412:
278:, threatening fines or arrest for picketing, assembly, and protest on university or college grounds. Judge Jean Lemelin explained the court's decision, stating "he legality of the strike appears dubious considering Quebec's labour law, which only gives the right to strike to certain people and under very strict conditions." Still, groups of protesting students on 16 May walked through the corridors of Université du Québec à Montreal buildings and entered classrooms to disrupt ongoing classes and vandalize, leading the administration to suspend teaching. Students whose classes had been cancelled were, as they spoke to the media, heckled by protesters.
485:, and the response of police with rubber bullets, tear gas and percussion bombs against protesters. Most other times protests were wholly peaceful. Several protesters wore masks in protest of Montreal's recent bylaw criminalizing their use in protests; the Conservative Harper government at the time had been seeking to make their use during unlawful assembly an offense punishable by up to 10 years' imprisonment. Police declared the weekend protests to be illegal from Montreal Bylaw P-6, arresting 69 persons on the night of the bill's passage, and 308 on the following night.
227:
1110:
175:, and states that its purpose is to ensure that no student be denied the right to receive education at the school they attend, and that no one may impede the school's ability to provide it. The law restricts protest or picketing on or near university grounds. The law further requires that organizers of a protest, consisting of 50 or more people in a public venue anywhere in Quebec, submit their proposed venue and/or route to the relevant police for approval. Bill 78 was drafted by members of the
404:
380:. Its president, Yves-Thomas Dorval, stated that because of "the failure to comply with court orders issued in the past few weeks, the bill will have to include measures strong enough to achieve this objective in order to serve as a deterrent. This is especially true since certain cells will persist in a strategy designed to create and sustain chaos and intimidation despite the potential good intentions of the parties involved." Michel Leblanc, president and chief executive of the
508:) to express their opposition to Bill 78, first in Montreal and then in other cities and then to small towns across the province. Medias reported that many groups primarily concerned with the special law, and not necessarily sympathetic to students' demands, joined the gatherings across Quebec. After mass arrests on the nights of 22 and 23 May, daily protests where galvanized. On 28 May 2012, a group of lawyers demonstrated in Montreal against Bill 78.
26:
343:
without penalization to enrolled students. The
Minister of Education, Recreation, and Sports is granted the ability to deem as not applicable certain other regulations or laws or to " any other necessary modification to" Bill 78 so as to provide for any dispositions deemed necessary to ensure the continuation of classes throughout the duration specified by the act.
460:, co-spokesperson for the student association CLASSE (Coalition large de l'association pour une solidarite syndicale etudiante), has urged the population to consider disobeying the law. Université de Montréal philosophy professor Daniel Weinstock has stated that the bill is a scare tactic to frighten students and student leaders.
358:
According to the provisions of the bill, any infraction against its prohibitions require offenders to pay fines, which are paid for each day of infraction. Those fines amount to $ 1,000â$ 5,000 for individuals, $ 7,000â$ 35,000 for student or union leaders, and $ 25,000â$ 125,000 per day for student
222:
announced plans in their 2011â2012 budget to increase Quebec university fees by $ 325 per year over five years (or $ 1,625), an increase of 75% over current rates. In April 2012, the government proposed a solution that would have seen tuition rise $ 254 per year over 7 years, including an inflation
350:
Article 16 of the bill furthermore declares illegal any demonstration of more than 50 people, at any location in Quebec, unless the dates, times, starting point, and routes of those locations and also the duration of the venue and the means of transportation that will be used by participants, if
342:
Bill 78, which expires on 1 July 2013, suspends winter semester classes at 11 universities and 14 colleges where over 150,000 students were demonstrating or continue to demonstrate; classes for the fall and winter semesters at those locations will be completed by 30 September 2012 at the latest,
500:
Over 100,000 people marched in
Montreal on 22 May, marking the 100th day of student protests. A Leger Marketing poll showed that 73% of Quebecers believe that Bill 78 will fail to halt protests; a spokesperson for the polling agency stated that for students, protests were not only about tuition
346:
The law makes it illegal to deny a person access to any place if that person has a right or duty to be there and further restricts "any form of gathering" that might cause such denial from assembling inside any educational building, on the grounds of such a building, and within 50 meters of the
538:
351:
applicable, have been submitted to and approved by Quebec police. It is then possible, at the police authority's discretion, to modify the location and date of the protest if it judges that the protest would pose a serious threat to the order and security of the public. The City of
Montreal
242:
Clashes between student protesters and police began soon after the demonstrations began. Between 13 February and 15 May, groups of protesters, varying in population from hundreds to thousands, on multiple occasions blocked or attempted to block both the
471:
stating that: "In the context of student protests, I am disappointed by the new legislation passed in Quebec that restricts their rights to freedom of association and of peaceful assembly". The bill was also denounced by opposition parties.
