"Asian Bear Bile Remedies: Traditional Medicine or Barbarism?" 941: 563:

and it is now being widely produced under brand names such as

121:). Both the Asiatic black bear and the sun bear are listed as 2721:"Vile: Illegal Trade in Bear Bile Flourishes throughout Asia" 2085:"Current status of animal welfare and animal rights in China" 1674:"Chinese doctors to call for 'cruel' bear farms to be closed" 590:, since 1955. It is also produced in the U.S. by Ciba-Geigy. 2244:. Embassy of the People's Republic of China. 1 December 2006 2184:"Suicide bear story likely false - but bile farming is real" 3878: 3731:"Animal Rights Group to Turn Bear-Bile Farm into Sanctuary" 2906:"Covid-19: China pushes traditional remedies amid outbreak" 2704:. Vol. 157, no. 2115. p. 26. Archived from 1474:

McLellan, B.N.; Proctor, M.F.; Huber, D. & Michel, S.

507:

gallbladders and medicinal products containing bear bile.

3826:"New home for bile bears at the Bear Sanctuary Ninh Binh" 872:

in taxes. In 2012, the company tried to go public in the

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University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid

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website which has video of conditions on bile bear farms

3611:"Thousands cry out online against bear farming in China" 1777:"Asian bear farming: breaking the cycle of exploitation" 2748:

An update on the bear bile trade in Peninsular Malaysia

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Academic sources have reported that bile bears exhibit

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Crudge, Brian; Nguyen, Trang; Cao, Tien Trung (2018).

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The bear species most commonly farmed for bile is the

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Ethically disputed business practices towards animals

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Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes

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Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Parry-Jones, Rob; Vincent, Amanda (January 3, 1998).

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SAHA, GOUTAM KUMAR; MAZUMDAR, SUBHENDU (2017-07-01).

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Sukanan, Darunee; Anthony, Brandon P. (2019-02-26).

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through the bear's abdomen and into the gallbladder.

