218:"The unique characteristics they exhibit just don't fit into the other groups of apes", said Williams. The apes, she argued, could be a new species unknown to science, a new subspecies of chimpanzee, or a hybrid of the gorilla and the chimpanzee. "At the very least, we have a unique, isolated chimp culture that's unlike any that's been studied", she said. These and other sensational pronouncements to the media proved controversial, and Williams was subsequently no longer welcome to study the animals with Ammann. Ammann had published a letter in 2003 decrying Williams' unprofessional involvement. Williams vowed to continue without him, making plans for another expedition. Cleve Hicks, a primatologist recruited by Ammann in 2004, stated "genetically, they're not even a subspecies".
1620:
339:
intently, then slide away quietly. There was little to no aggression, yet no fear, either. "Gorilla males will always charge when they encounter a hunter, but there were no stories like that" about the chimpanzees, according to Ammann. Hicks clarifies
Williams' claims as follows: the apes within roughly 20 km (12 mi) of the roads flee humans almost without exception. The adult males show the greatest fear. Further from the roads, however, the chimpanzees become progressively "naive".
1918:
1868:
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1906:
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228:. Williams countered that all these hairs may have contaminated by real chimpanzees or humans, or that the conventional use of mDNA regions discovered in human research as genetic markers was incorrect in primatology, or that the mDNA, which is only transmitted by mothers, would not reflect one-way hybridisation with male gorillas.
307:
According to
Williams, "They have a very flat face, a wide muzzle and their brow-ridge runs straight across and overhangs. They seem to turn grey very early in life, but instead of turning grey-black like a gorilla, they turn grey all over." They develop uniform grey fur independently of age and sex,
198:
magazine, who claimed to be the first scientist to see the 'Bili apes'. Williams returned to the US with videos, apparently purchased from one of Ammann's long-term trackers. Williams reported on her close encounter, "we could hear them in the trees, about 10 m away, and four suddenly came
231:
In 2004, Hicks studied several communities of the chimpanzees approximately 60 km (37 mi) northwest of the town of Bili. Although the apes, including adult males, would surround the humans and display an interest or curiosity in them, somewhat like previous reports, they did not attack or
330:
According to Hicks, in some ways, the apes behave more like gorillas than chimpanzees. For example, they build ground nests as gorillas do, using interwoven branches and/or saplings, bent down into a central bowl. However, they frequently nest in the trees as well. Often ground nests will be found
214:
into two distinct groups. There are the "tree beaters", which disperse high into the trees to stay safe, and easily succumb to the poison arrows used by local hunters. Then there are the "lion killers", which seldom climb trees, are bigger and darker, and are unaffected by the poison arrows. Other
338:
Hicks observed one group far from the roads and villages in 2004, saying that when they encountered it, the chimps not only approached the humans, but also would actually surround them with intent curiosity. Hicks found the behavior toward humans intriguing. They would come face-to-face, stare
262:
In 2019, Hicks and others published a comprehensive paper on the chimpanzees of the wider 'Bili-Uéré region', as they termed the central part of the Uélé watershed. The old giant ape controversy was ignored entirely. Twenty chimpanzee groups were studied over twelve years. In the work, Hicks
342:
Even though these apes avoid the camera, they seem to have a curious nature. It has been observed that, when these chimps find humans around, they don’t just approach humans, but circle them out of pure curiosity. The chimpanzees would stand face to face and exchange longing glances.
411:, in a range of habitats. They can be found throughout the region, in the savannahs around Bili and the dense rainforests a few hundred kilometres south. They are adapted to humans and occur within four kilometres (2.5 mi) of Bili, as well as other neighbouring towns such as
267:. classifies the chimpanzees of this area as a behavioural "realm", subdivided into many "regions", united by common preferences and techniques, defined by tool use, dietary preferences and such habits. Chimpanzees of Bili-Uéré, for example, do not eat termites of the
238:
By 2006, Hicks and colleagues had completed another long hunt for the chimpanzees during which they were able to observe the creatures a total of twenty hours. Hicks reported, "I see nothing gorilla about them. The females definitely have a chimp's sex swellings, they
757:
Hicks, Thurston C.; KĂĽehl, Hjalmar S.; Boesch, Christophe; Dieguez, Paula; Ayimisin, Ayuk
Emmanuel; Fernandez, Rumen Martin; Zungawa, Donatienne Barubiyo; Kambere, Mbangi; Swinkels, Jeroen; Menken, Steph B. J.; Hart, John; Mundry, Roger; Roessingh, Peter (2019).