480:
Passage of the bill on Friday, 18 May was followed by major weekend protests in
Montreal and breakdown of law and order at night, which continued daily for over a month. News outlets reported the throwing of at least one and possibly more
488:
Members of CLASSE voted on 20 May to call for continued protests and civil disobedience to oppose the new law, in addition to any increase in tuition. Protests on the same day included an effort to march to the home of Quebec
Premier
493:. CLASSE spokesperson Nadeau-Dubois has stated that over 2,000 persons have been fined by police under the new law, which students have vowed to challenge. Responding to student calls for civil disobedience, Quebec Justice Minister
411:
359:
or labour organizations. Fines are doubled for second and subsequent offences. Universities or institutions which do not comply with the provisions of Bill 78 are subject to the daily fees paid by student or labour organizations.
362:
The bill establishes a date after which all education employees must return to work, and prohibits them from striking should this, "by act or omission", prevent students from receiving instruction, or indirectly impede services.
234:
Beginning 13 February 2012, students associated with one of Quebec's student unions walked out of their classes to protest the proposed tuition increases and, by mid March, 250,000 people had joined. Protesting students from
1530:
333:
The bill was introduced by
Michelle Courchesne on 17 May, and debated that day in Quebec's National Assembly. It was formally adopted on 18 May following a vote with 68 in favor and 48 opposed (with no abstentions).
347:
limits of those grounds. Employees of the colleges and universities may strike with accordance to the Labour Code, but they are still required to work their normal scheduled hours and carry out their usual duties.
1300:
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has stated that some members are upset with this position. A Laval law professor stated, "Read it. Stunned. Can't believe that a democratic government can adopt such a law." Professor Lucie
Lemonde of
291:
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representatives and student representatives was rejected by striking students on 10 May. The deal had been supported by student unions and major Quebec labour unions including the
1344:
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issued injunctions against students who were demonstrating and blocking other students' access to classes at the
Université de Montréal, the Université du Québec à Montréal,
1308:
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were dispersed by riot police. Montreal merchants and businesspeople complained that the protests were causing a negative impact on the city's commerce and on tourism.
330:
and 11 universities where Québécois students remained on strike. The bill would also restrict assembly, picket and protest rights on campuses and throughout Quebec.
1234:
423:
has condemned the law for "violating fundamental freedoms of association, assembly, and expression", its president calling it "a terrible act of mass repression".
501:
increases but also "about the capitalist system." One third of Quebec college and university students, or approximately 155,000 people, still remained on strike.
852:
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Students who did not participate in the strike were blocked by protesters from attending classes at several institutions, including
Valleyfield CEGEP,
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and universities held a vote, demanding that the government rescind the planned fee increases and place a freeze on fees before returning to class.
1387:
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has stated that the intent of the law is to return calm to Quebec society, and show respect to the rights and education of non-striking students.
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Loi permettant aux Ă©tudiants de recevoir lâenseignement dispensĂ© par les Ă©tablissements de niveau postsecondaire quâils frĂ©quentent
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251:, causing disruption to vehicular traffic; they were either dispersed or arrested by police. Students protesting at the
204:
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51:
33:
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Thousands of
Montreal citizens protesting Bill 78, the Charest government, and tuition hikes on Saturday, 2 June 2012
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1111:
By-law concerning the prevention of breaches of the peace, public order and safety, and the use of public property
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Bill n°78 : An Act to enable students to receive instruction from the postsecondary institutions they attend
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171:. The law was passed in response to a student strike opposing tuition increases, associated with large
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announced their plan to introduce Bill 78, which would suspend the winter semester at the remaining 14
192:
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party. The planned tuition increases were subsequently repealed in September 2012, by a decree from
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An Act to enable students to receive instruction from the postsecondary institutions they attend
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An Act to enable students to receive instruction from the postsecondary institutions they attend
165:
An Act to enable students to receive instruction from the postsecondary institutions they attend
352:
252:
230:
Student protests in Montreal against the government's planned tuition increases, 14 April 2012
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Protests continued daily in the following days, with citizens now banging on pots and pans (
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1345:"Conservative MP Blake Richards' proposed crackdown on masked protesters goes too far"
384:
has welcomed the new law as a way to protect downtown businesses, and André Poulin of
1539:
936:
Quebec students reject union-promoted sellout of their fight for accessible education
434:
223:
index after the first two years (or $ 1,779), an increase of 82% over current rates.
