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unwritten "gentlemen's agreement" that barred black players from their teams. Basketball was not the only activity that remained segregated in the late 1940s. Hospitals, schools, restaurants, theaters, neighborhoods, pools, and recreation centers, among others, were segregated "by law or by custom" as well. IU also barred black students from living in most residence halls, eating in campus dining rooms, participating in university social events, and joining honorary societies and white fraternity and sororities. However, by the late 1940s
African Americans began "pressing for more substantial change."
253:
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as well as several incidents of racial discrimination at home and when the team was on the road. Despite the many challenges and obstacles, Garrett emerged as favorite among the IU fans in addition to setting new scoring and rebounding records for the school. In his senior season (1950–51) Garrett's IU teammates voted him most valuable player. Big Ten coaches and numerous sportswriters also acknowledged his talent, voting him to the All Big Ten first team. Garrett was named a consensus
622:, and returned home to the United States. Garrett intended to play professional basketball, but he learned that the Celtics had released him from the team. "At that time NBA teams had quotas for African American players, and the Celtics already had two on their roster." The team's leadership may also have been concerned that Garrett's height (six foot, three inches) was not tall enough to play center and uncertain about his ability to switch to playing a guard or forward position.
633:, who had scouted Garrett since his playing days at IU, offered him a contract to play for the team. Garrett considered the team's comic acts and jokes more show-business entertainment rather than a competitive basketball game. He stayed with the Globetrotters for less than two years before leaving the organization in 1955. At the conclusion his playing career, Garrett took a job as a factory worker in
539:, who had made integration of the IU Bloomington campus among his top priorities. DeFrantz and his associates lobbied Wells on Garrett's behalf to give him a chance to play basketball at IU. Wells conferred with McCracken, who made the decision to let Garrett try out for the team and agreed to let Garrett play if he qualified.
562:
61–48, and he became the first
African American player on IU's varsity basketball team. During his first season on the varsity team Garrett scored 220 points, the highest total for an individual on the team that season. Garrett played his final collegiate basketball game on March 5, 1951. During his
462:
Bill and Betty
Garrett were the parents of four children, which included three daughters, Tina, Judith, and Laurie, and a son, William "Billy." The Garretts' daughters "became the first African Americans to compete in open swimming competitions in Indianapolis and became nationally ranked swimmers."
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Garrett was the sole
African American basketball player in the Big Ten Conference during all four years he played for IU. Pressure to perform well on the court was "intense." He also "endured taunts form opponents and their fans" and had to overcome "early hostility from some of his own teammates,"
712:
As a college basketball player for IU, Garrett was the first
African American to regularly play on a Big Ten Conference team. In addition, Garrett's play as a starter on the IU varsity team is credited for breaking the unwritten agreement among Big Ten coaches that barred African Americans from
520:
Even though the states in which the Big Ten
Conference teams were located had talented African American high school basketball players, Big Ten coaches did not recruit them. In addition, the Big Ten teams remained segregated into the late 1940s because all of the Big Ten coaches adhered to an
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During his career at IU, Garrett broke the school's four-year career scoring record with a total of 792 points. Garrett also broke the record during the 1950–51 season for scoring the highest number of points in Big Ten
Conference games with a total of 193. In June 1951, a month after the
720:'s John Codwell and Michigan State's Rickey Ayala were freshmen players during Garrett's senior year (1950–51). In the season following Garrett's graduation from IU in 1951 "at least seven black ballplayers made Big Ten teams," including Ernie Hall at
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in the title game, 92–54. The victory made
Garrett the only Indiana Mr. Basketball to win a state championship as a player and as a coach. The Indiana Sportswriters and Broadcasters Association also named Garrett the Coach of the Year.
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325:
for less than two years before becoming a basketball coach and educator in
Indianapolis. In his later years Garrett served as a coach and athletic director at Crispus Attucks High School, an instructor at
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counterparts. At a time when college basketball in the United States was segregated with only a few exceptions, no major college coach recruited
Garrett to play basketball. Garrett had planned to attend
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451:, and a fellow physical education major at IU, during his sophomore year of college. They were married on August 2, 1952, in Madison, while Garrett was still serving in the military at
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named Garrett to its All-America team, and the United Press named him to its All-America second team. In addition, Garrett's IU teammates voted him Most Valuable Player of the season.
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dedicated a state historical marker on the IU campus in Bloomington, Indiana, to commemorate Garrett and the integration of Big Ten basketball. The marker is installed outside the
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350:. the oldest of Laura Belle (O'Bannon) and William Leon Garrett Sr.'s three children. Bill Garrett's younger siblings included two sisters, Mildred, Laura, and a brother, James.
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boys' basketball team to the state high school basketball championship title, making him the only Indiana Mr. Basketball to win a state championship as a player and as a coach.