199:
rushing through the brush towards me. If this had been a mock charge they would have been screaming to intimidate us. These guys were quiet, and they were huge. They were coming in for the kill – but as soon as they saw my face they stopped and disappeared".
163:
like that of a gorilla. Ammann purchased a photograph from hunters of what looked like a very big chimpanzee. Ammann also measured a faecal dropping three times as big as normal chimpanzee dung and casts of footprints as large as or larger than a gorilla's.
839:
400:, and 50 to 55 kilometres (31 to 34 mi) from the road to Bili. By 2007 they had grown frightened of the new arrivals to the city of Bili as gold was found in the region, and moved south of the Uélé. In 2007, Hicks was based in the city of
171:
bushmeat hunter he had sent to scout the area first a few years earlier. Although they did not see any chimpanzees, they did find several well-worn ground nests, characteristic of gorillas rather than chimpanzees, in swampy river beds.
443:, prompting concern by Westerners about the animals in the area. Over a 14-month period between September 2007 and November 2008, Hicks and his associates documented 34 chimpanzee young and 31 carcasses for sale in the cities of Buta,
315:
similar to that of a gorilla, but other morphological measurements are like those of chimpanzees. Only one of the many skulls found at Bili had a sagittal crest, thus it cannot be considered typical for the population.
852:
289:
Williams initially claimed the apes were bipedal (meaning they walk upright) and stand over five point seven feet (1.7 metres) tall, with the looks of a giant chimpanzee; making them look more like the extinct
1354:
809:
705:
Hicks, Thurston C.; Tranquilli, Sandra; Kuehl, Hjalmar; Campbell, Geneviève; Swinkels, Jeroen; Darby, Laura; Boesch, Christophe; Hart, John; Menkena, Steph B. J. (March 2014).
159:
campaigner, first visited the city in 1996, looking for the gorillas. Instead, Ammann bought a skull that had dimensions like that of a chimpanzee, but with a prominent
273:
genus, which are otherwise much loved by the apes, unless the termites are having a mating swarm. Despite early reports of super-long rods used to fish termites, Hicks
1079:
1729:
308:
which suggests that greying takes place early in life (whereas in all known gorilla species, only males gray as they age and graying is restricted to their backs).
215:
reports attribute this statement to Ammann. Williams claimed to have observed three species of chimpanzees, including this new one, during her summer tour.
1331:
501:
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665:
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706:
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666:"Trade in Orphans and Bushmeat Threatens One of The Democratic Republic of the Congo's Most Important Populations of Eastern Chimpanzees (
1380:
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996:
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819:
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ended in 2003, it was easier for scientists to conduct field research in the Congo. Also recruited by Ammann was Shelly
Williams, an
1224:
715:
407:
As of 2014, a large contiguous population of chimpanzees is now known to occur in the lands along both sides of the Uélé throughout
331:
beneath or in proximity to tree nests. Their diet is decidedly chimpanzee-like, consisting mainly of fruits (fruiting trees such as
386:
and neglect had left the region relatively undeveloped and wild, with people still using home-made guns of ancient design in 2005.
397:
259:
website was later confused with claims originating from
Williams, Hicks wrote to claim the article misreported and misquoted him.
363:
73:
48:
64:, were names given in 2003 in sensational reports in the popular media to a purportedly new species of highly aggressive, giant
1744:
1111:"Supplementary material for Reactions of Bili-Uele Chimpanzees to Humans in Relation to Their Distance From Roads and Villages"
1192:
956:
235:
In 2005, Williams was paralysed in an accident, and her claims to the media ceased. She never mounted her planned expedition.
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Female Bili apes have genital swellings similar to other chimpanzees, although
Williams claimed otherwise.
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641:
587:
1938:
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740:
724:
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Hicks, Thurston C.; Darby, Laura; Hart, John; Swinkels, Jeroen; January, Nick; Menken, Steph (2010).