569:
490:
319:
215:
66:
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resigned, saying she was "no longer part of the solution," and was replaced by
505:
449:'s law department stated the law was the second worst on record next to the
1301:"Molotov cocktails launched in Montreal protests following legal crackdown"
780:"Riot police step in as Montreal students block bridge in tuition protests"
955:
Education Minister Line Beauchamp resigns, replaced by Michelle Courchesne
853:"Student protests may be having detrimental effect on Montreal's economy"
1170:"Quebec student bill 'worst law' since War Measures Act: law professor"
581:. II.13. Quebec City: Quebec Official Publisher (published 18 May 2012)
1130:
Quebec law criminalizing student strike threatens basic rights of all
407:
Protester displaying an anti Bill 78 sign on 22 May 2012 in Montreal
1437:
Quebec: Huge protest supports striking students, denounces Bill 78
410:
402:
327:
225:
1256:"Quebec protesters cheered by UN criticism of Bill 78 | CTV News"
108:
Michelle Courchesne, Minister of Education, Recreation and Sports
612:"Tuition hikes scrapped at first Parti Quebecois cabinet meeting
919:
Masked protesters hunt for scabs in Montreal university classes
805:"Student protesters face fines after blocking Montreal traffic"
714:
Statement of the International Students for Social Equality, "
1388:
Quebec's largest student group vows to defy new emergency law
902:
Striking students block classmates entry to Valleyfield CEGEP
738:
Quebec government escalates campaign to break student strike
497:
declared that the practice "is a nice word for vandalism."
716:
Quebecâs striking students must turn to the working class!
1326:
After Bill 78, two nights of violence in Montreal streets
1017:"Quebec Steps Closer to Martial Law to Repress Students"
614:," CTV.ca, 20 September 2012; retrieved 6 January 2012.
167:, led to an emergency law passed on 18 May 2012 by the
880:"Masked student protesters storm Montreal classrooms"
1461:"Big Montreal march marks 100 days of student anger"
1150:"Quebec Employers Council President offers comments"
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1531:Bill 78 Text in English, as originally introduced
968:"Quebec to suspend school semester amid protests"
1488:"Montreal protesters march in peaceful defiance"
1363:"Montreal police teargas protesters, arrest 69"
957:," CTV.ca, 14 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
1226:
1224:
1209:Tu Thanh Ha & Les Perreaux (5 May 2012).
8:
1187:Les Perreaux And Rhéal Séguin (1 May 2012).
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827:"Que. students block bridge, cops arrest 19"
599:
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1211:"Anti-protest legislation passes in Quebec"
1189:"Quebec's emergency law blasted by critics"
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421:Canadian Association of University Teachers
24:
1526:Quebec National Assembly Page for Bill 78
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560:
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760:Support for Quebec student strike swells
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1452:
778:Rakobowchuk, Peter (23 February 2012),
516:
382:Board of Trade of Metropolitan Montreal
314:Processes leading to Bill 78's adoption
1406:"We won't let Bill 78 stop us: CLASSE"
1324:Harrold, Max and Christopher Curtis, "
1283:Thousands march in defiance of new law
1278:
1276:
1163:
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996:Bill page from the National Assembly:
874:
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302:. On 14 May 2012, Education Minister
20:
16:Act of the National Assembly of Quebec
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1318:
1232:Groups see red over âcynicalâ Bill 78
625:Budget at a Glance (Budget 2011â2012)
539:"Lois annuelles: Lois du Québec 2012"
296:Confédération des syndicats nationaux
183:, and passed with the support of the
7:
627:," Government of Quebec, 2011, p.12.
463:The bill was also criticized by the
430:has also condemned the legislation.
179:, introduced by Education Minister
1168:Blatchford, Andy (16 April 2010).
376:Bill 78 has received support from
14:
1152:(Press release). Canada NewsWire.
1459:Lemghalef, Leila (22 May 2012).
1148:Lemieux, Patrick (18 May 2012).
1015:Marshall, Andrew (19 May 2012).
978:from the original on 16 May 2012
851:Bruemmer, René (23 March 2012).
541:(in French). Publications Québec
300:Centrale des syndicats du Québec
1506:"Lawyers march against Bill 78"
692:. 27 April 2012. Archived from
264:Université du Québec à Montreal
428:Quebec Human Rights Commission
318:On 16 May 2012 Quebec Premier
1:
1546:Quebec provincial legislation
1404:Derfel, Aaron (22 May 2012).
