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in western
Washington retained the right to fish, hunt, and gather shellfish at their customary places, shared with all U.S. citizens. However, when tribal members sought to exercise these treaty rights outside of reservations, they faced arrests for fishing in violation of state laws.
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What initially began as a conflict over fishing quotas evolved into a movement for conservation and habitat protection. As a result of the efforts of Frank and other activists in the Fish Wars, tribal communities began working more closely with government officials in joint efforts to
424:, it established the 20 treaty Indian tribes in western Washington as co-managers of the salmon resource alongside the State of Washington. The ruling reaffirmed tribal rights to fifty percent of the harvestable salmon returning to western Washington.
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in 1931 to parents Willie and
Angeline Frank. His father, known as Qui-Lash-Kut, lived to the age of 104, while his mother, Angeline, lived into her 90s. Frank spent his formative years on a six-acre property called Frank's Landing, situated along the
464:, the NWIFC was chaired by Frank for over three decades, from 1981 until his passing on May 5, 2014. The commission's staff of 65 individuals assists member tribes in various endeavors, including fish health, salmon management planning, and
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In 1975, the
Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission (NWIFC) was established to support the natural resource management activities of the 20 treaty Indian tribes in western Washington. Headquartered in
406:. The SAIA worked to reframe the history of Native American arrests related to fishing rights, extending their protests back to the 1930s. Frank was arrested over 50 times during the Fish Wars.
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432:. These foundations, coupled with the acknowledgment by United States government officials of tribal rights as defined in their treaties with the United States, fostered an
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863:"Statement by the Press Secretary on H.J.Res. 76, H.R. 2270, H.R. 2297, H.R. 2693, H.R. 2820, H.R. 3594, H.R. 3831, H.R. 4246, S. 614, S. 808, S. 1090 and S. 1461"
310:, concluding his formal schooling upon completing the ninth grade. He subsequently worked in construction during the day and engaged in fishing during the night.
468:. Serving as a platform for tribes to address shared concerns, the NWIFC also serves as a mechanism for tribes to speak with a unified voice in Washington, D.C.
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was renamed in his honor in
December 2015. Billy Frank Jr. continues to be considered a bridge between Western and Native American societies in regards to
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confronted him. Allegedly, they forcibly pressed his face into the mud as he resisted. This incident marked the start of Frank's involvement in
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and will be the first statue in the
National Statuary Hall to depict a contemporary Native American as well as the first to be created by a
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of the 1960s and 1970s. These demonstrations gained nationwide attention and even attracted participation from celebrities; notably, actor
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will be 9-foot (2.7 m) tall and depict Frank sitting on a riverbank with jumping salmon. It is planned to be sculpted by
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By the 1960s, salmon populations had significantly declined due to unregulated commercial fishing and the construction of
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Washington State
Environmental Excellence Award (1987), on behalf of the State Ecological Commission and other tribes.
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394:(SAIA), a group in which Frank played a pivotal role as a founding member. The "fish-ins" drew inspiration from the
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1195:"Indian Treaty Fishing Rights and the Environment: Affirming the Right to Habitat Protection and Restoration"
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Frank's journey as an activist began in 1945 when he was arrested at the age of 14 while fishing on the
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from their reservation due to the expansion of an adjacent Army base. Frank received his education in
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artist. A preliminary model was unveiled in 2024 and the statue is scheduled to be installed at the
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was arrested during one of these protests in 1964. "Fish-ins" were coordinated by the newly formed
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1254:"Biography- Billy Frank Jr." American Indian Law. The Evergreen State College. December 3, 2008
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1109:"Billy Frank Jr." Institute for Tribal Government. Portland State University. December 2, 2008
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501(c)3 whose mission is to "protect and defend
Pacific Northwest salmon and salmon habitat."