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and released from the Celtics without playing in an NBA regular season or playoff game. After completing his military service in 1953, Garrett played exhibition games for the
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team. In 1944 Richard "Dick" Culbertson became the first African American to play in the Big Ten; however, he was a substitute player instead of a regular player on the
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playing on its conference teams. Garrett's actions on and off the court set an example and paved the way for other black players in the Big Ten to follow.
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Between 1947, when he began college, until his death in 1974, Garrett played and coached basketball, and served as an educator and school administrator.
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Garrett remained coach of the Crispus Attucks boys' basketball team for ten years, stepping down from the post in 1968, the same year he earned a
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and Bob Jewell at Michigan. By 1952 others had joined the rosters of Big Ten varsity teams: Rickey Ayala at Michigan State, Walt Moore at the
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In November 2017, during the basketball season's opening ceremonies at Shelbyville High School, the school retired Garrett's number 9 jersey.
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In August 1974 Garrett suffered a sudden heart attack and died four days later on August 7, 1974, at the age of forty-five. He is buried in
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665:. Two years later, Garrett coached the Crispus Attucks Tigers to another state high school basketball championship title in 1959, beating
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In June 2020, the Indiana University Board of Trustees approved formally renaming the Intramural Center at its Bloomington campus to the
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During Garrett's years at IU (1947–1951), he was the only African American playing on a Big Ten varsity basketball team (1948–51). The
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boys' basketball team. Crowe had coached the all-black high school team to back-to-back state championships in 1955 and 1956, led by
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383:'s Garfield High School, 68–58. Garrett also set a new tournament scoring record of 91 points, beating the 85-point record that
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Betty (Guess) Garrett became an educator and administrator, and died in January 2016. Her second husband was Herbert Inskeep.
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Garrett was the first African American to play on the IU basketball team and also the first to regularly start on a
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team (first-year IU students were not allowed to play on the varsity squad at that time). Garrett, who played the
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750:, the same year Shelbyville High School's gymnasium was renamed the William L. Garrett Memorial Gymnasium.
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681:. Garrett was named the school's athletic director in 1969, and remained at Attucks for two more years.
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Following his nearly two-year stint with the Globetrotters, and several months of factory work in
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Garrett was honorably discharged on August 8, 1953, after two year of military service, mostly in
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1506:"Bill Garrett Coaches Crispus Attucks High School Basketball Team to 1959 State Championship,"
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digital image, Indianapolis Recorder Collection, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis
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digital image, Indianapolis Recorder Collection, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis
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Getting Open: The Unknown Story of Bill Garrett and the Integration of College Basketball
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final year at IU the team's overall record was 19–3 and ranked seventh in the country.
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player, coach, educator, and a college administrator who is best known as the first
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Douglas A. Wissing, Marianne Tobias, Rebecca W. Dolan, and Anne Ryder (2013).
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Cody, Rachel Graham (Spring 2016). "Everybody's All-American: Bill Garrett".
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In 2000 Shelbyville High School's new gymnasium was named in Garrett's honor.
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1377:"Bill Garrett to be honored for integrating Big Ten basketball 70 years ago"
1231:"Bill Garrett to be honored for integrating Big Ten basketball 70 years ago"
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Rachel Graham Cody (Spring 2016). "Everybody's All-American: Bill Garrett".
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117:
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Wissing, Douglas A.; Marianne Tobias; Rebecca W. Dolan; Anne Ryder (2013).
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team. Also, the conference was called the Big Nine between 1946, when the
993:"Billy Garrett Jr. follows family's example in fight against sickle cell"
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649:, Garrett began teaching and coaching basketball at Wood High School in
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Garrett was one of three black starters who played on his high school's
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Faburn DeFrantz, executive director of Indianapolis's Senate Avenue
558:, made his debut on the varsity team in December 1948 when IU beat
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Garrett was admitted to IU in the fall of 1947, the same year that
1398:"Shelbyville retires Bill Garrett's No. 9 jersey on opening night"
1024:"Shelbyville retires Bill Garrett's No. 9 jersey on opening night"
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1301:"Bill Garrett and the Integration of Big Ten Basketball, Part II"
1121:"Bill Garrett and the Integration of Big Ten Basketball, Part II"
1285:"Bill Garrett and the Integration of Big Ten Basketball, Part I"
833:"Bill Garrett and the Integration of Big Ten Basketball, Part I"
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varsity basketball team. Prior to becoming a college player for
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1421:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 211.
907:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 211.
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in 1951, and coaches elected him as a write-in for the college
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team. In 1947 he led the Shelbyville Golden Bears to its first
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550:, and began practice on November 1, 1947, as a member of IU's
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and instructed to report for induction by September 7, 1951.