636:
578:
Reporter
Travels Deep into the African Jungle in Search of a Mysterious Chimp Called the Lion Killer"
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448:
180:
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991:
86:
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1592:
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707:"Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: Discovery of a large, continuous population of
97:, and part of a larger contiguous population stretching throughout that part of northern Congo.
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1055:"Book Review: Bili-Uéré: A chimpanzee behavioural realm in northern Democratic Republic Congo"
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781:
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732:
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840:"The Beast with No Name: In the Depths of the Congo Lives an Elusive Ape Unlike Any Other"
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176:
146:
98:
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728:
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resolved from hairs taken from the nests found in 2003 that the chimpanzees belonged to
167:
Ammann, with a group of foreign researchers, returned in 2000 to an area described by a
84:, but they have a diet and features characteristic of chimpanzees", according to a 2003
1922:
1898:
987:"Whatever Happened To? Bondo Mystery Ape Proves to Be a Chimpanzee With Unusual Habits"
436:
312:
296:
160:
1428:
Cleve Hicks's webpage at Max Planck institute for
Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig.
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use rods to fish for termites at all, but instead bash the mounds open against roots.
1932:
1871:
1447:
1023:
847:
814:
786:
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332:
760:"Bili-Uéré: A Chimpanzee Behavioural Realm in Northern Democratic Republic of Congo"
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According to
Williams, the apes howled at the Moon. Hicks and Ammann disputed that.
1917:
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183:, were recruited by Karl Ammann to search for apes, but the venture came up empty.
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examined the skulls in 1970 and determined that they were indistinguishable from
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in 2003 immediately indicated that it was in fact part of the already described
69:
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378:, whereas around Bili lie wetlands and the forests are broken by patches of
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156:
1787:
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Chimpanzees were also tracked by Ammann in the region near the city of
379:
203:
130:
81:
776:
759:
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1109:
Hicks, Thurston Cleve; Roessingh, Peter; Menken, Steph B. J. (2012).
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926:"Seeking answers to big 'mystery ape'. Clues to new ape species?"
396:
In 2006, Hicks moved the study to the much denser forests around
1848:
1489:
435:, although less to the north of the Uélé. Beginning in 2007 the
1443:
1322:"Congolese chimpanzees face new 'wave of killing' for bushmeat"
1470:
930:
77:
65:
38:
1425:(a co-production of NPR and the National Geographic Society).
366:'s far north, about 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of the
311:
A single skull from Bili has the prominent brow ridge and a
16:
Chimpanzees in the northern
Democratic Republic of the Congo
125:
Skulls of gorillas were first collected near the town of
175:
In 2001, an international team of scientists, including
1439:
243:
and tree-drum, and so on". DNA samples recovered from
1882:
393:, 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the west, in 2004.
502:"Elusive African Apes: Giant Chimps or New Species?"
362:
is a city, and a river tributary, which lies in the
1763:
1713:
1627:
1477:
1353:Cleve Hicks of the Bili Ape Project (16 Sep 2007).
44:
34:
26:
21:
1409:"The giant lion-eating chimps of the magic forest"
1254:"A New Home for the Aketi Five Chimpanzee Orphans"
129:in 1908. These were sent to the colonial power of
1436:Stray bullet paralyzes experimental psychologist.
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
632:"Mystery Apes Are Chubby Chimps, Zoologists Find"
1171:"The Bondo Mystery Apes: Winter 2004 Field Data"
404:, a few hundred kilometres southwest of Bondo.
374:, to the south of this river lie deep tropical
626:
624:
622:
1455:
1289:"Congo's chimps threatened by bushmeat trade"
1048:
1046:
431:Primates throughout the Congo are hunted for
202:According to Williams, who claims she learnt
8:
1104:
1102:
1100:
141:, was described based upon these specimens.
881:
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875:
873:
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711:in the Central Uele region of northern DRC"
700:
698:
495:
493:
491:
489:
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485:
251:of these apes in the chimpanzee subspecies
1462:
1448:
1440:
1381:"Remembering Vietnam – The Story from APM"
919:
917:
915:
913:
891:"Skeptoid #689: The Bili Ape of the Congo"
255:. When a report on Hicks' research on the
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560:
558:
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1420:NPR.org "In Search of Congo's Bili Ape"
810:"DNA tests solve mystery of giant apes"
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
532:
530:
528:
481:
155:, a Swiss Kenyan photographer and anti-
18:
1798:Chimpanzee–human last common ancestor
1301:from the original on 11 February 2021
999:from the original on 19 November 2019
277:. document that these chimpanzees do
93:Scientists soon determined they were
72:around of the village of Bili in the
7:
1808:Orangutan–human last common ancestor
1357:. RichardDawkins.net. Archived from
1144:Nowatschin, Jan (19 December 2022).