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1393:"It's Official: Statue Honoring Billy Frank Jr. To Replace Marcus Whitman At U.S. Capitol"
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In 1963, Frank formed a lasting partnership with Native rights activist and strategist
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Brown, Jovana (Autumn 1994). "Treaty Rights Twenty Years After the Boldt
Decision".
1419:"In view of Billy Frank Jr.'s canoe, Gov. Inslee signs bill to send statue to D.C."
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382:. Frank emerged as a key leader in the "fish-in" protests that unfolded during the
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924:"Senate passes legislation to rename Nisqually Wildlife Refuge for Billy Frank Jr"
1067:"Hank Adams, champion for American Indian sovereignty, treaty rights, dies at 77"
1015:"Billy Frank Jr., 83, Defiant Fighter for Native Fishing Rights (Published 2014)"
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Messages from Frank's
Landing: A Story of Salmon, Treaties, and the Indian Way
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1367:"New U.S. Navy ship to honor Billy Frank Jr., WA tribal rights activist"
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1444:"Model of Billy Frank Jr. statue unveiled in Olympia before 2025 debut"
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831:"President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom"
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were not primarily politically driven, unlike other activists such as
1325:"Obama honoring Spielberg, Streisand and more with medal of freedom,"
1221:"Billy Frank Jr., Nisqually elder who fought for treaty rights, dies"
1139:"Preserving Salmon Habitat Paramount 30 Years After Boldt Decision".
895:"Nisqually wildlife refuge to be renamed for activist Billy Frank Jr"
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The tribal struggle eventually reached the U.S. courts, resulting in
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1341:"Bellingham Renames 'Indian Street' to 'Billy Frank Jr. Street'"
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Distinguished
Service Award (1990), for humanitarian achievement
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campaign in the 1960s and 1970s to secure fishing rights on the
351:, who actively pursued legal cases related to illegal fishing.
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Advocate of tribal fishing rights, leader of "fish-ins" during
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Nature's Allies: Eight Conservationists who Changed our World
806:"Billy Frank Jr. and Ruckelshaus to receive Medal of Freedom"
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issued a ruling that favored the native tribes. Known as the
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Where the Salmon Run: The Life and Legacy of Billy Frank Jr.
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for "exceptional contributions to Indian American freedom."
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treaties negotiated with the U.S. government in the 1850s
302:. His father had purchased this land after the family's
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Common Cause Award (1985), for his human rights efforts
1205:(1): 1–38 – via HeinOnline Law Journal Library.
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244:. His efforts centered around promoting cooperative
476:Frank held several different titles in his career.
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1114:"Institute for Tribal Government - Billy Frank Jr"
605:American Indian Distinguished Service Award (1989)
702:signed a law to honor Frank with a statue in the
1477:Institute for Tribal Government, Billy Frank Jr.
1330:, November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2015
343:. In the 1950s, his motivations for engaging in
1299:"State Presents Medal of Merit, Medal of Valor"
262:In recognition of his contributions, Frank was
1542:Native American people from Washington (state)
1442:Jimenez Romero, Jacquelyn (January 15, 2024).
632:Native American Leadership Award (2011), from
670:changed the name of "Indian Street" near the
620:American Indian Visionary Award (2004), from
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954:. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 149.
313:In 1952, at the age of 21, Frank joined the
1365:Yoon-Hendricks, Alexandra (July 29, 2023).
615:Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism
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64:Learn how and when to remove this message
1517:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1052:"The Fish-in Protests at Franks Landing"
762:, University of Washington Press, 2006.
745:, University of Washington Press, 2013.
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335:. Frank was fishing for salmon when two
98:Indigenous Leadership Award ceremony in
1512:People from Thurston County, Washington
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698:On April 14, 2021, Washington Governor
392:Survival of the American Indian Society
1303:Washington Secretary of State's Office
1283:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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706:, to replace the statue of missionary
644:Washington state Medal of Merit (2015)
1482:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
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1065:Mapes, Lynda V. (December 28, 2020).
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982:Marritz, Robert O. (March 10, 2009).