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In 1971 Garrett became director of continuing education at
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Garrett attended Booker T. Washington Elementary School, a
1257:"IU President announces plans to rename campus structures"
571:
selected Garrett as a player in the second round of the
1352:"Everyday People: Sports Champions and History Makers"
950:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 31, 33.
867:"Everyday People: Sports Champions and History Makers"
798:. Fairland, Indiana: Sugar Creek Publishing. pp.
1324:(2). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 28–37.
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Sportspeople from the Indianapolis metropolitan area
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High school basketball coaches in the United States
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1549:1951 NCAA Men's Basketball Consensus All-Americans
1362:(4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 28
877:(4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 28
695:Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
332:Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
330:, and as assistant dean for student services at
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625:After Garrett's release from the Celtics, the
365:students in his high school graduating class.
1825:All-American college men's basketball players
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1335:. Fairland, Indiana: Sugar Creek Publishing.
677:in education and a guidance certificate from
591:team after his name was left off the ballot.
8:
1469:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1443:Graham, Tom, and Rachel Cody Graham (2006).
1183:Cody, "Everybody's All-American," pp. 36–37.
1144:Cody, "Everybody's All-American," pp. 34–35.
927:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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595:Professional basketball and military service
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19:For other people named William Garrett, see
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697:in 1973, a year before his untimely death.
513:withdrew from the league, until 1950, when
1890:20th-century African-American sportspeople
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1419:Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary
1303:. Indiana Historical Bureau. 17 March 2016
1287:. Indiana Historical Bureau. 15 March 2016
1123:. Indiana Historical Bureau. 17 March 2016
977:
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905:Crown Hill: History, Spirit, and Sanctuary
835:. Indiana Historical Bureau. 15 March 2016
535:, and a few others, met with IU president
447:Bill Garrett met Betty Guess, a native of
357:school in Shelbyville, and graduated from
315:1951 National Basketball Association draft
251:
25:
1870:Indiana Hoosiers men's basketball players
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603:chose Garrett in the second round of the
377:state high school basketball championship
313:chose Garrett in the second round of the
292:state high school basketball championship
1356:Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History
1318:Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History
1165:Cody, "Everybody's All-American," p. 36.
1095:Cody, "Everybody's All-American," p. 30.
1081:Cody, "Everybody's All-American," p. 34.
1072:Cody, "Everybody's All-American," p. 33.
1060:Cody, "Everybody's All-American," p. 31.
1051:Cody, "Everybody's All-American," p. 32.
981:Cody, "Everybody's All-American," p. 37.
944:Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History
871:Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History
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266:(April 4, 1929 – August 7, 1974) was a
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1396:Neddenriep, Kyle (November 22, 2017).
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746:In 1974 Garrett was inducted into the
346:Garrett was born on April 4, 1929, in
1512:William L. Garrett Memorial Gymnasium
1022:Kyle Neddenriep (November 22, 2017).
691:Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana
486:Garrett began playing for head coach
328:Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana
16:Basketball player, coach and educator
7:
1332:Net Prophet: The Bill Garrett Story
795:Net Prophet: The Bill Garrett Story
575:draft, he graduated from IU with a
1375:Neddenriep, Kyle (April 7, 2017).
361:in 1947. He was one of only a few
14:
1830:American men's basketball players
1487:, Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame
1229:Kyle Neddenriep (April 7, 2017).
533:Young Men's Christian Association
85:6 ft 3 in (1.91 m)
1875:People from Shelbyville, Indiana
1514:, Shelbyville Senior High School
657:as head coach of Indianapolis's
21:William Garrett (disambiguation)
1840:Basketball players from Indiana
1835:Basketball coaches from Indiana
748:Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame
573:National Basketball Association
336:Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame
125:: 2nd round, 16th overall pick
1850:Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery
991:Dauster, Rob (July 17, 2012).
772:Willam Leon Garrett Fieldhouse
579:degree in physical education.
317:, but he was drafted into the
1:
425:historically black university
398:for 1947, the same year that
290:basketball team to its first
1860:Harlem Globetrotters players
762:Wildermuth Intramural Center
641:High school basketball coach
334:. Garrett was inducted into
195:Career highlights and awards
1885:United States Army soldiers
402:broke the color barrier in
391:had set the previous year.
304:Crispus Attucks High School
256:at Basketball-Reference.com
1906:
1845:Boston Celtics draft picks
1350:Moore, Wilma (Fall 2012).
298:. In 1959 Garrett coached
18:
1449:. New York: Atria Books.
865:Wilma Moore (Fall 2012).