1053:McGrew, William C. (December 2019).
1803:Gorilla–human last common ancestor
1735:Kinshasa Declaration on Great Apes
1027:. 2 September 2006. Archived from
985:Barone, Jennifer (15 March 2007).
602:"Latest update Bili Chimp project"
14:
1813:Gibbon–human last common ancestor
1085:from the original on 10 July 2020
1916:
1904:
1892:
1867:
1866:
1618:
1125:from the original on 7 July 2021
364:Democratic Republic of the Congo
74:Democratic Republic of the Congo
49:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1745:Great Apes Survival Partnership
1695:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary
1355:"The Bili Apes Are in Trouble!"
1334:from the original on 2013-09-16
1320:Randerson, James (2010-09-07).
1270:from the original on 2020-09-29
1115:American Journal of Primatology
463:(fictional "great apes" of the
1225:"Aketi Field Season 2007–2008"
709:Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
668:Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
370:. It lies to the north of the
226:Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
111:Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
1:
1193:"Bili Field Season 2006–2007"
957:"Bili Field Season 2004-2005"
924:Walton, Marsha (2003-08-09).
818:. 2006-06-30. Archived from
737:10.1016/j.biocon.2014.01.002
640:. 2006-06-29. Archived from
574:"Lost apes of the Congo: A
1965:
1818:List of fictional primates
1670:Neanderthal genome project
1152:. Animals Around The Globe
838:Young, Emma (2004-10-09).
500:Roach, John (2003-04-14).
117:of the common chimpanzee.
68:supposedly inhabiting the
1862:
1750:International Primate Day
1700:Borneo Orangutan Survival
1655:Chimpanzee genome project
1616:
1150:animalsaroundtheglobe.com
787:21.11116/0000-0003-11D9-5
192:experimental psychologist
139:Gorilla gorilla uellensis
1229:www.wasmoethwildlife.org
1197:www.wasmoethwildlife.org
961:www.wasmoethwildlife.org
507:National Geographic News
80:nest on the ground like
1776:List of individual apes
1755:Nonhuman Rights Project
716:Biological Conservation
355:map of the Ubangi river
1665:Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka
356:
1680:Lone Drøscher Nielsen
354:
70:wetlands and savannah
1911:Evolutionary biology
1660:Human Genome Project
644:on 12 November 2012.
572:(January 17, 2005).
471:Sympatric speciation
335:are visited often).
253:P. t. schweinfurthii
247:also reaffirmed the
232:become threatening.
1705:Primate archaeology
1361:on 13 February 2009
889:(August 20, 2019).
764:Folia Primatologica
729:2014BCons.171..107H
680:(1). Archived from
196:National Geographic
87:National Geographic
1635:Great ape language
1593:Tapanuli orangutan
1573:Sumatran orangutan
1387:on 19 January 2009
357:
107:eastern chimpanzee
95:common chimpanzees
62:Bondo mystery apes
1949:Purported mammals
1880:
1879:
1740:Great Ape Project
1583:Bornean orangutan
1423:Radio Expeditions
777:10.1159/000492998
439:saw an influx of
409:Bas-Uélé District
292:Australopithecine
222:Mitochondrial DNA
133:; in 1927, a new
54:
53:
1956:
1944:Hominid cryptids
1921:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1897:
1896:
1888:
1870:
1869:
1839:Mythic humanoids
1622:
1597:P. tapanuliensis
1464:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1418:Chadwick, Alex.
1397:
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1383:. Archived from
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1019:"Bili ape myths"
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963:. Archived from
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739:. Archived from
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674:African Primates
661:
646:
645:
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604:. Archived from
598:
592:
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590:on July 7, 2021.