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Ryder 4890:Thomas Lepeltier 4720: 4711: 4697: 4664:World Animal Day 4622:Unnecessary Fuss 4582:Brown Dog affair 4552:Animals in sport 4542:Animal slaughter 4537:Animal sacrifice 4476:Culling wildlife 4279:Wildlife farming 4197: 4042:Animal cognition 4011:Total liberation 3946: 3935: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3897: 3884:TheBearTruth.org 3853: 3851: 3850: 3833: 3806:, April 25, 2005 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3739:. Archived from 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3686: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3566:on July 23, 2013 3562:. Archived from 3555: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3481: 3471: 3456:Front. Pharmacol 3447: 3441: 3440: 3430: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3348: 3338: 3317:Li, Sha (2016). 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3304: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3225: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3169:(3): G378–G387. 3158: 3152: 3151: 3141: 3132:(9): 3848–3857. 3117: 3111: 3110: 3100: 3091:(6): G550–G558. 3076: 3070: 3069: 3031: 3025: 3024: 3014: 3004: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2836: 2818: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2733: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2614: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2583: 2574: 2573: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2534: 2517:(10): e0138939. 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2406:The Korea Herald 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2387: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2314: 2288: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2275: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2148: 2142: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2104: 2080: 2071: 2070: 2039: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2010:. Archived from 2001: 1990: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1914: 1904: 1870: 1859: 1858: 1818: 1803: 1802: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1772: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1736: 1709: 1708: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1620:"Cages of shame" 1616: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577:Veterinary Times 1568: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1541: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1501: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1432: 1423: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1413: 1390:Ursus thibetanus 1383: 1372: 1371: 1369: 1368: 1352: 1346: 1345: 1337: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1320: 1319: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1276: 1262: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1231: 1216: 1215: 1201: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1160: 1147: 1146: 1136: 1126: 1102: 1089: 1088: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1051: 1029: 1023: 1010: 997: 990: 986: 983: 977: 972:this article by 963:inline citations 950: 949: 942: 929: 928: 917: 916: 915: 908: 779:hepatoprotective 722: 711: 361:Welfare concerns 221: 191: 177: 163: 97:), although the 95:Ursus thibetanus 6815: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6775:Animal products 6755: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6718: 6699: 6642: 6623:Muutoksen kevät 6596: 6529: 6435:Behind the Mask 6350: 6160:Animals' Rights 6111: 6092: 6076: 5983: 5951: 5724: 5698: 5559:Cleveland Amory 5547: 5513:Darren Thurston 5508:Marianne Thieme 5363:Bruce Friedrich 5328:Joey Carbstrong 5313:Brigitte Bardot 5260: 5251:Jon Wynne-Tyson 5141:J. Howard Moore 5086:John Galsworthy 5066:Wilhelm Dietler 5009: 5005:Corey Lee Wrenn 4915:Martha Nussbaum 4825:Lawrence Finsen 4765:Paola Cavalieri 4740:Kristin Andrews 4715: 4705: 4683: 4652: 4631: 4566: 4520: 4462: 4434: 4395:Pain in animals 4371: 4303: 4269:Poultry farming 4188: 4020: 3940: 3929: 3924: 3891:Wayback Machine 3848: 3846: 3836: 3824: 3821: 3795: 3793:Further reading 3756: 3755: 3746: 3744: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3712: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3647: 3645: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3567: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3300: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3058: 3033: 3032: 3028: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2941: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2887: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2762: 2750: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2731: 2729: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2616: 2615: 2606: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2469: 2468: 2461: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2412: 2410: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2385: 2383: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2333: 2332: 2328: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2195: 2193: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2167: 2165: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2140:Wayback Machine 2130: 2126: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2041: 2040: 2029: 2020: 2018: 2014: 1999: 1992: 1991: 1976: 1967: 1965: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1938: 1937:. June 19, 2012 1933: 1932: 1928: 1872: 1871: 1862: 1820: 1819: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1756: 1746: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1712: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1629: 1627: 1626:on May 24, 2019 1618: 1617: 1610: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1434: 1433: 1426: 1416: 1414: 1385: 1384: 1375: 1366: 1364: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1317: 1315: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1277: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1246: 1244: 1233: 1232: 1219: 1203: 1202: 1193: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1162: 1161: 1150: 1104: 1103: 1092: 1085: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1020:Wayback Machine 1011: 1007: 998: 987: 981: 978: 968:Please help to 967: 951: 947: 940: 935: 923: 913: 911: 903: 883: 862: 854: 842: 821: 813: 767: 732: 731: 730: 729: 725: 724: 723: 714: 713: 712: 701: 688: 668: 655: 629: 617: 608: 606:Wild population 603: 549: 524: 486: 478: 470: 462: 453: 436: 431: 423: 408:self-mutilation 396: 372: 363: 311: 268:Catheterization 245: 215: 204: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 192: 183: 182: 181: 178: 169: 168: 167: 164: 155: 154: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6813: 6811: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6757: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6707: 6705: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6665: 6656: 6654: 6648: 6647: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6519: 6511: 6503: 6495: 6487: 6479: 6471: 6463: 6455: 6447: 6439: 6431: 6423: 6415: 6407: 6399: 6395:Meet Your Meat 6391: 6383: 6375: 6367: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6349: 6348: 6340: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6308: 6300: 6292: 6284: 6276: 6268: 6260: 6252: 6244: 6236: 6228: 6220: 6212: 6204: 6196: 6192:The New Ethics 6188: 6180: 6172: 6164: 6156: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6123: 6121: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6084: 6082: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6023:Animals' Party 6020: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5792:AnimaNaturalis 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5762:Animal Justice 5759: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5734: 5726: 5725: 5719: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5694:Gretchen Wyler 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5624:Lewis Gompertz 5621: 5616: 5614:Emarel Freshel 5611: 5606: 5604:Muriel Dowding 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5538:Gary Yourofsky 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5453:Ingrid Newkirk 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5398:Charlotte Laws 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5323:Yves Bonnardel 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5298:Martin Balluch 