634:National Congress of American Indians
523:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
440:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
224:environmental leader and advocate of
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922:Connelly, Joel (December 14, 2015).
804:Lerman, Rachel (November 16, 2015).
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687:Navajo-class rescue and salvage ship
220:(March 9, 1931 – May 5, 2014) was a
674:campus to "Billy Frank Jr. Street".
871:(Press release). December 18, 2015
629:Dan Evans Stewardship Award (2006)
480:Positions held by Billy Frank Jr.
404:rejection of cultural assimilation
279:Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge
36:tone or style may not reflect the
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1417:Gentzler, Sara (April 14, 2021).
704:National Statuary Hall Collection
1472:Historylink.org, Billy Frank Jr.
1013:Yardley, William (May 9, 2014).
46:guide to writing better articles
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689:would be named in honor or him.
246:management of natural resources
16:Native American rights activist
984:"Frank, Billy Jr. (1931-2014)"
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1532:21st-century Native Americans
1397:Northwest Public Broadcasting
1193:Blumm, Michael (March 2017).
672:Western Washington University
653:Presidential Medal of Freedom
456:, with additional offices in
434:intergovernmental partnership
268:Presidential Medal of Freedom
210:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1391:Tom Banse (April 14, 2021).
1219:Welch, Craig (May 5, 2014).
647:In November 2015, Frank was
380:hydroelectric infrastructure
293:Billy Frank Jr. was born in
283:environmental sustainability
94:Billy Frank Jr. at the 2012
564:Member of Board of Trustees
559:The Evergreen State College
143:Nisqually, Washington, U.S.
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1050:Chrisman, Gabriel (2008).
950:Nielsen, Larry A. (2017).
929:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
681:announced that the future
542:Medicine Creek Treaty Area
430:preserve natural resources
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1537:American conservationists
1502:Native American activists
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436:between the two groups.
448:Billy Frank Jr. in 2006
416:In 1974, federal judge
195:Angeline Frank (mother)
40:used on Knowledge (XXG)
657:President Barack Obama
609:Martin Luther King Jr.
503:Nisqually Indian Tribe
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400:southern United States
277:in November 2015. The
163:Native American rights
44:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
1345:Nisqually Valley News
1199:Washington Law Review
659:in a ceremony at the
584:Founding Board Member
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396:civil rights movement
317:, serving two years.
295:Nisqually, Washington
228:. As a member of the
198:Willie Frank (father)
1147:(4): D3. March 2004.
1120:on September 4, 2008
683:USNS Billy Frank Jr.
649:posthumously awarded
623:Indian Country Today
264:posthumously awarded
903:. December 14, 2015
839:. November 16, 2015
756:Charles Wilkinson,
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454:Olympia, Washington
232:tribe, Frank led a
1265:on August 13, 2010
1019:The New York Times
679:United States Navy
668:City of Bellingham
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466:habitat protection
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412:U.S. v. Washington
341:civil disobedience
1448:The Seattle Times
1371:The Seattle Times
900:The Seattle Times
881:National Archives
849:National Archives
739:Trova Heffernan,
594:Honors and awards
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508:Fisheries Manager
418:George Hugo Boldt
304:forced relocation
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170:Years active
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38:encyclopedic tone
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1305:. March 18, 2015
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1269:December 4,
1166:(2): 1–16.
661:White House
251:During the
149:Nationality
136:May 5, 2014
1491:Categories
1092:"Treaties"
775:References
716:Haiying Wu
700:Jay Inslee
572:2003–2014
555:1996–2003
537:1977–2014
518:1981–2014
499:1975–1988
362:"Fish-ins"
356:Hank Adams
325:See also:
289:Early life
234:grassroots
159:Occupation
125:Washington
113:1931-03-09
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1027:0362-4331
730:in 2025.
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366:Based on
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253:Fish Wars
230:Nisqually
189:Relatives
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321:Activism
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472:Titles
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458:Forks
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