666:. 18 May 2012. Archived from
282:Failure to reach an agreement
1576:2012 Quebec student protests
262:, Concordia University, and
205:2012 Quebec student protests
640:. Bloomberg. Archived from
378:Quebec Council of Employers
292:Quebec Federation of Labour
210:Early events in the protest
169:National Assembly of Quebec
52:National Assembly of Quebec
34:National Assembly of Quebec
1592:
1116:Ville de Montreal Web Site
433:Louis Masson, head of the
202:
1551:2012 in Canadian politics
355:has a similar provision.
150:
23:
1443:World Socialist Web Site
1307:. Canada. Archived from
1135:World Socialist Web Site
941:World Socialist Web Site
765:World Socialist Web Site
743:World Socialist Web Site
721:World Socialist Web Site
638:"Bloomberg BusinessWeek"
386:Destination Centre-Ville
313:
84:Date of expiry
1365:. CBC News. 20 May 2012
441:of the law, though the
286:A deal reached between
185:Coalition Avenir Québec
934:WSWS reporting team, "
447:Université de Montréal
416:
408:
260:Université de Montréal
231:
1386:Shingler, Benjamin, "
458:Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois
414:
406:
388:has been supportive.
268:Quebec Superior Court
229:
1556:2012 in Canadian law
1331:The Montreal Gazette
1243:The Montreal Gazette
1109:Ville de Montreal, "
807:. CBC. 20 March 2012
529:(English version) /
469:UN High Commissioner
399:Criticism of Bill 78
288:Quebec Liberal Party
220:Quebec Liberal Party
177:Quebec Liberal Party
163:, officially titled
1260:montreal.ctvnews.ca
1237:21 May 2012 at the
1174:Winnipeg Free Press
724:, 29 February 2012.
536:, (French version)
437:has questioned the
372:Support for Bill 78
324:Michelle Courchesne
308:Michelle Courchesne
181:Michelle Courchesne
92:Legislative history
1305:The Globe and Mail
1230:Montgomery, Sue, "
1215:The Globe and Mail
1193:The Globe and Mail
974:.ca. 16 May 2012.
882:. CBC. 16 May 2012
784:The Globe and Mail
644:on 18 January 2013
534:, L.Q. 2012, c. 12
527:, S.Q. 2012, c. 12
495:Jean-Marc Fournier
417:
409:
393:Jean-Marc Fournier
232:
1561:2012 in education
1098:Elizabeth II 2012
1086:Elizabeth II 2012
1074:Elizabeth II 2012
1062:Elizabeth II 2012
1050:Elizabeth II 2012
1038:Elizabeth II 2012
923:The National Post
917:Dolphin, Myles, "
900:Seidman, Karen, "
600:Elizabeth II 2012
483:molotov cocktails
476:Subsequent events
439:constitutionality
391:Justice Minister
253:Montreal Exchange
249:Champlain Bridges
191:'s newly elected
158:
157:
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1571:Anti-protest law
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758:Marquis, Eric, "
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690:"By the numbers"
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451:War Measures Act
272:Laval University
173:student protests
43:S.Q. 2012, c. 12
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1435:Jones, Keith, "
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1392:Global Montreal
1385:
1378:
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1311:on 20 May 2012.
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214:In March 2011,
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193:Parti Québécois
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1566:2012 in Quebec
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1520:External links
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1494:. 27 May 2012.
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1448:
1446:, 23 May 2012.
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1394:, 22 May 2012.
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298:and by the
146:18 May 2012
136:18 May 2012
126:18 May 2012
116:18 May 2012
87:1 July 2013
79:18 May 2012
71:18 May 2012
61:18 May 2012
1540:Categories
1414:. Montreal
1265:14 October
1217:. Toronto.
1195:. Toronto.
512:References
506:cacerolazo
338:Provisions
199:Background
113:Introduced
1052:, II.6(1)
786:, Toronto
664:"Reuters"
545:6 January
367:Reactions
353:Bylaw P-6
76:Commenced
1492:CBC News
1299:Canada.
1235:Archived
976:Archived
855:. Global
602:, III.16
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456:Student
237:colleges
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1100:, II.12
1088:, II.14
1023:19 July
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585:18 July
161:Bill 78
154:Expired
152:Status:
100:Bill 78
1510:ctv.ca
1472:22 May
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1076:, II.9
1064:, II.7
1040:, II.2
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700:3 June
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266:. The
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