586:. Archived from
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522:
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510:. Archived from
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194:affiliated with
188:Second Congo War
147:western gorillas
19:
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1829:Human evolution
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1554:Western gorilla
1544:Eastern gorilla
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1611:: Hylobatidae)
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1181:on 2020-01-24.
1175:KarlAmmann.com
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938:on 2019-12-09.
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887:Dunning, Brian
861:
858:on 2013-10-21.
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743:on 2015-09-24.
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570:Faris, Stephan
524:
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333:strangler figs
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313:sagittal crest
297:Sahelanthropus
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249:classification
208:local populace
181:Mike Belliveau
161:sagittal crest
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1730:Research ban
1690:Elgin Center
1675:Willie Smits
1650:Jane Goodall
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1389:. Retrieved
1385:the original
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:the original
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:The Guardian
1325:
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1292:
1283:
1272:. Retrieved
1260:
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1233:the original
1228:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:the original
1196:
1187:
1179:the original
1174:
1165:
1154:. Retrieved
1149:
1146:"Bondo Apes"
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1118:
1114:
1087:. Retrieved
1068:(2): 19–20.
1065:
1061:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
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1001:. Retrieved
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965:the original
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682:the original
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610:. Retrieved
606:the original
596:
588:the original
581:
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516:. Retrieved
512:the original
505:
430:
427:Conservation
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143:Colin Groves
138:
137:of gorilla,
124:
110:
92:
85:
61:
57:
55:
1939:Chimpanzees
1820:(non-human)
1784:(non-human)
1778:(non-human)
1685:Ian Redmond
1640:Dian Fossey
1587:P. pygmaeus
1548:G. beringei
1519:P. paniscus
1481:ape species
1391:14 November
770:(1): 3–64.
723:: 107–113.
441:gold miners
376:rainforests
368:Ebola River
285:Description
270:Macrotermes
210:classified
169:Cameroonian
153:Karl Ammann
1933:Categories
1834:Monkey Day
1824:Great apes
1725:Personhood
1558:G. gorilla
1525:Chimpanzee
1500:H. sapiens
1411:on the UK
1365:23 January
1338:23 January
1330:. London.
1305:23 January
1274:2009-07-01
1239:2009-03-24
1207:2007-09-20
1156:2022-12-19
1035:23 January
1003:23 January
971:2007-09-20
688:2010-11-24
612:2007-09-20
518:2004-12-17
477:References
372:Uélé River
212:great apes
186:After the
135:subspecies
115:subspecies
1715:Legal and
1577:P. abelii
1567:Orangutan
437:Bili area
384:Civil war
241:pant-hoot
90:article.
58:Bili apes
1872:Category
1793:Bushmeat
1415:website.
1413:Guardian
1332:Archived
1299:Archived
1294:Ynetnews
1265:Archived
1263:. 2009.
1261:ippl.org
1123:Archived
1121:: 1–13.
1080:Archived
997:Archived
992:Discover
896:Skeptoid
796:30799412
455:See also
433:bushmeat
323:Behavior
157:bushmeat
82:gorillas
22:Bili ape
1923:Science
1899:Biology
1885:Portals
1788:Bigfoot
1771:Primate
1764:Related
1538:Gorilla
1129:6 April
1089:3 April
902:3 April
725:Bibcode
467:series)
461:Mangani
449:Bambesa
380:savanna
204:Lingala
131:Belgium
121:History
76:. "The
45:Country
1609:family
1605:Gibbon
1515:Bonobo
1479:Extant
794:
465:Tarzan
302:ToumaĂŻ
245:faeces
206:, the
27:Report
1854:Yowie
1844:Yeren
1496:Human
1268:(PDF)
1257:(PDF)
1083:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
856:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
445:Aketi
417:Zapay
402:Aketi
398:Gangu
391:Bondo
275:et al
265:et al
113:), a
101:with
60:, or
1849:Yeti
1490:Homo
1471:Apes
1393:2019
1367:2011
1340:2011
1307:2011
1131:2021
1091:2021
1037:2011
1005:2011
904:2021
792:PMID
583:Time
576:Time
447:and
421:Buta
415:and
413:Lebo
360:Bili
179:and
127:Bili
78:apes
56:The
35:Type
30:2003
1509:Pan
1070:doi
931:CNN
782:hdl
772:doi
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279:not
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