758:Indiana Historical Bureau
414:team to victory over its
294:in 1947 and he was named
245:
241:
199:
190:
129:
1261:Office of the President
359:Shelbyville High School
288:Shelbyville High School
274:to regularly play on a
726:University of Illinois
718:University of Michigan
396:Indiana Mr. Basketball
296:Indiana Mr. Basketball
223:Indiana Mr. Basketball
205:Consensus second-team
101:(Shelbyville, Indiana)
1402:The Indianapolis Star
1381:The Indianapolis Star
1235:The Indianapolis Star
1028:The Indianapolis Star
548:professional baseball
511:University of Chicago
404:Major League Baseball
389:Jumping Johnny Wilson
235:IHSAA champion (1957)
67:Indianapolis, Indiana
1855:Centers (basketball)
659:Crispus Attucks High
627:Harlem Globetrotters
599:On May 5, 1951, the
496:Bloomington, Indiana
437:Bloomington, Indiana
429:Nashville, Tennessee
385:Anderson High School
348:Shelbyville, Indiana
323:Harlem Globetrotters
284:Shelbyville, Indiana
264:William Leon Garrett
162:Harlem Globetrotters
50:Shelbyville, Indiana
32:Personal information
1329:Hetty Gray (2001).
792:Hetty Gray (2001).
732:Honors and tributes
707:Crown Hill Cemetery
629:founder and owner,
577:Bachelor of Science
443:Marriage and family
406:. Garrett also led
355:racially-segregated
28:
998:Sports Illustrated
756:In April 2017 the
667:Kokomo High School
507:University of Iowa
503:Big Ten Conference
492:Indiana University
482:College basketball
433:Indiana University
394:Garrett was named
280:Indiana University
276:Big Ten Conference
185:Crispus Attucks HS
90:Career information
1802:
1801:
1627:
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1210:Gray, pp. 143–45.
969:Gray, pp. 99–100.
722:Purdue University
709:in Indianapolis.
679:Butler University
560:DePauw University
467:is his grandson.
465:Billy Garrett Jr.
453:Fort Leonard Wood
286:, native led his
261:
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1669:Territorial pick
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960:Gray, pp. 74–76.
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701:Death and legacy
488:Branch McCracken
449:Madison, Indiana
363:African American
272:African American
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130:Selected by the
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1568:Gene Melchiorre
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1500:"Bill Garrett,"
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1437:Further reading
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675:master's degree
663:Oscar Robertson
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556:center position
544:Jackie Robinson
524:In August 1947
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421:Tennessee State
410:'s high school
400:Jackie Robinson
344:
282:(1947–51), the
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219:champion (1947)
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1661:1951 NBA draft
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47:April 4, 1929
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1779:Bill Garrett
1778:
1754:Bill Gossett
1742:Second round
1698:Mel Hutchins
1614:Mel Hutchins
1604:Bill Garrett
1603:
1495:Find a Grave
1491:Bill Garrett
1445:
1418:
1406:. Retrieved
1401:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1364:. Retrieved
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207:All-American
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62:(1974-08-07)
27:Bill Garrett
1820:1974 deaths
1815:1929 births
1784:Ray Ragelis
1728:Sam Ranzino
1686:First round
1592:Second Team
1583:Bill Spivey
1578:Sam Ranzino
685:Later years
611:during the
546:integrated
517:joined it.
498:, in 1947.
381:Terre Haute
112:(1948–1951)
95:High school
74:Nationality
1809:Categories
1789:Mel Payton
1769:Don Savage
1764:Jack Kiley
1749:Jack Stone
1677:Myer Skoog
1609:Dick Groat
1573:Bill Mlkvy
1556:First Team
1278:References
1266:2020-06-16
800:11, 13, 18
613:Korean War
379:, beating
373:basketball
370:integrated
342:Early life
268:basketball
201:As player:
153:As player:
43:1929-04-04
1794:Lew Hitch
1465:cite book
1408:August 3,
1387:August 3,
1366:August 3,
1307:August 3,
1291:August 3,
1241:August 3,
1127:August 3,
1034:August 3,
923:cite book
881:August 3,
839:August 3,
655:Ray Crowe
609:U.S. Army
605:NBA draft
338:in 1974.
319:U.S. Army
230:As coach:
181:1957–1968
173:1956–1957
168:As coach:
158:1953–1956
118:NBA draft
1718:Ed Smith
589:all-star
552:freshman
529:activist
457:Missouri
416:Kentucky
412:All-star
138:Position
77:American
408:Indiana
176:Wood HS
110:Indiana
106:College
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1004:May 7,
911:
806:
474:Career
250:
225:(1947)
142:Center
779:Notes
620:Japan
248:Stats
217:IHSAA
1471:link
1451:ISBN
1423:ISBN
1410:2018
1389:2018
1368:2018
1337:ISBN
1309:2018
1293:2018
1243:2018
1129:2018
1036:2018
1006:2019
929:link
909:ISBN
883:2018
841:2018
804:ISBN
647:Ohio
423:, a
309:The
211:1951
123:1951
69:, US
57:Died
52:, US
37:Born
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