5295: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5246:Steven M. Wise 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5191:Bernard Rollin 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5151:Leonard Nelson 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5056:Herman Daggett 5053: 5048: 5046:Priscilla Cohn 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5021:Jeremy Bentham 5017: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4935:Jessica Pierce 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4865:Kyle Johannsen 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4790:David DeGrazia 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4730:Carol J. Adams 4726: 4724: 4717: 4707: 4706: 4700: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4602:Pit of despair 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4532:Abandoned pets 4528: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4377:Animal welfare 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4352:Model organism 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4309:Animal testing 4305: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4284:Working animal 4281: 4276: 4274:Slaughterhouse 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4249:Insect farming 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4209:Animal product 4205: 4203: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4164:Sentiocentrism 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4072:Animal welfare 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3881: 3876: 3868: 3863: 3854: 3834: 3820: 3819:External links 3817: 3816: 3815: 3807: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3783: 3773: 3767: 3754: 3753: 3721: 3694: 3654: 3629: 3602: 3577: 3550: 3527: 3520: 3493: 3442: 3393: 3360: 3309: 3280: 3253:(3): 351–356. 3237: 3216:(2): G334–41. 3196: 3153: 3112: 3071: 3056: 3026: 2975: 2950: 2923: 2896: 2871: 2862:EnviroLab Asia 2848: 2789: 2760: 2738: 2711: 2686: 2683:on 2013-02-03. 2665: 2630: 2604: 2575: 2556: 2495: 2482:(1): 176–184. 2459: 2440: 2419: 2392: 2361: 2347: 2326: 2305:(2): 252–259. 2280: 2255: 2233: 2226: 2202: 2192:. October 2014 2175: 2143: 2124: 2095:(5): 351–357. 2072: 2027: 1974: 1948: 1926: 1860: 1804: 1790: 1779:. Mongabay.com 1754: 1710: 1693: 1682:. Aug 28, 2011 1665: 1637: 1608: 1582: 1563: 1512: 1466: 1424: 1373: 1347: 1324: 1292: 1254: 1217: 1191: 1176: 1148: 1090: 1083: 1063: 1024: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 954: 952: 945: 939: 936: 934: 933: 921: 901: 900: 894: 889: 882: 879: 861: 858: 853: 850: 841: 838: 820: 817: 812: 809: 775:anti-microbial 766: 763: 727: 726: 717: 716: 715: 706: 705: 704: 703: 702: 700: 697: 687: 684: 667: 664: 654: 651: 628: 625: 616: 613: 607: 604: 602: 599: 548: 545: 523: 520: 485: 482: 477: 474: 469: 466: 461: 458: 452: 449: 435: 432: 430: 427: 422: 419: 395: 392: 376:corticosteroid 371: 368: 362: 359: 310: 307: 303: 302: 296: 285: 278: 265: 255: 244: 241: 203: 200: 193: 186: 185: 184: 179: 172: 171: 170: 165: 158: 157: 156: 152: 151: 150: 149: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6812: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6741: 6733: 6732: 6729: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669:Tame Yourself 6666: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6630:No Compromise 6627: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6131:(3rd century) 6130: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6103: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6063: 6061:(Netherlands) 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5954: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5787:Animal Rising 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5757:Animal Ethics 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5654:Jessie Mackay 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5629:James Granger 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5564:Henry B. Amos 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5533:Louise Wallis 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5498:Kim Stallwood 5496: 5494: 5493:Jasmin Singer 5491: 5489: 5488:Nathan Runkle 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5473:David Olivier 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5358:John Feldmann 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5333:Aymeric Caron 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5303:Carole Baskin 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206:Laurids Smith 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5176:James Rachels 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5121:John Lawrence 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5031:Brigid Brophy 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4995:Tatjana Višak 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4985:David Sztybel 4983: 4981: 4980:Cass Sunstein 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4945:Mark Rowlands 4943: 4941: 4940:Evelyn Pluhar 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4895:Andrew Linzey 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4880:Will Kymlicka 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4860:Dale Jamieson 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4840:Valéry Giroux 4838: 4836: 4835:Robert Garner 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4800:Sue Donaldson 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4780:J. M. Coetzee 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745:Tom Beauchamp 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4648:Hunt sabotage 4646: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636:Methodologies 4634: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4481:Hare coursing 4479: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 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3953: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3927:Animal rights 3921: 3916: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3879:MoonBears.org 3877: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3830:Four-paws.org 3827: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3757: 3743:on 2020-10-27 3742: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3725: 3722: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3690: 3684: 3670:on 2012-06-26 3669: 3665: 3658: 3655: 3644:on 2012-06-25 3643: 3639: 3633: 3630: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3592:on 2015-06-08 3591: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3545: 3537: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3502:Richard Ellis 3497: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 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1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1067: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1006: 996: 993: 985: 975: 971: 965: 964: 958: 953: 944: 943: 937: 932: 927: 922: 920: 910: 906: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 884: 880: 878: 875: 871: 867: 864:In 2010, the 859: 857: 851: 849: 845: 839: 837: 833: 831: 827: 818: 816: 810: 808: 805: 800: 797: 795: 791: 787: 782: 780: 776: 772: 764: 762: 760: 756: 751: 743: 739: 737: 721: 710: 699:Bile products 698: 696: 693: 685: 683: 680: 679:Luang Prabang 675: 673: 665: 663: 661: 652: 650: 647: 643: 641: 636: 633: 626: 624: 622: 614: 612: 605: 600: 598: 596: 591: 589: 588:meat industry 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 546: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 521: 519: 516: 512: 508: 504: 501: 497: 494: 490: 483: 481: 475: 473: 467: 465: 459: 457: 450: 448: 446: 440: 433: 428: 426: 420: 418: 416: 411: 409: 405: 401: 393: 391: 387: 384: 382: 377: 369: 367: 360: 358: 355: 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5353:Chris DeRose 5343:Rod Coronado 5276:Contemporary 5216:Thomas Tryon 5136:Mary Midgley 5131:Jean Meslier 5111:Soame Jenyns 5101:John Hildrop 5096:Arthur Helps 5061:Richard Dean 5036:Peter Buchan 4975:Gary Steiner 4970:Peter Singer 4965:Jérôme Segal 4930:David Pearce 4920:Clare Palmer 4910:David Nibert 4900:Clair Linzey 4810:Joan Dunayer 4735:Aysha Akhtar 4723:Contemporary 4592:McLibel case 4547:Animal trial 4506:Seal hunting 4468:Wild animals 4453:Fishing bait 4415:Pain in fish 4234:Fish farming 4218: 4214:Battery cage 4134:Meat paradox 4091: 4032:Abolitionism 3872: 3847:. 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